Energetics Revision Questions

1.

This question is about methanol and the energy changes that accompany some of its reactions.
(a)

Complete the diagram (using dots and crosses) to show the bonding in methanol, CH 3OH. You
should show outer electrons only.

(2)

(b)

The Hess cycle below can be used to calculate the standard enthalpy change of combustion of
methanol, using standard enthalpy changes of formation.

(i)

Complete the cycle by filling in the empty box.

(2)

(ii)

Define the term standard enthalpy change of formation of a compound, making clear the
meaning of standard in this context.
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(3)

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(iii)

Use your cycle and the data below to calculate the standard enthalpy change of combustion of methanol,

Hc

Hf /kJ mol
CO2(g)

393.5

H2O(l)

285.8

CH3OH(l)

239.1

(2)

(c)

An experiment was carried out, using the apparatus below, to estimate the standard enthalpy
change of combustion of methanol.

After burning the methanol for a few minutes, the temperature of water in the beaker had risen by 20.7 C
and the mass of methanol burnt was 0.848 g.
(i)

Calculate the amount of energy transferred to the water.

Energy transferred (J) = mass of water 4.18 temperature change
(1)

(ii)

Calculate the number of moles of methanol, CH 3OH, burnt during the experiment.
(1)

(iii)

Use your answers to (c)(i) and (ii) to calculate the experimental value for the standard enthalpy change of
combustion. Include a sign and units in your answer, which should be given to three significant figures.
(1)

(iv)

Compare your answers to (b)(iii) and (c)(iii) and give TWO reasons to explain any differences.
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(2)
(Total 14 marks)

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2.

Which equation represents the reaction for which the enthalpy change is the standard enthalpy change of

formation, Hf , of sodium nitrate, NaNO3?

A

2Na(s) + N2(g) + 3O2(g) 2NaNO3(s)

Na(s) + N2(g) + 1O2(g) NaNO3(s)

Na(s) + N(g) + 3O(g) NaNO3(s)

Na(g) + N2(g) + 1O2(g) NaNO3(g)

(Total 1 mark)

3.

Magnesium chloride can be made by reacting solid magnesium carbonate, MgCO 3, with dilute
hydrochloric acid.
(a)

Write an equation for the reaction, including state symbols.

(2)

(b)

Give TWO observations you would make when the reaction is taking place.
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(2)

(c)

In an experiment to make crystals of hydrated magnesium chloride, MgCl 2.6H2O, magnesium

3

carbonate was added to 25 cm of hydrochloric acid with concentration 2.0 mol dm . The molar
1
mass of magnesium carbonate is 84.3 g mol .
(i)

How many moles of acid are used in the reaction?

(1)

(ii)

What mass of magnesium carbonate, in grams, reacts with this amount of acid?
(1)

(iii)

Suggest why slightly more than this mass of magnesium carbonate is used in practice.
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(1)

(iv)

How would you separate the magnesium chloride solution from the reaction mixture in (iii)?
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(1)

(v)

The magnesium chloride solution was left to crystallise. The crystals were separated and
dried carefully. A sample of 3.75g of hydrated crystals, MgCl 2.6H2O, which have molar
1

mass 203.3 g mol , was obtained. Calculate the percentage yield of this reaction.
(2)
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(vi)

Give ONE reason why the yield of crystals is less than 100%, even when pure compounds
are used in the preparation.
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(1)

(d)

Lattice energies can be measured using the Born-Haber cycle, or calculated from electrostatic
theory. Lattice energies of magnesium chloride and magnesium iodide are shown below
Lattice energy from
Born-Haber cycle using
experimental data
1
/ kJ mol

Lattice energy from

electrostatic theory

MgCl2

2526

2326

MgI2

2327

1944

Salt

(i)

/ kJ mol

What does this data indicate about the bonding in magnesium chloride?
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(1)

(ii)

Explain why there is a greater difference between the experimental (Born-Haber) and
theoretical lattice energies for magnesium iodide, MgI 2, compared with magnesium chloride.
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(2)

(e)

Blood plasma typically contains 20 parts per million (ppm) of magnesium, by mass.
(i)

Calculate the mass of magnesium, in grams, present in 100 g of plasma.

(1)

(ii)

Magnesium chloride can be used as a supplement in the diet to treat patients with low
amounts of magnesium in the blood. Suggest ONE property which makes it more suitable
for this purpose than magnesium carbonate.
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(1)
(Total 16 marks)

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4.

Some mean bond enthalpy values are given in the table below.
Bond

Mean bond enthalpy / kJ mol

HH

+436

II

+151

HI

+299

What is the enthalpy change for the reaction shown below in kJ mol ?
H2(g) + I2(g) 2HI(g)
A

+436 + 151 299 = +288

436 151 + 299 = 288

+436 +151 (2 299) = 11

436 151 + (2 299) = +11

(Total 1 mark)

5.

In the reaction profile below, which energy change would alter if a catalyst was added to the reaction?

A
B
C
D
(Total 1 mark)

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6.

An experiment was carried out to measure the enthalpy change for the reaction of zinc with aqueous
copper(II) sulphate.
The equation for the reaction is
Zn + CuSO4 ZnSO4 + Cu

A measuring cylinder was used to transfer separate 50 cm3 samples of 1.25 mol dm3 copper(II)
sulphate solution into polystyrene cups.

Weighed amounts of zinc powder were added to each sample in turn.

Each mixture was stirred thoroughly and the temperature rise noted with a thermometer accurate to
0.5 C.

The results of this experiment are summarised on the graph below.

7 0 .0

6 0 .0

5 0 .0
T e m p e ra tu re
c h a n g e / C

4 0 .0

3 0 .0

2 0 .0

1 0 .0
0 .0
0 .0 0

(a)

1 .0 0

2 .0 0 3 .0 0 4 .0 0 5 .0 0
M a s s o f z in c / g

6 .0 0

7 .0 0

Explain why the graph initially shows a rise in temperature and then levels off.
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(2)

(b)

(i)

Suggest why the mass of metal is not used in the calculation of the heat change.
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(1)

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(ii)

The graph shows that the maximum temperature change is 63.5 C. Use this value to calculate the
maximum heat change, in joules, in this reaction.
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You should assume that the density of the solution is 1.00 g cm and its heat capacity is the same as
1
1
water, 4.18 J g C .

(1)

(iii)

From the heat change calculated in (b)(ii) calculate the enthalpy change, in kJ mol , for the reaction.
Include the appropriate sign and give your answer to three significant figures.

(4)

(c) (i) It is suggested that the precision of the experiment would be improved by using a thermometer accurate
to 0.1 C. Explain why this suggestion is incorrect.
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(1)

(ii)

Suggest a simple practical change to the method that would make the experiment more
accurate.
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(1)
(Total 10 marks)

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7.

The enthalpy change for some reactions cannot be determined directly.

One such reaction is the thermal decomposition of potassium hydrogencarbonate, which in a closed
system at 200 C is an equilibrium reaction.
2KHCO3

K2CO3 + H2O + CO2

However, by determining the enthalpy change for the neutralisation of the two potassium salts with
hydrochloric acid, H for the reaction above can be found. The equations for the neutralisation reactions
are:
K2CO3 + 2HCl 2KCl + H2O + CO2

H1

KHCO3 + HCl KCl + H2O + CO2

H2

H1 and H2 for the neutralisation reactions were determined as follows:

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30 cm of 2 mol dm hydrochloric acid (an excess) was placed in a polystyrene cup, and its
temperature measured to the nearest 0.1C.
A weighed quantity of the potassium salt (either the carbonate or the hydrogencarbonate) was
added to the acid with rapid stirring, and the temperature measured again when the reaction was
complete.

For the neutralisation using potassium carbonate, the results were as follows:
Amount of potassium carbonate used = 0.0187 mol
Initial temperature = 23.7 C
Final temperature = 30.1 C
(a)

State Hesss Law.

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(1)

(b)

Use the data for the neutralisation of potassium carbonate to calculate the value of H1 to two
significant figures. Remember to include a sign and units in your answer.
[Assume that the heat capacity of the solution is 4.18 J g

C , and that it has a mass of 30 g.]

(3)

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(c)

(i)

Show how the two equations for the neutralisation reactions and their H values can be
combined to find a value of H for the thermal decomposition of potassium
hydrogencarbonate.
Calculate this enthalpy change using your value for H1 from part (b), given that H2 = +
1

29.3 kJ mol .

(3)

(ii)

Explain why you would need to include the enthalpy of vaporisation of H 2O(l), in order to
obtain an accurate value of the enthalpy of decomposition of potassium hydrogencarbonate.
2KHCO3(s)

K2CO3(s) + H2O(g) + CO2(g)

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(1)

(d)

State and explain the effect of a decrease in temperature on the value of the equilibrium constant
for the decomposition reaction and hence on the composition of the equilibrium mixture.
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(2)
(Total 10 marks)

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8.

This question is about some standard enthalpy changes, H

A

enthalpy of reaction

enthalpy of combustion

mean bond enthalpy

bond enthalpy

(a)

Which enthalpy change is represented by p?

CH4 (g) CH3(g) + H(g)

H = p

A
B
C
D
(1)

(b)

Which enthalpy change is represented by q?

CH4 (g) C(g) + 4H(g)

H = 4q

A
B
C
D
(1)

(c)

Which enthalpy change is represented by r?

H2C=CH2(g) + O2(g)

H = r

A
B
C
D
(1)
(Total 3 marks)

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9.

The Hess cycle below can be used to find the enthalpy change, Hr, for the reaction between hydrogen
sulphide and sulphur dioxide, using standard enthalpy changes of formation.

S O 2 (g ) + 2 H 2 S (g )
H

(i)

3 S (s ) + 2 H 2O (l)
H

Complete the cycle by filling in the empty box.

(2)

(ii)

What is meant by the standard enthalpy change of formation, Hf , of a compound?

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(3)

(iii)

Use the cycle and the data below to calculate the enthalpy change of the reaction, Hr.

Hf / kJ mol
SO2 (g)

296.8

H2S (g)

20.6

H2O (l)

285.8

(2)
(Total 7 marks)

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11

10.

Calculate the standard enthalpy change of formation of gaseous silicon tetrachloride,

H f [SiCl4(g)].
Your answer should include a sign and units.
Use the Hess cycle below and the following data at 298 K.
H ato [Si(s)]

= +455.6 kJ mol

H ato [Cl ]
2

= +121.7 kJ mol

Bond energy, E (Si-Cl)

= +407.4 kJ mol

S i(g ) + 4 C l(g )

S iC l4(g )
H

[S iC l4(g )]

S i(s ) + 2 C l2(g )
(Total 3 marks)

11.

(a)

Define the term standard enthalpy of combustion.

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(3)

(b)

The following standard enthalpies of combustion are needed to calculate the standard enthalpy of
formation of ethanol, C2H5OH.
Substance

(i)

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Standard enthalpy of
1
combustion /kJ mol

carbon, C (s, graphite)

394

hydrogen, H2(g)

286

ethanol, C2H5OH (l)

1371

Complete the Hesss Law cycle by filling in the box and labelling the arrows with the
enthalpy changes.
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2 C (s) + 3 H 2(g ) + 3 O 2(g )

C 2H 5O H (l) + 3 O 2(g )

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(3)

(ii)

Use your Hesss Law cycle to calculate the standard enthalpy of formation of ethanol.

(2)
(Total 8 marks)

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