CAT - Set Theory

TGs Quant Master Set Theory
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A set is a group or cluster of some items with or without some common trait.
For example - set of even natural numbers have all positive integers which are divisible by 2.
Let A be a set of first five natural numbers. We can write it as A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
One definition - Cardinal Number/Cardinality of a set is number of elements in a set.
For example cardinality of A is 5 and denoted as n(A) = 5.
Now a subset of A, say B is another set which have same elements as that of A but it is not compulsory for B
to have all the elements of A.
We write it as B A.
Note that equality sign signifies that B can be equal to A also.

Another definition - If B is not equal to A i.e. B A, then B is known as Proper Subset of A.
Also a set which don't have any element is also a subset of every set and denoted as (called as phi - null
set).
1. Let set A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} and B A. How many different values of B are possible?
Yes it is 2 = 32.
It can be calculated as sum of sets with no element C(5, 0), one element C(5, 1), two elements C(5, 2), three
elements C(5, 3), four elements C(5, 4) and five elements C(5, 5) which is same as 2.
Alternately you can go by perspective of each element of A whether selected or not in B. So every element
has 2 options. Thus the answer is 2 = 32.
Little revision for Binomial expansion:
(a+b) = C(n,0)a + C(n, 1)ab + C(n, 2)ab + ...+ C(n,n)b
If we put a = b = 1, then we get
(1 + 1) = 2 = C(n, 0) + C(n, 1) + C(n, 2) + ....+ C(n, n).....Ist result
If we put a = 1 and b = -1, we get
(1 - 1) = 0 = C(n, 0) - C(n, 1) + C(n, 2) - ....+ (-1)C(n, n)
i.e. C(n, 0) + C(n, 2) + C(n, 4) + ... = C(n, 1) + C(n, 3) + C(n, 5) + ... = 2.......IInd result
2. Let set A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}, B A and C B. How many pairs of (B, C) are possible?
For example if B = {1}, then C can be or {1} i.e. two pairs of (B, C).
Ans is 3 = 243.
You can make the series for possible values for C if B contains no element, one element, two elements and so
on as follows:
C(5, 0)2 + C(5, 1)2 + C(5, 2)2 + C(5, 3)2 + C(5, 4)2 + C(5, 5)2 = (1 + 2) = 3 = 243.
Alternately again you can go by perspective of every element in A.
For any element in A, we have following possibilities:
(in B, in C),
(in B, not in C) and
(not in B, not in C) i.e. 3 possibilities. Hence the answer is 3 = 243.


3. Let set A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}, B A, C B and D C. How many pairs of (B, C, D) are possible?
This question is left to be done by you only.
4. [DPP 14 Dec 2012 #1] Out of 5 students in a class, some are boys. And out of the boys only,
some wear white shirt. How many combinations of students i.e. boys or not, wearing or not
wearing white shirts are possible in the class?
For example if all 5 are boys and only 1 boy wears white shirt, then 5 different combinations are
possible as one of the boy is wearing white shirt and others not.
This is again for you to answer on your own.
Moving to 2-set problems now based on VENN DIAGRAM
This is the simplest part of the topic but it may become little troublesome and tricky if union of the sets is not
constant.
Try to solve this set now
Out of 100 persons surveyed, 78 like Apples and 62 like Bananas.
5. At least how many like apples only?
6. At most how many like apples only?
7. At least how many like exactly one fruit?
8. At most how many like exactly two fruits?
9. At least how many like at least one fruit?
10. At most how many do not like any of the two fruits?
Here are the answers with enough hints.
5. (78 - 62) i.e. 16
6. (100 - 62) i.e. 38
7. (78 - 62) i.e. 16
8. 62
9. 78
10. (100 - 78) i.e. 22
Another set
Out of 100 persons surveyed for their likings of Apples and Bananas, number of persons who like
Apples only is more than number of persons who like Bananas which is more than number of
persons who do not like any of the two fruits.
11. At most how many like Apples?
12. At least how many like Apples only?
13. At most how many like Bananas only?
14. At most how many like both the fruits?
15. At least how many like Bananas only?
11. 100
12. 35
13. 49
14. 49
15. 0








Now lets solve the questions to gain confidence in the topic ASSIGNMENT
1. According to a survey, at least 70% of people like apples, at least 75% like bananas and at least 80%
like cherries. What is the minimum percentage of people who like all three?

2. In a class of 35 students, 17 have taken mathematics, 10 have taken mathematics but not physics.
Find the number of students who have taken both mathematics and physics and the number of students who
have taken physics but not mathematics, if it is given that each student has taken either mathematics or
physics or both.

3. There are 900 employees at CantoCrafts Inc. Of these, 615 are female, 345 are under 35 years old,
482 are single, 295 are single females, 187 are singles under 35 years old, 190 are females under 35 years
old, and 120 are single females under 35 years old. How many employees are married males who are at least
35 years old?

4. Fill in the Venn Diagram that would represent this data:
74 models were hired for the spring shows at a certain Paris design house and the following information about
their body piercing was compiled. Note: Ears count as one piercing.
a) Among the models with pierced ears combined with another body piercing, half the difference between
all three parts pierced and only ears and nose pierced have only their ears and tongue pierced.
b) There are 10 models who had all three parts pierced.
c) 18 models have multiple piercings.
d) All but 5 models have pierced ears.
e) No model has pierced her nose or her tongue without piercing her ears as well, but one pierced both
her nose and her tongue without piercing her ears.


5. Fill in the Venn Diagram that would represent this data:
There are 208 students at Irion County High School. The foreign language department offers French, German,
and Spanish.
a) 4 students take all three languages.
b) 48 students study French.
c) There are twice as many students who study both French and Spanish (but not German) as who study
both French and German (but not Spanish), and 4 times as many as who study all 3.
d) 124 students study Spanish.
e) 27 poor misguided souls do not study any foreign language.
f) The group of students who study both French and Spanish (but not German) is exactly the same size
as the group made up of students who study both German and Spanish.

6. Out of 880 boys in a school, 224 play cricket, 240 play hockey, and 336 play basketball. Of the total,
64 play both basketball and hockey; 80 play cricket and basketball and 40 play cricket and hockey; 24 play all
the three games. Find the number of boys who did not play any game.

7. A school has 63 students studying Physics, Chemistry and Biology. 33 study Physics, 25 Chemistry and
26 Biology. 10 study Physics and Chemistry, 9 study Biology and Chemistry while 8 study both Physics and
Biology. Equal numbers study all three subjects as those who learn none of the three.
a) How many study all the three subjects?
b) How many study only one of the three subjects?

8. In a Housing Society, out of 100 children, 32 play chess, 64 play ludo and 40 play Chinese checkers,
14 play chess and ludo, 15 play ludo and Chinese checkers, 13 play chess and Chinese checkers. Only 6
children play all the 3 games. If all the children play at least one of the 3 games then :-
a) How many Children play only one games ?
b) How many Children play at least two game ?
c) How many Children play chess or ludo but not Chinese Checkers.

9. Coach Krutch offered to buy hot dogs for players on his team. Of the 44 players, 28 wanted ketchup,
20 wanted mustard, 14 wanted relish, 10 wanted ketchup and mustard, 11 wanted ketchup and relish, 8
wanted mustard and relish and 6 wanted all three condiments. How many players wanted
a. Ketchup only?
b. Mustard but not relish?
c. Relish but not mustard?
d. Ketchup and mustard but not relish?
e. Relish and mustard but not ketchup?
f. None of the three condiments?

10. The science club advisor asked club members what science courses they liked. Eighteen members said
they liked physics, 17 liked chemistry, and 10 liked biology. However, of these, 9 liked physics and
chemistry, 4 liked biology and chemistry, 2 liked physics and biology, and 2 liked all three. How many science
club members were interviewed?

11. In a college, where every student follows at least one of the three activities- drama, sports, or arts-
65% follow drama, 86% follow sports, and 57% follow arts. What can be the maximum and minimum
percentage of students who follow
a) all three activities
b) exactly two activities


12. Suppose I discovered that my cat had a taste for the adorable little geckoes that live in the bushes and
vines in my yard, back when I lived in Arizona. In one month, suppose he deposited the following on my
carpet: six gray geckoes, twelve geckoes that had dropped their tails in an effort to escape capture, and
fifteen geckoes that he'd chewed on a little. Only one of the geckoes was gray, chewed on, and tailless; two
were gray and tailless but not chewed on; two were gray and chewed on but not tailless. If there were a total
of 24 geckoes left on my carpet that month, and all of the geckoes were at least one of "gray", "tailless", and
"chewed on", how many were tailless and chewed on but not gray?

13. A survey of 200 people in a community who watched at least one of the three channels; BBC, CNN and
DD showed that 80% of the people watched DD, 22% watched BBC and 15% watched CNN.
What is the maximum percentage of people who can watch all the three channels?
1. 12.5%
2. 15%
3. 8.5%
4. Data insufficient
5. None of these

14. Out of 210 interviews of IIM- Ahmedabad, 105 CAT crackers were offered tea by the interview panel,
50 were offered biscuits, and 56 were offered toffees. 32 CAT crackers were offered tea and biscuits, 30 were
offered biscuits and toffees, and 45 were offered toffees and tea. What is the
a) maximum and minimum number of CAT crackers who were offered all three snacks?
b) maximum and minimum number of CAT crackers who were offered at least one snack?

15. In a school of 100 students each of them play atleast one sport among cricket, football, volley, basket,
hockey and tennis. It s known that 90 play crick,80 play football,70 play hockey,60 play basketball,40 play
volley and 10 play tennis.
a)What is the max no of students who play excatly four of the 6 games??
b)What is the max no of students who play excatly 5 of the six sports??
c)what is the min no of students who play cricket ,football and hockey??

16. A survey on a sample of 25 new cars being sold at a local auto dealer was conducted to see which of
the three popular options air conditioning, radio and power windows were already installed. The survey
found:

15 had air conditioning
2 had air conditioning and power windows but no radios
12 had radio
6 had air conditioning and radio but no power windows
11 had power windows
4 had radio and power windows
3 had all three options.

What is the number of cars that had none of the options? (CAT 2003)
1. 4 2. 3 3. 1

17. New Age Consultants have three consultants Gyani, Medha and Buddhi. The sum of the number of
projects handled by Gyani and Buddhi individually is equal to the number of projects in which Medha is
involved. All three consultants are involved together in 6 projects. Gyani works with Medha in 14 projects.
Buddhi has 2 projects with Medha but without Gyani, and 3 projects with Gyani but without Medha. The total
number of projects for New Age Consultants is one less than twice the number of projects in which more than
one consultant is involved. (CAT 2003- Leaked)


What is the number of projects in which Gyani alone is involved?
1. 0
2. 1
3. 4
4. cannot be determined

What is the number of projects in which Medha alone is involved?
1. 0
2. 1.
3. 4.
4. cannot be determined

18. A school having 270 students provides facilities for playing four games Cricket, Football, Tennis and
Badminton. There are a few students in the school who do not play any of the four games. It is known that for
every student in the school who plays at least N games, there are two students who play at least (N 1)
games, for N = 2, 3 and 4. If the number of students who play all the four games is equal to the number of
students who play none, then how many students in the school play exactly two of the four games?
a) 30
b) 60
c) 90
d) 120

19. A survey of 101 college students was taken to determine the musical styles they liked. Of those, 41
students listened to rock, 48 to classical, and 43 to jazz. Also, 18 students listened to rock and jazz, 27 to
rock and classical, and 27 to classical and jazz. Finally, 14 students listened to all 3 musical styles. Construct a
Venn diagram and determine the cardinality for each region.

a) How many listened only to rock music?
b) How many listened to classical and jazz, but not rock?
c) How many listened to classical or jazz, but not rock?
d) How many listened to music in exactly one of the musical styles?
e) How many listened to music in exactly two of the musical styles?
f) How many did not listen to any of the musical styles?

20. In a survey of 75 resorts, it was reported that:
34 provided refrigerators in the guest rooms
30 provided laundry services
37 provided business centers
15 provided refrigerators in the guest rooms and laundry services
17 provided refrigerators in the guest rooms and business centers
19 provided laundry services and business centers
7 provided all three features.

Answer the following questions:
(a)How many of the resorts provided only refrigerators in the guest rooms?
(b)How many of the resorts provided exactly one of the features?
(c)How many of the resorts provided at least one of the features?
(d)How many of the resorts provided exactly two of the features?
(e)How many of the resorts provided none of the features?

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