武汉大学医学院人体解剖学教研室

Department of Anatomy, Wuhan University School of Medicine

Somatic Nervous Pathway 躯体神
经传导路
The central nervous system integrates
various stimuli from inner- or outer-
body environment and coordinates the
body’s responses
Sensory (ascending) pathways
Motor
感觉 / 上行传导路 pathw
ay
Sensory
pathway
Peripheral Spinal
nerves cord Brain
周围神经 脊髓 脑 Peripheral Effecter

Receptor

Motor (descending) pathways

运动 / 下行传导路
Sensory (ascending) Pathways 感觉 / 上行传导
路
Sensory cortex of cerebrum
Internal
Fist- Second- capsule
× Third-order
order order Neurons Third-order
Neurons
Neurons Neurons
Thalamus
Subcortical
centers
• Only the sensations delivered to sensory cortex of
cerebrum reach our conscious awareness Internal
• Complete or part decusscation of axons of 2nd-order capsule

neurons leads to contralateral or bilateral delivery

of sensations
• Projecting fibers from all sensory pathways are highly
concentrated in internal capsule, an injury at this
site causes wide and multiple sensory disturbance Second-
order
Superficial Deep Neurons
sensory sensory Visual Auditory
pathways Pathways pathway pathway

Fist-order
neuron
Superficial Sensory Pathways 浅感觉传导路
The pathway for trunk and limbs Primary somatic
sensory
cortex
Upper 2/3 primary somatic sensory cortex Thalamo-
cortical
↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ tract

Thalamocortical Posterior limb of Thalamus

tract Internal capsule
Ventral posterolateral
↑ nucleus
Ventral posterolateral nucleus Thalamus
↑
Lateral ↑
spinothala Anterior
mic spinothalamic
tract tract
╳
1 or 2 segments
Lateral spinothalamic
Posterior horn tract
Lamina I, IV, VII of spinal cord
(pain & temperature)
Anterior
↑ spinothalamic Section
tract
Pseudounipolar neurons Spinal ganglia (pressure & crude
touch) Spinal
ganglia
Superficial Sensory Pathways 浅感觉传导路
The pathway for head and face
Thalamocortical
tract
Lower 1/3 primary somatic sensory cortex
↑ ↑ ↑ ↑
Thalamocortical Posterior limb
tract Internal capsule Ventral
Postero-
medial
↑ nucleus
Pontine
Ventral posteromedial nucleus Thalamus nucleus of Trigeminal
trigeminal n. lemniscus
↑
Trigeminal lemniscus
╳
Spinal & Pontine Pons
nuclei of trigeminal n. Medulla oblongata Spinal
nucleus
of
↑ ↑ trigeminal
Spinal tract of trigeminal nerve Spinal
tract of
n
↑ trigeminal

Pseudounipolar neurons Trigeminal n.

ganglia
Deep Sensory Pathways 深感觉传导路
Posterior Funiculus Pathway
Thalamocortical tract
Upper 2/3 of primary somatic sensory cortex
↑ ↑ ↑ ↑
Thalamocortical Posterior limb Ventral
tract Internal capsule posterolateral
nucleus
Medial
↑ Lemniscus Deep
sensations
Ventral posterolateral nucleus Thalamus collected by
cranial
nerves from
↑ Decussation head & face
Medial Lemniscus of medial ?
↑ lemniscus Nucleus gracilis Medial
╳ lemniscu
Nucleus cuneatus s

Nucleus gracilis Medulla Fasciculu Decussatio

Nucleus cuneatus oblongata
s
cuneatus
n
of medial
lemniscus
Upper trunk Section
Fasciculus Fasciculus Posterior
Upper limbs

gracilis cuneatus Funiculus Fasciculu

s
gracilis
Lower half
of the body Posterio
Pseudounipolar neurons Spinal ganglia r
funiculus
 Deep Sensory Pathways 深感觉传导路 Superior cerebellar
peduncle

Spinocerebellar Pathway Cerebellar

ataxia
小脑性共济失调
Cortex of cerebellum

Superior Inferior
cerebellar cerebellar
peduncle peduncle
Inferior cerebellar peduncle
Anterior
spinocerebe Posterior
llar spinocerebellar
tract tract Section
Anterior
spinocerebellar tract
╳/↑
Spinal
Posterior gray horn Spinal cord ganglia

↑
Posterior spinocerebellar tract
Pseudounipolar neurons Spinal ganglia
Visual Pathway & Pupillary Reflex 视觉传导路与瞳孔反射
Visual cortex
Optic Internal capsule
radiation
Lateral geniculate
body

Optic Pretectal area Sphincter

pupillae
tract
Temporal E-W nuclei Ciliary ganglion
Optic F. ↑ Optic
Optic
chiasm Nasal F. Ciliary chiasm
tract
Lateral geniculate
ganglion body
X
Optic Sphincter E-W nucleus

nerve pupillae Pretectal area

Ganglion cells Bipolar cells Rods

Optic radiation

Cons Visual cortex

Pupillary reflex arc

 Acoustic cortex

Auditory Pathway 听觉传导路

Acoustic cortex (Transverse temporal
gyri)
Acoustic Internal Acoustic
radiation capsule radiation
Medial geniculate Medial geniculate body
body
Lateral Lateral
lemniscus lemnisc
us
Trapezoid body
↑ X Cochlear
nuclei
Cochlear nuclei
Cochlear
nerve
Trapezoid body

Bipolar cells of spinal ganglia

Cochlea Spiral organ Cocholear nerve
Spinal ganglia

Spiral organs
 Highlights
Important concepts
Internal capsule Trapezoid body
Decussation of medial lemniscus
Important contents or questions
• The common features of sensory pathways
• What sensory disturbance will appear if the internal
capsule is injured? Why?
• What will happen if the optic chiasm is cut off along the
median sagittal plane?
• Write down the reflex arc of the pupillary reflex

Website for downloading lecture sheets: http://india.anatomy.cn

 Motor (Descending) Pathways 运动 / 下行传导
路A voluntary movement is controlled by both conscious &
Primary somatic motor cortex
subconscious commands from the central nervous system

Pyramidal system  Plan, issue & control a somatic

movement with conscious awareness
Extrapyramidal system  monitor, adjust &
coordinate the movement at a subconscious level Cortico- Cortic
nuclear
tract o-
spinal

I. Pyramidal System tract

Motor
nuclei
of
cranial
Upper motor neurons Basal nerves
Nuclei

Corticospinal Corticonuclear
tract tract

Lower motor neurons

Cerebellum
Anterior gray
horn
 Primary somatic motor cortex

Corticospinal Tract
Upper 2/3 primary somatic motor cortex
Internal capsule
Pyramidal Internal capsule
↓X decussation

Anterior Lateral
corticospinal tract corticospinal tract
↓X ↓
Motor neurons Motor Medulla
of anterior horn oblongata
(Both sides) neurons
↓ of anterior
↓ Pyramidal
Muscles of Neck, Muscles horn
of Trunk Lateral
corticospi
decussati
on
nal
houlder & upper trunk and limbs tract

Anterior
(Controlled bilaterally)
(Controlled contraterally) corticospin
Lateral al
funiculus tract
Anterior funiculus
 Corticonucear Tract Primary somatic motor cortex

Corticonucear Tract
Lower 1/3 primary somatic motor cortex
Corticonucear Tract
Genu of Internal capsule
Pyramidal
tract
Both sides Opposite
side Section of corticonucear Tract Motor
Motor nuclei
of
nuclei Inferior crania
l
nerve
of cranial part of
Inferi
s
or
Caudal
Nerves facial
part
part
of of
medulla
III Nucleu
facial
oblongata
nucle
IV s
us
Hypoglossal
nucleus
V ( VII )
VI Hypo-
VII (Sup.) glossal
Palpebral
fissure
IX Nucleu Supranuclear
XI s facial paralysis
( XII ) Anterior
Infranuclear facial
horn
II. Extrapyramidal System
Cerebral
cortex
Basal DorsothalamusCerebellum
nuclei
Brain
stem

Dorsothalamus
Basal nuclei
Lower Motor Neurons

• Regulate muscle tone

• Help control more-precise movements
• Maintain postures & balance of body
• Coordinate complex motor patterns Cerebellum
Highlights
Important concepts
Upper motor neurons Extrapyramidal system

Important contents or questions

• Describe the main functions of the pyramidal &
extrapyramidal systems
• Write down the names of the skeletal muscles in the
body that are controlled by the corticospinal tracts
on both sides
• What will happen if the left corticonuclear tract is
cut off? Why?