BON MICHAEL JARAULA SEPTEMBER 5, 2014

8-CEZ ENGLISH
Characteristics of Indian Literature

There are three observable characteristics of Indian Literature.
1. Indian literature is based on piety, a deeply religious spirit.
The oldest know literature in India is the Vedas. According to Hindu
tradition, the Vedas are apaurueya not of human agency, are
supposed to have been directly revealed, and thus are called ruti (what
is heard). This contains hymns and prayers for gods.
Indians believe that a knowledge of gods and a strong belief in Hinduism
is necessary to save mankind.
2. Indian literary masterpieces are written in epic form, corresponds to the
great epochs in the history of India.
The Ramayana and the Mahabharata are the most important epics of
India; the latter is the longest epic in the world.
3. Medieval Indian literature the earliest works in many of the languages
were sectarian, designed to advance or to celebrate some unorthodox
regional belief.
Examples are the Caryapadas in Bengali, Tantric verses of the 12th
century, and the Lilacaritra (circa 1280), in MarathiThe first characteristic
we notice about Indian literature is that it is based on oiety, a deeply
religious spirit. The Indians believed that a knowledge of God and a strong
belief in Hinduism is necessary to save mankind. Their earliest poems, the
Vedas, are the Bible of the Indians.
The second characteristic we notice about Indian literature is that the
Indian literary masterpieces written in the form of epics, correspond to
great epochs in the history of India. The Ramayana an the Mahabharata
are the most important epics of India; the latter is the longest found in the
world literature. The Indians believe in reincarnation, meaning that the
soul of a person after death returns to the earth in the body of another
person, animal or even a plant. Consequently, they believe in kindness to
other people and to animals. They also abstain from destroying plants
because in that plant might be reincarnated ones dead elative.
Their gods are believed to be reincarnated into human beings or even
animals. Thus the Ramayana is about the reincarnation of the creator god
Vishnu in the person of Rama, who is a hero of the epic. The
Mahabharata deals with another reincarnation of Vishnu in the person of
Krishna. These reincarnations of Vishnu are called avatars or descending
from the god.Vishnu is supposed to have ten avatars. Nine avatars have
already taken place, and the tenth is yet to come. When this last avater
takes place, Vishnu will descend from heaven to destroy the present
world and restore peace and purity.
That Mahabharata is considered the greatest epic of India. It tells the story
of a civil war that might have taken place in the early years of the Aryan
occupation of India. Obviously, the products of many centuries and many
hands, it is a long poem, almost as long as the combined epics of all
Europe.
The Mahabharata tells of two rival bands of brothers, descentants of a
common grandfather King Panda. When he died, he left his five sons in
the care of his brother who was to be regent while his sons were
still minors. The regent himself had many sons, and they coveted the
kingdom for themselves. The result was a period of intrigues and battles
which resulted in the exile of the five brothers.
ThE Ramayana recounts the adventures of Rama and his wife Sita.
Legend has it that Sita was born of a furrow, the child of Mother Earth. Sita
is regarded by the woman of India as the perfect sumbol of wifely
devotion and self-sacrifice for the beloved.
Interesting enough, the Maranaw epic Darangan has many elemants and
episodes derived from the Mahabharata and Ramayana.




BON MICHAEL JARAULA SEPTEMBER 5, 2014
8-CEZ ENGLISH
Ramayana:
Summary
The Ramayana is one of the two great Indian epics,the other being the Mahabharata.
The Ramayana tells about life in India around 1000 BCE and offers models in dharma.
The hero, Rama, lived his whole life by the rules of dharma; in fact, that was why Indian
consider him heroic. When Rama was a young boy, he was the perfect son. Later he
was an ideal husband to his faithful wife, Sita, and a responsible ruler of Aydohya. "Be as
Rama," young Indians have been taught for 2,000 years; "Be as Sita."
The original Ramayana was a 24,000 couplet-long epic poem attributed to the Sanskrit
poet Valmiki. Oral versions of Rama's story circulated for centuries, and the epic was
probably first written down sometime around the start of the Common Era. It has since
been told, retold, translated and transcreated throughout South and Southeast Asia,
and the Ramayana continues to be performed in dance, drama, puppet shows, songs
and movies all across Asia.
From childhood most Indians learn the characters and incidents of these epics and they
furnish the ideals and wisdom of common life. The epics help to bind together the many
peoples of India, transcending caste, distance and language. Two all-Indian holidays
celebrate events in the Ramayana. Dussehra, a fourteen-day festival in October,
commemorates the siege of Lanka and Rama's victory over Ravana, the demon king of
Lanka. Divali, the October-November festival of Lights, celebrates Rama and Sita's
return home to their kingdom of Ayodhya
Prince Rama was the eldest of four sons and was to become king when his father
retired from ruling. His stepmother, however, wanted to see her son Bharata, Rama's
younger brother, become king. Remembering that the king had once promised to
grant her any two wishes she desired, she demanded that Rama be banished and
Bharata be crowned. The king had to keep his word to his wife and ordered Rama's
banishment. Rama accepted the decree unquestioningly. "I gladly obey father's
command," he said to his stepmother. "Why, I would go even if you ordered it."
When Sita, Rama's wife, heard Rama was to be banished, she begged to accompany
him to his forest retreat. "As shadow to substance, so wife to husband," she reminded
Rama. "Is not the wife's dharma to be at her husband's side? Let me walk ahead of you
so that I may smooth the path for your feet," she pleaded. Rama agreed, and Rama,
Sita and his brother Lakshmana all went to the forest.
When Bharata learned what his mother had done, he sought Rama in the forest. "The
eldest must rule," he reminded Rama. "Please come back and claim your rightful place
as king." Rama refused to go against his father's command, so Bharata took his brother's
sandals and said, "I shall place these sandals on the throne as symbols of your authority.
I shall rule only as regent in your place, and each day I shall put my offerings at the feet
of my Lord. When the fourteen years of banishment are over, I shall joyously return the
kingdom to you." Rama was very impressed with Bharata's selflessness. As Bharata left,
Rama said to him, "I should have known that you would renounce gladly what most
men work lifetimes to learn to give up."
Later in the story, Ravana, the evil King of Lanka, (what is probably present-day Sri
Lanka) abducted Sita. Rama mustered the aid of a money army, built a causeway
across to Lanka, released Sita and brought her safely back to Aydohya. In order to set a
good example, however, Rama demanded that Sita prove her purity before he could
take her back as his wife. Rama, Sita and Bharata are all examples of persons following
their dharma.

This lesson focuses on how the Ramayana teaches Indians to perform their dharma.
Encourage students to pick out examples of characters in the epic who were faithful to
their dharma and those who violated their dharma. Mahatma Gandhi dreamed that
one day modern India would become a Ram-rajya.
Main Characters of the Ramayana
Dasaratha -- King of Ayodhya (capital of Kosala), whose eldest son was Rama.
Dasaratha had three wives and four sons -- Rama, Bharata, and the twins Lakshmana
and Satrughna.
Rama -- Dasaratha's first-born son, and the upholder of Dharma (correct conduct and
duty). Rama, along with his wife Sita, have served as role models for thousands of
generations in India and elsewhere. Rama is regarded by many Hindus as an
incarnation of the god Vishnu.
Sita -- Rama's wife, the adopted daughter of King Janak. Sita was found in the furrows
of a sacred field, and was regarded by the people of Janak's kingdom as a blessed
child.
Bharata -- Rama's brother by Queen Kaikeyi. When Bharata learned of his mother's
scheme to banish Rama and place him on the throne, he put Rama's sandals on the
throne and ruled Ayodhya in his name.
Hanuman -- A leader of the monkey tribe allied with Rama against Ravana. Hanuman
has many magical powers because his father was the god of the wind. Hanuman's
devotion to Rama, and his supernatural feats in the battle to recapture Sita, has made
him one of the most popular characters in the Ramayana.
Ravana -- The 10-headed king of Lanka who abducted Sita.
Kaushlaya -- Dasaratha's first wife, and the mother of Rama.
Lakshmana -- Rama's younger brother by Dasaratha's third wife, Sumitra. When Rama
and Sita were exiled to the forest, Lakshmana followed in order to serve.

Ramayana: A Summary
1. Dasharatha, King of Aydohya, has three wives and four sons. Rama is the eldest. His
mother is Kaushalya. Bharata is the son of his second and favorite wife, Queen Kaikeyi.
The other two are twins, Lakshman and Shatrughna. Rama and Bharata are blue,
perhaps indicating they were dark skinned or originally south Indian deities.
2) A sage takes the boys out to train them in archery. Rama has hit an apple hanging
from a string.
3) In a neighboring city the ruler's daughter is named Sita. When it was time for Sita to
choose her bridegroom, at a ceremony called a swayamvara, the princes were asked
to string a giant bow. No one else can even lift the bow, but as Rama bends it, he not
only strings it but breaks it in two. Sita indicates she has chosen Rama as her husband by
putting a garland around his neck. The disappointed suitors watch.
4) King Dasharatha, Rama's father, decides it is time to give his throne to his eldest son
Rama and retire to the forest to seek moksha. Everyone seems pleased. This plan fulfills
the rules of dharma because an eldest son should rule and, if a son can take over one's
responsibilities, one's last years may be spent in a search for moksha. In addition,
everyone loves Rama. However Rama's step-mother, the king's second wife, is not
pleased. She wants her son, Bharata, to rule. Because of an oath Dasharatha had
made to her years before, she gets the king to agree to banish Rama for fourteen years
and to crown Bharata, even though the king, on bended knee, begs her not to
demand such things. Broken-hearted, the devastated king cannot face Rama with the
news and Kaikeyi must tell him.
5) Rama, always obedient, is as content to go into banishment in the forest as to be
crowned king. Sita convinces Rama that she belongs at his side and his brother
Lakshman also begs to accompany them. Rama, Sita and Lakshman set out for the
forest.
Bharata, whose mother's evil plot has won him the throne, is very upset when he finds
out what has happened. Not for a moment does he consider breaking the rules of
dharma and becoming king in Rama's place. He goes to Rama's forest retreat and
begs Rama to return and rule, but Rama refuses. "We must obey father," Rama says.
Bharata then takes Rama's sandals saying, "I will put these on the throne, and every day
I shall place the fruits of my work at the feet on my Lord." Embracing Rama, he takes the
sandals and returns to Aydohya.
6) Years pass and Rama, Sita and Lakshman are very happy in the forest. Rama and
Lakshman destroy the rakshasas (evil creatures) who disturb the sages in their
meditations. One day a rakshasa princess tries to seduce Rama, and Lakshmana
wounds her and drives her away. She returns to her brother Ravana, the ten-headed
ruler of Lanka (Sri Lanka, formerly Ceylon), and tells her brother (who has a weakness for
beautiful women) about lovely Sita.
Ravana devises a plan to abduct Sita. He sends a magical golden deer which Sita
desires. Rama and Lakshman go off to hunt the deer, first drawing a protective circle
around Sita and warning her she will be safe as long as she does not step outside the
circle. As they go off, Ravana (who can change his shape) appears as a holy man
begging alms. The moment Sita steps outside the circle to give him food, Ravana grabs
her and carries her off the his kingdom in Lanka.
7) Rama is broken-hearted when he returns to the empty hut and cannot find Sita. A
band of monkeys offer to help him find Sita.
Ravana has carried Sita to his palace in Lanka, but he cannot force her to be his wife
so he puts her in a grove and alternately sweet-talks her and threatens her in an
attempt to get her to agree to marry him. Sita will not even look at him but thinks only of
her beloved Rama. Hanuman, the general of the monkey band can fly since his father
is the wind, and Hanuman flies to Lanka and, finding Sita in the grove, comforts her and
tells her Rama will soon come and save her.
8) Ravana's men capture Hanuman, and Ravana orders them to wrap Hanuman's tail
in cloth and to set it on fire. With his tail burning, Hanuman hops from house-top to
house-top, setting Lanka afire. He then flies back to Rama to tell him where Sita is.
9) Rama, Lakshman and the monkey army build a causeway from the tip of India to
Lanka and cross over to Lanka. A might battle ensues. Rama kills several of Ravana's
brothers and then
Rama confronts ten-headed Ravana. (Ravana is known for his wisdom as well as for his
weakness for women which may explain why he is pictured as very brainy.) Rama finally
kills Ravana.
10). Rama frees Sita. After Sita proves here purity, they return to Ayodhya and Rama
becomes king. His rule, Ram-rajya, is an ideal time when everyone does his or her
dharma and "fathers never have to light the funeral pyres for their sons."