IPv6 Cisco Live

2012 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
BRKRST-2302 Cisco Public

IPv6 Troubleshooting
BRKRST-2302
2012 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. BRKRST-2302 Cisco Public
Agenda
Definition
Service Level Agreement 5 9s 4 9s 3 9s
IPv6 addressing refresher
Troubleshooting approach in LAN/WAN environment
Troubleshooting FHRP
Troubleshooting IPv6 routingOSPFv3,EIGRPv6,mBGP
Troubleshooting tunnels
Troubleshooting 6PE,6VPE
2
Definition and Purpose
A systematic search for the source of a problem so that it can be solved
To ensure that the system is available and operating in an effective and efficient
manner as required in accomplishing its specified objective
3
Prerequisites
OSI stack
Hexadecimal numbering system0 through F
Example A is decimal 10
IPv6 Addressing
IPv6 Routing
Tunneling
TCP
UDP
IPv4 IPv6
Data Link (Ethernet)
0x0800
0x86dd Protocol ID
4
Availability Down time / yr. Down time /month Down time / week
90% ("one nine") 36.5 days 72 hours 16.8 hours
99.9% ("three nines") 8.76 hours 43.2 minutes 10.1 minutes
99.95% 4.38 hours 21.56 minutes 5.04 minutes
99.99% ("four nines") 52.56 minutes 4.32 minutes 1.01 minutes
99.999% ("five nines") 5.26 minutes 25.9 seconds 6.05 seconds
99.9999% ("six nines") 31.5 seconds 2.59 seconds 0.605 seconds
High Availability - challenges
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_availability
5
Back 2 the Hex - IPv6 addressing refresher
6
Aggregatable Global Unicast Address
Allocation Mechanism
The strip from 0000:: to ffff::
The first 16 bits of the total 128 bits

0000:: - loopback and unspecified
0001 IANA Registry ISP
0010 - 2000::/3 - 2001::/16 - 2001::/23 - 2001::/32 - 2001::/48
0011
0100
0101
ffff::

Typical site prefix
allocation from ISP
Allocation from
Registries to ISP
ARIN
APNIC
AFRINIC
LACNIC
RIPE
Note Enterprises can get PI prefix from ARIN
7
IPv6 Site Addressing Common Misconception
ExampleAllocated prefix is 2001:0db8:1234::/48
That means 16 bits are available to generate 64 K subnets from the allocated prefix

You have 2001:0db8:1234:0001::/64, 2001:0db8:1234:0002::/64, etc as
your subnet prefixes
2001:0db8:1234::/48 - 2001:0db8:1234:0000::/64
to
2001:0db8:1234:ffff::/64

65535 subnets
Not hosts
8
A Typical IPv6 Interface on a Router
R1#sh ipv6 interface
Ethernet0/0 is up, line protocol is up
IPv6 is enabled, link-local address is FE80::A8BB:CCFF:FE00:A00
Global unicast address(es):

2001:DB8:1234:5678:A8BB:CCFF:FE00:A00
J oined group address(es):
FF02::1
FF02::2
FF02::1:FF00:A00
All Nodes Multicast AddressNode scope
All Routers Multicast AddressLink scope
Solicited Node Multicast Address
Valid only on the link
Reachable Globally
9
Dual StackIPv4 and IPv6

IPv6-router#sh run int gigabitEthernet 2/2
Building configuration...

interface GigabitEthernet2/2
ip address 192.168.1.1 255.0.0.0
ipv6 address 2001:DB8:1234:5678::/64 eui-64
end
Nodes supporting
IPv4 and IPv6 is Dual
Stack
Note Nexus OS follows secondary address CLI for now. Multiple addresses
can be assigned to a single interface. In IPv6 no concept of secondary address.
10
Let The Trouble Shooting Begin

Connectivity
11
A Peek Inside the IPv6 Basic Header
Next
Header
Hop
Limit
Flow Label
Traffic
Class
Destination Address
Source Address
Payload Length
Version
R10#debug ipv6 icmp

R10#ping 2001:DB8:ABCD:BCDF:A8BB:CCFF:FE00:3200

Type escape sequence to abort.
Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 2001:DB8:ABCD:BCDF:A8BB:CCFF:FE00:3200,
timeout is 2 seconds !!!!!
Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 40/53/72 ms

Mar 23 20:31:28.495: IPv6: nexthop FE80::A8BB:CCFF:FE00:1400,
Mar 23 20:31:28.495: IPV6: source 2001:DB8:1020:1020:A8BB:CCFF:FE00:A00 (local)
Mar 23 20:31:28.495: dest 2001:DB8:ABCD:BCDF:A8BB:CCFF:FE00:3200 (Ethernet0/0)
Mar 23 20:31:28.495: traffic class 0, flow 0x0, len 100+0, prot 58, hops 64, originating
12
ICMPv6 ND Message Types Captured
Router solicitation (ICMPv6 type 133)
Mar 24 23:07:32.721: ICMPv6-ND: Received RS on Ethernet1/0 from
FE80::A8BB:CCFF:FE00:2801
Router advertisement (ICMPv6 type 134)
Mar 24 22:59:17.205: ICMPv6-ND: Sending RA to FF02::1 on Ethernet1/0
Neighbor solicitation (ICMPv6 type 135)
Mar 24 22:58:29.417: ICMPv6-ND: Received NS for FE80::A8BB:CCFF:FE00:A00 on Ethernet0/0
from FE80::A8BB:CCFF:FE00:1400
Neighbor advertisement (ICMPv6 type 136)
Mar 24 22:58:29.417: ICMPv6-ND: Sending NA for FE80::A8BB:CCFF:FE00:A00 on Ethernet0/0
13
Stateless Address Assignment Through RA
(Router Advertisement)
R20#sh run

Current configuration : 89 bytes
!
interface Ethernet0/0
no ip address
end
R10#sh run

Current configuration interface
Ethernet0/0
no ip address
ipv6 address autoconfig
ipv6 enable
end

What is
missing
Router R20 Will Not Send Any Prefix and as a Result Router R10 Will
Not Receive Any Global Prefix
R20
R10
14
IPv6 Unicast Address Configuration
1. Configure IPv6 unicast routing globally
IPv6-router(config)#ipv6 unicast-routing
2. On the interface, a global unicast address can be configured using stateless
(router advertisements),
stateful (DHCP) or administrator assigned

stateless
IPv6-router(config-if)#ipv6 address autoconfig
admin assigned
IPv6-router(config)#int gigabitEthernet 2/2
IPv6-router(config-if)#ipv6 address 2001:0db8:1234:5678::/64 eui-64
IPv6-router(config-if)#end
Yes, you have to
configure
Required Steps
15
Debug Captures of SLAAC
R10#
*Feb 2 22:18:25.455: ICMPv6-ND: Sending RS on
Ethernet0/0
*Feb 2 22:18:25.475: ICMPv6-ND: Received RA
from FE80::A8BB:CCFF:FE00:1400 on Ethernet0/0
*Feb 2 22:18:25.475: ICMPv6-ND: Sending NS for
2001:DB8:1234:5678:A8BB:CCFF:FE00:A00 on
Ethernet0/0
*Feb 2 22:18:25.475: ICMPv6-ND:
Autoconfiguring
2001:DB8:1234:5678:A8BB:CCFF:FE00:A00 on
Ethernet0/0
R20#
*Feb 2 22:14:01.107: ICMPv6-ND: Sending RA to FF02::1
on Ethernet0/0

*Feb 2 22:14:01.107: ICMPv6-ND: MTU =1500

*Feb 2 22:14:01.107: ICMPv6-ND: prefix =
2001:DB8:1234:5678::/64 onlink autoconfig
PPPOE - IPv6CP does not support negotiating
addresses. you have to use SLAAC or DHCPv6
16
Interface Now Has a Global Address
R10#show ipv6 interface ethernet 0/0
2001:DB8:1234:5678:A8BB:CCFF:FE00:A00, subnet is 2001:DB8:1234:5678::/64 [PRE]
FF02::1
FF02::2
FF02::1:FF00:A00
MTU is 1500 bytes
ICMP error messages limited to one every 100 milliseconds
ICMP redirects are enabled
ND DAD is enabled, number of DAD attempts: 1
ND reachable time is 30000 milliseconds
ND advertised reachable time is 0 milliseconds
ND advertised retransmit interval is 0 milliseconds
ND router advertisements are sent every 200 seconds
ND router advertisements live for 1800 seconds
Hosts use stateless autoconfig for addresses.
On P2P serial links, when looped
DAD kicks in and interface does
not process IPv6 packets. You may
disable DAD to get around
17
/64 Requirement for autoconfig
R10#
Mar 17 19:28:45.119: ICMPv6-ND: Sending RA to FF02::1 on Ethernet1/0
Mar 17 19:28:45.119: ICMPv6-ND: MTU =1500
Mar 17 19:28:45.119: ICMPv6-ND: prefix =2001:DB8:1040:1040::/96 onlink autoconfig

*Mar 1 18:28:24.775: ICMPv6: Received ICMPv6 packet from FE80::A8BB:CCFF:FE00:A01, type 134

R40#show ipv6 interface eth 1/0
IPv6 is enabled, link-local address is FE80::A8BB:CCFF:FE00:2801
No Virtual link-local address(es):
No global unicast address is configured

RA
R10
e1/0
e1/0
R40
18
/64 Requirement for autoconfig
R10#sh run int eth 1/0

no ip address
no ip directed-broadcast
ipv6 address 2001:DB8:1040:1040::/96
end
R10(config-if)#ipv6 address 2001:DB8:1040:1040::/64 eui

R10(config-if)#
Mar 17 19:37:44.795: ICMPv6-ND: Adding prefix 2001:DB8:1040:1040::/64 to Ethernet1/0
Mar 17 19:37:44.795: ICMPv6-ND: Sending NS for 2001:DB8:1040:1040:A8BB:CCFF:FE00:A01 on Ethernet1/0
Mar 17 19:37:45.815: ICMPv6-ND: DAD: 2001:DB8:1040:1040:A8BB:CCFF:FE00:A01 is unique.
Mar 17 19:37:45.815: ICMPv6-ND: Sending NA for 2001:DB8:1040:1040:A8BB:CCFF:FE00:A01 on Ethernet1/0
Mar 17 19:37:45.815: ICMPv6-ND: Address 2001:DB8:1040:1040:A8BB:CCFF:FE00:A01/64 is up on Ethernet1/0

ICMPv6 Type
135
R40#
*Mar 1 18:43:56.427: ICMPv6: Received ICMPv6 packet from FE80::A8BB:CCFF:FE00:1400, type 134
R40#show ipv6 interface eth1/0
2001:DB8:1040:1040:A8BB:CCFF:FE00:2801, subnet is 2001:DB8:1040:1040::/64
R10 e1/0
e1/0
R40
19
Neighbor Relationship Using Link Local Addresses
R20#sh ipv6 routers
Router FE80::A8BB:CCFF:FE00:A00 on Ethernet0/0, last update 1 min
Hops 64, Lifetime 1800 sec, AddrFlag=0, OtherFlag=0, MTU=1500
Reachable time 0 msec, Retransmit time 0 msec
Router FE80::A8BB:CCFF:FE00:2800 on Ethernet0/0, last update 1 min
Hops 64, Lifetime 1800 sec, AddrFlag=0, OtherFlag=0, MTU=1500
Reachable time 0 msec, Retransmit time 0 msec
R20#
20
Neighbor cache
21
Router#show ipv6 neighbors ethernet 2

IPv6 Address Age Link-layer Addr State Interface

2000:0:0:4::2 0 0003.a0d6.141e REACH Ethernet2

FE80::203:A0FF:FED6:141E 0 0003.a0d6.141e REACH Ethernet2

3001:1::45a - 0002.7d1a.9472 REACH Ethernet2

show ipv6 neighbors
Age

Time (in minutes) since the address was confirmed to be reachable. A hyphen (-) indicates a static
entry.

Link-layer Addr

MAC address. If the address is unknown, a hyphen (-) is displayed.

State

The state of the neighbor cache entry. Following are the states for dynamic entries in the IPv6
neighbor discovery cache:

22
show ipv6 neighbors (continued)
INCMP (Incomplete)Address resolution is being performed on the entry. A neighbor
solicitation message has been sent to the solicited-node multicast address of the target, but the
corresponding neighbor advertisement message has not yet been received.

REACH (Reachable)Positive confirmation was received within the last ReachableTime
milliseconds that the forward path to the neighbor was functioning properly. While in REACH
state, the device takes no special action as packets are sent.

STALEMore than ReachableTime milliseconds have elapsed since the last positive
confirmation was received that the forward path was functioning properly. While in STALE state,
the device takes no action until a packet is sent.

23
Show ipv6 neighbors (continued)
DELAYMore than ReachableTime milliseconds have elapsed since the last positive confirmation
was received that the forward path was functioning properly. A packet was sent within the last
DELAY_FIRST_PROBE_TIME seconds. If no reachability confirmation is received within
DELAY_FIRST_PROBE_TIME seconds of entering the DELAY state, send a neighbor solicitation
message and change the state to PROBE.

PROBEA reachability confirmation is actively sought by resending neighbor solicitation messages
every RetransTimer milliseconds until a reachability confirmation is received

????Unknown state.

24
Show ipv6 neighbors (static entries)
25
Following are the possible states for static entries in the IPv6 neighbor
discovery cache:

INCMP (Incomplete)The interface for this entry is down.

REACH (Reachable)The interface for this entry is up.

Note Reachability detection is not applied to static entries in the IPv6
neighbor discovery cache; therefore, the descriptions for the INCMP
(Incomplete) and REACH (Reachable) states are different for dynamic
and static cache entries.
Neighbor stats = arp sum
R10#sh ipv6 neigh stat
IPv6 ND Statistics
Entries 1, High-water 2, Gleaned 0, Scavenged 1, Static 0
Entry States
INCMP 0 REACH 1 STALE 0 GLEAN 0 DELAY 0 PROBE 0
Resolutions
Requested 2, timeouts 0, resolved 1, failed 0
In-progress 0, High-water 1, Throttled 0, Data discards 0
NUD
Requested 0, timeouts 0, resolved 0, failed 0
in-progress 1, high-water 2, throttled 0, current queue 0, queue high-water 0
26
Good Neighbors
27
Nx7010-#show ipv6 neighbor vrf CiscoLive_2012

Flags: #- Adjacencies Throttled for Glean
G - Adjacencies of vPC peer with G/W bit

IPv6 Adjacency Table for VRF CiscoLive_2012
Total number of entries: 10
Address Age MAC Address Pref Source Interface
fe80::222:55ff:fe79:2c42 2d02h 0022.5579.1c42 50 icmpv6 Vlan351
fe80::20c:bdff:fe02:abf1 1d21h 000c.bd02.abf1 50 icmpv6 Vlan201
2106:abbc:d00d:801::2 2d02h 0022.4579.1c42 50 icmpv6 Vlan501
For cache use

N7K-7009-3#show ipv6 icmp neighbor

Flags: +- Adjacencies synced via CFSoE
#- Adjacencies Throttled for Glean

ICMPv6 Adjacency Table for VRF default
Address Age MAC Address State Interface

Common issue Router Hardening ?
28
6CE_1#show ipv6 neighbors
2001:DB8:1234:5678:A8BB:CCFF:FE00:1400 0 - INCMP Et0/0

6VPE_1#sh run int eth 0/0

!
no ip address
ipv6 traffic-filter ciscolive2012 in
ipv6 traffic-filter ciscolive2012 out
ipv6 nd ra suppress
End

ICMPv6 needs free but controlled flow
29
6VPE_1#show ipv6 access-list
IPv6 access list ciscolive2012
deny icmp any any (114 matches) sequence 50
permit ipv6 any any (3 matches) sequence 60

6CE_1#

*Mar 29 19:00:12.415: ICMPv6: Received ICMP unreachable code 1 from

6VPE_1(config-ipv6-acl)#no deny icmp any any

2001:DB8:1234:5678:A8BB:CCFF:FE00:1400 0 aabb.cc00.1400 REACH Et0/0
FE80::A8BB:CCFF:FE00:1400 0 aabb.cc00.1400 REACH Et0/0
Testing Connectivity on Link Local Address
Directly connected IPv6 hosts do not need global unicast prefixes assigned and can talk to
each other on link local addresses (FE80::/10). However, an output interface needs to be
specified as all the interfaces have the same fe80::/10 prefix
FE80::A8BB:CCFF:FE00:A00
R1#ping FE80::A8BB:CCFF:FE00:1400
Output Interface: ethernet0/0
Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to FE80::A8BB:CCFF:FE00:1400, timeout is 2
seconds:
Packet sent with a source address of FE80::A8BB:CCFF:FE00:A00
!!!!!
Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max =0/1/4 ms
R1#
R2
No packet loss as in IPv4.
FF02:0:0:0:0:1:FF/104
based Neighbor discovery
R1
30
Testing Connectivity on Global Prefixes
Global prefixes reachability does not need output interface specified
R1
R2
2001:DB8:1234:5678:A8BB:CCFF:FE00:1400
2001:DB8:1234:5678:A8BB:CCFF:FE00:A00
R1#ping 2001:DB8:1234:5678:A8BB:CCFF:FE00:1400

Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to
2001:DB8:1234:5678:A8BB:CCFF:FE00:1400, timeout is 2 seconds:
!!!!!
Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max =8/12/32
ms
R1#
"Unreach" counter corresponds to
"Destination Unreachable Message"
31
R1
Testing Connectivity on Global Prefixes
IPv6: Packets addressed to unused addresses in P2P links are pingponged)
R1
R2
ping-pong issue identified in RFC 6164. for XR See CSCtf64096 . IOS/XE are fine.
/127 issue
:0 and :1 are the addresses Not :1 and :2
32
/126 issue
Anycast Prefixes
R10
R20
R30

!
ipv6 address
2001:DB8:1230:1230::/64 anycast


!
ipv6 address
2001:DB8:1230:1230::/64 anycast

Anycast suffix required
Anycast address
will never be the
source. Assigned
on Routers only
33
Anycast Behavior
R10#ping 2001:DB8:1230:1230::

Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 2001:DB8:1230:1230::, timeout is 2 seconds:
!!!!!
R10#
R10#ping 2001:DB8:1230:1230::
....!
R10#ping 2001:DB8:1230:1230::
!!!!!
R10#
R10
R20
R30
Initially only R30
responds
R20 responds only
after R30 fails to
Neighbor
Discovery
Based in LAN
34
Anycast Interfaces back to back
35
6CE_1#sh run int eth 0/0

!
no ip address
ipv6 address 2001:DB8:1234:5678::/64 anycast
end
6VPE_1#show ipv6 interface
2001:DB8:1234:5678::, subnet is 2001:DB8:1234:5678::/64 [ANY]
ND DAD is enabled, number of DAD attempts: 1
Anycast Neighbor Cache struggle
36
IPv6 Address Link-layer Addr State Interface
2001:DB8:1234:5678:A8BB:CCFF:FE00:1400 0 - INCMP Et0/0

*Mar 28 22:20:30.971: ICMPv6-ND: INCMP ->DELETE: 2001:DB8:1234:5678:A8BB:CCFF:FE00:1400

FE80::A8BB:CCFF:FE00:1400 7 aabb.cc00.1400 STALE Et0/0

FHRP Diving Catches
37
FHRP: HSRP The Required Steps
Gateway
R10
R20
IPv6 hosts learn of available IPv6 routers through IPv6 neighbor discovery
RA messages. These are multicast periodically, or may be solicited by hosts. HSRP is designed
to provide only a virtual first hop for IPv6 hosts.
R10(config-if)#standby ipv6 ?
X:X:X:X::X IPv6 link-local address
autoconfig Obtain address using autoconfiguration

R10(config-if)#standby ipv6 FE80::A8BB:CCFF:FE00:A00
% HSRP version 2 is required for IPv6 support
R10(config-if)#standby ipv6 FE80::A8BB:CCFF:FE00:A00
% Address already in-use

Use a different Link Local
address or use the autoconfig
option
38
FHRP: HSRP
R10
R20

!
ipv6 enable
standby version 2
standby 0 ipv6 autoconfig
standby 0 priority 200
standby 0 preempt
end


!
no ip address
ipv6 address
2001:DB8:1230:1230::/64 eui-64
ipv6 enable
standby version 2
standby 0 ipv6 autoconfig
standby 0 priority 150
standby 0 preempt
end

R10(config-if)#
00:11:40: %HSRP-5-STATECHANGE: Ethernet0/0 Grp 0 state Speak ->Standby
00:11:40: %HSRP-5-STATECHANGE: Ethernet0/0 Grp 0 state Standby ->Active
Gateway
39
R10#show standby
Ethernet0/0 - Group 0 (version 2)
State is Active
4 state changes, last state change 01:00:16
Virtual IP address is FE80::5:73FF:FEA0:0
Active virtual MAC address is 0005.73a0.0000
Local virtual MAC address is 0005.73a0.0000 (v2 IPv6 default)
Hello time 3 sec, hold time 10 sec
Next hello sent in 1.820 secs
Preemption enabled
Active router is local
Standby router is FE80::A8BB:CCFF:FE00:1400, priority 150 (expires in 8.920 sec)
Priority 200 (configured 200)
IP redundancy name is "hsrp-Et0/0-0" (default)
FHRP: HSRP Validation
R10
R20
Gateway
40
FHRP: HSRP Validation
R10
R20
R30#ping ipv6
Target IPv6 address: FE80::5:73FF:FEA0:0
Repeat count [5]: 10000
Datagram size [100]:
Timeout in seconds [2]:
Extended commands? [no]:
Sweep range of sizes? [no]:
Sending 10000, 100-byte ICMP Echos to FE80::5:73FF:FEA0:0, timeout is 2 seconds:
Packet sent with a source address of FE80::A8BB:CCFF:FE00:1E00
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
R10(config)#int eth 0/0
R10(config-if)#shut
R10(config-if)#
00:25:42: %HSRP-5-STATECHANGE: Ethernet0/0 Grp 0 state Active ->Init
R10(config-if)#
00:25:44: %LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface Ethernet0/0, changed state to administratively down
00:25:45: %LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface Ethernet0/0, changed state to down
R10(config-if)#no shut
R10(config-if)#
00:25:58: %LINK-3-UPDOWN: Interface Ethernet0/0, changed state to up
00:25:59: %LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface Ethernet0/0, changed state to up
00:26:00: %HSRP-5-STATECHANGE: Ethernet0/0 Grp 0 state Listen ->Active

Virtual IPv6
address
Gateway
Global VIP HSRP 11/12

41
OSPFv3 Pit Falls
42
OSPFv3 Header and Hello Packet
Rtr Pri
Neighbor ID
HelloInterval RouterDeadInterval
Designated Router
Backup Designated Router
Interface ID
Options
Version Type
Instance ID 0
Router ID
Area ID
Packet Length
Checksum
Basic Header
16 Bytes
Hello Packet
32 Bit
RID
Not Network Mask
43
e0/0
e0/0
OSPFv3 Configuration Needs
R10#sh run int


ipv6 unicast-routing
!
ipv6 ospf 124 area 0

ipv6 router ospf 124
router-id 0.0.10.0
log-adjacency-changes
Building configuration

!

router-id 0.0.20.0
R20(config)#ipv6 router ospf 124
*Feb 5 04:06:07.314: %OSPFv3-4-NORTRID: OSPFv3 process 124 could not pick a router-id,
please configure manually
R20(config-rtr)#router-id 0.0.20.0

Process ID need not match
between Neighbors
R10
e0/0
e0/0
R20
44
OSPFv3-Related Multicast Group
R10#sh ipv6 interface eth 0/0

2001:DB8:1240:1240:A8BB:CCFF:FE00:A00, subnet is
2001:DB8:1240:1240::/64 [EUI]

FF02::1
FF02::2
FF02::5
FF02::6

AllSPFRouters
AllDRouters
45
Common Indicators
R20#sh ipv6 ospf interface
Link Local Address FE80::A8BB:CCFF:FE00:1400, Interface ID 2
Area 0, Process ID 124, Instance ID 0, Router ID 20.20.20.20
Network Type BROADCAST, Cost: 10
Transmit Delay is 1 sec, State BDR, Priority 1
Designated Router (ID) 10.10.10.10, local address FE80::A8BB:CCFF:FE00:A00
Backup Designated router (ID) 20.20.20.20, local address FE80::A8BB:CCFF:FE00:1400
Timer intervals configured, Hello 10, Dead 40, Wait 40, Retransmit 5
Hello due in 00:00:00
Index 1/1/1, flood queue length 0
Next 0x0(0)/0x0(0)/0x0(0)
Last flood scan length is 0, maximum is 2
Last flood scan time is 0 msec, maximum is 0 msec
Neighbor Count is 2, Adjacent neighbor count is 2
Adjacent with neighbor 40.40.40.40
Adjacent with neighbor 10.10.10.10 (Designated Router)
Suppress hello for 0 neighbor(s)

Remember OSPFv3 can run
multiple instances on a
interface and 0 is the default
instance ID
Timers should
match between
neighbors
46
show ipv6 ospf
R20#show ipv6 ospf
Routing Process "ospfv3 124" with ID 0.0.20.0
It is an area border router
SPF schedule delay 5 secs, Hold time between two SPFs 10 secs
Minimum LSA interval 5 secs. Minimum LSA arrival 1 secs
LSA group pacing timer 240 secs
Interface flood pacing timer 33 msecs
Retransmission pacing timer 66 msecs
Number of external LSA 0. Checksum Sum 0x0
Number of areas in this router is 2. 2 normal 0 stub 0 nssa
Area BACKBONE(0)
Number of interfaces in this area is 1
SPF algorithm executed 11 times
Number of LSA 10. Checksum Sum 0x567F6
Number of DCbitless LSA 0
Number of indication LSA 0
Number of DoNotAge LSA 0
Flood list length 0

47
database database: Summary
Process 124 database summary

LSA Type Count Delete Maxage

Router 6 0 0
Network 1 0 0
Link 7 0 0
Prefix 4 0 0
Inter-area Prefix 4 0 0
Inter-area Router 0 0 0
Type-7 External 0 0 0
Unknown 0 0 0
Type-5 Ext 0 0 0
Unknown AS 0 0 0
Total 22 0 0

48
Mismatched Hello Parameters
R50
S3/0
S2/0
R20#sh run int serial 3/0


!
interface serial3/0
Ipv6 ospf network point-to-multipoint

R20#

R30#sh run int serial 3/0

!
interface serial0/0
R30#
R20#sh ipv6 ospf interface ser 3/0
Serial2/0 is up, line protocol is up
Network Type POINT_TO_MULTIPOINT, Cost: 48
Transmit Delay is 1 sec, State POINT_TO_MULTIPOINT,
Timer intervals configured, Hello 30, Dead 120, Wait 120, Retransmit 5
Hello due in 00:00:20
Index 1/1/2, flood queue length 0
Next 0x0(0)/0x0(0)/0x0(0)
Last flood scan length is 0, maximum is 0
Last flood scan time is 0 msec, maximum is 0 msec
Neighbor Count is 0, Adjacent neighbor count is 0
Suppress hello for 0 neighbor(s)

Interface- Network
type mismatch
R20
49
R20#
*Feb 5 20:47:21.205: OSPFv3: Rcv hello from 50.50.50.50 area 1 from Serial3/0 FE80::A8BB:CCFF:FE00:3200 interface ID 10

*Feb 5 20:47:21.205: OSPFv3: Mismatched hello parameters from FE80::A8BB:CCFF:FE00:3200

After matching/rectifying the network types on the interfaces

R20#
*Feb 5 20:52:35.369: %OSPFv3-5-ADJ CHG: Process 124, Nbr 50.50.50.50 on Serial3/0 from DOWN to INIT, Received Hello

R20#
*Feb 5 20:52:38.961: %OSPFv3-5-ADJ CHG: Process 124, Nbr 50.50.50.50 on Serial3/0 from INIT to 2WAY, 2-Way Received
*Feb 5 20:52:38.961: %OSPFv3-5-ADJ CHG: Process 124, Nbr 50.50.50.50 on Serial3/0 from 2WAY to EXSTART, AdjOK?
*Feb 5 20:52:38.981: %OSPFv3-5-ADJ CHG: Process 124, Nbr 50.50.50.50 on Serial3/0 from EXSTART to EXCHANGE,
Negotiation Done
*Feb 5 20:52:39.105: %OSPFv3-5-ADJ CHG: Process 124, Nbr 50.50.50.50 on Serial3/0 from
EXCHANGE to LOADING, Exchange Done
*Feb 5 20:52:39.105: %OSPFv3-5-ADJ CHG: Process 124, Nbr 50.50.50.50 on Serial3/0 from
LOADING to FULL, Loading Done

Mismatched Hello Parameters
50
IP MTU Mismatch
ipv6 mtu 1400

*Feb 15 18:20:04.332: OSPFv3: Rcv DBD from 40.40.40.40 on Ethernet0/0 seq 0x2693 opt
0x0013 flag 0x7 len 28 mtu 1400 state EXCHANGE
*Feb 15 18:20:04.332: OSPFv3: Nbr 40.40.40.40 has smaller interface MTU
Ensure identical MTU on both ends of the link

*Feb 15 18:31:56.888: %OSPFv3-5-ADJ CHG: Process 124, Nbr 40.40.40.40 on Ethernet0/0
from EXSTART to EXCHANGE, Negotiation Done
R20(config-if)#
from EXCHANGE to LOADING, Exchange Done
from LOADING to FULL, Loading Done
R40
e0/0
e0/0
R10
51
passive-interface Default

router-id 0.0.0.10
passive-interface default

R40
e1/0
e1/0

R10(config-rtr)#no passive-interface ethernet 1/0
R10(config-rtr)#

*Feb 8 18:28:08.757: %OSPFv3-5-ADJ CHG: Process 124, Nbr 40.40.40.40 on Ethernet1/0 from
LOADING to FULL, Loading Done

R10
52
Area Type Mismatch
R10#
router-id 10.10.10.10
area 2 nssa

R40
e1/0
e1/0
R40#
router-id 40.40.40.40
area 2 nssa

*Feb 8 18:32:20.237: OSPFv3: Hello from
FE80::A8BB:CCFF:FE00:2801 with mismatched NSSA option bit

*Feb 8 18:35:29.268: %OSPFv3-5-ADJ CHG: Process 124,
Nbr 40.40.40.40 on Ethernet1/0 from LOADING to FULL, Loading Done

Change
area type
ABR
R10
53
The Routing Table
R10#sh ipv6 route ospf
IPv6 Routing Table - 13 entries
Codes: C - Connected, L - Local, S - Static, R - RIP, B - BGP
U - Per-user Static route
I1 - ISIS L1, I2 - ISIS L2, IA - ISIS interarea, IS - ISIS summary
O - OSPF intra, OI - OSPF inter, OE1 - OSPF ext 1, OE2 - OSPF ext 2
ON1 - OSPF NSSA ext 1, ON2 - OSPF NSSA ext 2

OI 2001:DB8:2030:2030::/64 [110/122]
via FE80::A8BB:CCFF:FE00:1400, Ethernet0/0
OI 2001:DB8:2050:2050::/64 [110/58]
OI 2001:DB8:2323:2323::/64 [110/122]
Link local next hop
54
Loopback Interface Behavior
R50#show ipv6 ospf interface lo 0
Loopback0 is up, line protocol is up
Network Type LOOPBACK, Cost: 1
Loopback interface is treated as a stub Host

O 2001:DB8:ABCD:BCDF:A8BB:CCFF:FE00:3200/128 [110/10]
R50#
R50(config-if)#ipv6 ospf network point-to-point
R50(config-if)#end
R50#show ipv6 ospf interface lo 0
Network Type POINT_TO_POINT, Cost: 1
OI 2001:DB8:ABCD:BCDF::/64 [110/59]

Routing table extract
55
Instance ID: No Support at This Time
Router#sh run interface ethernet 0/0
Current configuration : 156 bytes!
ipv6 ospf 1 area 0 instance 1
Router(config)#int eth 0/0
Router(config-if)#ipv6 ospf 2 area 0 instance 2

Router#sh run interface ethernet 0/0

!
ip address 12.12.12.1 255.255.255.0
ipv6 ospf 2 area 0 instance 2

Just over writes the
configuration
56
EIGRPv6 challenges
57
Prerequisites for EIGRPv6
EIGRPv6 available since 02/06 in 12.4.x.T trains
FF02::A multicast address is used for updates

A 32 bit IPv4 router ID must be defined
No Shut command applied to EIGRP process
Interfaces need to be applied with IPv6 EIGRP
<as-num>command to be advertised in to EIGRPv6
Recall Hex A is
Decimal 10
58
Neighbor Process
R10#sh run


ipv6 router eigrp 124
router-id 10.10.10.10
shutdown
!
ipv6 eigrp 124
end

R40#sh run


ipv6 router eigrp 124
router-id 10.10.10.10
no shutdown
ipv6 address
2001:DB8:4012:4012::/64 eui-64
ipv6 eigrp 124
end
R40#

R10(config)#ipv6 router eigrp 124
R10(config-rtr)#no shut
R10(config-rtr)#
*Feb 12 20:16:22.640: %DUAL-5-NBRCHANGE: IPv6-EIGRP(0) 124: Neighbor
FE80::A8BB:CCFF:FE00:2800 (Ethernet0/0) is up: new adjacency

Interfaces need
not be on the
same subnet
R40
e0/0
e0/0
Hello
R10
59
EIGRPv6-Enabled Interface
R40#show ipv6 interface ethernet 0/0
2001:DB8:1240:1240:A8BB:CCFF:FE00:2800, subnet is
2001:DB8:1240:1240::/64 [EUI]
FF02::1
FF02::2
FF02::5
FF02::A
FF02::1:FF00:2800

This interface has joined the
EIGRPv6 multicast group
60
R40#show ipv6 eigrp neighbors

IPv6-EIGRP neighbors for process 124
H Address Interface Hold Uptime SRTT RTO Q Seq
(sec) (ms) Cnt Num
0 Link-local address: Et0/0 12 00:03:01 23 200 0 3
FE80::A8BB:CCFF:FE00:A00

Count down before declaring neighbor down
Neighbor Discovered Since
Neighbor Response Time
Wait time before next Xmission if no ACK

EIGRPv6 Neighbor
61
Neighbor-Changes Messages-
What Do They Mean?
Peer restartedneighbor reset relationship; why did relationship
bounce?
New adjacencynew neighbor relationship with this neighbor at
initial startup or after recovering from a neighbor that went down
Holding time expiredNo EIGRP packets from this neighbor for
the duration of the hold time; typically 15 seconds (180 seconds
for low-speed NBMA)
Retry limit exceededneighbor didnt acknowledge a reliable
packet after at least 16 retransmissions
62
R10#show ipv6 eigrp topology
IPv6-EIGRP Topology Table for AS(124)/ID(10.10.10.10)

Codes: P - Passive, A - Active, U - Update, Q - Query, R - Reply,
r - reply Status, s - sia Status

P 2001:DB8:1010:1010::/64, 1 successors, FD is 128256
via Connected, Loopback0
P 2001:DB8:4012:4012::/64, 1 successors, FD is 307200
via FE80::A8BB:CCFF:FE00:2800 (307200/281600), Ethernet0/0

EIGRP Topology
Feasible
distance
Computed
distance
Reported
distance
Successor
63
Multiple Addresses on an Interface
R50#sh run int ser 2/0

!
interface Serial2/0
no ip address
ipv6 address 2001:DB8:ABCD:ABCD::/64 eui-64
ipv6 eigrp 124
serial restart-delay 0
end

No concept of
Primary/Secondary
all prefixes are
advertised by default
R40
e0/0
e0/0
R50 R10
64
Routing Table for Multiple Prefixes Received
from the Same Interface
R40#show ipv6 route eigrp
D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external
D 2001:DB8:1010:1010::/64 [90/409600]
via FE80::A8BB:CCFF:FE00:A00, Ethernet0/0
D 2001:DB8:2050:2050::/64 [90/2195456]
D 2001:DB8:ABCD:ABCD::/64 [90/2707456]


Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 2001:DB8:2050:2050:A8BB:CCFF:FE00:3200, timeout is 2
seconds:
!!!!!
R40#

65
Expired Hold Timer
The hold time expires when an EIGRP packet
is not received during hold time
Typically caused by congestion or physical errors

Router crash, powered off, disconnected, etc.
Link issues (input/output queue drops, etc.)
Network between us may be dropping packets
(CRC errors, frame errors, excessive collisions)
e0/0
R40
e0/0
R10
66
Ping to Verify
Ping the multicast address FF02::A from the other router
R40#ping ff02::a
Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to FF02::A, timeout is 2 seconds:
Packet sent with a source address of FE80::A8BB:CCFF:FE00:2800

Reply to request 0 received from FE80::A8BB:CCFF:FE00:1400, 16 ms
Reply to request 4 received from FE80::A8BB:CCFF:FE00:A00, 0 ms
5 multicast replies and 0 errors.
R40#

Ensure you ping for the
correct neighbor
67
MPBGP Multiple Guards
68
Multiprotocol BGP

Multiprotocol BGP is an enhanced BGP that carries routing information for
multiple network layer protocol address families, for example, IPv6 address
family and for IP multicast routes. All BGP commands and routing policy
capabilities can be used with multiprotocol BGP.
69
Address Family Information/Sub-AFI
(Capability) len 6
*Feb 21 01:23:26.511: BGP: 2001:DB8:1010:1010:A8BB:CCFF:FE00:A00 OPEN has CAPABILITY
code: 1, length 4
*Feb 21 01:23:26.511: BGP: 2001:DB8:1010:1010:A8BB:CCFF:FE00:A00 OPEN has MP_EXT CAP
for afi/safi: 2/1
*Feb 21 01:23:26.511: BGP: 2001:DB8:1010:1010:A8BB:CCFF:FE00:A00 rcvd OPEN w/ optional
parameter type 2 (Capability) len 2
code: 128, length 0
*Feb 21 01:23:26.511: BGP: 2001:DB8:1010:1010:A8BB:CCFF:FE00:A00 OPEN has ROUTE-
REFRESH capability(old) for all address-families
*Feb 21 01:23:26.511: BGP: 2001:DB8:1010:1010:A8BB:CCFF:FE00:A00 rcvd OPEN w/ optional
parameter type 2 (Capability) len 2
code: 2, length 0
*Feb 21 01:23:26.511: BGP: 2001:DB8:1010:1010:A8BB:CCFF:FE00:A00 OPEN has ROUTE-
REFRESH capability for all address-families
BGP: 2001:DB8:1010:1010:A8BB:CCFF:FE00:A00 rcvd OPEN w/ remote AS 65535
*Feb 21 01:23:26.511: BGP: 2001:DB8:1010:1010:A8BB:CCFF:FE00:A00 went from OpenSent to
OpenConfirm
*Feb 21 01:23:26.511: BGP: 2001:DB8:1010:1010:A8BB:CCFF:FE00:A00 went from
OpenConfirm to Established
AFI 2 - IPv6 and SAFI IPv6 unicast
70
Remember the 32-Bit router-id
R20#sh ip bgp sum
% BGP cannot run because the router-id is not configured
BGP router identifier 0.0.0.0, local AS number 65535
BGP table version is 1, main routing table version 1

Neighbor V AS MsgRcvd MsgSent TblVer InQ OutQ Up/Down State/PfxRcd
2001:DB8:1020:1020:A8BB:CCFF:FE00:A00
4 65535 0 0 0 0 0 never Idle
R20#
*Feb 20 20:45:48.665: %BGP-4-NORTRID: BGP could not pick a router-id.
Please configure manually.

Where there is no IPv4
address configured on
a device
71
Peering on Loopback Interface Addresses
router bgp 65535
bgp router-id 20.20.20.20
bgp log-neighbor-changes
neighbor 2001:DB8:1020:1020:A8BB:CCFF:FE00:A00 remote-as 65535
neighbor 2001:DB8:1020:1020:A8BB:CCFF:FE00:A00 update-source Loopback0

address-family ipv6
neighbor 2001:DB8:1020:1020:A8BB:CCFF:FE00:A00 activate

R10 R20
e0/0
e0/0
*Feb 20 23:15:03.091: BGP: 2001:DB8:1020:1020:A8BB:CCFF:FE00:A00 passive open failed -
2001:DB8:1020:1020:A8BB:CCFF:FE00:1400 is not update-source Loopback0's address
(2001:2020:2020:0:A8BB:CCFF:FE00:1400)

One of the most common mistakes. Use loopback
addresses to peer. Not default interface address
72
Do Not Peer on Loopback Link Local Addresses
R10 R20
e0/0
e0/0
R20#show ipv6 interface lo 0
R10#show bgp ipv6 sum

4 65535 8 8 1 0 0 00:00:45 0
R10#

Everything looks
fine right?
73
Peer Address Down but Session UpNot Really
R20#sh ipv6 int lo 0
Loopback0 is administratively down, line protocol is down
IPv6 is enabled, link-local address is FE80::A8BB:CCFF:FE00:1400 [TEN]

R10#show bgp ipv6 sum
1 network entries using 149 bytes of memory
1 path entries using 76 bytes of memory
2/1 BGP path/bestpath attribute entries using 264 bytes of memory
0 BGP route-map cache entries using 0 bytes of memory
0 BGP filter-list cache entries using 0 bytes of memory
BGP using 489 total bytes of memory
BGP activity 1/0 prefixes, 1/0 paths, scan interval 60 secs

4 65535 22 21 2 0 0 00:03:57 1
R10#

74
Last One on Link Local Addresses Based iBGP
router bgp 65535
no synchronization
neighbor FE80::A8BB:CCFF:FE00:1400 remote-as 65535
neighbor FE80::A8BB:CCFF:FE00:1400 update-source Loopback0
neighbor FE80::A8BB:CCFF:FE00:1E00 remote-as 65535
neighbor FE80::A8BB:CCFF:FE00:1E00 update-source Loopback0
no auto-summary
!
address-family ipv6
neighbor FE80::A8BB:CCFF:FE00:1400 activate
neighbor FE80::A8BB:CCFF:FE00:1E00 activate
exit-address-family

R10 R20 e0/0
e0/0
R40
75
Link Local Addresses Cannot Be Reached
Beyond the Connected Neighbor

R10#show bgp ipv6 summary

4 65535 77 76 2 0 0 00:58:44 1
FE80::A8BB:CCFF:FE00:1E00
4 65535 0 0 0 0 0 never Active
R10#

R10#ping FE80::A8BB:CCFF:FE00:1E00
Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to FE80::A8BB:CCFF:FE00:1E00, timeout is 2 seconds:
Packet sent with a source address of FE80::A8BB:CCFF:FE00:A00
.....
Success rate is 0 percent (0/5)

R10 R20 e0/0
e0/0
R40
76
Always Use Global Prefix for iBGP Peering
router bgp 65535
no synchronization
neighbor 2001:db8:2020:0:A8BB:CCFF:FE00:1400 remote-as 65535
neighbor 2001:db8:2020:0:A8BB:CCFF:FE00:1400 update-source Loopback0
no auto-summary
!
address-family ipv6
neighbor 2001:db8:2020:0:A8BB:CCFF:FE00:1400 activate
exit-address-family
R10 R20
e0/0
e0/0
router bgp 65535
no synchronization
neighbor 2001:DB8:1010:1010:A8BB:CCFF:FE00:A00 remote-as 65535
neighbor 2001:DB8:1010:1010:A8BB:CCFF:FE00:A00 update-source Loopback0
no auto-summary
!
address-family ipv6
neighbor 2001:DB8:1010:1010:A8BB:CCFF:FE00:A00 activate
network 2001:2121:2121::/64
no synchronization
exit-address-family

Here is where you
advertise prefixes to
BGP
77
? Routing Table Has an Entry- Where Is the Prefix
R10#show ip bgp sum

2001:db8:2020:0:A8BB:CCFF:FE00:1400
4 65535 90 89 1 0 0 0 1:26:54 0
R10#

R10#show ipv6 route bgp
B 2001:db8:2121::/64 [200/0]
via 2001:db8:2020:0:A8BB:CCFF:FE00:1400
R10#

78
Use IPv6 Specific Commands
R10#show bgp ipv6 unicast summary
0 BGP route-map cache entries using 0 bytes of memory
0 BGP filter-list cache entries using 0 bytes of memory

2001:db8:2020:0:A8BB:CCFF:FE00:1400
4 65535 15 14 2 0 0 00:11:42 1
R10#
R10#ping 2001:db8:2121:0:A8BB:CCFF:FE00:1400

Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 2001:db8:2121:0:A8BB:CCFF:FE00:1400, timeout is 2 seconds:
!!!!!
R10#

79
Migration Bumps
80
Manual Tunnel
R20#sh run int tunnel 0

!
interface Tunnel0
no ip address
tunnel source 23.23.23.20
tunnel destination 34.34.34.40
tunnel mode ipv6ip

R40#sh run int tun 0

!
interface Tunnel0
no ip address
tunnel mode ipv6ip

IPv4
IPv6
IPv6
R20
R40
81
Sanity Check for Manual Tunnels
R20#ping
Protocol [ip]:
Target IP address: 34.34.34.40
Repeat count [5]:
Datagram size [100]:
Timeout in seconds [2]:
Extended commands [n]: y
Source address or interface: 23.23.23.20
Type of service [0]:
Set DF bit in IP header? [no]:
Validate reply data? [no]:
Data pattern [0xABCD]:
Loose, Strict, Record, Timestamp, Verbose[none]:
Sweep range of sizes [n]:
Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 34.34.34.40, timeout is 2 seconds:
!!!!!
R20#
IPv4
IPv6
IPv6
R20
R40
Tunnel destination
Tunnel source
82
Tunnel Configuration Mismatch
R20#show int tun 0
Tunnel0 is up, line protocol is down
Hardware is Tunnel
MTU 1514 bytes, BW 9 Kbit, DLY 500000 usec, rely 255/255, load 1/255
Encapsulation TUNNEL, loopback not set
Keepalive not set
Tunnel source 23.23.23.20, destination 34.34.34.40
Tunnel protocol/transport IPv6, sequencing disabled

R40#show int tunnel 0
Tunnel0 is up, line protocol is up
Hardware is Tunnel
MTU 1514 bytes, BW 9 Kbit, DLY 500000 usec, rely 255/255, load 1/255
Encapsulation TUNNEL, loopback not set
Keepalive not set
Tunnel source 34.34.34.40, destination 23.23.23.20
Tunnel protocol/transport IPv6/IP, sequencing disabled
IPv4
IPv6
IPv6
R20
R40
83
Tunnel Configuration Mismatch
R20#sh run int tun 0

!
interface Tunnel0
tunnel mode ipv6
end

R20(config-if)#tunnel mode ipv6ip
R20(config-if)#

R20(config-if)#
*Mar 12 03:18:20.787: %LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface Tunnel0, changed state to up
*Mar 12 03:18:20.827: IPV6: source :: (local)
*Mar 12 03:18:20.827: dest FF02::16 (Tunnel0)
*Mar 12 03:18:20.827: traffic class 224, flow 0x0, len 76+0, prot 0, hops 1, originating

IPv4
IPv6
IPv6
R20
R40
84
A Working Tunnel
2001:DB8:5050:5050:A8BB:CCFF:FE00:3201

Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 2001:DB8:5050:5050:A8BB:CCFF:FE00:3201, timeout is 2 seconds:
!!!!!
R10
*Mar 13 18:00:37.262: Tunnel0: IPv6/IP encapsulated 23.23.23.20->34.34.34.40 (linktype=79, len=100)
*Mar 13 18:00:37.822: Tunnel0: to decaps IPv6/IP packet 34.34.34.40->23.23.23.20 (len=100, ttl=253)
*Mar 13 18:00:37.822: Tunnel0: decapsulated IPv6/IP packet
*Mar 13 18:00:37.822: FE80::2222:2228 ->FF02::5 (len=40 ttl=1)
*Mar 13 18:00:38.950: 2001:DB8:5050:5050:A8BB:CCFF:FE00:3201 ->
2001:DB8:1020:1020:A8BB:CCFF:FE00:A00 (len=60 ttl=63)

IPv4
R40
IPv6
R20
IPv6
85
R40
OSPFv3 Network Across the Tunnel
R20#show ipv6 ospf neighbor

Neighbor ID Pri State Dead Time Interface ID Interface
40.40.40.40 1 FULL/ - 00:00:37 20 Tunnel0
10.10.10.10 1 FULL/BDR 00:00:37 2 Ethernet0/0
R20#

*Mar 10 00:10:45.583: Tunnel0: IPv6/IP to classify 34.34.34.40->23.23.23.20 (len=120 ttl=253 tos=0x0)
*Mar 10 00:10:45.623:
2001:DB8:5050:5050:A8BB:CCFF:FE00:3200 ->2001:DB8:1020:1020:A8BB:CCFF:FE00:A00 (len=60 ttl=63)
*Mar 10 00:10:43.363: FE80::2222:2228 ->FF02::5 (len=40 ttl=1)

IPv4
IPv6
R20
IPv6
R40
86
6to4 Automatic Tunnels
IPv4
IPv6
IPv6
R20
R40

!
interface Tunnel0
no ip address
ipv6 unnumbered Ethernet0/0
tunnel source Ethernet1/0
tunnel mode ipv6ip 6to4
end


!
interface Tunnel0
no ip address
end

87
Use the Correct Prefix of 2002::/16

!
no ip address
ipv6 address 2001:1717:1714:2020::/64 eui-64


!
ip address 23.23.23.20 255.255.255.0

IPv4
IPv6
IPv6
R20
R40
e 1/0 e 0/0
Should be 2002
R20#ping 2001:2222:2228:4040:A8BB:CCFF:FE00:2801

Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 2001:2222:2228:4040:A8BB:CCFF:FE00:2801, timeout is 2 seconds:
!!!!!
R20#

2001:2222:2228:4040:A8BB:CCFF:FE00:2801
Works in spite of the
wrong prefix
88
Common Mistake in Automatic Tunnels

!
no ip address
ipv6 ospf 45 area 0
end

R40#

!
ip address 34.34.34.40 255.255.255.0
end

!
ip address 23.23.23.20 255.255.255.0
end

!
no ip address
ipv6 ospf 12 area 0

Can you spot the mistake23.23.23.20 in Hex is 1717:1714
IPv4
IPv6
IPv6
R20
R40
E0/0
E1/0
89
All the Required Configs for Automatic Tunnel
R40#sh run

interface Tunnel0

ip address 34.34.34.40 255.255.255.0

ipv6 address 2002:2222:2228:4040::/64 eui-64
ipv6 ospf 45 area 0

ipv6 route 2002::/16 Tunnel0
R20#sh run

interface Tunnel0

ip address 23.23.23.20 255.255.255.0

ipv6 address 2002:1717:1714:2020::/64 eui-64
ipv6 ospf 12 area 0

ipv6 route ::/0 2002:2222:2228:4040:A8BB:CCFF:FE00:2801

IPv6
IPv4
T0 R20
IPv6
E 0/0
E 1/0
E 0/0
E 1/0
T0
23.23.23.20 in
Hex is 1717:1714
90
R40
The Automatic Tunnel in Action
R20#debug tunnel
Tunnel Interface debugging is on

!!!!!
R20#
*Mar 15 17:19:24.466: Tunnel0: to decaps IPv6/IP packet 34.34.34.40->23.23.23.20
(len=120, ttl=253)
*Mar 15 17:19:24.618: 2001:DB8:5050:5050:A8BB:CCFF:FE00:3201 ->2002:1
717:1714:2020:A8BB:CCFF:FE00:1400 (len=60 ttl=63)

IPv4
IPv6
IPv6
R20
R40
T0
E 0/0
E 1/0
E 0/0
E 1/0
T0
91
Accessing 2001 Global Prefixes
2001:DB8:6060:6060:9CD7:2EFF:FEF0:99FA
R10#ping 2001:DB8:6060:6060:9CD7:2EFF:FEF0:99FA
2001:DB8:6060:6060:9CD7:2EFF:FEF0:99FA, timeout is 2 seconds:
.....
Success rate is 0 percent (0/5)

IPv4
IPv6
IPv6
R20
R40
T0
E 0/0
E 1/0
E 0/0
E 1/0
T0
v6
Internet
Ensure the networks on both sides of the tunnel are aware of a default route to
reach the IPv6 internet
92
Accessing 2001 Global Prefixes
R20
IPv4
IPv6
IPv6
R40
T0
E 0/0
E 1/0
E 0/0
E 1/0
T0
v6
Internet
R10#sh ipv6 route
OE2 ::/0 [110/1], tag 12
OE2 2002::/16 [110/20]

R60#sh ipv6 route bgp
B 2001:DB8:5050:5050::/64 [20/20]
via FE80::A8BB:CCFF:FE00:2800, Serial3/0
B 2002::/16 [20/0]
via FE80::A8BB:CCFF:FE00:2800, Serial3/0

R10#ping 2001:DB8:6060:6060:9CD7:2EFF:FEF0:99FA

2001:DB8:6060:6060:9CD7:2EFF:FEF0:99FA, timeou
t is 2 seconds:
!!!!!
R10#
93
R20
Automatic Tunnels Are Point to Multipoint
R70
IPv6
v6
Internet
R50
T0
E 0/0
E 1/0
E 0/0
T0
IPv4
IPv6
IPv6
R20
R40
R10
T0
E 0/0
IPv6
R80
On every 6to4
PE
94
IPv6
2001:db8:0b01
6rd Tunnels (RFC 5969)
Native dual-stack IP service to the end site
Simple, stateless, automatic IPv6-in-IPv4 encap and decap functions
Embedded IPv4 address needs to match IPv4 address in Tunnel header for security
IPv6 traffic automatically follows IPv4 Routing (IPv4 address used as tunnel endpoint)
BRs placed at IPv6 edge, addressed via anycast for load-balancing and resiliency
Service Provider
IPv6
2001:db8:0f0
1
PE
P P
6rd Tunnel
IPv4
Header
IPv6
Packet
IPv6
Packet
IPv6
Packet
IPv4 Access Network
6rd IPv6 End Site
IPv6 Internet
IPv6
2001:db8:0d
01
CE
Tunnel
between
CPEs
6rd Relay/CPE
Tunnels
6rd Border
Relay
95
Destination Dynamically Computed Example
6rd IPv6 Prefix
32 bits
Interface ID
2001:0db8: 0000:0000:0000:0002 0000:
Server Address
0b01:
IPv4
16 bits
Subnet
16 bits
IPv6
2001:db8:0b01
IPv4
Backbone Network
CE
IPv6
2001:db8:0f01
PE
P P
BR
6rd Tunnel
CE
IPv4
Header
IPv6
Packet
IPv6
Packet
IPv6
Packet
IPv4 Backbone Network 6rd IPv6 End Site 6rd IPv6 End Site
200.15.11.1 (e0/0)
200.15.15.1 (e0/0)
2001:db8:0f01::2
(Host)
2001:db8:0b01::2
(Server)
6rd tunnel end point in IPv4 Network 200.15. 11.1
IPv4 Common Prefix (16bits)
6rd Parameter Value
6rd Prefix 2001:db8::/32
IPv4 Common Prefix 200.15/16
IPv4 Common Suffix 0/0 (Cisco specific)
(Dst)
200.15.11.1
(Src)
200.15.15.1
(Dst)
2001:0db8:0b01::2
(Src)
2001:0db8:0f01::2
IPv6 Header IPv4 Header
2001:db8:0b01::1 (e0/1) 2001:db8:0f01::1 (e0/1)
96
!
ipv6 general-prefix 6rd-prefix 6rd Tunnel1
ipv6 cef
!
interface Tunnel1
ipv6 enable
tunnel mode ipv6ip 6rd
tunnel 6rd prefix 2001:db8::/32
tunnel 6rd ipv4 prefix-len16
tunnel 6rd br 200.15.0.1 Config to Border Relay
6rd CE Configuration (IOS)
IPv6
2001:db8:0b01
IPv4
Backbone Network
CE
IPv6
2001:db8:0f01
PE
P P
PE
6rd Tunnel
CE
IPv4
Header
IPv6
Packet
IPv6
Packet
IPv6
Packet
IPv4 Backbone Network 6rd IPv6 End Site 6rd IPv6 End Site
200.15.11.1 (e0/0) 200.15.15.1 (e0/0)
!
description Shared IPv4 infrastructure
ip address 200.15.15.1 255.255.255.0
!
description End Site LAN
ipv6 address 6rd-prefix ::1/64
!
ipv6 route 2001:db8::/32 tunnel1
ipv6 route ::/0 Tunnel1 2001:db8:1:: Default to BR

2001:db8:0f01::2
(Host)
2001:db8:0b01::2
(Server)
2001:db8:0b01::1 (e0/1) 2001:db8:0f01::1 (e0/1)
97
6rd Border Relay Configuration (IOS)
IPv4
Backbone Network
CE
IPv6
2001:db8:0f
01
PE
P P
PE
IPv6
Packet
IPv4 Backbone Network
IPv6 Network
200.15.15.1 (e0/0)
2001:db8:0f01::2
(Host)
IPv4
Header
IPv6
Packet
IPv6 Internet
2000::/3
200.15.0.1/128 (lo0)
2001:db8:1::/128 (e0/0)
6rd Border
Relay
6rd Border Relay
200.15.0.1/128 (lo0)
2001:db8:1::/128 (e0/0)
6rd tunnel to closest BR
ipv6 general-prefix 6rd-prefix 6rd Tunnel1
ipv6 cef
!
interface Tunnel1
ipv6 enable
tunnel source Loopback0
tunnel mode ipv6ip 6rd
tunnel 6rd prefix 2001:db8::/32
tunnel 6rd ipv4 prefix-len16

description IPv6 Internet
ipv6 address 2001:db8:1::/64
!
interface Loopback0
description Shared IPv4 infrastructure
ip address 200.15.0.1 255.255.255.0
!
ipv6 route 2001:db8::/32 tunnel1
ipv6 route ::/0 2001:db8:2:: ! Or use routing protocol
98
6ProviderEdge
PE1
mBGP session
IPv4 MPLS
PE2
v6 v6
IPv6
Hosts
IPv6
Hosts
2001:DB8:1234:5678::/64 eui-64
2001:DB8:1234:ABCD::/64 eui-64
PE1#show ipv6 route
C 2001:DB8:1234:5678::/64 [0/0]
via ::, Loopback10
L 2001:DB8:1234:5678:A8BB:CCFF:FE00:7900/128 [0/0]
via ::, FastEthernet0/1
B 2001:DB8:1234:ABCD::/64 [200/0]
via ::FFFF:2.2.2.2, IPv6-mpls
L FE80::/10 [0/0]
via ::, Null0
L FF00::/8 [0/0]
via ::, Null0
PE1#
PE1
PE1 learns the prefix
through mPBGP session
99
PE1
6ProviderEdge

mBGP session
PE2
v6
PE1
v6
IPv6
Hosts
IPv6
Hosts
2001:DB8:1234:5678::/64 eui-64
2001:DB8:1234:ABCD::/64 eui-64
PE1#sh run
hostname PE1

ip cef
ipv6 cef
mpls label protocol ldp
mpls ipv6 source-interface FastEthernet0/1
!
interface Loopback0
ip address 1.1.1.1 255.255.255.255
!
interface FastEthernet0/1
!
ip address 12.12.12.1 255.255.255.0
mpls ip
!
router ospf 12
network 1.1.1.1 0.0.0.0 area 0
network 12.12.12.0 0.0.0.255 area 0
!
router bgp 12
no bgp default ipv4-unicast
neighbor 2.2.2.2 remote-as 12
neighbor 2.2.2.2 update-source Loopback0
!
address-family ipv4
neighbor 2.2.2.2 activate
no auto-summary
no synchronization
exit-address-family
!
address-family ipv6
neighbor 2.2.2.2 send-label
network 2001:DB8:1234:5678::/64
exit-address-family

IPv4 MPLS
IPv6 CEF must
be enabled
PE2
100
6ProviderEdge

IPv4 MPLS
mBGP session
PE1 PE2 v6
v6
IPv6
Hosts
IPv6
Hosts
2001:DB8:1234:5678::/64 eui-64
2001:DB8:1234:ABCD::/64 eui-64
IPv4 MPLS
PE1#show bgp ipv6 unicast
BGP table version is 14, local router ID is 1.1.1.1
Status codes: s suppressed, d damped, h history, * valid, >best, i - internal,
r RIB-failure, S Stale
Origin codes: i - IGP, e - EGP, ? - incomplete
Network Next Hop Metric LocPrf Weight Path
*>2001:DB8:1234:5678::/64
:: 0 32768 i
*>i2001:DB8:1234:ABCD::/64
::FFFF:2.2.2.2 0 100 0 I

PE1#show mpls forwarding-table
Local Outgoing Prefix Bytes tag Outgoing Next Hop
tag tag or VC or Tunnel Id switched interface
16 Pop tag 2.2.2.2/32 0 Et0/0 12.12.12.2
19 Aggregate 2001:DB8:1234:5678::/64 \ 520
PE1#
The required mPBGP
session and tags
101
6ProviderEdge

mBGP session
PE2
2001:DB8:1234:5678::/64 eui-64
2001:DB8:1234:ABCD::/64 eui-64
v6
IPv6
Hosts PE1
v6
IPv6
Hosts
IPv4 MPLS
PE2#show bgp ipv6 sum
1.1.1.1 4 12 181 180 14 0 0 00:12:01 1
PE2#

PE2#
PE2#ping 2001:DB8:1234:5678:A8BB:CCFF:FE00:7900 source 2001:DB8:1234:ABCD:A8BB:CCFF:FE00:7A00
Packet sent with a source address of 2001:DB8:1234:ABCD:A8BB:CCFF:FE00:7A00
!!!!!
PE2#
Good old 32 bit
BGP router ID
102
PE2
6ProviderEdge

IPv4 MPLS
mBGP session
PE1 PE2
v6 v6
IPv6
Hosts
IPv6
Hosts
2001:DB8:1234:5678::/64 eui-64
2001:DB8:1234:ABCD::/64 eui-64
IPv4 MPLS
PE2#
01:23:21: IPv6: nexthop ::FFFF:1.1.1.1,
01:23:21: IPV6: source 2001:DB8:1234:ABCD:A8BB:CCFF:FE00:7A00 (local)
01:23:21: dest 2001:DB8:1234:5678:A8BB:CCFF:FE00:7900 (IPv6-mpls)
01:23:21: traffic class 0, flow 0x0, len 100+0, prot 58, hops 64, originating
01:23:21: IPv6: Sending on Ethernet0/0
01:23:21: IPV6: source 2001:DB8:1234:5678:A8BB:CCFF:FE00:7900 (IPv6-mpls)
01:23:21: dest 2001:DB8:1234:ABCD:A8BB:CCFF:FE00:7A00
01:23:21: traffic class 0, flow 0x0, len 100+18, prot 58, hops 64, forward to ulp
01:23:21: IPv6: nexthop ::FFFF:1.1.1.1,
01:23:21: IPV6: source 2001:DB8:1234:ABCD:A8BB:CCFF:FE00:7A00 (local)
01:23:21: dest 2001:DB8:1234:5678:A8BB:CCFF:FE00:7900 (IPv6-mpls)
01:23:21: traffic class 0, flow 0x0, len 100+0, prot 58, hops 64, originating
01:23:21: IPv6: Sending on Ethernet0/0
01:23:21: IPV6: source 2001:DB8:1234:5678:A8BB:CCFF:FE00:7900 (IPv6-mpls)
01:23:21: dest 2001:DB8:1234:ABCD:A8BB:CCFF:FE00:7A00
01:23:21: traffic class 0, flow 0x0, len 100+18, prot 58, hops 64, forward to ulp
::FFFF:2.2.2.2 ::FFFF:1.1.1.1
103
IPv4
MPLS
IPv6 VPN 6VPE (RFC 4659)
6VPE uses existing IPv4 MPLS infrastructure to provide IPv6 VPN
Core uses IPv4 control plane (LDPv4, TEv4, IGPv4)
PEs must support dual stack IPv4+IPv6
Offers same architectural features as MPLS-VPN for IPv4
RTs, VRFs, RDs are appended to IPv6 to form VPNv6 address
MP-BGP distributed both VPN address families
BGP NH uses IPv4 to IPv6 mapped address format ::ffff:A.B.C.D
VRF can contain both VPNv4 and VPNv6 routes

IPv4

IPv6
P P
IPv6
Packet
MPLS IPv4 Backbone IPv6/IPv4 Network IPv6/IPv4 Network
VPN
Label
IPv6
Packet
LDP
Label
IPv6
Packet
CE1 6VPE1
P P
10.1.1.0/24
2001:db8:beef:1::/64
VRF
200.10.10.1 200.11.11.1
CE2
IPv4
IPv6
VRF
10.1.2.0/24
2001:db8:beef:2::/64
172.16.3.1/30
2001:db8:cafe:3::/64
172.16.1.0.0/30
2001:db8:cafe:1::/64
6VPE2
104
IPv4
MPLS
CE1 Configuration
IPv4
IPv6
P P
IPv6
Packet
VPN
Label
IPv6
Packet
LDP
Label
IPv6
Packet
CE1 6VPE1
P P
10.1.1.0/24
2001:db8:beef:1::/64
VRF
200.10.10.1 200.11.11.1
CE2
IPv4
IPv6
VRF
10.1.2.0/24
2001:db8:beef:2::/64
172.16.3.1/30
2001:db8:cafe:3::/64
172.16.1.0/30
2001:db8:cafe:1::/64
ipv6 cef
!
description Link to PE1
ip address 172.16.1.1 255.255.255.0
ipv6 address 2001:db8:cafe:1::1/64
!
description to GREEN LAN
ip address 10.1.1.1 255.255.255.0
ipv6 address 2001:db8:beef:1::1/64
ipv6 rip GREEN enable
router bgp 500
neighbor 2001:db8:cafe:1::2 remote-as 100
!
address-family ipv4
redistribute eigrp 100
neighbor 172.16.1.2 activate 6VPE1
exit-address-family
!
address-family ipv6
neighbor 2001:db8:cafe:1::2 activate 6VPE1
redistribute rip GREEN
exit-address-family
6VPE2
Dual stack
105
ipv6 cef
!
interface Loopback0
ip address 200.10.10.1 255.255.255.255
!
Description Link to CE1
vrf forwarding GREEN
ip address 172.16.1.2 255.255.255.0
ipv6 address 2001:db8:cafe:1::2/64
IPv4
MPLS
6VPE1 General Configuration
IPv4
IPv6
P P
IPv6
Packet
VPN
Label
IPv6
Packet
LDP
Label
IPv6
Packet
CE1 6VPE1
P P
10.1.1.0/24
2001:db8:beef:1::/64
VRF
200.10.10.1 200.11.11.1
CE2
IPv4
IPv6
VRF
10.1.2.0/24
2001:db8:beef:2::/64
172.16.3.1/30
2001:db8:cafe:3::/64
172.16.1.0/30
2001:db8:cafe:1::/64
!
description Link to Core Network
ip address 192.168.1.1 255.255.255.252
mpls ip
!
router ospf 1
redistribute connected subnets
passive-interface Loopback0
network 192.168.1.0 0.0.0.255 area 0
6VPE2
106
router bgp 100
neighbor 200.11.11.1 update-source lo0
!
address-family ipv4 Internet Routes
no auto-summary
no synchronization
exit-address-family
!
address-family vpnv4 To 6VPE2
neighbor 200.11.11.1 send-community ext
exit-address-family
IPv4
MPLS
6VPE1 BGP Configuration
IPv4
IPv6
P P
IPv6
Packet
VPN
Label
IPv6
Packet
LDP
Label
IPv6
Packet
CE1 6VPE1
P P
10.1.1.0/24
2001:db8:beef:1::/64
VRF
200.10.10.1 200.11.11.1
CE2
IPv4
IPv6
VRF
10.1.2.0/24
2001:db8:beef:2::/64
172.16.3.1.0/30
2001:db8:cafe:3::/64
172.16.1.0/30
2001:db8:cafe:1::/64
address-family vpnv6 To 6VPE2
neighbor 200.11.11.1 send-community ext
exit-address-family
!
address-family ipv4 vrf GREEN To CE1
redistribute connected
exit-address-family
!
address-family ipv6 vrf GREEN To CE1
neighbor 2001:db8:cafe:1::1 remote-as 500
neighbor 2001:db8:cafe:1::1 activate
exit-address-family
6VPE2
107
IPv4
MPLS
6VPE2 IPv6 VRF Routes
IPv4
IPv6
P P
IPv6
Packet
VPN
Label
IPv6
Packet
LDP
Label
IPv6
Packet
CE1 6VPE1
P P
10.1.1.0/24
2001:db8:beef:1::/64
VRF
200.10.10.1 200.11.11.1
CE2
IPv4
IPv6
VRF
10.1.2.0/24
2001:db8:beef:2::/64
172.16.3.1.0/30
2001:db8:cafe:3::/64
172.16.1.0/30
2001:db8:cafe:1::/64
6VPE2#show ipv6 route vrf GREEN
B 2001:db8:beef:1::/64 [200/0]
via 200.10.10.1
B 2001:db8:beef:2::/64 [20/0]
via FE80::A8BB:CCFF:FE01:FA00, Ethernet1/0
B 2001:db8:cafe:1::/64 [200/0]
via 200.10.10.1
C 2001:db8:cafe:3::/64 [0/0]
via Ethernet1/0, directly connected
L 2001:db8:cafe:3::2/128 [0/0]
via Ethernet1/0, receive
L FF00::/8 [0/0]
via Null0, receive
6VPE2
108
IPv4
MPLS
6VPE1 BGP VPNv6 Table
IPv4
IPv6
P P
IPv6
Packet
VPN
Label
IPv6
Packet
LDP
Label
IPv6
Packet
CE1 6VPE1
P P
10.1.1.0/24
2001:db8:beef:1::/64
VRF
200.10.10.1 200.11.11.1
CE2
IPv4
IPv6
VRF
10.1.2.0/24
2001:db8:beef:2::/64
172.16.3.1.0/30
2001:db8:cafe:3::/64
172.16.1.0/30
2001:db8:cafe:1::/64
6VPE1#show bgp vpnv6 unicast all
Network Next Hop Metric LocPrf Weight Path
Route Distinguisher: 200:1 (default for vrf GREEN)
*> 2001:db8:beef:1::/64
2001:db8:cafe:1::1 Route from CE1
0 0 500 ?
*>i2001:db8:beef:2::/64
::FFFF:200.11.11.1 Route from CE2 via 6VPE2
0 100 0 506 ?
*>i2001:db8:cafe:3::/64
::FFFF:200.11.11.1 PE/CE Connected route from 6VPE2
0 100 0 ?
6VPE2
Recall the v4 mapped v6
address
109
IPv4
MPLS
6VPE1 LFIB
IPv4
IPv6
P P
IPv6
Packet
VPN
Label
IPv6
Packet
LDP
Label
IPv6
Packet
CE1 6VPE1
P P
10.1.1.0/24
2001:db8:beef:1::/64
VRF
200.10.10.1 200.11.11.1
CE2
IPv4
IPv6
VRF
10.1.2.0/24
2001:db8:beef:2::/64
172.16.3.1.0/30
2001:db8:cafe:3::/64
172.16.1.0/30
2001:db8:cafe:1::/64
6VPE1#show mpls forwarding
Local Outgoing Prefix Bytes Label Outgoing Next Hop
Label Label or VC or Tunnel Id Switched interface
16 Pop Label 192.168.1.4/30 0 Et2/0 192.168.1.2
17 16 192.168.1.8/30 0 Et2/0 192.168.1.2
18 Pop Label 200.12.12.1/32 0 Et2/0 192.168.1.2
19 18 200.13.13.1/32 0 Et2/0 192.168.1.2
20 19 200.11.11.1/32 0 Et2/0 192.168.1.2
21 No Label 10.1.1.0/24[V] 0 Et0/0 172.16.1.1
22 Aggregate 172.16.1.0/24[V] 570 GREEN
25 No Label 2001:db8:beef:1::/64[V] \
570 Et0/0 FE80::A8BB:CCFF:FE01:F400
26 Aggregate 2001:db8:cafe:1::/64[V] \
35456 GREEN

6VPE2
110
IPv6 Related Sessions at Cisco Live
Session Title
BRKRST-2044 Enterprise Multi-Homed Internet Edge Architectures
BRKCRS-2301 Enterprise IPv6 Deployment
BRKCRT-9344 IPv6 for Cert Nuts
BRKRST-2311 IPv6 Planning, Deployment and Operation Considerations
BRKSEC-2003 IPv6 Security Threats and Mitigations
BRKRST-2302 IPv6 Troubleshooting
BRKSPG-2602 IPv4 Exhaustion: NAT and Transition to IPv6 for SPs
BRKSPG-2603 How to Securely Operate an IPv6 Network
BRKUCC-2061 IPv6 in UC Networks
LTRRST-1301, LTRSEC-3033 IPv6 Hands-on Lab, IPv6 Network Threat, Defense, Countermeasures and Controls
BRKEWN-2010 Design and Deployment of Ent. WLAN
BRKCCIE-9492 IPv6 for Route & Switching CCIE Candidates
BRKRST-3300 Service Provider IPv6 Deployment
BRKSPG-2604 Deploying Carrier Grade IPv6 using CGSE
COCRST-3464 Cisco on Cisco: Making the Leap to IPv6
Search Session Catalog: ipv6
111
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