Contemporary Toilet Designs

A Collection of
Contemporary Toilet

Designs
Ken Chatterton WEDC Loughborough University
Toilet
Faeces, paper, urine and
water inlet from toilet
Urine and water outlet
Faeces and
paper outlet
Separator
Toilet waste outlet
Urine outlet
Wash basin
Waste water drain outlet
Access hatch to solids
composting container
which is also available
in smaller sizes
Optional Ultra Violet (UV) Unit
Exterior urinal
Shared waste tank
Urinal
External urinal cut into the back
corner of the unit and when stacked as shown
the adjacent unit provides privacy for users.
Entrance to toilet and wash facilities which
share the same waste tank as the urinal
Interior toilet
and wash facilities
Toilet designed with
its function in mind
Faecal area
Bidt jet
Standard installation
and water supply
Urinal area
Liquids ush Complete ush
Toilets designed to work anywhere
Water usage display
Water tap
Foot actuator
Removable for
pan cleaning
Urine
Squat toilet
Soiled water
outlet
Faeces
Hand wash basin
Hand shower
Urine and faeces tanks
Hand wash
foot pump
Flush button
Pipe section storage rack
A lled soil box last
for about two weeks
Soil rake
Soil pipe
Four rotating solid
waste containers
Liquid waste drains
to underground
To dispose of faeces a side lever is lifted which
opens a waste gate. This automaticallly closes
when the toilet seat is lowered, the waste gate
remaining closed when used as a urinal.
Soil is scraped into pipe to aid
composting: as soil level lowers
a section of pipe is removed
and stored on the pipe rack
Toilet ush bellows
Waste tank pressure
release slide valve
Waste tank chemical rell
10 litre waste tank
other sizes available
Waste tank locking lever
Emptying the waste tank to
an authorised disposal point
Each time the toilet is used, a purpose bag
supplied by the manufacturer must be placed
in the toilet bowl. After use, the bag and its
contents drop into an ash bin in the
combustion chamber.
Start button to commence
the combustion process
A cleaning warning alert indicates when
the ash bin should be emptied, which
is accessed via a front panel
All waste products are converted into
sanatised ash and stored in a steel
ash bin for easy removal and disposal
Customised
solids waste bin
(optional)
Alternative
waste bag
for solids
Air vent pipe Wall separating toilet
from solids waste disposal
Urine and faeces
separated at source
Foot pedal drives
conveyor belt
Toilet pedestal easily removed from
conveyor for cleaning or re-postioning
Enclosed conveyor
Urine drainage outlet
Waterless toilet consisting of
wood cladding on a galvanised
steel frame
Waterless urinals are also available
installed alongside toilet and both
linked to the evaporation system
Plan view showing arrangement of polyethylene evaporation
unit and chimney to the actual building
Fresh air enters via toilet bowl
eliminating any odours
Toilet Urinal
Sliding door
Building
Evaporation unit
Chimney
Toilet
Air streams over separated waste in evaporation unit
(installed below ground level) dehydrating solids,
evaporating liquids and removing odours
A light breeze will turn the
extractor, dragging air and
odours out of the chimney
Odours
Extractor fan
Heat of the sun
causes air inside
chimney to rise
and accelerate
Round toilet top reduces user
contact surface to a minimum
without loss of comfort and
improves hygiene
Individual personal
user pads
Each user places individual
biomaterial pads on the toilet rim
The pads increase user comfort
and improve hygiene
Faeces ap in closed position
Faeces ap
(shown closed)
which opens
automatically
when a user
sits down
Urine entry
drain holes
Faeces ap
(shown open)
Toilet ap in open position
After use the pads are thrown
into the toilet to aid composting
Urine separator chemical
is added here
Toilet lid and seat
Faeces aperture
Urine aperture
Waste box can be
removed from side door
for faeces removal
Foot pedal operates a drive mechanism
sliding a waste box beneath the toilet
aperture ready for use, the pedal being
pressed again when the user has nished
to re-tract the waste box
Removable top cover
Inlet cover
Faeces tank
Toilet lid
Inlet
Splash protection
Anti-slip grid
Fixing points for
transportation handle
Tyre texture on rim
Clip-on transportation handle
Tank drain outlet
Liquid waste drain
First year solid compost waste
with soil covering
Third year ready for use as fertilzer
Second year liquid waste added
Soil is scraped into pipes
to be added to faeces and
aid composting, the short
pipe sections being removed
as the soil level lowers
Public rest room with
four separate toilets
(privacy partions removed
for clarity)
Soil bin
Faeces drops
into solid
waste bin
Waste drop pan
in down postion
Waste drop pan
in up postion
Exterior and interior walls
removed for clarity
Liquid waste drain
Solid waste bin
The xed toilet seat encourages users to sit down
which then activates a motion sensor and 3-way
valve to direct the urine to a separate drain
Faeces
Faeces outlet
Flush water inlet
Urine outlet
Water trap
Cross section through a Piet urine toilet
Urine
3-way valve operated
by a motion sensor
Dedicated urine drain
1 2
4 5 6
7 8 9
3
Bag is made from
degradable bioplastic lined
with urea, is safe to handle
remaining odour-free for
at least 24hrs
Bag ready for use
Cardboard and plastic toilets
to hold the bag when
in use, are also available
Handle for moving the waste
through biodegradable lm
into waste cartridge and
sealing out all odours
Removable waste cartridge
Biodegradable lm lining
Sealing system can be
adapted to suit many toilet styles
Deposited solids
Handle
Section showing rst stage Section showing nal stage
Solids deposited within
the lm lining
Solids squeezed down
by depressing handle
Film passed between
rollers to seal waste
Handle pulled down
Sealed waste
stored in removable
cartridge
Film lining
EOOS and WEDC
EOOS and WEDC
A Collection of
Contemporary Toilet

Designs
In 2011, the Water, Sanitation & Hygiene program at the Bill & Melinda Gates
Foundation initiated the Reinvent the Toilet Challenge to bring sustainable
sanitation solutions to the 2.5 billion people worldwide who dont have access
to safe, affordable sanitation.
Grants have since been awarded to researchers and industries around
the world who are using innovative approaches based on fundamental
engineering processes for the safe and sustainable management of human
waste. The Reinvent the Toilet Challenge aims to create a toilet that:
Removes germs from human waste and recovers valuable resources such
as energy, clean water, and nutrients.
Operates off the grid without connections to water, sewer, or electrical
lines.
Costs less than US$.05 cents per user per day.
Promotes sustainable and financially profitable sanitation services and
businesses that operate in poor, urban settings.
Is a truly aspirational next-generation product that everyone will want to
use in developed as well as developing nations.
Innovative solutions change peoples lives for the better. By applying creative
thinking to everyday challenges, such as dealing with human waste, we can fix
some of the worlds toughest problems. We hope the designs displayed in this
book will encourage further research and investments in improved sanitation.
Doulaye Kone, PhD
Senior Program Officer, WSH, Toilet Team
Transformatives Technologies
Global Development
Book edited and designed by Rod Shaw
Illustrations by Ken Chatterton
Published by WEDC, Loughborough University, 2014
An online copy of this publication is available from:
http://wedc.lboro.ac.uk/knowledge/
Hypertext links to further information listed in this volume were active
as of 18 January 2014.
ISBN: 978 1 84380 155 9
All reasonable precautions have been taken by the WEDC, Loughborough University to verify
the information contained in this publication. However, WEDC, Loughborough University does
not necessarily endorse the technologies presented in this document. The published material
is being distributed without warranty of any kind, either expressed or implied. The responsibility
for the interpretation and use of the material lies with the reader. In no event shall the WEDC,
Loughborough University be liable for damages as a result of their use.
In August 2012, I met the EOOS representative in Seattle through Dr Carl
Hensman of the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation where we started to think
about ways to present a collection of contemporary toilet designs that would
spark a wider interest in the subject.
Alongside the Reinvent the Toilet Challenge of the Foundation, EOOS (based
in Austria) had started to collect information relating to the design of its Blue
Diversion Toilet as well as other toilet designs. The information was initially
gathered together in a research log, which, although not a project with an
encyclopaedic scientific focus, provided insight into new and innovative ways
of addressing global sanitation issues.
This collection is the result of the findings of EOOS research which was
supported by Sandec, the Department of Water and Sanitation in Developing
Countries at the Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology
(Eawag). It covers a wide range of contemporary designs along with a
valuable list of website links where additional information about each design
can be sought.
The research log was an interesting tool for the transfer of knowledge
internally. Externally, designers, manufacturers, social researchers and
others, including the Gates Foundation, appreciated the work as it served as
a point of departure for toilet design projects for those new to the field.
This volume is a synthesis of the initial research log, designed and produced
by The Water Engineering and Development Centre (WEDC) at Loughborough
University. As conventional toilet designs are not included, it does not claim
to be fully comprehensive but it nevertheless provides a useful overview of
current research and development for fieldworkers and practitioners as well
as engineers and researchers.
As a member of WEDC, Loughborough University, and a lead on one of the
RTTC grants, I am pleased that this document is now available for a wider
audience. But this is only a start: we intend to keep adding new innovations
to our collection. So if there are any innovations we have missed please let us
know. I sincerely hope that this endeavour will help to make the toilet a more
desirable product, one that people will cherish in their homes.
Professor M.Sohail Khan
BEng, MSc, PhD Loughborough, Fellow ASCE (USA)
Professor of Sustainable Infrastructure
Water, Engineering and Development Centre (WEDC)
School of Civil and Building Engineering
Loughborough University
A number of the designs are the result of student projects and these are
marked with an asterisk (*).
Preface
Contents
Contemporary Toilet Designs .................................................. 1
2P Portable Restroom* ................................................................. 2
Aquatron Toilet .............................................................................. 3
Blue Diversion Toilet ..................................................................... 4
Bipee* ........................................................................................... 5
Built-in Composting System ......................................................... 6
Camping Toilets ............................................................................ 7
Caravan Toilets ............................................................................. 8
Cinderella Toilet ............................................................................ 9
Drysan Waterless Toilet ............................................................... 10
EkoToi ......................................................................................... 11
Envirosan .................................................................................... 12
Eram Delight ............................................................................... 13
Fresh Life Toilet .......................................................................... 14
Ghanasan ................................................................................... 15
Green, Portable Eco-toilet* ......................................................... 16
Hightech Composting Toilet: Ecodomeo .................................... 17
IDE EZ Latrine ............................................................................. 18
Indoor Self-contained Toilet ....................................................... 19
Intestinal Toilet ............................................................................ 20
Locus Toilet ................................................................................. 21
Loowatt Toilet .............................................................................. 22
MoSan Mobile Sanitation ......................................................... 23
Open Privy* ................................................................................ 24
Otji Toilet ..................................................................................... 25
PeePoo ....................................................................................... 26
Piet Urine Diversion Toilet* ......................................................... 27
Public Rest Room ....................................................................... 28
Resource Toilet ........................................................................... 29
Rolling Toilet: x-runner ................................................................ 30
SimSan ....................................................................................... 31
Waterless Toilet* ......................................................................... 32
WC der Zukunft ........................................................................... 33
WooWoo ..................................................................................... 34
Controlling Odour ................................................................ 35
Controlling odour from urine .................................................... 36
Rubber tube seal ................................................................ 36
Condoms The low-tech alternative .................................. 36
Valve seals .......................................................................... 36
Sealant liquid ...................................................................... 37
Light bulb / table tennis ball ............................................... 37
Controlling odour from faeces .................................................. 38
Ventilation ........................................................................... 38
Soil, ash, sawdust, sand or lime ......................................... 38
Contemporary
Toilet Designs
Contemporary Toilet Designs
2
Links
http://www.core77designawards.com/2011/recipients/2p-portable-restroom/
http://www.core77designawards.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/07/Products-Student-e588-d.pdf
2P Portable Restroom*
The 2P is a portable restroom designed to counter the problems that arise due to heavy attendance at
outdoor events. Through innovative placement of an external urinal, it promotes dual-functionality per unit
which effectively cuts all lines in half, improves hygienic conditions and reduces cost, space, and its carbon
footprint.
Exterior urinal
Shared waste tank
Urinal
External urinal cut into the back
corner of the unit and when stacked as shown
the adjacent unit provides privacy for users.
Entrance to toilet and wash facilities which
share the same waste tank as the urinal
Interior toilet
and wash facilities
3
Links
http://www.naturbauhof.de/lad_komp_aqua.php
Aquatron Toilet
A composting water saving toilet system separating solids from fluids for composting and wastewater
treatment. The Aquatron can flush 3 litres at a time. The separation of liquids from effluent significantly
improves efficiency and the unit can operate up to 20 metres from the toilet making it easy to use and
relatively inexpensive.
Toilet
Faeces, paper, urine and
water inlet from toilet
Urine and water outlet
Faeces and
paper outlet
Separator
Toilet waste outlet
Urine outlet
Wash basin
Waste water drain outlet
Access hatch to solids
composting container
which is also available
in smaller sizes
Optional Ultra Violet (UV) Unit
4
Links
http://www.bluediversiontoilet.com
Blue Diversion Toilet
The Blue Diversion Toilet is a dry urine-diverting toilet with the additional feature of an integrated water
recovery/ recycling that allows for the comfort of hand washing, anal cleansing and toilet cleaning. Refer to
the link below for full details.
Toilets designed to work anywhere
Water usage display
Water tap
Foot actuator
Removable for
pan cleaning
Urine
Squat toilet
Soiled water
outlet
Faeces
Hand wash basin
Hand shower
Urine and faeces tanks
Hand wash
foot pump
Flush button
5
Links
http://www.m-attia.com/2010.html
Bipee*
The Bipee is an integrated water-saving bidt and urinal toilet. With the separation of urine the Bipee requires
less than 0.5 litres for flushing against other conventional water-saving toilets which require more than 2.5
litres per flush.
Toilet designed with
its function in mind
Faecal area
Bidt jet
Standard installation
and water supply
Urinal area
Liquids ush Complete ush
6
Links
http://www.exploringnaturespossibilities.com/
Built-in Composting System
Designed by Amos Bender, this composting system has an indoor commode, with an outside soil bin, and
outside access to a waste container. The system incorporates a small amount of soil mixed with the faeces to
assist with composting. (See also pages 19 and 28.)
Pipe section storage rack
A lled soil box last
for about two weeks
Soil rake
Soil pipe
Four rotating solid
waste containers
Liquid waste drains
to underground
To dispose of faeces a side lever is lifted which
opens a waste gate. This automaticallly closes
when the toilet seat is lowered, the waste gate
remaining closed when used as a urinal.
Soil is scraped into pipe to aid
composting: as soil level lowers
a section of pipe is removed
and stored on the pipe rack
7
Links
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vhELPhb--Lg
http://www.kampa.co.uk/instructions/accessories/portaflush
Camping Toilets
Camping toilets are portable and are produced by various manufacturers. They usually use chemical
solutions as a primary means of treatment at the point of use. A world-wide-web search query produces a
comprehensive list of links.
Toilet ush bellows
Waste tank pressure
release slide valve
Waste tank chemical rell
10 litre waste tank
other sizes available
Waste tank locking lever
Emptying the waste tank to
an authorised disposal point
8
Links
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CQ5Vvjqnjjg
http://www.thetford.com
Caravan Toilets
Caravan toilets are similar to camping toilets but are designed to be integrated into the chassis of the vehicle.
They are removed for periodic emptying at chemical disposal points.
Toilet unit inside caravan
Removal of waste holding tank Emptying waste at authorised disposable point
External caravan access door
to waste unit
9
Links
http://www.cinderella.as
Cinderella Toilet
Cinderella toilet systems are incinerating toilets, in which the waste products are converted into sanitized ash
by combustion at high temperatures.
Each time the toilet is used, a purpose bag
supplied by the manufacturer must be placed
in the toilet bowl. After use, the bag and its
contents drop into an ash bin in the
combustion chamber.
Start button to commence
the combustion process
A cleaning warning alert indicates when
the ash bin should be emptied, which
is accessed via a front panel
All waste products are converted into
sanatised ash and stored in a steel
ash bin for easy removal and disposal
10
Links
http://drysan.co.za/
Drysan Waterless Toilet
The Drysan waterless and urine diversion toilet system is intended for use in areas where sewerage lines
and sewerage works are unavailable, have been damaged, or where chemical toilets are currently used. The
system may also be used where households have a limited supply of water. The use of the Drysan extends to
informal housing, low-cost housing, smallholdings, disaster areas, water challenged areas, military facilities,
lodges, farms and many other areas deprived of water toilet facilities.
Customised
solids waste bin
(optional)
Alternative
waste bag
for solids
Air vent pipe Wall separating toilet
from solids waste disposal
Urine and faeces
separated at source
Foot pedal drives
conveyor belt
Toilet pedestal easily removed from
conveyor for cleaning or re-postioning
Enclosed conveyor
Urine drainage outlet
11
Links
http://vimeo.com/user2830873
EkoToi
Designed for both rural and urban areas in India, the EkoToi is the result of a Masters final project in product
design from Parag Deshpande, featuring urine separation.
Bathing area
Anal washing shower
Universal toilet
Toilet seat comes in various
rim sizes to suit different
ages and sizes of users
Urine diverts to bowl front
and subsequently to
a central storage tank
Hinged cover opens for
faecal use (closed when
used for anal washing),
which is deposited in a
container below the toilet
Access to solids
container which has
ash dispensed over
faeces to keep away
any insects
12
Links
http://envirosan.co.za/
Envirosan
Based in South Africa, Envirosan provides a comprehensive range of plastic injection moulding products,
concentrating specifically on environmentally-friendly sanitation systems.
The VIP480 injection moulded pedestal,
including an intergrated ange tting into
a cast-in-support ring, reducing movement
of the pedestal and so increasing safety
Links
http://www.susana.org/docs_ccbk/susana_download/2-1624-baby.pdf
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1bBhO7AQZao
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IYsygg1ZJAg
Eram Delight
Delight, the automatic public toilet unit developed by Eram Scientific Solutions Pvt. Ltd is intended to improve
the sanitation facilities in urban areas, especially in developing countries. In addition to its automated toilet
facilities the unit can also display 100sq ft of illuminated advertisement boards on its outer surface. This can
act as a valuable source of advertisement revenue in addition to the admission collection for those operating
the toilet. The unit can be connected to existing water and drainage facilities or a bio-membrane reactor which
can recycle the wastewater for flushing purposes.
delight
1 2 3
4 5 6
User inserts coin entrance fee
Electronic barrier opens,
and then closes behind user
Toilet is automatically cleaned
and ushed after each user
User presses a button when
nished, to open barrier
Toilet operator can access toilet
data either by computer...
...or by smartphone
13
Links
http://saner.gy/
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=unTc-rlD9LI
http://www.flickr.com/photos/gtzecosan/sets/72157629321008423/with/6879710585/
Fresh Life Toilet
Sanergy design and manufacture low-cost, high-quality sanitation facilities. Developed by their engineers, the
Fresh Life Toilet (FLT) is pre-fabricated at their local workshop. The FLT qualities users value most include the
high-quality materials that are easy to keep clean and maintain; the small footprint that enables them to be
installed close to homes; and essential features such as hand washing facilities.
Join Our
Movement
0788511824
Double toilet unit illustrated
Sanergy build a network of Fresh Life operators
local residents who purchase and operate their
sanitation facilities and become franchise partners
Units are easy to keep clean and maintain
14
Links
http://ghanasan.wordpress.com/
http://www.ideo.com/work/human-centered-design-toolkit/
Ghanasan
The Ghanasan Human Centered Design Research Project is a collaboration between Unilever, Water and
Sanitation for the Urban Poor (WSUP), and IDEO to develop new products and services for in-home sanitation
in Kumasi, Ghana.
Top half hinges up giving
access to the waste tank
Waste tank can be hygienically
sealed and then removed to
dispense its solid contents
Flexible tube for urine removal
Urine diverting toilet in
combination with a bio-digestor
and removable sealed waste tank
15
Links
http://www.igreenspot.com/green-portable-toilet-an-eco-friendly-waste-disposal-area/
Green, Portable Eco-toilet*
The eco-toilet provides a clean, portable sanitation solution for refugee camps. The waste solution can be
combined with mobile shelters. Made of roto-moulded biodegradable plastic and ceramic, the toilet bowl is
designed to provide comfort.
Waterproof fabric protecting
against heat and rain with
front zippered entry
Paper bag dispenser
Toilet bowl
Foot pedal
Toilet unit is expanded on site
Eco-toilet delivered as a
collapsed unit
User steps on pedal to open
cover like a waste bin
Paper bag (containing
powder) is placed in the toilet
bowl and seat closed
Faeces paper bags are collected
in the waste pods on either side
After user has defecated
into bowl, faeces turn into
blue odourless crystals (on
contact with the powder).
The bag is then sent via a
chute to the waste pod.
1 2 3
16
Links
http://www.ecodomeo.com/english/
Hightech Composting Toilet: Ecodomeo
Ecodomeo dry toilets separate the liquids from the solids. Liquids are evacuated through the household
used water system. Solids are evacuated to a closed space where they are then reduced to compost by
earthworms.
Conveyor deposits solids (faeces and toilet paper)
material into a suitable composting space which
is then further treated by earthworms
Air vent pipe
Note: Urine is sent to a tank within the toilet unit
which in turn delivers it to an evacuation pipe
and the sewage system
Removable internal toilet seat housing
External earthworm
composting unit
Conveyor cover
Conveyor belt outlet
Foot pedal which deposits all solid
waste to the conveyor belt
Conveyor base screwed to oor
Toilet housings come in alternative designs
17
Links
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zloOePIhQzc
IDE EZ Latrine
The Sanitation Marketing Pilot Project carried out by IDE Cambodias WATSAN team is designed with the
overall objective of creating rural household demand for sanitation, and linking this demand to local suppliers
who have been educated, trained and supported to deliver sustainable, low-cost latrines. The end result will
be a continually developing and thriving private marketplace that satisfactorily addresses the need for rural
sanitation.
Manhole covers
Manhole covers
Squat plates
Toilet boxes
Sewer pipes
The pre-fabricating of concrete
sanitation components
by local suppliers
Squat plates
Small sewer pipes
Large sewer pipes
Toilet boxes
18
19
Links
Indoor Self-contained Toilet
Another system from Amos Bender, this is a soiless, largely waterless, self contained, indoor commode
system for use in power outages, cabins, or simply for use in homes. (See also Pages 6 and 28).
Storage of Santi-fresh disks
for solid waste disposal
Solid waste
container with
internal bag liner
Urine container
New Santi-fresh disk used every
time solids are deposited in toilet
Flush knob drops used Santi-fresh
disk into the waste container
Second knob on right of toilet opens
the waste gate for next solids
Flush knob
To empty urine and solids,
the toilet seat unit must
be lifted straight up
to reveal the two
waste containers
Wash and
ush nozzle
20
Links
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gPummZRR2Cg
http://www.ecosan.co.za/
Intestinal Toilet
With the intestinal toilet, excreta falls down a vertical chute onto one end of a specially designed helical screw
conveyor. Every time the toilet lid is lifted, a mechanism rotates the conveyor. With each rotation the excreta
slowly moves along, taking approximately twenty five days before falling into a reusable collection bag. It
takes six months for the bag to fill with dry and odourless waste. Through the ventilation pipe, adequate
airflow is provided for the dehydration, evaporation and deodorising process.
Ventilation pipe
Waste cover
Glass bre
construction
The unit is installed below ground
with toilet inside a building
Reusable
collection bag
Excreta falls
down to a
conveyor
Cylinder with internal helical
screw conveyor moves the excreta
slowly along cylinder over month,
nally emptying into a waste collection
bag a dry and odourless waste
Toilet lid
Rod
Gear molded
to helical screw
cylinder
Excreta
Grab
arm
As toilet lid is closed it lifts a rod
attached to a grab arm. This locks
under a gear tooth and revolves
the conveyor cylinder one turn.
21
Links
http://www.locus-toilette.de/umwelt/umwelt.htm
Locus Toilet
The Locus toilet is a biological system for waste treatment in which excess liquid evaporates and the
faeces are composted by natural microorganisms. A controlled supply of heat and air and frequent stirring
accelerates the decomposition of the waste, producing a valuable fertilizer.
Ventilation pipe
Fan, thermostat and radiator housing
Flush button
Agitator
Air ducts
Stirrer blades
Humus drawer
Humus drawer
Front hatch
Front hatch
Links
http://www.loowatt.com
Loowatt Toilet
The Loowatt toilet uses a simple, patent-protected mechanical sealing unit to contain human waste within
biodegradable film in the most efficient way possible, with a unique odour-inhibiting system. The waste is then
stored in a cartridge beneath the toilet, for periodic emptying, which can be weekly or daily, depending upon
level of usage and capacity. The sealing unit can be built into toilets of any shape, size and specification,
using off-the-shelf parts and local materials to maximize value. In addition, they also market a biodegradable
digester for extracting methane gas from their cartridges for use in cooking.
Handle for moving the waste
through biodegradable lm
into waste cartridge and
sealing out all odours
Removable waste cartridge
Biodegradable lm lining
Sealing system can be
adapted to suit many toilet styles
Deposited solids
Handle
Section showing rst stage Section showing nal stage
Solids deposited within
the lm lining
Solids squeezed down
by depressing handle
Film passed between
rollers to seal waste
Handle pulled down
Sealed waste
stored in removable
cartridge
Film lining
22
Links
http://mosan-bangladesh.tumblr.com/
http://www.susana.org/lang-en/library?view=ccbktypeitem&type=2&id=1237
MoSan Mobile Sanitation
GIZ Bangladesh and the german industrial designer Mona Mijthab developed a non infractructure-based
separation dry toilet for the urban poor in Bangladesh. Called the MoSan, the toilet is part of a sustainable
sanitation system with collectors, transport, human waste treatment and reuse as compost fertiliser or biogas.
No water or chemicals are required. The lightweight toilet can be carried and used at a convenient place and
is also suitable in cases of emergency, like flooded areas. The toilet is designed for one family or household.
Assembled unit
Faeces container
Urine container
Urine and faeces base
Urine and faeces cover
Urine and faeces lid
23
Links
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1LvsvLlnkN8
http://www.ecofriend.com/open-privy-waterless-toilet-helps-add-precious-top-soil.html
Open Privy*
A waterless composting toilet, the Open Privy can be installed outdoors or within a superstructure. If it is
placed in the open, rainwater can be collected and allowed to filter down to a downpipe. Bent metal and
willow sticks have been woven to cover the toilet to guard against weathering. A hinge that connects the
toilets inlay, seat, downpipe and cover masks the smell, letting air circulate freely.
The Open Privy serves as a good method of composting and enhances the top soil effectively to act as a
natural fertilizer. Users can choose to either throw away the excreta collected or reuse it in the composting
process.
Separate urine section
Faeces container
Urine container
Hinged to circulate fresh air
and prevent smell build-up
24
Links
http://www.otjitoilet.org/
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wvetp9F8G4U
Otji Toilet
The Otji Toilet from Namibia uses the effect of surface tension to divert faeces and urine. The superstructure
typically used is similar to that of a composting toilet.
Tension caused by the urine coming
into contact with the smooth ceramic
surface directs the urine to follow the
curves of the toilet basin and exit by
the urine outlet pipe and not the main
faeces outlet
Faeces outlet
Section through toilet
Urine outlet pipe
Urine outlet pipe
25
Links
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UJZhS252tdM
http://www.peepoople.com/
PeePoo
Peepoo is a personal, single-use, self-sanitising, fully biodegradable toilet that prevents faeces from
contaminating the immediate area as well as the surrounding ecosystem. After use, Peepoo turns into
valuable fertiliser.
1 2
4 5 6
7 8 9
3
Bag is made from
degradable bioplastic lined
with urea, is safe to handle
remaining odour-free for
at least 24hrs
Bag ready for use
Cardboard and plastic toilets
to hold the bag when
in use, are also available
26
Links
http://www.design.nl/item/the_problem_with_poo
typischtheo.nl/
Piet Urine Diversion Toilet*
Theo Brandwijk developed the Piet (pee plus seat) toilet that separates urine and faeces. This makes it
cheaper to clean the sewage water, and the nitrogen and phosphates can be recycled to produce fertilizer.
Piet works with a movement sensor, which opens a three-way valve. The urine is diverted down towards a
special drain at the front leading to a tank that is emptied periodically. The faeces disappear through the
larger regular drain. The three-way valve automatically closes when the user stands up.
The xed toilet seat encourages users to sit down
which then activates a motion sensor and 3-way
valve to direct the urine to a separate drain
Faeces
Faeces outlet
Flush water inlet
Urine outlet
Water trap
Cross section through a Piet urine toilet
Urine
3-way valve operated
by a motion sensor
Dedicated urine drain
27
Links
Public Rest Room
Designed by Amos Bender, this is a sanitation and composting system for a public rest room (or rest area).
The toilet room has four separate toilet basins that keep liquid waste apart from the solid waste and make it
easy to add and mix a little soil with the solid waste to aid composting. In this particular composting system
there are three separate heaps of waste material, each in a different stage of action spread over three years,
with the compost being ready for use as a fertilzer in its third year. (See also pages 6 and 19.)
Liquid waste drain
First year solid compost waste
with soil covering
Third year ready for use as fertilzer
Second year liquid waste added
Soil is scraped into pipes
to be added to faeces and
aid composting, the short
pipe sections being removed
as the soil level lowers
Public rest room with
four separate toilets
(privacy partions removed
for clarity)
Soil bin
Faeces drops
into solid
waste bin
Waste drop pan
in down postion
Waste drop pan
in up postion
Exterior and interior walls
removed for clarity
Liquid waste drain
Solid waste bin
28
Links
http://www.resourcesanitation.com
http://resourcesanitation.com/2013/11/14/we-share-our-encyclopedia
Resource Toilet
The Resource is an ultra-low cost toilet with a removable container that makes it easy to collect and transport
waste safely from the community. The toilet combines a 20 litre bucket, a liquid container, and a western-style
toilet seat into a sealed, portable, urine diverting toilet.
Western style seat
Urine diverting toilet
Units can also be enclosed
in melamine (or similar) cabinets
2 litre solids bucket
Liquid container
Front cover
29
Links
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NSML-cG46Fo
http://www.xrunner-venture.com/
http://vimeo.com/51312933#
http://www.greenprophet.com/2011/04/israeli-designer-green-toilet-indias-slum-dwellers/
Rolling Toilet: x-runner
Israels Noa Lerner, a Berlin-based industrial engineer, designed this toilet for slum dwellers. It consists of
a squatting platform, placed over a removable container that can be rolled to a neighbourhood collection
facility.
Removable top cover
Inlet cover
Faeces tank
Toilet lid
Inlet
Splash protection
Anti-slip grid
Fixing points for
transportation handle
Tyre texture on rim
Clip-on transportation handle
Tank drain outlet
30
Links
http://www.liftupthepoor.net/SimSan.html
SimSan
The SimSan BucketMate from Amos Bender is a simple toilet that makes human waste easy to manage as
it can be used with a common bucket with 95% of urine being directed away to another location. The toilet
incorporates a unique gate that only needs to be opened for defecating and remains closed at all other times,
blocking odour. The bucket is also divided into four individual smaller sections. When one section is full the
SimSan toilet is simply rotated to the next providing extra capacity before it requires emptying.
Seat cover
Urine outlet
Four cell faeces bucket
Hinged toilet seat
Solid waste gate closed
(usually during urine use)
Urine exits here
Toilet can be tted with optional
urine drain to outside container
Solid waste gate open
31
Links
http://forum.susana.org/forum/categories/34-urine-diversion-systems-in-cludes-uddt-and-ud-flush-toilet/706-
colombiamexico-aguayuda-is-looking-for-a-urinal-design
http://timetocare.victorinox.com/en/nc/vote-win/waterless-toilet.html
Waterless Toilet*
This student project was the second place winner of the Victorinox Time to Care, Sustainable Design Award
in September 2011. It doesnt require water to function properly; doesnt generate sewage; is made for urban
areas and generates compost suitable for crops and is user-friendly.
Urine separator chemical
is added here
Toilet lid and seat
Faeces aperture
Urine aperture
Waste box can be
removed from side door
for faeces removal
Foot pedal operates a drive mechanism
sliding a waste box beneath the toilet
aperture ready for use, the pedal being
pressed again when the user has nished
to re-tract the waste box
32
Links
http://www.ronja-scholz.de
WC der Zukunft
WC der Zukunft (Toilet of the Future) is a urine diversion composting toilet. Urine can be used either as a
fertilzer or simply discharged into the sewage system. Faeces are collected with other recyclable materials
and compost.
Round toilet top reduces user
contact surface to a minimum
without loss of comfort and
improves hygiene
Individual personal
user pads
Each user places individual
biomaterial pads on the toilet rim
The pads increase user comfort
and improve hygiene
Faeces ap in closed position
Faeces ap
(shown closed)
which opens
automatically
when a user
sits down
Urine entry
drain holes
Faeces ap
(shown open)
Toilet ap in open position
After use the pads are thrown
into the toilet to aid composting
33
Links
http://www.waterlesstoilets.co.uk
WooWoo
Woo Woo is a London-based company, providing waterless toilets for sale throughout the UK. This free
standing, public toilet system functions without water, electricity or chemicals and can be installed virtually
anywhere. It offers an ideal solution for sites with no connection to water or sewerage services.
Waterless toilet consisting of
wood cladding on a galvanised
steel frame
Waterless urinals are also available
installed alongside toilet and both
linked to the evaporation system
Plan view showing arrangement of polyethylene evaporation
unit and chimney to the actual building
Fresh air enters via toilet bowl
eliminating any odours
Toilet Urinal
Sliding door
Building
Evaporation unit
Chimney
Toilet
Air streams over separated waste in evaporation unit
(installed below ground level) dehydrating solids,
evaporating liquids and removing odours
A light breeze will turn the
extractor, dragging air and
odours out of the chimney
Odours
Extractor fan
Heat of the sun
causes air inside
chimney to rise
and accelerate
34
Controlling Odour
Rubber tube seal
This rubber tube is flat at the bottom when not in use (and hence blocks
odour from the sewer or urine storage tank) but opens up when urine is
flowing through. This one-way valve allows passage of grit up to 2mm.
It must be cleaned approximately once per month and replaced every year.
http://pro.keramag.com/produkte/urinale/centaurus.html
Condoms The low-tech alternative
Condoms with the ends trimmed can be used as an effective seal for male
urinals.
http://www.wecf.eu/download/2011/February/SSP-06_Jan2011_16-221.pdf
Valve seals
Valve seals are similar to the rubber tube seal, but are designed to
reduce maintenance requirements. This seal has self-cleaning properties,
although the production requires complex injection moulding machines, so
it is not feasible to produce it locally.
http://www.autospec.co.za/productmedia/addicom/datasheets/
addicomframe.htm
http://www.enswico.com/en/technology/key-system.html
http://www2.gtz.de/Dokumente/oe44/ecosan/en-waterless-urinals-a-
proposal-to-save-water-and-recover-urine-nutrients-in-africa-2009.pdf
http://www.culu.eu/zubehoer
Controlling odour from urine
Metal lter
Outlet pipe
Condom
Tube seal
Urinal drain
Urinal drain
Valve
Curtain
valve
body
Service key
for changing
valve
36
Sealant liquid
This system works with a sealant liquid (also called blocking fluid) which
is made of vegetable oils or aliphatic alcohols. The sealant liquid, floats
on top of the urine contained in the trap and thus constitutes an effective
odour barrier. Urine immediately penetrates the sealant liquid and flows
away to the drain.
http://www.freepatentsonline.com/6589440.html
Light bulb / table tennis ball
Another low-tech solution: an old light bulb is placed in a funnel which in
turn is inserted in the opening of a jerrican. This provides a portable and
ready-made urinal. The contents should be clearly labelled on the outside
of the can which must not be later used for water collection.
Urine entry
Urine exit
Sealant liquid
Light bulb
Funnel
37
Ventilation
Ventilated improved pit latrines (VIP latrines) can significantly reduce
the smell of excreta and can even be more pleasant to use than some
other water-based technologies. Flies that hatch in the pit are attracted
to the light at the top of the ventilation pipe where they are trapped by a
fly-screen and die.
The vent works better in windy areas but where there is little wind,
its effectiveness can be improved by painting the pipe black; the
heat difference between the pit (cool) and the vent (warm) creates an
updraft that pulls the air and odours up and out of the pit.
Ventilating other types of latrine and keeping them clean will also help
reduce the odour from faeces.
Controlling odour from faeces
Vent pipe
The VIP latrine differs from a
simple pit latrine because it has
a ventilation pipe and a more
substantial superstructure.
Flies
Air movement
Wind blowing over the top of
the ventilation pipe causes air
in the pipe to rise.
Replacement fresh air is
drawn into the pit through the
superstructure and down the
toilet hole. This flow of fresh
air keeps the superstructure
free of odours.
Rod Shaw WEDC Loughborough University
Fly screen flush with top
surface of the pipe and
secured tightly
Pit access handle

W
E
D
C
Flies migrate towards the light at
the top of the ventilation pipe if the
superstructure is dark inside.
They will be drawn towards the
top of the pipe but cannot escape
because of the fly screen. They
remain there until they die and fall
back into the pit.
Soil, ash, sawdust, sand or lime
By covering the faeces with one
of these dry materials, flies and
odours are kept to a minimum.
http://www.eawag.ch/forschung/
sandec/publikationen/
compendium_e/index_EN
38
EOOS
The EOOS design firm was established in Vienna in 1995. EOOS operates in the
fields of furniture and product design as well as social design for clients such as
Giorgio Armani, Adidas, Alessi, Bene, the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Bulthaup,
Dedon, Duravit, Keilhauer, MatteoGrassi, Walter Knoll and Zumtobel. EOOS sees
sustainability and the responsible use of materials and resources as an essential part
of the design process. For EOOS, design is a poetical discipline and a cultural service
for society. To date, EOOS has over 15 technical patents and received more than 70
international awards, including the 2004 renowned Italian Compasso dOro award.
For the design of the Blue Diversion Toilet EOOS received a Special Recognition for
Outstanding Design from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation in 2012.
EOOS
Zelinkagasse 2/6
1010 Vienna
Austria
T: +43/1/405 39 87 F: +43/1/405 39 87-80
www.eoos.com
WEDC
The Water, Engineering and Development Centre is one of the worlds leading
education and research institutes for developing knowledge and capacity in water
and sanitation for sustainable development and emergency relief. WEDC focuses
on solutions for people in low- and middle-income countries, helping to provide
evidence-based answers to important questions not only about what needs to be
done to improve basic infrastructure and essential services but also how to go
about it.
Founded in 1971, WEDC is based in the School of Civil and Building Engineering at
Loughborough University, one of the top award-winning UK universities.
WEDCs core values related to education and knowledge and research are:
Education: Teaching, learning and capacity building underpin sustainable
developments in water, sanitation and hygiene. It is an indispensable condition of
development.
Knowledge and research: Knowledge is central to progress. It is not just the
generation of new knowledge through research, but using existing knowledge to the
full, and working seriously on dissemination and uptake.
WEDC: Water, Engineering and Development Centre
School of Civil and Building Engineering
The John Pickford Building
Loughborough University
Leicestershire LE11 3TU
United Kingdom
T: +44 (0)1509 222885 F: +44 (0)1509 211079
E: [email protected] W: http://wedc.lboro.ac.uk

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