PROGRAM ENHANCEMENT

[REVISED: February 8, 2012, Flange width used to evaluate sidesway buckling

is the tension flange]
[REVISED: April 30, 2012, see Section F]
NUMBER: 5-07-10
PROGRAM: CRANEDES, CRANE, MCRANE
MANUAL: Design
ENHANCEMENT: AISC 89 Crane beam design now includes a check for Web sidesway buckling due to crane
truck wheel loads.
TO ACTIVATE: Currently active
REFERENCE DWGS: None
DESCRIPTION: AISC 89 code section K1.5 provides criteria on Sidesway Web Buckling. This check is for
concentrated loads that are applied to the compression flange where the flange is not restrained against
rotation.
The criteria is:
For (h / t
w
) / (l / b
f
) <= 1.7
For (h / t
w
) / (l / b
f
) > 1.7: sidesway web buckling is not a concern.
where:
beam with cap channel, use channel depth
beam without cap channel, use top flange width
A new section in the crane beam design reports web sidesway buckling. Web sidesway buckling
information appears after the shear calculations. There are 3 groups of information depth/thickness to
span/flange width ratio, wheel load, unity check (UC). A description along with a sample report is shown
below.
Depth/thickness to span/flange width ratio:
The depth/thickness to span/flange width ratio is a calculated ratio as (h / t
w
/ (l / b
f
)) which is compared to
the limit. The limit is 1.70.
Wheel load:
The crane bridge truck wheel load is calculated and reported. When the depth/thickness to span/flange
width ratio is less than 1.70, then allowable (Limit) wheel load is calculated and compared to the actual
wheel load. When the depth/thickness to span/flange width ratio is greater than 1.70, then web sidesway
buckling "Does not apply" is reported as the Wheel load limit.
Unity check, UC:
Actual wheel load / Allowable wheel load limit
DATE: May 30, 2007 [REVISED: April 14, 2009, see Sections D ane E]
A. AISC 89 CRITERIA
Allowable Wheel Load, R = 6800 * t
w
* [0.4 * (h / t
w
/ (l / b
f
))] / h (K1-5)
l = largest laterally unbraced length along either flange at the point of load, runway beam
length, in. (mm)
b
f
= compression flange width, in. (mm)
t
w
= web thickness, in. (mm)
h = web depth, in. (mm)
B. DESIGN REPORT:
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SHEAR & SIDESWAY BUCKLING:
-------------------------
-----Shear(k ,ksi )----- --------Sidesway_Buckling---------
Design Calc Allow [(h/tw)/(L/bf)] Wheel_Load(k )
Shear Stress Stress UC Calc Limit Calc Limit UC
------ ------ ------ ---- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----
81.42 8.13 19.76 0.41 2.27 1.70 49.50 Does not apply
The following two examples illustrate two different crane runway beams and the web sidesway buckling
calculation. The first beam has a cap channel and the second beam example does not have a cap channel.
These two illustrations show the how the compression flange width contributes to the web sidesway
buckling calculation. When the allowable wheel load is required and calculated, then the actual wheel
load is compared to the allowable wheel load.
Consider a W24x68 with a C15x33.9 as a cap channel.
Calculate (h / t
w
) / (l / b
f
) = (22.56 / 0.415) / (360 / 15) = 2.265
h = web depth = 22.56"
t
w
= 0.415"
l = unbraced length of top flange = 30 * 12 = 360"
b
f
= compression flange width (channel) = 15"
For (h / t
w
) / (l / b
f
) > 1.7, sidesway buckling does not apply.
See program output below.
==============================================================================
Crane Beam Design 1/ 3/08 2:33pm
==============================================================================
CRANE BEAM ID: 1
-----------------
BEAM SELECTED
-------------
Wide Flange Beam: W24x68
Top Channel : C15x33.9
SHEAR & SIDESWAY BUCKLING:
-------------------------
-----Shear(k ,ksi )----- --------Sidesway_Buckling---------
Design Calc Allow [(h/tw)/(L/bf)] Wheel_Load(k )
Shear Stress Stress UC Calc Limit Calc Limit UC
------ ------ ------ ---- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----
81.42 8.13 19.76 0.41 2.27 1.70 49.50 Does not apply
Consider a W24x68 without a cap channel.
In this example, the beam and channel was specified.
Calculate (h / t
w
) / (l / b
f
) = (22.56 / 0.415) / (360 / 8.97) = 1.354
h = web depth = 22.56"
t
w
= 0.415"
l = unbraced length of top flange = 30 * 12 = 360"
b
f
= compression flange width (beam) = 8.97"
C. EXAMPLES: Check Web Sidesway Buckling
C.1 WEB SIDESWAY BUCKLING DOES NOT APPLY
C.2 WEB SIDESWAY BUCKLING
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For (h / t
w
) / (l / b
f
) <= 1.7,
Allowable Wheel Load, R = 6800 * t
w
* [0.4 * (h / t
w
/ (l / b
f
))] / h
R = 6800 * 0.415 * [0.4 * 1.354] / 22.56 = 21.41 kips < 49.50 kips Resize member
See program output below.
=============================================================================
Crane Beam Design 1/ 3/08 2:33pm
=============================================================================
CRANE BEAM ID: 1
-----------------
BEAM SELECTED
-------------
Wide Flange Beam: W24x68
Top Channel : --------
SHEAR & SIDESWAY BUCKLING:
-------------------------
-----Shear(k ,ksi )----- --------Sidesway_Buckling---------
Design Calc Allow [(h/tw)/(L/bf)] Wheel_Load(k )
Shear Stress Stress UC Calc Limit Calc Limit UC
------ ------ ------ ---- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----
81.42 8.27 19.76 0.42 1.35 1.70 49.50 21.41 2.31*
Conclusion: If the crane wheel load is greater than 21.41 kips, beam is inadequate.
-----------REVISION DATED April 14, 2009----------
For (d
c
/ t
w
) / (L / b
f
) <= 1.7
Allowable Wheel Load = R
n
/ = 24000 * t
w
3
/ (h) * [0.4 * (d
c
* b
f
/ (L * t
w
))
3
] /
For (d
c
/ t
w
) / (L / b
f
) > 1.7: sidesway web buckling is not a concern.
where:
L = largest laterally unbraced length along either flange at the point of load, runway beam
length, (in, mm)
b
f
= tension flange width, (in, mm)
t
w
= web thickness, (in, mm)
h = web depth, (in, mm)
d
c
= clear web depth = total depth - 2 * k
k = distance from outside of flange to inside of radius between flange and web. This k is
not available in the data base, use k = (t
f
+ t
w
) * 1.3.
Safety Factor, = 1.50
AISC Design Manual 7 illustrates the design of crane beams. In section 18.1.3 a check is made on
sidesway web buckling and this statement is made:
"Although it is generally not recommended that ASD and LRFD design criteria be
D. AISC 89 CRITERIA, MODIFIED AND EXPANDED
1. The criteria is the same as listed above except for two changes.
a) b
f
is tension flange width,
b) wheel load limit is a modified LRFD equation
2. Basis for using the LRFD load limit equation
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mixed, since sidesway web buckling is an independent failure mode, it seems
reasonable that crane runways designed using ASD procedures can be checked
using LRFD equations for sidesway web buckling."
The LRFD criteria from Design Manual 7 is stated below.
"Using Equation K1-7 from the AISC LRFD Steel Specification,
R
n
= 12000 t
w
3
/ (h) [0.4 ((d
c
/ t
w
) / (l / b
f
))
3
]
However, according to the Specification, "if the concentrated load is located at a
point where the web flexural stress due to factored load is below yielding, 24,000
may be used in lieu of 12,000" in this equation."
The factored load web stress will be below yielding since the load factor is 1.5 and the allowable stress
is a maximum of 0.66 * F
y
. Note 0.66 * F
y
* 1.5 = 0.99 F
y
. Hence the flexural stress is below F
y
. The
limit state wheel load limit is:
R
n
= 24000 * t
w
3
/ (h) * [0.4 * (d
c
* b
f
/ (l * t
w
))
3
]
The allowable wheel load limit, ASD, is R
n
/ , = 1.50
Consider a W33x118 without a cap channel.
Calculate (d
c
/ t
w
) / (l / b
f
) = (31.38 / 0.550) / (360 / 11.48) = 1.82
h = web depth = 31.38"
t
w
= 0.550"
t
f
= 0.74"
k = 1.3 * (0.550 + 0.740) = 1.577"
d
c
= 31.38 + 2 * 0.740 - 2 * 1.577 = 29.706"
l = unbraced length of top flange = 30 * 12 = 360"
b
f
= compression flange width, (beam) = 11.48"
(d
c
/ t
w
) / (l / b
f
) = (29.706 / 0.55) / (360 / 11.48) = 1.722
For (d
c
/ t
w
) / (l / b
f
) = 1.72 > 1.7, sidesway buckling does not apply.
See program output below.
==============================================================================
Crane Beam Design 4/14/09 2:33pm
==============================================================================
CRANE BEAM ID: 1
-----------------
BEAM SELECTED
-------------
Wide Flange Beam: W33x118
Top Channel : None
SHEAR & SIDESWAY BUCKLING:
-------------------------
--------Sidesway_Buckling---------
[(h/tw)/(L/bf)] Wheel_Load(k )
Calc Limit Calc Limit UC
----- ----- ----- ----- ----
1.72 1.70 25.85 Does not apply
E. WEB SIDESWAY BUCKLING DOES NOT APPLY
E.1 WEB SIDESWAY BUCKLING
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Consider a W24x68 without a cap channel.
In this example, the beam and channel was specified.
Calculate (dc / tw) / (l / bf) = (22.56 / 0.415) / (360 / 8.97) = 1.354
h = web depth = 22.56"
t
w
= 0.415"
l = unbraced length of top flange = 30 * 12 = 360"
b
f
= tension flange width = 8.97"
k = (0.415 + 0.585) * 1.3 = 1.30"
d
c
= 22.56 + 2 * 0.585 - 2 * 1.30 = 21.13
(d
c
/ t
w
) / (l / b
f
) = (21.13 / 0.415) / (360 / 8.97) = 1.269
For (d
c
/ t
w
) / (l / b
f
) = 1.269 <=1.7,
Limit state wheel load, R
n
= 24000 * t
w
3
/ (h) * [0.4 * (d
c
* b
f
/ (l * t
w
))
3
]
R
n
= 24000 * 0.4153 / (22.56) * [0.4 * (21.13 * 8.97 / (360 * 0.415))
3
] = 62.08 k
Allowable wheel load, ASD, R
n
/ = 62.08 / 1.50 = 41.39 k > 25.85 kips
Member is okay.
See program output below.
==============================================================================
Crane Beam Design 4/14/09 2:33pm
==============================================================================
CRANE BEAM ID: 1
-----------------
BEAM SELECTED
-------------
Wide Flange Beam: W24x68
Top Channel : --------
SHEAR & SIDESWAY BUCKLING:
-------------------------
--------Sidesway_Buckling---------
[(h/tw)/(L/bf)] Wheel_Load(k )
Calc Limit Calc Limit UC
----- ----- ----- ----- ----
1.27 1.70 25.85 41.40 0.62
Conclusion: If the crane wheel load is greater than 41.40 kips, beam is inadequate.
-----------REVISION DATED April 30, 2012----------
The AISC 05 criterion on sidesway buckling is more up to date than the AISC 89 criteria. For those
engineers that want to use the AISC89 code for structural design and also want the latest AISC 05 for
sidesway buckling there is an option to use the AISC 05 sidesway buckling criteria with the AISC 89
structural code. If so, then set this parameter.
DS_BUILD(SW86) - Crane runway beam sidesway buckling formula used with the AISC 89
structural code.
F. AISC 89 CRITERIA, OPTION
0.0 - Use AISC 89
1.0 - Use AISC 05 (see PE 7-06-3)
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The AISC 05 equation includes the added term of t
f
/ h and a different constant.
Use the same section found in Section E.1 above as a W24x68 without a cap channel when M
u
< M
y
.
h = web depth = 22.56"
t
w
= 0.415"
l = unbraced length of top flange = 30 * 12 = 360"
b
f
= compression flange width (beam) = 8.97"
t
f
= compression flange thickness (beam) = 0.585"
k = (0.415 + 0.585) * 1.3 = 1.30"
d
c
= 22.56 + 2 * 0.585 - 2 * 1.30 = 21.13
Calculate (d
c
/ t
w
) / (l / b
f
) = (21.13 / 0.415) / (360 / 8.97) = 1.269
For (d
c
/ t
w
) / (l / b
f
) = 1.269 <= 1.7,
Using AISC 89, DS_BUILD(sw86) = 0.0
R
n
= 24000 * t
w
3
/ (h) * [0.4 * (d
c
* b
f
/ (l * t
w
))
3
]
R
n
= 24000 * 0.415
3
/ (22.56) * [0.4 * (1.269)
3
] = 62.08 k
Allowable wheel load, ASD, R
n
/ = 62.08 / 1.50 = 41.43 k > 25.85 kips. Member is okay.
Using AISC 05, DS_BUILD(sw86) = 1.0
h = d
c
= 21.13
R
n
= 960000 * t
w
3
* t
f
/ (h)
2
* [0.4 * (h* b
f
/ (l * t
w
))
3
]
R
n
= 960000 * 0.415
3
* 0.585 / (21.13)
2
* [0.4 * (1.269)
3
] = 73.48 k
Wheel load Limit, ASD, R
n
/ = 73.48 / 1.76 = 41.75 k > 25.85 kips. Member is okay.
Though in this example the two codes result in nearly the same capacity, other sections may provide a
greater disparity due to the flange thickness being used in the AISC 05 equation. Using the welded plate
section below will illustrate how the AISC 89 formula may not be conservative.
h = web depth = 17.43"
t
w
= 0.196"
l = unbraced length of top flange = 24.61 * 12 = 295.27"
b
f
= compression flange width (beam) = 4.92"
t
f
= compression flange thickness (beam) = 0.236"
Calculate (d
c
/ t
w
) / (l / b
f
) = (17.43 / 0.196) / (295.27 / 4.92) = 1.482
For (d
c
/ t
w
) / (l / b
f
) = 1.482 <= 1.7
Using AISC 89, DS_BUILD(sw86) = 0.0
R
n
= 24000 * t
w
3
/ (h) * [0.4 * (d
c
* b
f
/ (l * t
w
))
3
]
R
n
= 24000 * 0.196
3
/ (17.43) * [0.4 * (1.482)
3
] = 13.49 k
Wheel load Limit, ASD, R
n
/ = 13.49 / 1.50= 8.99 kip
Using AISC 05, DS_BUILD(sw86) = 1.0
h = d
c
= 17.43
R
n
= 960000 * t
w
3
* t
f
/ (h)
2
* [0.4 * (d
c
* b
f
/ (l * t
w
))
3
]
F.1 EXAMPLE
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R
n
= 960000 * 0.196
3
* 0.236 / (17.43)
2
* [0.4 * (1.482)
3
] = 7.31k
Wheel load Limit, ASD, R
n
/ = 7.31 / 1.76 = 4.22 kips
Conclusion:
The AISC 05 equation is generally more conservative than AISC 89 due to including the flange thickness
in the sidesway formula.
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