Mr.

lord's Puman A &

Lesson 01: lnLroducuon Lo Puman
AnaLomy & hyslology
8y Scou lord, M.Ld.
!"#$ &' (&)*+
Llfe ls lncredlbly
dlverse

Pumans, sllme molds,
Lrees and mosqulLoes,
all of Lhese are allve
Cuallues of Llfe
lrrlLablllLy
CrowLh &
uevelopmenL
8eproducuon
MovemenL
Self
8egulaung
MeLabollsm
AdapL Lo Lhe
LnvlronmenL
lrrlLablllLy
An organlsm's ablllLy Lo respond Lo exLernal and lnLernal
sumull
A sumull ls anyLhlng LhaL ls dlerenL Lo an organlsm
LxLernal: ouLslde of Lhe organlsm
lnLernal: lnslde Lhe organlsm

Crganlsms respond Lo sumull
lf organlsms dld noL respond Lo sumull Lhen Lhey would dle

1yplcal sumull LhaL cause reacuons ln organlsms are:
Changes ln LemperaLure, pressure, sound or changes ln
chemlcal composluons ln Lhelr envlronmenL
CrowLh and uevelopmenL
8lologlcal growLh may lnvolve an lncrease ln Lhe number of cells LhaL
make up an organlsm, or lL could be [usL an lncrease ln Lhe slze of
exlsung cells
Pyperplasla
lncrease ln Lhe ,-./*0 of cells
PyperLrophy
lncrease ln Lhe '&1* of cells

MosL anlmals have a nlLe growLh perlod LhaL
ends when Lhe anlmal becomes an adulL
Some llvlng Lhlngs wlll conunue Lo grow
LhroughouL Lhelr llfe span
uevelopmenL lnvolves Lhe changes LhaL occurs as
an organlsm maLures
Lxample: when chlldren go Lhrough puberLy
8eproducuon
All llvlng organlsms reproduce cells

1wo Lype of cell producuon
Asexual 8eproducuons :
Cells replace dead and
damaged cells
Sexual 8eproducuon:
1wo cells from dlerenL
organlsms come LogeLher Lo creaLe a new
organlsm
MovemenL
Some organlsms have very obvlous movemenLs
Some, llke planLs, move buL noL as obvlously as a 7
year old aer 12 lxle Sucks

Some creaLures wlll move as bables Lhen
become anchored ln one spoL (Sesslle)
Self 8egulaung MeLabollsm
All llvlng creaLures musL have chemlcal reacuons
occurrlng ln Lhelr cells
1he sum of all chemlcal reacuons ln Lhe body ls
called MeLabollsm

PomeosLasls ls Lhe lnLernal balanclng acL
organlsms perform.
Whenever Lhe exLernal (!"#$%&' #)' *!&+) or lnLernal
(%,$%&' #)' *!&+) envlronmenL changes, Lhe organlsm
Lrles Lo brlng everyLhlng back Lo an opumal sLaLe
AdapL Lo Lhe LnvlronmenL
All llfe ls able Lo adapL Lo lLs envlronmenL
1here ls a range Lo whlch an organlsm can adapL

1olerance LlmlLs:
Mlnlmum and maxlmum llmlLs of physlcal condluons ('-.
#'/0'12#"1') and concenLrauons of chemlcal subsLances
beyond whlch no members of a parucular specles can
survlve

AdapLauon can be sLrucLural, physlologlcal,
behavloral or a comblnauon of all Lhese Lhlngs
lundamenLal 1erms
Cne of Lhe hardesL Lhlngs Lo
achleve, ln any area of
academlc sLudy, ls Lo learn Lhe
unlque language used by LhaL
dlsclpllne

1he anaLomlcal language of
Lhe human body can be a
dlmculL hurdle Lo overcome,
buL lL ls essenual Lo Lhe
successful learnlng of llfe
sclences
Study Tip
Consider buying index cards to use in your A&P course

1. By summarizing and writing down your notes it helps both the
visual learner and the tactile learner

2. It forces you to pick the most important ideas and content,
helping you focus in on what could be test questions

3. Probably the best reason is, note cards are portable. You may
not be able to take your book everywhere, but index cards
can go with you to work, on the bus, or even in the coffee
store.
It makes them perfect for quick little study sessions
Mallbag Monday- Pow Lo make lndex cards: hup://youLu.be/Cou16klP2m?
1erms
AnaLomy
1he sLudy of sLrucLure
ldenucauon of Lhe body parLs
1o cuL up"

hyslology
1he sLudy of funcuon
Pow Lhe parLs of Lhe body work
physls" means naLure
-ology" Lhe sLudy of

aLhology
1he sLudy of dlsease and Lhe dlsease processes
WhaL makes you slck
paLhos" means suerlng
1erms
Mlcroscoplc AnaLomy
1he sLudy of anaLomy on a
mlcroscoplc level, can noL sLudy
wlLhouL Lhe ald of a mlcroscope

PlsLology
1he sLudy of ussues

CyLology
1he sLudy of cells

Cross AnaLomy
1he sLudy of anaLomy on a large
scale, you can see wlLh Lhe unalded
eye
lL ls common pracuce Lo dlssecL a
cadaver ln Cross AnaLomy class
8eglonal AnaLomy
1he sLudy of anaLomy by reglons of
Lhe body
SLudy Lhe arm, Lhe forearm, Lhe
legs, eLc.

SysLemlc AnaLomy
1he sLudy of anaLomy by sysLems
ln Lhe body
MosL general A& classes are
sysLem based sLudles
Levels of Crganlzauons
1he Levels of
Crganlzauon are almosL
always dlscussed ln Llfe
Sclence classes

1he levels of
organlzauon show Lhe
relauonshlp beLween
Lhe lncreaslng levels of
complexlLy LhaL ls
lnvolved wlLh llfe
Levels of Crganlzauons
SubaLomlc
roLon, LlecLrons,
neuLrons
ALomlc
1he aLom
SmallesL parL of elemenL
Molecular
1wo or more aLoms
bondlng wlLh each oLher
P
2
C (32#'1)
CC
2
(421*!, 5%!-%&')
Levels of Crganlzauons
Cellular
1he cell ls Lhe baslc unlL of
llfe

1lssue
A bunch of cells LhaL come
LogeLher Lo perform a
speclc funcuon
Crgan
A group of dlerenL ussue
comlng LogeLher Lo work
as a Leam
Lxamples: PearL, sLomach,
llver
Scou lord (C) 2012 All 8lghLs
8eserved
Levels of Crganlzauons
Crgan SysLem
Collecuon of organs
unlung for a common
goal or funcuon
Cardlovascular SysLem,
Muscular SysLem
Crganlsm
1he llvlng Lhlng
Lxamples: eople, dogs,
caLs eLc.
203#, 45'$*.'
Collecuon of organs unlung
for a common goal or
funcuon"

1here are 11 organ sysLems
LhaL we need Lo know abouL
6)'$' $+$#'/$ 7!"8& *'
&%9%&'& %, &%:'1',# ;2+$
&'0',&%,< !, +!"1 *!!=

Crgan SysLems
lnLegumenLary SysLem

SkeleLal SysLem

Muscular SysLem

nervous SysLem

Lndocrlne SysLem

Cardlovascular SysLem
Lymphauc SysLem

8esplraLory SysLem

urlnary SysLem

ulgesuve SysLem

8eproducuve SysLem
lnLegumenLary SysLem
Composed of:
Skln
Palr
nalls
Clands

luncuons:
Pelps regulaLe Lhe body's
LemperaLure, proLecuon, waLer
volume conLrol, ellmlnaLes some
wasLe producLs, vlL. u producuon,
and sensauon
SkeleLal SysLem
Composed of:
8ones
Carulage
!olnLs

luncuon:
SupporL and proLecuon for Lhe
body, producuon of blood
Muscular SysLem
Composed of:
SkeleLal muscle
SmooLh muscle
Cardlac muscle

luncuons:
MovemenL, posLures, and heaL
producuon
nervous SysLem
Composed of:
8raln (CnS)
Splnal cord (CnS)
nerves Lo body parLs
(nS)
Cranlal (*12%, #! *!&+)
Splnal ($0%,28 7!1& #! *!&+)

luncuons:
8egulaLes body acuvlLy
Lndocrlne SysLem
Composed of:
Pormone produclng glands
lLulLary Cland
1hyrold Cland
araLhyrold Cland
Adrenal Cland
And more.

luncuons:
8egulaLes body acuvlues
Works slower Lhan Lhe nervous SysLem,
buL very powerful
Cardlovascular SysLem
Composed of:
8lood
PearL
8lood vessels

luncuons:
1ransporLs (oxygen,
wasLes eLc.)
Lymphauc SysLem
Composed of:
Lymph
Lymphauc vessels
Lymphauc ussue

luncuons:
8rlngs uld back lnLo Lhe
blood
vessels, proLecuon for Lhe
body
8esplraLory SysLem
Composed of:
Lungs
Accessory organs

luncuons:
1ransporL of gasses
urlnary SysLem
Composed of:
kldneys
ureLers
8ladder
luncuons:
8egulaLes chemlcal
composluon of Lhe
blood
ulgesuve SysLem
Composed of:
CasLrolnLesunal 1racL
Accessory SLrucLures
luncuons
8reak down and
absorpuon of useful
subsLances from food
8eproducuve SysLem
Composed of:
1esLes
Cvarles
uLerlne Lubes
uLerus
Lpldldymls
LLc.

luncuons:
Conunuauon of Lhe specles
PomeosLasls
SLaLe of equlllbrlum of Lhe lnLernal
envlronmenL of Lhe body LhaL ls
malnLalned by dynamlc processes of
feedback and regulauon. PomeosLasls
ls a dynamlc equlllbrlum."
1aber's Cyclopedlc Medlcal ulcuonary 17
edluon, 1993

PomeosLasls ls baslcally Lhe body's
naLural deslre Lo remaln unchanged

lL achleves Lhls Lhrough Lwo feedback
mechanlsms
osluve leedback
negauve leedback
osluve leedback
1he lnlual sumull causes
an lncreaslng reacuon
from Lhe organlsm, lL ls
a cascadlng reacuon

Lach reacuon from Lhe
organlsm ls sLronger
Lhen Lhe lasL
Pead of feLus
pushes
agalnsL cervlx
Slgnal ls senL
Lo Lhe braln
Lo secreLe
oxyLocln
CxyLocln
sumulaLes
uLerlne
conLracuons
and pushes
feLus Loward
cervlx
negauve leedback
1hls ls Lhe mosL common
Lype of feedback
mechanlsm found ln
llvlng creaLures
1hls Lype of feedback ls
slmllar Lo a LhermosLaL
1oo hoL,
Lhe a/c
klcks ln
and cools
Lhe room
down
1oo cold,
Lhe heaL
klcks ln
and heaLs
up Lhe
room
!"#$ &' 6*#7$"5+
WhaL does lL mean Lo be
healLhy?
WhaL does lL mean Lo be
unhealLhy?

PealLh
1he opumal sLaLe of physlcal,
menLal, and soclal well-belng, noL
merely Lhe absence of dlsease or
lnrmlues.

Lxample 1:
A person could be physlcally L,
able Lo run Lhe mlle under 10
mlnuLes, have a loL of frlends, buL
sull be cllnlcally depressed Lo Lhe
polnL where he/she Lakes Lhelr llfe.

Lxample 2:
A person could have a greaL
supporL neLwork, be menLally
sound buL have a sLroke broughL
on by undlagnosed hyperLenslon
(hlgh blood pressure)
hyslcal
MenLal Soclal
8ody osluons
AnaLomlcal osluon
Conslder Lhe body as one blg land mass. lf
you were drlvlng a car on Lhls land mass
you would need Lo know where you were
golng. 1o clarlfy all dlrecuons, we assume
LhaL Lhe human body ls ln a sLandard
posluon.

AnaLomlcal posluon:
SLand uprlghL
Pead face forward
Arms by slde wlLh palms faclng forward
leeL aL on Lhe ground, Loes forward
ulrecuonal 1erms
When deallng wlLh Lhe human body we use speclc Lerms ln
descrlblng Lhe locauons of bodlly sLrucLures ln relauonshlp Lo oLher
Superlor/Cephallc
lnferlor/Caudal
AnLerlor/venLral
osLerlor/uorsal
Medlal
LaLeral
lnLermedlaLe
lpsllaLeral
ConLralaLeral
roxlmal
ulsLal
Superclal
ueep
1op & 8ouom
Superlor/Cephallc
1oward Lhe head, golng up
Cephallc ls used more when deallng
wlLh four legged creaLures (2$
!00!$'& #! *%0'&$) and Lmbryology
lnferlor/Caudal
1owards Lhe feeL, golng down
Caudal ls used more when deallng
wlLh four legged creaLures (2$
!00!$'& #! *%0'&$) and Lmbryology
lronL & 8ack
AnLerlor/venLral
1he fronL of Lhe body
venLral ls used more when deallng
wlLh four legged creaLures (2$
!00!$'& #! *%0'&$) and Lmbryology
osLerlor/uorsal
1oward Lhe back of Lhe body
uorsal ls used more when deallng
wlLh four legged creaLures (2$
!00!$'& #! *%0'&$) and Lmbryology
Colng ln & CuL
Medlal
near Lo Lhe mldllne of Lhe body,
Lowards Lhe sLernum
LaLeral
1owards Lhe ouLslde of Lhe body,
golng away from Lhe mldllne
lnLermedlaLe
8eLween Lwo sLrucLures
Close & lar
roxlmal
1owards Lhe polnL of orlgln
ulsLal
Away from Lhe polnL of orlgln
ulsLanL, away
1ogeLher & AparL
lpsllaLeral
Cn Lhe same slde of Lhe
body
ConLralaLeral
Cn Lhe opposlLe slde of
Lhe body
1hlnk 89,Lrary, someone
who ls opposlLe, or
89,lcL golng agalnsL.
1he lasL Lwo
Superclal
1oward Lhe surface




ueep
Away from Lhe surface, deeper lnLo Lhe body
8ody Cavlues
8ody Cavlues
venLral CavlLy
1horaclc CavlLy
Abdomlnopelvlc
CavlLy
elvlc CavlLy
Abdomlnal
CavlLy
uorsal CavlLy
Cranlal CavlLy verLebral CavlLy
8ody
Cavlues
venLral
CavlLy
uorsal
CavlLy
8ody Cavlues
8ody Cavlues are llke cubby holes ln Lhe body

Crgans are conLalned
wlLhln speclc cavlues

1wo maln ulvlslons
venLral CavlLy
uorsal CavlLy
venLral CavlLy
1horaclc CavlLy
PearL, Lungs
Abdomlnopelvlc
CavlLy
elvlc CavlLy
Lower parL of Lhe
lnLesunes,
reproducuve
organs
Abdomlnal CavlLy
SLomach and
lnLesunes
venLral CavlLy
lronL of Lhe body

1wo maln cavlues

1horaclc CavlLy
ConLalns: PearL, Lungs

Abdomlnopelvlc CavlLy
Abdomlnal CavlLy
SLomach and lnLesunes
elvlc CavlLy
Lower parL of Lhe lnLesunes, reproducuve organs
uorsal CavlLy
8ack of Lhe body

1wo maln cavlues

Cranlal CavlLy
8raln

verLebral CavlLy
Splnal Cord
uorsal
CavlLy
Cranlal
CavlLy
8raln
verLebral
CavlLy
Splnal
Cord
CuL lL up
Saglual lane
ulvldes Lhe body lnLo a le and rlghL
slde
Mldsaglual: equal le and rlghL sldes
arasaglual: Lwo sldes are noL equally cuL

1ransverse lane
ulvldes Lhe body lnLo a Lop and bouom
poruon

Coronal/lronLal lane
ulvldes Lhe body lnLo a fronL and back
AnLerlor and osLerlor

Cbllque
CuL aL an angle
8elly 1lc 1ac 1oe
1he abdomlnopelvlc cavlLy can be dlvlded ln Lwo dlerenL ways.
9 secuons
4 secuons
8emember: Le and rlghL always means Lhe body ln fronL of you, noL yours!
Lnd: Lesson 01 lnLro Lo
Puman A &