AMC 8 2008-2009 - American Mathematics Competition - AMC 8 Math Club 2008-2009 - 132p
AMC 8 2008-2009 - American Mathematics Competition - AMC 8 Math Club 2008-2009 - 132p
AMC 8 2008-2009 - American Mathematics Competition - AMC 8 Math Club 2008-2009 - 132p
2
2
(B)
2
4
(C)
2 1 (D)
1
2
(E)
1 +
2
4
1
39
AMC 8 Practice Quiz
Sequences, II
1. Terri produces a sequence of positive integers by following three rules. She
starts with a positive integer, then applies the appropriate rule to the result,
and continues in this fashion.
Rule 1: If the integer is less than 10, multiply it by 9.
Rule 2: If the integer is even and greater than 9, divide it by 2.
Rule 3: If the integer is odd and greater than 9, subtract 5 from it.
A sample sequence: 23, 18, 9, 81, 76, . . . Find the 98th term of the sequence
that begins 98, 49, . . .
(A) 6 (B) 11 (C) 22 (D) 27 (E) 54
2. The Fibonacci sequence 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, . . . start with two 1s and each
term afterwards is the sum of its two predecessors. Which of the ten digits is
the last to appear in the units position of a number in the Fibonacci sequence?
(A) 0 (B) 4 (C) 6 (D) 7 (E) 9
3. Let {a
k
} be a sequence of integers such that a
1
= 1 and a
m+n
= a
m
+a
n
+mn
for all positive integers m and n. Then a
12
is
(A) 45 (B) 56 (C) 67 (D) 78 (E) 89
4. A sequence of three real numbers forms an arithmetic progression with a rst
term of 9. If 2 is added to the second term and 20 is added to the third term, the
resulting numbers form a geometric progression. What is the smallest possible
value for the third term of the geometric progression?
(A) 1 (B) 4 (C) 36 (D) 48 (E) 81
5. In the sequence 2001,2002,2003, . . ., each term after the third is found by
subtracting the previous term from the sum of the two terms that precede that
term. For example, the fourth term is 2001+2002-2003=2000. What is the
2004th term in this sequence?
(A) 2004 (B) 2 (C) 0 (D) 4003 (E) 6007
1
40
AMC 8 Practice Quiz
Solid Geometry, II
1. Which pattern of identical squares could NOT be folded along the lines shown
to form a cube?
(A) (B) (C)
(D) (E)
2. A cube has eight vertices and 12 edges. A segment, such as x, which joins two
vertices not joined by an edge is called a diagonal. Segment y is also a diagonal.
How many diagonals does a cube have?
x
y
(A) 6 (B) 8 (C) 12 (D) 14 (E) 16
3. Fourteen white cubes are put together to form the gure illustrated. The com-
plete surface of the gure, including the bottom, is painted red. The gure is
then separated into individual cubes. How many of the cubes have exactly four
red faces?
(A) 4 (B) 6 (C) 8 (D) 10 (E) 12
1
41
AMC 8 Practice Quiz
Answers
Averages, p. 32
1. (D) 1986 AMC 8 Problem #25 H 12.46
2. (C) 1988 AMC 8 Problem #21 H 17.65
3. (B) 1989 AMC 8 Problem #17 MH 38.37
4. (C) 1991 AMC 8 Problem #19 H 12.53
5. (B) 1992 AMC 8 Problem #13 H 15.06
6. (A) 1993 AMC 8 Problem #15 M 47.21
7. (D) 2002 AMC 10 A Problem #21 MH 34.20
Counting, II p. 33
1. (D) 2003 AMC 10 A Problem #21 H 18.76
2. (C) 2003 AMC 10 B Problem #10 MH 33.34
3. (E) 2003 AMC 10 B Problem #16 M 48.24
4. (B) 2004 AMC 8 Problem #2 M 44.49
5. (B) 2004 AMC 8 Problem #4 M 51.14
6. (C) 2004 AMC 10 A Problem #12 E 83.13
7. (B) 2005 AMC 8 Problem #14 MH 35.54
Distributions, II p.34
1. (C) 1993 AMC 8 Problem #11 MH 34.63
2. (A) 1993 AMC 8 Problem #15 M 47.21
3. (D) 1995 AMC 8 Problem #19 MH 21.80
4. (D) 1997 AMC 8 Problem #14 MH 21.91
5. (C) 1999 AMC 8 Problem #13 MH 28.13
6. (B) 2000 AMC 8 Problem #23 MH 29.51
Probability, II p.35
1. (B) 1995 AMC 8 Problem #20 H 16.12
2. (A) 1996 AMC 8 Problem #25 H 16.54
3. (A) 1997 AMC 8 Problem #20 H 15.76
4. (A) 1998 AMC 8 Problem #19 H 15.57
5. (E) 1999 AMC 8 Problem #10 M 46.73
6. (B) 2000 AMC 8 Problem #22 H 17.78
Probability/Statistics, II p. 36
1. (B) 1992 AMC 8 Problem #13 H 15.06
2. (A) 1993 AMC 8 Problem #15 M 47.21
3. (C) 1994 AMC 8 Problem #21 H 18.81
4. (B) 1995 AMC 8 Problem #20 H 16.12
5. (A) 1996 AMC 8 Problem #25 H 16.54
6. (A) 1998 AMC 8 Problem #19 H 15.57
7. (D) 2002 AMC 10 A Problem #21 H 6.26
Pythagorean, II p. 37
1. (B) 2003 AMC 8 Problem #21 MH 32.62
2. (D) 2003 AMC 10 B Problem #6 MH 38.48
3. (D) 2004 AMC 8 Problem #25 H 13.12
4. (A) 2004 AMC 10 B Problem #8 E 98.16
5. (B) 2005 AMC 8 Problem #7 MH 22.26
6. (A) 2005 AMC 8 Problem #19 MH 38.79
Rectangles, II p. 38
1. (B) 2001 AMC 10 Problem #24 [H 7.21
2. (A) 2003 AMC 10 B Problem #4 E 82.92
3. (D) 2003 AMC 10 B Problem #6 MH 38.48
4. (D) 2003 AMC 10 B Problem #23 H 10.86
5. (C) 2005 AMC 8 Problem #13 MH 24.92
Sequences, II p.39
1. (D) 1998 AMC 8 Problem #22 MH 23.01
2. (C) 2000 AMC 10 Problem #6 MH 26.36
3. (D) 2002 AMC 10 B Problem #23 H 6.58
4. (A) 2004 AMC 10 A Problem #18 MH 32.65
5. (C) 2004 AMC 10 B Problem #19 E 84.84
Solid Geometry, II p. 40
1. (D) 1992 AMC 8 Problem #20 M 44.13
2. (E) 1997 AMC 8 Problem #17 MH 30.36
3. (B) 2003 AMC 8 Problem #13 M 54.30
4. (B) 2003 AMC 8 Problem #15 MH 33.38
42
AMC 8 Practice Problems
NCTM Standards Listng
Te folllowing list shows the range of of Practice Questions diculty, with E = Easy, M-E = Medium-easy, M = Me-
dium, M-H = Medium-hard, and H = Hard, and the corresponding NCTM Standards they ll.
Q# Page Di NCTM Standard ................ Denitions
m07-20 63 MH-26.60 Algebra .................................Represent and analyze mathematical situations and structures using algebraic symbols.
m07-04 47 M-46.66 Algebra .................................Use mathematical models to represent and understand quantitative relationships.
m07-01 44 E-84.11 Algebra .................................Use mathematical models to represent and understand quantitative relationships.
m99-18 86 MH-27.12 Algebra .................................Use symbolic algebra to represent situations and to solve problems, especially those that involve
linear relationships.
m99-19 87 MH-35.91 Algebra .................................Use symbolic algebra to represent situations and to solve problems, especially those that involve
linear relationships.
m99-17 85 M-42.22 Algebra .................................Use symbolic algebra to represent situations and to solve problems, especially those that involve
linear relationships.
m99-16 84 M-44.75 Algebra .................................Use symbolic algebra to represent situations and to solve problems, especially those that involve
linear relationships.
m99-13 81 MH-28.13 Data Analysis & Probability ..Find, use, and interpret measures of center and spread, including mean and interquartile range.
m07-25 68 H-12.89 Data Analysis & Probability ..Understand and apply basic concepts of probability.
m07-24 67 H-17.24 Data Analysis & Probability ..Understand and apply basic concepts of probability.
m99-12 80 M-44.16 Data Analysis & Probability ..Use proportionality and a basic understanding of probability to make and test conjectures about
the results of experiments and simulations.
m99-04 72 E-92.30 Data Analysis & Probability ..Discuss and understand the correspondence between data sets and their graphical
representations.
m99-10 78 M-46.73 Data Analysis & Probability ..Use proportionality and a basic understanding of probability to make and test conjectures about
the results of experiments and simulations.
m99-20 88 M-40.59 Geometry .............................Analyze characteristics and properties of two- and three-dimensional geometric shapes and develop
mathematical arguments about geometric relationships.
m99-05 73 MH-34.76 Geometry .............................Draw geometric objects with specied properties, such as side lengths or angle measures.
m07-11 54 MH-35.82 Geometry .............................Examine the congruence, similarity, and line or rotational symmetry of objects using
transformations.
m07-23 66 MH-24.48 Geometry .............................Precisely describe, classify, and understand relationships among types of two- and three-dimensional
objects using their dening properties.
m99-02 70 M-45.79 Geometry .............................Precisely describe, classify, and understand relationships among types of two- and three-dimensional
objects using their dening properties.
m07-08 51 M-55.65 Geometry .............................Precisely describe, classify, and understand relationships among types of two- and three-dimensional
objects using their dening properties.
m07-16 59 MH-25.94 Geometry .............................Specify locations and describe spatial relationships using coordinate geometry and other
representational systems.
m07-14 57 H-17.20 Geometry .............................Understand relationships among the angles, side lengths, perimeters, areas, and volumes of similar objects.
m99-23 91 H-17.98 Geometry .............................Understand relationships among the angles, side lengths, perimeters, areas, and volumes of similar objects.
m99-25 93 H-18.36 Geometry .............................Understand relationships among the angles, side lengths, perimeters, areas, and volumes of similar objects.
m99-21 89 MH-24.66 Geometry .............................Understand relationships among the angles, side lengths, perimeters, areas, and volumes of similar objects.
m99-14 82 MH-25.65 Geometry .............................Understand relationships among the angles, side lengths, perimeters, areas, and volumes of similar objects.
m07-12 55 M-44.14 Geometry .............................Understand relationships among the angles, side lengths, perimeters, areas, and volumes of similar objects.
m99-24 92 MH-21.10 Geometry .............................Understand the meaning and eects of arithmetic operations with fractions, decimals, and integers.
m99-07 75 MH-20.30 Geometry .............................Use geometric models to represent and explain numerical and algebraic relationships.
m99-09 77 M-54.17 Geometry .............................Use geometric models to represent and explain numerical and algebraic relationships.
m99-08 76 ME-65.38 Geometry .............................Use two-dimensional representations of three-dimensional objects to visualize and solve problems
such as those involving surface area and volume.
m07-22 65 MH-22.95 Geometry .............................Use visualization, spatial reasoning, and geometric modeling to solve problems.
m99-22 90 MH-32.34 Number & Operations .........Understand and use ratios and proportions to represent quantitative relationships.
m07-02 45 ME-65.97 Number & Operations .........Understand and use ratios and proportions to represent quantitative relationships.
m07-10 53 MH-22.12 Number & Operations .........Understand meanings of operations and how they relate to one another.
m07-15 58 M-42.74 Number & Operations .........Understand meanings of operations and how they relate to one another.
m07-18 61 M-45.39 Number & Operations .........Understand meanings of operations and how they relate to one another.
m99-01 69 E-80.22 Number & Operations .........Understand meanings of operations and how they relate to one another.
m99-15 83 MH-23.36 Number & Operations .........Understand numbers, ways of representing numbers, relationships among numbers, and number systems.
m07-13 56 H-16.25 Number & Operations .........Understand numbers, ways of representing numbers, relationships among numbers, and number systems.
m07-19 62 MH-22.97 Number & Operations .........Understand numbers, ways of representing numbers, relationships among numbers, and number systems.
m07-07 50 M-57.88 Number & Operations .........Understand numbers, ways of representing numbers, relationships among numbers, and number systems.
m07-09 52 ME-76.94 Number & Operations .........Understand numbers, ways of representing numbers, relationships among numbers, and number systems.
m07-03 46 ME-63.43 Number & Operations .........Use factors, multiples, prime factorization, and relatively prime numbers to solve problems.
m07-06 49 MH-28.83 Number & Operations .........Work exibly with fractions, decimals, and percents to solve problems.
m07-17 60 MH-33.75 Number & Operations .........Work exibly with fractions, decimals, and percents to solve problems.
m99-03 71 ME-64.72 Number & Operations .........Select appropriate methods and tools for computing with fractions and decimals from among mental
computation, estimation, calculators or computers, and paper and pencil, depending on the
situation, and apply the selected methods.
m07-21 64 H-12.47 Probability ............................Understand and apply basic concepts of probability.
m99-06 74 E-86.55 Problem Solving ...................Apply and adapt a variety of appropriate strategies to solve problems.
m99-11 79 MH-35.64 Problem Solving ...................Solve problems that arise in mathematics and in other contexts.
m07-05 48 E-84.94 Problem Solving ...................Solve problems that arise in mathematics and in other contexts.
Practce Worksheets
43
AMC 8 Practice Problems
MathWorld.com Classifcatons
Te following list shows the Mathworld.com Classications for the various questions, with the corresponding NCTM
Standard category and the diculty level.
Q# Page Di-% Mathworld.com Classication
m99-11 79 MH-35.64 Algebra > Sums
m07-10 53 MH-22.12 Calculus & Analysis > Functions > Unary Operation
m07-15 58 M-42.74 Calculus & Analysis > Inequalities > Inequality
m99-13 81 MH-28.13 Calculus & Analysis > Special Functions > Means > Arithmetic Mean
m07-07 50 M-57.88 Calculus & Analysis > Special Functions > Means > Arithmetic Mean
m99-24 92 MH-21.10 Calculus & Analysis > Special Functions > Powers
m07-04 47 M-46.66 Discrete Mathematics > Combinatorics > General Combinatorics > Counting Generalized Principle
m99-15 83 MH-23.36 Discrete Mathematics > Combinatorics > Permutations > Combination
m07-13 56 H-16.25 Foundations of Mathematics > Logic > General Logic > Venn Diagram
m99-20 88 M-40.59 Geometry > Geometric Construction
m07-25 68 H-12.89 Geometry > Plane Geometry > Circles > Circle
m07-16 59 MH-25.94 Geometry > Plane Geometry > Circles > Circle
m99-23 91 H-17.98 Geometry > Plane Geometry > Miscellaneous Plane Geometry > Area
m99-25 93 H-18.36 Geometry > Plane Geometry > Miscellaneous Plane Geometry > Area
m99-05 73 MH-34.76 Geometry > Plane Geometry > Miscellaneous Plane Geometry > Area
m07-12 55 M-44.14 Geometry > Plane Geometry > Polygons > Hexagram
m99-14 82 MH-25.65 Geometry > Plane Geometry > Quadrilaterals > Isosceles Trapezoid
m07-08 51 M-55.65 Geometry > Plane Geometry > Quadrilaterals > Trapezoid
m99-05 73 MH-34.76 Geometry > Plane Geometry > Squares
m07-22 65 MH-22.95 Geometry > Plane Geometry > Squares > Square
m07-23 66 MH-24.48 Geometry > Plane Geometry > Squares > Square
m07-11 54 MH-35.82 Geometry > Plane Geometry > Tiling > Tessellation
m07-14 57 H-17.20 Geometry > Plane Geometry > Triangles > Special Triangles > Other Triangles > Isosceles Triangle
m07-23 66 MH-24.48 Geometry > Plane Geometry > Triangles > Special Triangles > Other Triangles > Triangle
m99-21 89 MH-24.66 Geometry > Plane Geometry > Triangles > Special Triangles > Other Triangles > Triangle
m99-20 88 M-40.59 Geometry > Solid Geometry > Polyhedra > Cubes
m99-08 76 ME-65.38 Geometry > Solid Geometry > Polyhedra > Cubes
m99-21 89 MH-24.66 Geometry > Trigonometry > Angles
m99-02 70 M-45.79 Geometry > Trigonometry > Angles
m99-04 72 E-92.30 History & Terminology > Terminology > Diagram
m99-06 74 E-86.55 History & Terminology > Terminology > Order
m99-09 77 M-54.17 Number Teory > Arithmetic > Addition & Subtraction
m07-03 46 ME-63.43 Number Teory > Arithmetic > Addition & Subtraction > Addition
m99-03 71 ME-64.72 Number Teory > Arithmetic > Addition & Subtraction > Addition
m99-01 69 E-80.22 Number Teory > Arithmetic > Addition & Subtraction > Subtraction
m99-07 75 MH-20.30 Number Teory > Arithmetic > Fractions
m99-22 90 MH-32.34 Number Teory > Arithmetic > Fractions
m07-03 46 ME-63.43 Number Teory > Arithmetic > Fractions
m99-03 71 ME-64.72 Number Teory > Arithmetic > Fractions
m07-20 63 MH-26.60 Number Teory > Arithmetic > Fractions > Percent
m99-18 86 MH-27.12 Number Teory > Arithmetic > Fractions > Percent
m07-06 49 MH-28.83 Number Teory > Arithmetic > Fractions > Percent
m07-17 60 MH-33.75 Number Teory > Arithmetic > Fractions > Percent
m99-12 80 M-44.16 Number Teory > Arithmetic > Fractions > Percent
m99-16 84 M-44.75 Number Teory > Arithmetic > Fractions > Percent
m07-02 45 ME-65.97 Number Teory > Arithmetic > Fractions > Ratio
m07-01 44 E-84.11 Number Teory > Arithmetic > General Arithmetic > Arithmetic
m07-05 48 E-84.94 Number Teory > Arithmetic > General Arithmetic > Arithmetic
m99-18 86 MH-27.12 Number Teory > Arithmetic > Multiplication & Division
m99-19 87 MH-35.91 Number Teory > Arithmetic > Multiplication & Division
m99-17 85 M-42.22 Number Teory > Arithmetic > Multiplication & Division
m07-18 61 M-45.39 Number Teory > Arithmetic > Multiplication & Division > Multiplication
m99-24 92 MH-21.10 Number Teory > Arithmetic > Multiplication & Division > Remainder
m07-19 62 MH-22.97 Number Teory > Special Numbers > Figurate Numbers > Square Numbers > Square
m99-10 78 M-46.73 Probability & Statistics > Probability
m07-25 68 H-12.89 Probability & Statistics > Probability > Probability
m07-21 64 H-12.47 Probability & Statistics > Probability > Probability
m07-24 67 H-17.24 Probability & Statistics > Probability > Probability
m07-09 52 ME-76.94 Recreational Mathematics > Mathematical Records > Latin Square
44
AMC 8 Practice Problems
m07-01
Easy
Algebra
Number Teory > Arithmetic > General > Arithmetic
m07-01
Worksheets
Theresas parents have agreed to buy her tickets to see her
favorite band if she spends an average of 10 hours per week
helping around the house for 6 weeks. For the rst 5 weeks
she helps around the house for 8, 11, 7, 12 and 10 hours. How
many hours must she work during the nal week to earn the
tickets?
(A) 9 (B) 10 (C) 11 (D) 12 (E) 13
2007 AMC 8, Problem #1
Theresa needs to help around the house for a total of 10 6 = 60
hours.
Solution (D) The rst 5 weeks Theresa works a total of 8 + 11 + 7 + 12 + 10 = 48
hours. She has promised to work 6 10 = 60 hours. She must work 60 48 = 12
hours during the nal week.
Diculty: Easy
NCTM Standard: Algebra Standard for Grades 68: use mathematical models to represent and
understand quantitative relationships.
Mathworld.com Classication: Number Theory > Arithmetic > General Arithmetic > Arithmetic
1
45
AMC 8 Practice Problems
m07-02
Medium-easy
Number & Operations
Number Teory > Arithmetic > Fractions > Ratio
m07-02
Six-hundred fty students were surveyed about their pasta
preferences. The choices were lasagna, manicotti, ravioli and
spaghetti. The results of the survey are displayed in the bar
graph. What is the ratio of the number of students who
preferred spaghetti to the number of students who preferred
manicotti?
250
L
a
s
a
g
n
a
M
a
n
i
c
o
t
t
i
R
a
v
i
o
l
i
S
p
a
g
h
e
t
t
i
200
150
100
50
N
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
p
e
o
p
l
e
(A)
2
5
(B)
1
2
(C)
5
4
(D)
5
3
(E)
5
2
2007 AMC 8, Problem #2
Represent quantitative relationships with ratios.
Solution (E) The ratio of the number of students who preferred spaghetti to the
number of students who preferred manicotti is
250
100
=
5
2
.
Diculty: Medium-easy
NCTM Standard: Number and Operations Standard for Grades 68: understand and use ratios and
proportions to represent quantitative relationships.
Mathworld.com Classication: Number Theory > Arithmetic > Fractions > Ratio
2
46
AMC 8 Practice Problems
m07-03
Medium-easy
Number & Operations
Number Teory > Prime Numbers > Prime Factorization
m07-03
What is the sum of the two smallest prime factors of 250?
(A) 2 (B) 5 (C) 7 (D) 10 (E) 12
2007 AMC 8, Problem #3
Write out the prime factorization of 250.
Solution (C) The prime factorization of 250 is 2 5 5 5. The sum of 2 and 5 is 7.
Diculty: Medium-easy
NCTM Standard: Number and Operations Standard for Grades 68: use factors, multiples, prime
factorization, and relatively prime numbers to solve problems.
Mathworld.com Classication: Number Theory > Prime Numbers > Prime Factorization
3
47
AMC 8 Practice Problems
m07-04
Medium-easy
Algebra
Discrete Mathematics > Combinatorics > General Conbinatorics > Counting Generalized Principle
m07-04
A haunted house has six windows. In how many ways can
Georgie the Ghost enter the house by one window and leave
by a dierent window?
(A) 12 (B) 15 (C) 18 (D) 30 (E) 36
2007 AMC 8, Problem #4
After Georgie picks the rst window, how many choices does he
have for picking the second window?
Solution (D) Georgie has 6 choices for the window in which to enter. After entering,
Georgie has 5 choices for the window from which to exit. So altogether there are
6 5 = 30 dierent ways for Georgie to enter one window and exit another.
Diculty: Medium
NCTM Standard: Algebra Standard for Grades 68: use mathematical models to represent and
understand quantitative relationships.
Mathworld.com Classication: Discrete Mathematics > Combinatorics > General Combinatorics >
Counting Generalized Principle
4
48
AMC 8 Practice Problems
m07-05
Easy
Problem Solving
Number Teory > Arithmetic > General Arithmetic > Arithmetic
m07-05
Chandler wants to buy a $500 mountain bike. For his birthday,
his grandparents send him $50, his aunt sends him $35 and
his cousin gives him $15. He earns $16 per week for his paper
route. He will use all of his birthday money and all of the
money he earns from his paper route. In how many weeks will
he be able to buy the mountain bike?
(A) 24 (B) 25 (C) 26 (D) 27 (E) 28
2007 AMC 8, Problem #5
How many dollars does Chandler have to earn from his paper
route?
Solution (B) For his birthday, Chandler gets 50 + 35 + 15 = 100 dollars. Therefore,
he needs 500 100 = 400 dollars more. It will take Chandler 400 16 = 25 weeks to
earn 400 dollars, so he can buy his bike after 25 weeks.
Diculty: Easy
NCTM Standard: Problem Solving for Grades 68: solve problems that arise in mathematics and in
other contexts.
Mathworld.com Classication: Number Theory > Arithmetic > General Arithmetic > Arithmetic
5
49
AMC 8 Practice Problems
m07-06
Medium-hard
Number & Operations
Number Teory > Arithmetic > Fractions > Percent
m07-06
The average cost of a long-distance call in the USA in 1985
was 41 cents per minute, and the average cost of a long-
distance call in the USA in 2005 was 7 cents per minute. Find
the approximate percent decrease in the cost per minute of a
long-distance call.
(A) 7 (B) 17 (C) 34 (D) 41 (E) 80
2007 AMC 8, Problem #6
Percentage decreased =
price dierence
old price
.
Solution (E) The dierence in the cost of a long-distance call per minute from 1985
to 2005 was 41 7 = 34 cents. The percent decrease is 100
34
41
100
32
40
=
100
8
10
= 80%.
Diculty: Medium-hard
NCTM Standard: Number and Operations for Grades 68: work exibly with fractions, decimals, and
percents to solve problems.
Mathworld.com Classication: Number Theory > Arithmetic > Fractions > Percent
6
50
AMC 8 Practice Problems
m07-07
Medium
Number & Operations
Calculus & Analysis > Special Functions > Means > Arithmetic Mean
m07-07
The average age of 5 people in a room is 30 years. An 18-
year-old person leaves the room. What is the average age of
the four remaining people?
(A) 25 (B) 26 (C) 29 (D) 33 (E) 36
2007 AMC 8, Problem #7
What is the sum of the ages of the people in the room originally?
Solution (D) Originally the sum of the ages of the people in the room is 530 = 150.
After the 18-year-old leaves, the sum of the ages of the remaining people is 150 18 =
132. So the average age of the four remaining people is
132
4
= 33 years.
OR
The 18-year-old is 12 years younger than 30, so the four remaining people are an average
of
12
4
= 3 years older than 30.
Diculty: Medium
NCTM Standard: Number and Operations for Grades 68: understand numbers, ways of representing
numbers, relationships among numbers, and number systems.
Mathworld.com Classication: Calculus and Analysis > Special Functions > Means > Arithmetic Mean
7
51
AMC 8 Practice Problems
m07-08
Medium
Geometry
Geometry > Plane Geometry > Quadrilaterals > Trapezoid
m07-08
In trapezoid ABCD, AD is perpendicular to DC, AD =
AB = 3, and DC = 6. In addition, E is on DC, and BE is
parallel to AD. Find the area of BEC.
A
D
E
C
B
3
3
6
(A) 3 (B) 4.5 (C) 6 (D) 9 (E) 18
2007 AMC 8, Problem #8
Triangle BEC is a right triangle.
Solution (B) Note that ABED is a square with side 3.
Subtract DE from DC, to nd that EC,
the base of BEC, has length 3. The area
of BEC is
1
2
3 3 =
9
2
= 4.5.
A
D
E
C
B
3
3
3 3
3
OR
The area of the BEC is the area of the trapezoid ABCD minus the area of the
square ABED. The area of BEC is
1
2
(3 + 6)3 3
2
= 13.5 9 = 4.5.
Diculty: Medium
NCTM Standard: Geometry for Grades 68: precisely describe, classify, and understand relationships
among types of two- and three-dimensional objects using their dening properties.
Mathworld.com Classication: Geometry > Plane Geometry > Quadrilaterals > Trapezoid
8
52
AMC 8 Practice Problems
m07-09
Medium-easy
Number & Operations
Recreational Mathematics > Mathematical Records > Latin Square
m07-09
To complete the grid below, each of the digits 1 through 4
must occur once in each row and once in each column. What
number will occupy the lower right-hand square?
1
2 3
2
4
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4 (E) cannot be determined
2007 AMC 8, Problem #9
The number in the last column of the second row must be 1.
Solution (B) The number in the last column of the second row must be 1 because
there are already a 2 and a 3 in the second row and a 4 in the last column. By similar
reasoning, the number above the 1 must be 3. So the number in the lower right-hand
square must be 2. This is not the only way to nd the solution.
1
2 3
2
4
3
1
2
The completed square is
1
2 3
2
4
3 4
2
1
4
4 3
3 1
1
2
Diculty: Medium-easy
NCTM Standard: Number and Operations for Grades 68: understand numbers, ways of representing
numbers, relationships among numbers, and number systems.
Mathworld.com Classication: Recreational Mathematics > Mathematical Records > Latin Square
9
53
AMC 8 Practice Problems
m07-10
Medium-hard
Number & Operations
Calculus & Analysis > Functions > Unary Operation
m07-10
For any positive integer n, dene n to be the sum of the
positive factors of n. For example, 6 = 1 + 2 + 3 + 6 = 12.
Find 11 .
(A) 13 (B) 20 (C) 24 (D) 28 (E) 30
2007 AMC 8, Problem #10
11 = 1 + 11 = 12 .
Solution (D) First calculate 11 = 1 + 11 = 12. So
11 = 12 = 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 6 + 12 = 28
.
Diculty: Medium-hard
NCTM Standard: Number and Operations for Grades 68: understand meanings of operations and how
they relate to one another.
Mathworld.com Classication: Calculus and Analysis > Functions > Unary Operation
10
54
AMC 8 Practice Problems
m07-11
Medium-hard
Geometry
Geometry > Plane Geometry > Tessellation
m07-11
Tiles I, II, III and IV are translated so one tile coincides
with each of the rectangles A, B, C and D. In the nal
arrangement, the two numbers on any side common to two
adjacent tiles must be the same. Which of the tiles is
translated to Rectangle C?
C D
A B
I
3
7
9
8
II
4
2
3
6
III
1
0
5
7
IV
9
6
1
2
(A) I (B) II (C) III (D) IV (E) cannot be determined
2007 AMC 8, Problem #11
Because Tile III has a 0 on the bottom edge and there is no 0
on any other tile, Tile III must be placed on C or D.
Solution (D) Because Tile III has a 0 on the bottom edge and there is no 0 on any
other tile, Tile III must be placed on C or D. Because Tile III has a 5 on the right
edge and there is no 5 on any other tile, Tile III must be placed on the right, on D.
Because Tile III has a 1 on the left edge and only Tile IV has a 1 on the right edge,
Tile IV must be placed to the left of Tile III, that is, on C .
3
7
9
8
4
2
3
6
1
0
5
7
9
6
1
2
C D
A B
II I
III IV
Diculty: Medium-hard
NCTM Standard: Geometry for Grades 68: examine the congruence, similarity, and line or rotational
symmetry of objects using transformations.
Mathworld.com Classication: Geometry > Plane Geometry > Tiling > Tessellation
11
55
AMC 8 Practice Problems
m07-12
Medium
Geometry
Geometry > Plane Geometry > Polygons > Hexagram
m07-12
A unit hexagram is composed of a regular hexagon of side
length 1 and its 6 equilateral triangular extensions, as shown
in the diagram. What is the ratio of the area of the extensions
to the area of the original hexagon?
(A) 1 : 1 (B) 6 : 5 (C) 3 : 2 (D) 2 : 1 (E) 3 : 1
2007 AMC 8, Problem #12
Use diagonals to cut the hexagon into 6 congruent triangles.
Solution (A) Use diagonals to cut the hexagon into 6 congruent triangles. Because
each exterior triangle is also equilateral and shares an edge with an internal triangle,
each exterior triangle is congruent to each interior triangle. Therefore, the ratio of the
area of the extensions to the area of the hexagon is 1:1.
Diculty: Medium
NCTM Standard: Geometry for Grades 68: understand relationships among the angles, side lengths,
perimeters, areas, and volumes of similar objects.
Mathworld.com Classication: Geometry > Plane Geometry > Polygons > Hexagram
12
56
AMC 8 Practice Problems
m07-13
Hard
Number & Operations
Foundations of Mathematics > Logic > General Logic > Venn Diagram
m07-13
Sets A and B, shown in the Venn diagram, have the same
number of elements. Their union has 2007 elements and their
intersection has 1001 elements. Find the number of elements
in A.
A
1001
B
(A) 503 (B) 1006 (C) 1504 (D) 1507 (E) 1510
2007 AMC 8, Problem #13
The sum of elements in A and B is 2007 + 1001 = 3008.
Solution (C) Let C denote the set of elements that are in A but not in B. Let D
denote the set of elements that are in B but not in A. Because sets A and B have the
same number of elements, the number of elements in C is the same as the number of
elements in D. This number is half the number of elements in the union of A and B
minus the intersection of A and B. That is, the number of elements in each of C and
D is
1
2
(2007 1001) =
1
2
1006 = 503.
Adding the number of elements in A and B to the number in A but not in B gives
1001 + 503 = 1504 elements in A.
C
1001 503 503
D
B A
OR
Let x be the number of elements each in A and B. Then 2x 1001=2007, 2x=3008
and x=1504.
Diculty: Hard
NCTM Standard: Number and Operations for Grades 68: understand numbers, ways of representing
numbers, relationships among numbers, and number systems.
Mathworld.com Classication: Foundations of Mathematics > Logic > General Logic > Venn Diagram
13
57
AMC 8 Practice Problems
m07-14
Hard
Geometry
Geometry > Plane Geometry > Triangles > Special Triangles > Other Triangles > Isosceles Triangle
m07-14
The base of isosceles ABC is 24 and its area is 60. What
is the length of one of the congruent sides?
(A) 5 (B) 8 (C) 13 (D) 14 (E) 18
2007 AMC 8, Problem #14
Draw BD to be the altitude from B to AC.
Solution (C) Let BD be the altitude from B to AC in ABC.
B
A D C
Then 60 = the area of ABC =
1
2
24 BD, so BD = 5. Because ABC is
isosceles, ABD and CBD are congruent right triangles. This means that AD =
DC =
24
2
= 12. Applying the Pythagorean Theorem to ABD gives
AB
2
= 5
2
+ 12
2
= 169 = 13
2
, so AB = 13.
Diculty: Hard
NCTM Standard: Geometry for Grades 68: understand relationships among the angles, side lengths,
perimeters, areas, and volumes of similar objects.
Mathworld.com Classication: Geometry > Plane Geometry > Triangles > Special Triangles > Other
Triangles > Isosceles Triangle
14
58
AMC 8 Practice Problems
m07-15
Medium
Number & Operations
Calculus & Analysis > Inequalities > Inequality
m07-15
Let a, b and c be numbers with 0 < a < b < c. Which of the
following is impossible?
(A) a + c < b (B) a b < c (C) a + b < c (D) a c < b (E)
b
c
= a
2007 AMC 8, Problem #15
Note that a, b, c are all positive numbers.
Solution (A) Because b < c and 0 < a, adding corresponding sides of the inequalities
gives b < a+c, so (A) is impossible. To see that the other choices are possible, consider
the following choices for a, b, and c:
(B) and (C): a = 1, b = 2, and c = 4;
(D): a =
1
3
, b = 1, and c = 2;
(E): a =
1
2
, b = 1, and c = 2.
Diculty: Medium
NCTM Standard: Number and Operations for Grades 68: understand meanings of operations and how
they relate to one another.
Mathworld.com Classication: Calculus and Analysis > Inequalities > Inequality
15
59
AMC 8 Practice Problems
m07-16
Medium-hard
Geometry
Geometry > Plane Geometry > Circles > Circle
m07-16
Amanda Reckonwith draws ve circles with radii 1, 2, 3, 4 and
5. Then for each circle she plots the point (C, A), where C
is its circumference and A is its area. Which of the following
could be her graph?
(A)
A
C
(B)
A
C
(C)
A
C
(D)
A
C
(E)
A
C
2007 AMC 8, Problem #16
Find the circumferences and areas for the ve circles.
Solution (A) The circumferences of circles with radii 1 through 5 are 2, 4, 6, 8
and 10, respectively. Their areas are, respectively, , 4, 9, 16 and 25. The points
(2, ), (4, 4), (6, 9), (8, 16) and (10, 25) are graphed in (A). It is the only
graph of an increasing quadratic function, called a parabola .
Diculty: Medium-hard
NCTM Standard: Geometry for Grades 68: specify locations and describe spatial relationships using
coordinate geometry and other representational systems.
Mathworld.com Classication: Geometry > Plane Geometry > Circles > Circle
16
60
AMC 8 Practice Problems
m07-17
Medium-hard
Number & Operations
Number Teory > Arithmetic > Fractions > Percent
m07-17
A mixture of 30 liters of paint is 25% red tint, 30% yellow
tint and 45% water. Five liters of yellow tint are added to the
original mixture. What is the percent of yellow tint in the new
mixture?
(A) 25 (B) 35 (C) 40 (D) 45 (E) 50
2007 AMC 8, Problem #17
There are 0.30(30) = 9 liters of yellow tint in the original 30-liter
mixture.
Solution (C) There are 0.30(30) = 9 liters of yellow tint in the original 30-liter mixture.
After adding 5 liters of yellow tint, 14 of the 35 liters of the new mixture are yellow
tint. The percent of yellow tint in the new mixture is 100
14
35
= 100
2
5
or 40%.
Diculty: Medium-hard
NCTM Standard: Number and Operations for Grades 68: work exibly with fractions, decimals, and
percents to solve problems.
Mathworld.com Classication: Number Theory > Arithmetic > Fractions > Percent
17
61
AMC 8 Practice Problems
m07-18
Medium
Number & Operations
Number Teory > Arithmetic > Multiplication & Division > Multiplication
m07-18
The product of the two 99-digit numbers
303,030,303, . . . ,030,303 and 505,050,505, . . . ,050,505
has thousands digit A and units digit B. What is the sum of
A and B?
(A) 3 (B) 5 (C) 6 (D) 8 (E) 10
2007 AMC 8, Problem #18
To nd A and B, it is sucient to consider only 303 505, because
0 is in the thousands place in both factors.
Solution (D) To nd A and B, it is sucient to consider only 303 505, because 0 is
in the thousands place in both factors.
303
505
1515
1500
3015
So A = 3 and B = 5, and the sum is A+B = 3 + 5 = 8.
Diculty: Medium
NCTM Standard: Number and Operations for Grades 68: understand meanings of operations and how
they relate to one another.
Mathworld.com Classication: Number Theory > Arithmetic > Multiplication and Division >
Multiplication
18
62
AMC 8 Practice Problems
m07-19
Medium-hard
Number & Operations
Number Teory > Special Numbers > Figurate Numbers > Square Numbers > Square
m07-19
Pick two consecutive positive integers whose sum is less than
100. Square both of those integers and then nd the dierence
of the squares. Which of the following could be the dierence?
(A) 2 (B) 64 (C) 79 (D) 96 (E) 131
2007 AMC 8, Problem #19
One of the squares of two consecutive integers is odd and the
other is even, so their dierence must be odd.
Solution (C) One of the squares of two consecutive integers is odd and the other is even,
so their dierence must be odd. This eliminates A, B and D. The largest consecutive
integers that have a sum less than 100 are 49 and 50, whose squares are 2401 and 2500,
with a dierence of 99. Because the dierence of the squares of consecutive positive
integers increases as the integers increase, the dierence cannot be 131. The dierence
between the squares of 40 and 39 is 79.
OR
Let the consecutive integers be n and n + 1, with n 49. Then
(n + 1)
2
n
2
= (n
2
+ 2n + 1) n
2
= 2n + 1 = n + (n + 1).
That means the dierence of the squares is an odd number. Therefore, the dierence
is an odd number less than or equal to 49 + (49 + 1) = 99, and choice C is the only
possible answer. The sum of n = 39 and n + 1 = 40 is 79.
Note: The dierence of the squares of any two consecutive integers is not only odd
but also the sum of the two consecutive integers. Every positive odd integer greater
than 1 and less than 100 could be the answer.
Seen in geometric terms, (n + 1)
2
n
2
looks like
1
n n
n +1
n
2
n
1
Diculty: Medium-hard
NCTM Standard: Number and Operations for Grades 68: understand numbers, ways of representing
numbers, relationships among numbers, and number systems.
Mathworld.com Classication: Number Theory > Special Numbers > Figurate Numbers > Square
Numbers > Square
19
63
AMC 8 Practice Problems
m07-20
Medium-hard
Algebra
Number Teory > Arithmetic > Fractions > Percent
m07-20
Before district play, the Unicorns had won 45% of their
basketball games. During district play, they won six more
games and lost two, to nish the season having won half their
games. How many games did the Unicorns play in all?
(A) 48 (B) 50 (C) 52 (D) 54 (E) 60
2007 AMC 8, Problem #20
Won half games = 50% =
45%non-district games+6
non-district games+6+2
.
Solution (A) Because 45% is the same as the simplied fraction
9
20
, the Unicorns
won 9 games for each 20 games they played. This means that the Unicorns must have
played some multiple of 20 games before district play. The table shows the possibilities
that satisfy the conditions in the problem.
Before District Play After District Play
Games Games Games Games Games Games
Played Won Lost Played Won Lost
20 9 11 28 15 13
40 18 22 48 24 24
60 27 33 68 33 35
80 36 44 88 42 46
Only when the Unicorns played 40 games before district play do they nish winning half
of their games. So the Unicorns played 24 + 24 = 48 games.
OR
Let n be the number of Unicorn games before district play. Then 0.45n+6 = 0.5(n+8).
Solving for n yields
0.45n + 6 = 0.5n + 4,
2 = 0.05n,
40 = n.
So the total number of games is 40 + 8 = 48.
Diculty: Medium-hard
NCTM Standard: Algebra for Grades 68: represent and analyze mathematical situations and structures
using algebraic symbols.
Mathworld.com Classication: Number Theory > Arithmetic > Fractions > Percent
20
64
AMC 8 Practice Problems
m07-21
Hard
Data Analysis & Probability
Probability & Statistics > Probability > Probability
m07-21
Two cards are dealt from a deck of four red cards labeled
A, B, C, D and four green cards labeled A, B, C, D. A winning
pair is two of the same color or two of the same letter. What
is the probability of drawing a winning pair?
(A)
2
7
(B)
3
8
(C)
1
2
(D)
4
7
(E)
5
8
2007 AMC 8, Problem #21
After the rst card is dealt, there are seven left. How many of
the remaining cards are winners?
Solution (D) After the rst card is dealt, there are seven left. The three cards with
the same color as the initial card are winners and so is the card with the same letter
but a dierent color. That means four of the remaining seven cards form winning pairs
with the rst card, so the probability of winning is
4
7
.
Diculty: Hard
NCTM Standard: Probability for Grades 68: understand and apply basic concepts of probability.
Mathworld.com Classication: Probability and Statistics > Probability > Probability
21
65
AMC 8 Practice Problems
m07-22
Medium-hard
Geometry
Geometry > Plane Geometry > Squares > Square
m07-22
A lemming sits at a corner of a square with side length 10
meters. The lemming runs 6.2 meters along a diagonal toward
the opposite corner. It stops, makes a 90
apart.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Diculty: Medium
NCTM Standard: Geometry Standard for Grades 6-8: precisely describe, classify, and understand
relationships among types of two- and three-dimensional objects using their dening properties.
Mathworld.com Classication: Geometry > Trigonometry > Angles
2
71
AMC 8 Practice Problems
m99-03
Medium-easy
Number & Operations
Number Teory > Arithmetic > Fractions
m99-03
Which triplet of numbers has a sum NOT equal to 1 ?
(A) (
1
2
,
1
3
,
1
6
) (B) (2, 2, 1) (C) (0.1, 0.3, 0.6) (D) (1.1, 2.1, 1.0) (E) (
3
2
,
5
2
, 5)
1999 AMC 8, Problem #3
Find the sum of all triplets.
Solution
Answer (D): 1.1 + (2.1) + 1.0 = 0. The other triplets add to 1 .
Diculty: Medium-easy
NCTM Standard: Number and Operations Standard for Grades 6-8: select appropriate methods and
tools for computing with fractions and decimals from among mental computation, estimation, calculators
or computers, and paper and pencil, depending on the situation, and apply the selected methods.
Mathworld.com Classication: Number Theory > Arithmetic > Fractions
Number Theory > Arithmetic > Addition and Subtraction > Addition
3
72
AMC 8 Practice Problems
m99-04
Easy
Data Analysis and Probability
History and Terminology > Terminology > Diagram
m99-04
The diagram shows the miles traveled by bikers Alberto and
Bjorn. After four hours about how many more miles has
Alberto biked then Bjorn?
75
60
45
30
15
0
0 1 2 3 4 5
H O U R S
M
I
L
E
S
A
l
b
e
r
t
o
B
j
o
r
n
(A) 15 (B) 20 (C) 25 (D) 30 (E) 35
1999 AMC 8, Problem #4
After four hours, how many miles do Alberto and Bjorn each
bike?
Solution
Answer (A): Four hours after starting, Alberto has gone about 60 miles and Bjorn
has gone about 45 miles. Therefore, Alberto has biked about 15 more miles.
Diculty: Easy
NCTM Standard: Data Analysis and Probability Standard for Grades 6-8: discuss and understand the
correspondence between data sets and their graphical representations.
Mathworld.com Classication: History and Terminology > Terminology > Diagram
4
73
AMC 8 Practice Problems
m99-05
Medium-hard
Geometry
Geometry > Plane Geometry > Squares
m99-05
A rectangular garden 50 feet long and 10 feet wide is enclosed
by a fence. To make the garden larger, while using the same
fence, its shape is changed to a square. By how many square
feet does this enlarge the garden?
(A) 100 (B) 200 (C) 300 (D) 400 (E) 500
1999 AMC 8, Problem #5
The square will have the same perimeter as the rectangular
garden.
Solution
Answer (D): The area of the garden was 500 square feet(50 10) and its perimeter
was 120 feet, 2 (50 +10). The square garden is also enclosed by 120 feet of fence so
its sides are each 30 feet long. The square gardens area is 900 square feet (30 30).
and this has increased the garden area by 400 square feet.
500
50
10
900
30
30
Diculty: Medium-hard
NCTM Standard: Geometry Standard for Grades 6-8: draw geometric objects with specied properties,
such as side lengths or angle measures.
Mathworld.com Classication: Geometry > Plane Geometry > Squares
Geometry > Plane Geometry > Miscellaneous Plane Geometry > Area
5
74
AMC 8 Practice Problems
m99-06
Easy
Problem Solving
History and Terminology > Terminology > Order
m99-06
Bo, Coe, Flo, Jo, and Moe have dierent amounts of money.
Neither Jo nor Bo has as much money as Flo. Both Bo and
Coe have more than Moe. Jo has more than Moe, but less
than Bo. Who has the least amount of money?
(A) Bo (B) Coe (C) Flo (D) Jo (E) Moe
1999 AMC 8, Problem #6
Cross out the name, that have a greater amount of money.
Solution
Answer (E): From the second sentence, Flo has more than someone so she cant have
the least. From the third sentence both Bo and Coe have more than someone so that
eliminates them. And, from the fourth sentence, Jo has more than someone, so that
leaves only poor Moe!
Diculty: Easy
NCTM Standard: Problem Solving Standard for Grades 6-8: apply and adapt a variety of appropriate
strategies to solve problems.
Mathworld.com Classication: History and Terminology > Terminology > Order
6
75
AMC 8 Practice Problems
m99-07
Medium-hard
Geometry
Number Teory > Arithmetic > Fractions
m99-07
The third exit on a highway is located at milepost 40 and the
tenth exit is at milepost 160. There is a service center on the
highway located three-fourths of the way from the third exit
to the tenth exit. At what milepost would you expect to nd
this service center?
(A) 90 (B) 100 (C) 110 (D) 120 (E) 130
1999 AMC 8, Problem #7
The service center is located at a milepost equal to 40 +
(
3
4
of the dierence in mileage between the 3rd and the 10th exit).
Solution
Answer (E): There are 160 40 = 120 miles between the third and tenth exits, so
the service center is at milepost 40 + (
3
4
)120 = 40 + 90 = 130 .
Diculty: Medium-hard
NCTM Standard: Geometry Standard for Grades 6-8: use geometric models to represent and explain
numerical and algebraic relationships.
Mathworld.com Classication: Geometry > Line Geometry > Lines > Real Line
7
76
AMC 8 Practice Problems
m99-08
Medium-easy
Geometry
Geometry > Solid Geometry > Polyhedra > Cubes
m99-08
Six squares are colored, front and back, (R=red, B=blue,
O=orange, Y=yellow, G=green, and W=white). They are
hinged together as shown, then folded to form a cube. The
face opposite the white face is
R B
G Y O
W
(A) B (B) G (C) O (D) R (E) Y
1999 AMC 8, Problem #8
Set G as the base, form the cube.
Solution
Answer (A):
W
G
B
O
Y
When G is arranged to be the base, B is the back face and W is the front face. Thus,
B is opposite W.
OR
W
B
Y
O
Let Y be the top and fold G, O, and W down. Then B will fold to become the back
face and be opposite W.
Diculty: Medium-easy
NCTM Standard: Geometry Standard for Grades 6-8: use two-dimensional representations of three-
dimensional objects to visualize and solve problems such as those involving surface area and volume.
Mathworld.com Classication: Geometry > Solid Geometry > Polyhedra > Cubes
8
77
AMC 8 Practice Problems
m99-09
Medium
Geometry
Number Teory > Arithmetic > Addition and Subtraction
m00-09
Three ower beds overlap as shown. Bed A has 500 plants,
bed B has 450 plants, and bed C has 350 plants. Beds A and
B share 50 plants, while beds A and C share 100. The total
number of plants is
A
B C
(A) 850 (B) 1000 (C) 1150 (D) 1300 (E) 1450
1999 AMC 8, Problem #9
Plants shared by two beds have been counted twice.
Solution
Answer (C): Bed A has 350 plants it doesnt share with B or C. Bed B has 400
plants it doesnt share with A or C. And C has 250 it doesnt share with A or B. The
total is 350 + 400 + 250 + 50 + 100 = 1150 plants.
A
B C
50 100
250
350
400
OR
Plants shared by two beds have been counted twice, so the total is 500 + 450 + 350
50 100 = 1150 .
Diculty: Medium
NCTM Standard: Geometry Standard for Grades 6-8: use geometric models to represent and explain
numerical and algebraic relationships.
Mathworld.com Classication: Number Theory > Arithmetic > Addition and Subtraction
9
78
AMC 8 Practice Problems
m99-10
Medium
Data Analysis and Probability
Probability and Statistics > Probability
m99-10
A complete cycle of a trac light takes 60 seconds. During
each cycle the light is green for 25 seconds, yellow for 5
seconds, and red for 30 seconds. At a randomly chosen time,
what is the probability that the light will NOT be green?
(A)
1
4
(B)
1
3
(C)
5
12
(D)
1
2
(E)
7
12
1999 AMC 8, Problem #10
The probability of not green = 1 the probability of green.
Solution
Answer (E):
time not green
total time
=
R + Y
R + Y + G
=
35
60
=
7
12
.
OR
The probability of green is
25
60
=
5
12
. so the probability of not green is 1
5
12
=
7
12
.
Diculty: Medium
NCTM Standard: Data Analysis and Probability Standard for Grades 6-8: use proportionality and
a basic understanding of probability to make and test conjectures about the results of experiments and
simulations.
Mathworld.com Classication: Probability and Statistics > Probability
10
79
AMC 8 Practice Problems
m99-11
Medium-hard
Problem Solving
Algebra > Sums
m99-11
Each of the ve numbers 1,4,7,10, and 13 is placed in one
of the ve squares so that the sum of the three numbers in
the horizontal row equals the sum of the three numbers in the
vertical column. The largest possible value for the horizontal
or vertical sum is
(A) 20 (B) 21 (C) 22 (D) 24 (E) 30
1999 AMC 8, Problem #11
The sum of horizontal numbers + The sum of vertical numbers
= The sum of ve numbers + The center number.
Solution
Answer (D): The largest sum occurs when 13 is placed in the center. This sum is
13 + 10 + 1 = 13 + 7 + 4 = 24. Note: Two other common sums, 18 and 21, are
possible.
1
4 7
10
13
OR
Since the horizontal sum equals the vertical sum, twice this sum will be the sum of the
ve numbers plus the number in the center. When the center number is 13, the sum is
the largest,
10 + 4 + 1 + 7 + 2(13)
2
=
48
2
= 24. The other four numbers are divided
into two pairs with equal sums.
Diculty: Medium-hard
NCTM Standard: Problem Solving Standard for Grades 6-8: solve problems that arise in mathematics
and in other contexts.
Mathworld.com Classication: Algebra > Sums
11
80
AMC 8 Practice Problems
m99-12
Medium
Data Analysis and Probability
Number Teory > Arithmetic > Fractions > Percent
m99-12
The ratio of the number of games won to the number of games
lost(no ties) by the Middle School Middies is
11
4
. To the nearest
whole percent, what percent of its games did the team lose?
(A) 24 (B) 27 (C) 36 (D) 45 (E) 73
1999 AMC 8, Problem #12
The ratio of the number of games lost to the number of games
played is
4
11+4
.
Solution
Answer (B): The Won/Lost ratio is 11/4 so, for some number N, the team won
11N games and lost 4N games. Thus, the team played 15N games and the fraction
of games lost is
4N
15N
=
4
15
0.27 = 27%.
Diculty: Medium
NCTM Standard: Data Analysis and Probability Standard for Grades 6-8: use proportionality and
a basic understanding of probability to make and test conjectures about the results of experiments and
simulations.
Mathworld.com Classication: Number Theory > Arithmetic > Fractions > Percent
12
81
AMC 8 Practice Problems
m99-13
Medium-hard
Data Analysis & Probability
Calculus and Analysis > Special Functions > Means > Arithmetic Mean
m99-13
The average age of the 40 members of a computer science
camp is 17 years. There are 20 girls, 15 boys, and 5 adults. If
the average age of the girls is 15 and the average age of the
boys is 16, what is the average age of the adults?
(A) 26 (B) 27 (C) 28 (D) 29 (E) 30
1999 AMC 8, Problem #13
The sum of the adults ages = The sum of all ages (The sum
of the girls ages + The sum of the boys ages).
Solution
Answer (C): The sum of all ages is 40 17 = 680. The sum of the girls ages is
20 15 = 300 and the sum of the boys ages is 15 16 = 240. The sum of the ve
adults ages is 680 300 240 = 140. Therefore, their average is
140
5
= 28 .
Diculty: Medium-hard
NCTM Standard: Data Analysis and Probability Standard for Grades 6-8: nd, use, and interpret
measures of center and spread, including mean and interquartile range.
Mathworld.com Classication: Calculus and Analysis > Special Functions > Means > Arithmetic Mean
13
82
AMC 8 Practice Problems
m99-14
Medium-hard
Geometrys
Geometry > Plane Geometry > Quadrilaterals > Isosceles Trapezoid
m99-14
In trapezoid ABCD, the side AB and CD are equal. The
perimeter of ABCD is
A
B C
D
3
8
16
(A) 27 (B) 30 (C) 32 (D) 34 (E) 48
1999 AMC 8, Problem #14
Using the Pythagorean Theorem, AB
2
= AE
2
+EB
2
.
Solution
Answer (D): When the gure is divided, as shown the unknown sides are the
hypotenuses of right triangles with legs of 3 and 4. Using the Pythagorean Theorem
yields AB = CD = 5. The total perimeter is 16 + 5 + 8 + 5 = 34 .
A
B C
D
3
8
3
4 4 8
E F
5 5
Diculty: Medium-hard
NCTM Standard: Geometry Standard for Grades 6-8: understand relationships among the angles, side
lengths, perimeters, areas, and volumes of similar objects.
Mathworld.com Classication: Geometry > Plane Geometry > Quadrilaterals > Isosceles Trapezoid
14
83
AMC 8 Practice Problems
m99-15
Medium-hard
Number and Operations
Discrete Mathematics > Combinatorics > Permutations > Combination
m99-15
Bicycle license plates in Flatville each contain three letters.
The rst is chosen from the set C, H, L, P, R, the second from
A, I, O, and the third from D, M, N, T.
PAM
When Flatville needed more license plates, they added two
new letters. The new letters may both be added to one set or
one letter may be added to one set and one to another set.
What is the largest possible number of ADDITIONAL license
plates than can be made by adding two letters?
(A) 27 (B) 30 (C) 32 (D) 34 (E) 48
1999 AMC 8, Problem #15
How many license plates could originally be made? Where can
the two letters be placed so the most new license plates will be
created?
Solution
Answer (D): Before new letters were added, ve dierent letters could have been
chosen for the rst position, three for the second, and four for the third. This means
that 5 3 4 = 60 plates could have been made.
If two letters are added to the second set, then 5 5 4 = 100 plates can be made. If
one letter is added to each of the second and third sets, then 5 4 5 = 100 plates
can be made. None of the other four ways to place the two letters will create as many
plates. So, 100 60 = 40 ADDITIONAL plates can be made.
Note: Optimum results can usually be obtained in such problems by making the factors
as nearly equal as possible.
Diculty: Medium-hard
NCTM Standard: Number and Operations Standard: Understand numbers, ways of representing
numbers, relationships among numbers, and number systems
Mathworld.com Classication:
Discrete Mathematics > Combinatorics > Permutations > Combination
15
84
AMC 8 Practice Problems
m99-16
Medium
Algebra
Number Teory > Arithmetic > Fractions > Percent
m99-16
Toris mathematic test had 75 problems: 10 arithmetic, 30
algebra, and 35 geometry problems. Although she answered
70% of the arithmetic, 40% of the algebra, and 60% of the
geometry problems correctly, she did not pass the test because
she got less than 60% of the problems right. How many more
questions would she have needed to answer correctly to earn
a 60% passing grade?
(A) 1 (B) 5 (C) 7 (D) 9 (E) 11
1999 AMC 8, Problem #16
Calculate the total number of questions Tory has answered
correctly, and subtract it from 60%(75).
Solution
Answer (B): Since 70%(10) +40%(30) +60%(35) = 7+12+21 = 40, she answered
40 questions correctly. She needed 60%(75) = 45 to pass, so she needed 5 mo43 correct
answers.
Diculty: Medium
NCTM Standard: Algebra Standard for Grades 6-8: use symbolic algebra to represent situations and to
solve problems, especially those that involve linear relationships.
Mathworld.com Classication: Number Theory > Arithmetic > Fractions > Percent
16
85
AMC 8 Practice Problems
m99-17
Medium
Algebra
Number Teory > Arithmetic > Multiplication and Division
m99-17
Problems 17, 18, and 19 refer to the following:
Cookies For a Crowd
At Central Middle School the 108 students who take the AMC
8 meet in the evening to talk about problems and eat an
average of two cookies apiece. Walter and Gretel are baking
Bonnies Best Bar Cookies this year. Their recipe, which
makes a pan of 15 cookies, list these items:
1
1
2
cups of our, 2 eggs, 3 tablespoons butter,
3
4
cups sugar,
and 1 package of chocolate drops. They will make only full
recipes, not partial recipe.
Walter can buy eggs by the half-dozen. How many half-dozens
should be buy to make enough cookies? (Some eggs and some
cookies may be left over.)
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 5 (D) 7 (E) 15
1999 AMC 8, Problem #17
There are a total of 216 cookies that will be consumed, each
recipe makes 15 cookies. So 216 15 15 recipes are needed.
Solution
Answer (C): One recipe makes 15 cookies, so 21615 = 14.4 recipes are needed, but
this must be rounded up to 15 recipes to make enough cookies. Each recipe requires 2
eggs. So 30 eggs are needed. This is 5 half-dozens.
Diculty: Medium
NCTM Standard: Algebra Standard for Grades 6-8: use symbolic algebra to represent situations and to
solve problems, especially those that involve linear relationships.
Mathworld.com Classication: Number Theory > Arithmetic > Multiplication and Division
17
86
AMC 8 Practice Problems
m99-18
Medium-hard
Algebra
Number Teory > Arithmetic > Fractions > Percent
m99-18
Problems 17, 18, and 19 refer to the following:
Cookies For a Crowd
At Central Middle School the 108 students who take the AMC
8 meet in the evening to talk about problems and eat an
average of two cookies apiece. Walter and Gretel are baking
Bonnies Best Bar Cookies this year. Their recipe, which
makes a pan of 15 cookies, list these items:
1
1
2
cups of our, 2 eggs, 3 tablespoons butter,
3
4
cups sugar,
and 1 package of chocolate drops. They will make only full
recipes, not partial recipe.
They learn that a big concert is scheduled for the same night
and attendance will be down 25%. How many recipes of
cookies should they make for their smaller party?
(A) 6 (B) 8 (C) 9 (D) 10 (E) 11
1999 AMC 8, Problem #18
The number of Cookies that need to be prepared is 108(75%)2.
Solution
Answer (E): The 108(0.75) = 81 students need 2 cookies each so 162 cookies are
to be baked. Since 162 15 = 10.8, Walter and Gretel must bake 11 recipes. A few
leftovers are a good thing!
Diculty: Medium-hard
NCTM Standard: Algebra Standard for Grades 6-8: use symbolic algebra to represent situations and to
solve problems, especially those that involve linear relationships.
Mathworld.com Classication: Number Theory > Arithmetic > Multiplication and Division
Number Theory > Arithmetic > Fractions > Percent
18
87
AMC 8 Practice Problems
m99-19
Medium-hard
Algebra
Number Teory > Arithmetic > Multiplication and Division
m99-19
Problems 17, 18, and 19 refer to the following:
Cookies For a Crowd
At Central Middle School the 108 students who take the AMC
8 meet in the evening to talk about problems and eat an
average of two cookies apiece. Walter and Gretel are baking
Bonnies Best Bar Cookies this year. Their recipe, which
makes a pan of 15 cookies, list these items:
1
1
2
cups of our, 2 eggs, 3 tablespoons butter,
3
4
cups sugar,
and 1 package of chocolate drops. They will make only full
recipes, not partial recipe.
The drummer gets sick. The concert is cancelled. Walter
and Gretel must make enough pans of cookies to supply 216
cookies. There are 8 tablespoons in a stick of butter. How
many sticks of butter will be needed? (Some butter may be
left over, of course.)
(A) 5 (B) 6 (C) 7 (D) 8 (E) 9
1999 AMC 8, Problem #19
They will have to bake 15 recipes of cookies.
Solution
Answer (B): Since 216 15 = 14.4, they will have to bake 15 recipes. This requires
15 3 = 45 tablespoons of butter. So, 45 8 = 5.625, and 6 sticks are needed.
Diculty: Medium-hard
NCTM Standard: Algebra Standard for Grades 6-8: use symbolic algebra to represent situations and to
solve problems, especially those that involve linear relationships.
Mathworld.com Classication: Number Theory > Arithmetic > Multiplication and Division
19
88
AMC 8 Practice Problems
m99-20
Medium
Geometry
Geometry > Solid Geometry > Polyhedra > Cubes
m00-20
Figure 1 is called a stack map. The numbers tell how many
cubes are stacked in each position. Fig. 2 shows these cubes,
and Fig. 3 shows the view of the stacked cubes as seen from
the front.
Which of the following is the front view for the stack map in
Fig. 4 ?
Figure 1
Figure 2 Figure 3
Figure 4
1 2
3 4
2 2
1 1
4
3
(A) (B) (C) (D) (E)
1999 AMC 8, Problem #20
The front view shows the larger of the numbers of cubes in the
front or back stack in each column.
Solution
Answer (B): The front view shows the larger of the numbers of cubes in the front
or back stack in each column. Therefore the desired front view will have, from left to
right, 2, 3, and 4 cubes. This is choice B.
Diculty: Medium-hard
NCTM Standard: Geometry Standard for Grades 6-8: analyze characteristics and properties of two- and
three-dimensional geometric shapes and develop mathematical arguments about geometric relationships.
Mathworld.com Classication: Geometry > Solid Geometry > Polyhedra > Cubes
Geometry > Geometric Construction
20
89
AMC 8 Practice Problems
m99-21
Medium-hard
Geometry
Geometry > Trigonometry > Angles
m99-21
100
110
40
A
The degree measure of angle A is
(A) 20 (B) 30 (C) 35 (D) 40 (E) 45
1999 AMC 8, Problem #21
C = 180
E F, and G = 110
.
Solution
Answer (B): Since 1 forms a straight line with angle 100
, 1 = 80
. Since 2
forms a straight line with angle 110
, 2 = 70
and 2 = 70
, so 3 = 180
40
70
= 70
.Angle
4 = 110
1 5 = 180
80
70
= 30
.
100
110
40
A
1
2
3
4
5
B
C
D
E
F
G
OR
The angle sum in CEF is 180
, so C = 180
40
100
= 40
. In ACG,
G = 110
and C = 40
, so A = 180
110
40
= 30
.
Diculty: Medium
NCTM Standard: Geometry Standard for Grades 6-8: understand relationships among the angles, side
lengths, perimeters, areas, and volumes of similar objects.
Mathworld.com Classication: Geometry > Trigonometry > Angles
Geometry > Plane Geometry > Triangles > Special Triangles > Other Triangles > Triangle
21
90
AMC 8 Practice Problems
m99-22
Medium-hard
Number and Operations
Number Teory > Arithmetic > Fractions
m99-22
In a far-o land three sh can be traded for two loaves of bread
and a loaf of bread can be traded for four bags of rice. How
many bags of rice is one sh worth?
(A)
3
8
(B)
1
2
(C)
3
4
(D) 2
2
3
(E) 3
1
3
1999 AMC 8, Problem #22
One sh is worth
2
3
of a loaf of bread, and each loaf of bread is
worth four bags of rice.
Solution
Answer (D): One sh is worth
2
3
of a loaf of bread and
2
3
of a loaf of bread is worth
2
3
4 =
8
3
= 2
2
3
bags of rice.
OR
3F = 2B
3
2
F = B = 4R
(
2
3
)(
3
2
) =
2
3
(4R)
F =
8
3
R = 2
2
3
R.
Diculty: Medium-hard
NCTM Standard: Number and Operations Standard for Grades 6-8: understand and use ratios and
proportions to represent quantitative relationships.
Mathworld.com Classication: Number Theory > Arithmetic > Fractions
22
91
AMC 8 Practice Problems
m99-23
Hard
Geometry
Geometry > Plane Geometry > Miscellaneous Plane Geometry > Area
m99-23
Square ABCD has sides of length 3. Segments CM and CN
divide the squares area into three equal part. How long is
segment CM?
A
B C
D
M
N
(A)
10 (B)
12 (C)
13 (D)
14 (E)
15
1999 AMC 8, Problem #23
Area of MBC = (3 3)
1
3
=
1
2
(MB)(BC).
Solution
Answer (C): One-third of the squares area is 3, so triangle MBC has area 3 =
1
2
(MB)(BC). Since side BC is 3, side MB must be 2. The hypotenuse CM of this
right triangle is
2
2
+ 3
2
=
13 .
A
B C
D
M
1
3
3
2
Diculty: Hard
NCTM Standard: Geometry Standard for Grades 6-8: understand relationships among the angles, side
lengths, perimeters, areas, and volumes of similar objects.
Mathworld.com Classication: Geometry > Plane Geometry > Miscellaneous Plane Geometry > Area
23
92
AMC 8 Practice Problems
m99-24
Medium-hard
Geometry
Calculus and Analysis > Special Functions > Powers
m99-24
When 1999
2000
is divided by 5, the remainder is
(A) 4 (B) 3 (C) 2 (D) 1 (E) 0
1999 AMC 8, Problem #24
Since any positive integer(expressed in base ten) is some multiple
of 5 plus its last digit, its remainder when divided by 5 can be
obtained by knowing its last digit.
Solution
Answer (D): Since any positive integer(expressed in base ten) is some multiple of 5
plus its last digit, its remainder when divided by 5 can be obtained by knowing its last
digit.
Note that 1999
1
ends in 9, 1999
2
ends in 1, 1999
3
ends in 9, 1999
4
ends in 1,
and this alternation of 9 and 1 endings continues with all even powers ending in 1.
Therefore, the remainder when 1999
2000
is divided by 5 is 1 .
Diculty: Medium-hard
NCTM Standard: Geometry Standard for Grades 6-8: understand the meaning and eects of arithmetic
operations with fractions, decimals, and integers.
Mathworld.com Classication: Calculus and Analysis > Special Functions > Powers
Number Theory > Arithmetic > Multiplication and Division > Remainder
24
93
AMC 8 Practice Problems
m99-25
Medium-hard
Geometry
Geometry > Plane Geometry > Miscellaneous Plane Geometry > Area
m99-25
Points B, D, and J are midpoints of the sides of right triangle
ACG. Points K, E, I are midpoints of the sides of triangle
JDG, etc. If the dividing and shading process is done 100
times(the rst three are shown) and AC = CG = 6, then the
total area of the shaded triangles is nearest
A
B C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
(A) 6 (B) 7 (C) 8 (D) 9 (E) 10
1999 AMC 8, Problem #25
At each stage the area of the shaded triangle is one-third of the
trapezoidal region not containing the smaller triangle being divided
in the next step.
Solution
Answer (A): At each stage the area of the shaded triangle is one-third of the
trapezoidal region not containing the smaller triangle being divided in the next step.
Thus, the total area of the shaded triangles comes closer and closer to one-third of the
area of the triangular region ACG and this is
1
3
1
2
6 6 = 6. The shaded areas for
the rst six stages are: 4.5, 5.625, 5.906, 5.976, 5.994, and 5,668.
These are the calculations for the rst three steps.
1
2
6
2
6
2
= 4.5
1
2
6
2
6
2
+
1
2
6
4
6
4
= 4.5 + 1.125 = 5.625
1
2
6
2
6
2
+
1
2
6
4
6
4
+
1
2
6
8
6
8
= 5.625 + 0.281 = 5.906
Diculty: Hard
NCTM Standard: Geometry Standard for Grades 6-8: understand relationships among the angles, side
lengths, perimeters, areas, and volumes of similar objects.
Mathworld.com Classication: Geometry > Plane Geometry > Miscellaneous Plane Geometry > Area
25
94
Resources
Web sites with useful informaton
Compettons
http://archives.math.utk.edu/contests/ - list of competitions at varying levels
http://bigcheese.math.sc.edu/contest/ - University of South Carolina HS Math Contest
http://cemc.uwaterloo.ca/ - Canadian Mathematics Competitions
http://courses.ncssm.edu/math/Mathcon.htm - North Carolina State HS Mathematics Contest
http://www.maml.org/ - Massachusetts Association of Mathematics Leagues
http://math.furman.edu/tournament/tournament.html - Furman University Wylie Mathematics Tournament, Greenville, SC
http://math.uww.edu/mathmeet/ - Purple Comet M/HS Math Meet
http://mathcircle.berkeley.edu/ - problems, high school
http://nciml.org/NCIMLCoachesGuide.pdf - Nassau County Interscholastic Mathematics League Long Island, NY
http://regentsprep.org/Regents/math/math-a.cfm#1 - competitions prep
http://web.mit.edu/hmmt/ - Harvard-MIT Mathematics Tournament, MA
http://www.amatyc.org/SML/ - American Mathematical Association of Two Year Colleges Student Mathematics League
http://www.arml.com/ - American Regions Math League, past questions, high school
http://www.cms.math.ca/CMS/Competitions/IMTS/ - questions, high school
http://www.cms.math.ca/Competitions/CMO/ - Canadian Mathematical Olympiad
http://www.cms.math.ca/Competitions/COMC/ - Canadian Open Mathematics Challenge
http://www.comap.com/undergraduate/contests/mcm/ - Mathematical Contest in Modeling
http://www.imo.org.yu - mathematical olympiads, for those who prepare for math competitions or love problem mathematics.
http://www.lehigh.edu/%7edmd1/hs.html - Lehigh University High School Math Contest, PA
http://www.maml.org/ - Massachusetts Association of Mathematics Leagues
http://www.mandelbrot.org/ - Mandelbrot
http://www.math.fau.edu/MathematicsCompetition/Home.htm - Internet High School Math Competition, Florida Atlantic University
http://www.math.okstate.edu/%7ehsc/ - Oklahoma State University HS Math Contest
http://www.math.umd.edu/highschool/mathcomp/ - University of Maryland HS Mathematics Competition
http://www.math.wisc.edu/%7etalent/ - University of Wisconsin Mathematics, Engineering and Science Talent Search
http://www.mathcounts.org/ - MathCounts grouop competition for Middle Schools
http://mathforum.org/library/view/41814.html- Maritime Mathematics Competition, University of Prince Edward Island
http://www.mathleague.com/ - Math League (New England)
http://www.mathleague.com/reglist/REGIL.HTM - Illinois Math League
http://www.mathpropress.com/competitions.html - - links to multiple contests problems
http://www.ruf.rice.edu/~eulers/RMT.html - Rice University Math Tournament, Houston, TX
http://www.testprepreview.com/thea_practice.htm - THEA practice tests (Texas Higher Education Assessment)
http://www.uccs.edu/~olympiad/ - Colorado Math Olympiad
http://www.unl.edu/amc/a-activities/a7-problems/problemdir.shtml - problems, high school
http://www.unl.edu/amc/a-activities/a7-problems/putnamindex.shtml - questions, college
http://www.usamts.org/ - USA Mathematical Talent Search
General
http://education.jlab.org/indexpages/ - games
http://mathcounts.org/ - middle school competition website
http://mathforum.org/ - for students and teachers, math resource
http://mathworld.wolfram.com/ - Wolfram MathWorld - math resource for anyone
http://milan.milanovic.org/math/english/contents.html - Rasko Jovanovic`s World of Mathematics
http://www.cms.math.ca/Competitions/MOCP/ - Mathematical Olympiads Correspondence Program
http://www.curiousmath.com/ - Curious Math
http://www.maa.org/ - Te Mathematical Association of America
http://www.mathaware.org/ - Mathematics Awareness
http://www.mathfrog.ca - free site of Fun Resources and Online Games for teachers, parents & students, grades 4-6
http://www.mathsisfun.com - mainly K-12 site, it sometimes helps to have basic concepts explained, + plenty of math puzzles.
http://www.mathispower.com/ - Math is Power
http://www.mathlinks.ro/Forum/portal.php - MathLinks EveryOne
http://www.mathpath.org/ - Math Path
http://www.nctm.org/ - lessons, resources, etc for teachers
http://www.visualmathlearning.com/ - interactive tutorial -pre-algebra students, games, puzzles, + animated manipulatives
Reference
http://amser.org/ - Applied Math and Science Education Repository
http://eqworld.ipmnet.ru - World of Mathematical Equations, post high school
http://historical.library.cornell.edu/math/ - online math books
http://math.usask.ca/emr/menu.html - math readiness, high school
95
http://mathforum.org/dr.math/ - ask math questions, 7-12
http://www.artofproblemsolving.com/ - student resource, high school
http://www.circusofpatterns.com - research in mathematics number patterns, a series of mathematical charts math
http://www.curiousmath.com/ - tips, tricks, facts, etc; middle school
http://www.cut-the-knot.org/ - extra math reference, 7-12
http://www.sosmath.com/ - classroom math reference, 7-12
http://www.webmath.com/ - classroom math questions, 7-10
Math History
http://aleph0.clarku.edu/~djoyce/mathhist/mathhist.html - math history, regional, chronological
http://library.thinkquest.org/22584/ - math history, biographies
http://members.aol.com/je570/mathword.html - history of mathematical terms
http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/BiogIndex.html - math biographies
Teaching
http://euler.slu.edu/Dept/SuccessinMath.html - How to study (mainly college)
http://gametheory.net/ - Game Teory - resource for educators
http://jwilson.coe.uga.edu/emt725/PSsyn/PSsyn.html - Teaching problem solving
http://mathforum.org/ - Math Forum @ Drexel University
http://www.claymath.org/index.php - Clay Mathematics Institute
http://www.lessonplanz.com/ - Lesson plans for teachers
http://www.mathaware.org/ - List of professional websites
http://www.mathgoodies.com/ - Worksheets, lessons, articles; middle school
http://www.mathsolutions.com/ - Math Solutions Professional Development
http://www.mathswap.ca - web site for teachers to share materials with each other, 9-12
http://www.pbs.org/teachersource/recommended/math/lk_problemsolving.shtm - List of teaching resources for k-12
http://www.totallyfreemath.com/ - GetMath - Terry Wesners page algebra reference materials
http://www.wiredmath.ca - free student/teacher mathematics resources, on-line games + drills, for 7-9; English + French.
Mentoring
http://jhuniverse.jhu.edu/%7egifted/set/ - Study of Execptional Talent, middle school - Johns Hopkins University
http://www.awesomemath.org/ - Awesome Math
http://www.tip.duke.edu/ - Talent Identifcation Program, middle school - Duke University
Books
http://store.doverpublications.com/ - Dover Books
http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/tg/browse/-/13884/ - Amazon.com Mathematics Books
http://www.ams.org/bookstore/ - American Mathematical Society Bookstore
http://www.artofproblemsolving.com/ - Art of Problem Solving
http://www.cms.math.ca/Publications/ - Canadian Mathematical Society
http://www.geocities.com/asoifer/orderform - Center for Excellence in Mathematical Education
http://www.mathpropress.com/ - MathPro Press
http://www.nctm.org/publications/ - NCTM Book Store
http://www.springeronline.com/ - Springer Publishing
http://www.tarquin-books.demon.co.uk/ - Tarquin Books
http://www.whfreeman.com/generalreaders/sal.asp - W. H. Freeman Publishers
https://enterprise.maa.org/ecomtpro/timssnet/common/tnt_frontpage.cfm - Mathematical Association of America Bookstore
Journals & Magazines
http://www.informs.org/index.php?c=31&kat=-+INFORMS+Journals - Interfaces
http://journals.cms.math.ca/CRUX/welcome.html - CRUX Mathematicorum with Mathematical Mayhem
http://komal.elte.hu/info/bemutatkozas.e.shtml - KMaL
http://olympiads.win.tue.nl/ioi/misc/miq.html - Mathematics and Informatics Quarterly
http://plus.maths.org.uk/issue18/index.html - Plus Magazine ..living Mathematics
http://www.artofproblemsolving.com/ - Art of Problem Solving
http://interfaces.journal.informs.org/ - Interfaces
http://www.joma.org/jsp/index.jsp - Journal of Online Mathematics and its Applications
http://www.maa.org/mathhorizons/ - mMath Horizons
http://www.whitehouse.gov/kids/math/ - White House Math
Circles
http://comet.lehman.cuny.edu/mathcircle/ - Lehman College Math Circle, City University of New York
http://mathcircle.berkeley.edu/ - Berkley Math Circle, Berkley, CA area
http://mathcircles.u.edu/ - Florida International University, University Park, Miami, FL
http://www.sdmathcircle.org/Welcome.php - Math Circle in San Diego
http://www.math.uci.edu/%7emathcirc/ - Math Circle at University of California, Irvine
http://www.ma.utexas.edu/users/smmg/ - University of Texas at Austin Saturday Morning Math Group
96
http://www.math.ucla.edu/~radko/circles - UCLA Math Circle
http://www.math.utah.edu/mathcircle/ - University of Utah Math Circle, Salt Lake City, UT
http://www.mathlessons.com/ - oers free Math Lessons Classieds, Goal - make it easier to nd whats available and ts them best.
http://www.mualphatheta.org/ - Mu Alpha Teta, a national organization which has local chapters, similar to a Math Circle
http://www.southalabama.edu/mathstat/non-css-mathcircle.shtml - University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL
http://www.themathcircle.org/ - Te Math Circle, Boston, MA area
Fairs/Scholarships
http://www.ams.org/prizes/epsilon-award.html - AMS Epsilon Awards for Young Scholars Programs
http://www.ditdservices.org/Articles.aspx?ArticleID=36&NavID=1_0 - Davidson Institute Programs & Scholarships
http://www.questbridge.org/ - Quest Bridge
http://www.sciserv.org/isef/ - Intel International Science and Engineering Fair
http://www.sciserv.org/sts/ - Intel Science Talent Search
http://www.siemens-foundation.org/ - Siemens Competition in Math, Science & Technology
Summer Camps
http://dimacs.rutgers.edu/ysp/ - Young Scholars Program in Discrete Mathematics, Rutgers University, NJ
http://math.bu.edu/people/promys/ - PROMYS-Program in Mathematics for Young Scientists
http://math.stanford.edu/sumac/ - Stanford University Mathematics Camp
http://mrsec.uchicago.edu/outreach/ysp.html - 4 week Summer camp at University of Chicago
http://www.awesomemath.org/ - Awesome Math
http://www.cee.org/rsi/index.shtml - Research Science Institute, MIT
http://www.hcssim.org/ - Hampshire College Summer Studies in Mathematics, Amherst, MA
http://www.math.lsa.umich.edu/mmss/ - University of Michigan Math and Science Scholars
http://www.math.ohio-state.edu/ross/ - Ross Program
http://www.mathcamp.org/ - Canada/USA Mathcamp
Miscellaneous
Tese sites provide additional mathematics information, including problems. Tere are problems listed on many of
the competition sites, listed in the events section, but problem lists without an attached event are listed here.
http://aleph0.clarku.edu/~djoyce/java/elements/elements.html - Euclids Elements
http://gams.nist.gov/ - Guide to Available Mathematical Software
http://knotplot.com/-The Knot Plot Site
http://math.cofc.edu/faculty/kasman/MATHFICT/ - Mathematical Fiction
http://math.furman.edu/~mwoodard/ - Mark Woodards Mathematical Quotation Server ([email protected])
http://olympiads.win.tue.nl/imo/soviet/RusMath.html - Soviet Union Olympiad problems
http://primes.utm.edu/ - The Prime Pages
http://puzzleshq.com/ - Puzzles HQ
http://random.mat.sbg.ac.at/ - Random Number Generation
http://wims.unice.fr/ - Interactive mathematics on the internet
http://www.aimsedu.org/ - AIMS Foundation (Activities Integrating Mathematics & Science)
http://www.ams.org/ - American Mathematical Society
http://www.ams.org/mathweb/ - Math on the Web, by the American Mathematical Society
http://www.c3.lanl.gov/mega-math/ - Mega Mathematics
http://www.c3.lanl.gov/mega-math/workbk/knot/knot.html - Untangling the Mathematics of Knots
http://www.cms.math.ca/Competitions/IMTS/ - International Mathematical Talent Search - discontinued in 2001, but all problems listed
http://knotplot.com/- The Knot Plot Site
http://www.emis.de/ - European Mathematical Information Service
http://www.e-tutor.com/ - Online mathematics Dictionary
http://www.geocities.com/CapeCanaveral/Lab/4661/ - Olympiad Math Madness
http://www.imo.org.yu/ - The IMO Collection
http://www.lib.uwaterloo.ca/discipline/math/ - Mathematics Research Guide, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
http://www.math.fsu.edu/Virtual/index.php - WWW virtual Mathematical Library, located at Florida State University
http://www.math.kth.se/~shapiro/problem.html - Mathematical Problem Solving
http://www.math.psu.edu/MathLists/Contents.html - Mathematics Information Servers at Penn State U.
http://www.math-atlas.org/welcome.html - Mathematical Atlas
http://www.mathlinks.ro/Forum/ - MathLinks Math
http://www.mcs.surrey.ac.uk/Personal/R.Knott/Fibonacci/fb.html - Fibonacci Numbers and the Golden Section
http://www.oakland.edu/enp/ - The Erds Number Project
http://www.qbyte.org/puzzles/ - Nicks Mathematical Puzzles
http://www.research.att.com/~njas/sequences/ - Sloanes On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences
http://www.siam.org/ - SIAM [ Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics
http://www.superarco.com - Grapphing Calculator +
http://www.testprepreview.com/thea_practice.htm - THEA Online Courses, Practice Tests
http://www.w3.org/Math/ - W3C Math Home, What is MathML?
http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/ - The MacTutor History of Mathematics archive
97
Books & publicatons for broadening student skills
Algebra
Posamentier, Alfred, and Charles Salkind. Challenging Problems in Algebra. (New York: Dover, 1988), 272 pgs.
Calculus
Calculus topics are not covered on the AMC 10, AMC 12, AIME, and USAMO contests, but the following book is
a resource for teachers and enrichment topics.
Jackson, Michael B., and John R. Ramsay. Review of Resources for Calculus: Problems for Student Snvestigation.
(Mathematics Teacher, 1993), 86(4) p.
Fractals
Peitgen, H. O., H. Jrgens, D. Saupe, E. Maletsky, T. Perciante, and L. Yunker. Fractals for the Classroom: Strategic Activities
Volume One. (Springer-Verlag, 0), 450 pgs.
Peitgen, H. O., and D. Saupe. Fractals for the Classroom: Strategic Activities Volume Tree. (New York: Springer-Verlag,
2005), 128 pgs.
Geometry
Te following books provide more advanced content on Euclidean geometry. Te topics covered in these books
typcially appears on the AMC 12, AIME and USAMO contests.
Coxeter, H. S. M. ., and S. L. Greitzer. Geometry Revisited. (Washington D.C.: Mathematical Association of America, 1967),
207 pgs.
Hahn, Liang-shin. Complex Numbers and Geometry. (Washington D.C.: Mathematical Association of America, 1994), 203
pgs.
Honsberger, Ross. Episodes in Nineteenth and Twentieth Century Euclidean Geometry. (Washington D.C.: Mathematical
Association of America, 1995), 188 pgs.
Pedoe, Dan. Circles: A Mathematical View Revised Edition. (Washington D.C.: Mathematical Association of America, 1995),
137 pgs.
Te following books provide explanations of problems in geometry from antiquity to modern times. Tese books
are excellent sources of supplementary and enrichment topics in geometry.
Bancho, Tomas F. Beyond the Tird Dimension: Geometry, Computer Graphics, and Higher Dimensions. (New York:
Freeman Scientic American Library Series Paperback., 1990), 210 pgs.
Bold, B. Famous Problems of Geometry and How to Solve Tem. (New York: Dover, 1964), 128 pgs.
Klee, Victor, and Stan Wagon. Old and New Unsolved Problems in Plane Geometry and Number Teory, rev. ed..
(Washington D.C.: Mathematical Association of America, 1991), 352 pgs.
Klein, Felix. Famous Problems of Elementary Geometry: Te Duplication of the Cube, the Trisection of the Angle, and the
Quadrature of the Circle. In Famous Problems and Other Monographs. (New York: Dover, 1980), 112 pgs.
Leapfrogs Group. Images of Innity. (England: Tarquin, 1992), 96 pgs.
Posamentier, Alfred, and Charles Salkind. Challenging Problems in Geometry. (New York: Dover, 1997), 256 pgs.
AMC10/12/AIME
All of the following books are excellent sources of study for AMC 10 and AMC 12 level problems and solutions.
Some books may also contain mathematics and problems of the level contained in the AIME contest.
Artino, Ralph, Anthony Gaglione, and Neil Shell. Contest Problem Book IV, 1973-1982, Te. (Washington D.C.:
Mathematical Association of America, 1983), 198 pgs.
Barry, Donald, and Tomas Kilkelly. ARML contests and Power Contests from 1995-2003.
Berzsenyi, George, and Stephen B. Maurer. Contest Problem Book V: American High School Mathematics Examination and
American Invitational Mathematics Examinations 1983-1988, Te. (Washington D.C.: Mathematical Association of
America, 1997), 308 pgs.
Faires, J. Douglas. First Steps for Math Olympians. (Washington D.C.: Mathematical Association of America, 2006), 320 pgs.
Gardiner, A. Mathematical Olympiad Handbook: An Introduction to Problem Solving Based on the First 32 British
Mathematical Olympiads 1965-1996, Te. (Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, 1997), 248 pgs.
Gardiner, A. More mathematical challenges. (Cambridge U.K: New York Cambridge University Press, 1997), 144 pgs.
98
Kessler, Gilbert, and Lawrence Zimmerman. ARML-NYSML contests 1989-1994. (MathPro Press, 1995), 208 pgs.
Kessler, Gilbert, and Lawrence Zimmerman. NYSML-ARML Contests 1983-1988. (Washington DC: National Council of
Teachers of Mathematics, 1989), 148 pgs.
Krschk, Jzsef, and Gyorgy Hajos. Hungarian Problem Book, Based on the Etvs Competitions, Vol. 1: 1894-1905. (New
York: Random House, 1963), 111 pgs.
Krschk, Jzsef, and Gyorgy Hajos. Hungarian Problem Book, Based on the Etvs Competitions, Vol. 2: 1906-1928. (New
York: Random House, 1963), 120 pgs.
Krshk, Hjos, and Surnyi Neukomm. Hungarian Problem Book I, (Etvs Competition 1894-1905). (Washington D.C.:
Mathematical Association of America, 1967), 111 pgs.
Krshk, Hjos, and Surnyi Neukomm. Hungarian Problem Book II, (Etvs Competition 1906-1928). (Washington D.C.:
Mathematical Association of America, 1967), 120 pgs.
Liu, Andy. Hungarian Problem Book III, (Etvs Competition 1929-1943). (Washington D.C.: Mathematical Association of
America, 2001), 163 pgs.
Patrick, David. Introduction to Counting & Probability. (Art of Problem Solving, 2005),
Patrick, David. Introduction to Counting & Probability, Solutions Manual. (Art of Problem Solving, 2005),
Reiter, Harold. Contest Problem Book VII: American Mathematics Competitions 1995-2000 Contests, Te. (Washington
D.C.: Mathematical Association of America, 2006),
Salkind, Charles T. Contest Problem Book I: Problems from the Annual High School Contests 1950-1960., Te. (New York:
Random House, 1961), 154 pgs.
Salkind, Charles T. Contest Problem Book II: Problems from the Annual High School Contests 1961-1965., Te. (Washington
D.C.: Mathematical Association of America, 1966), 112 pgs.
Salkind, Charles T., and James M. Earl. Contest Problem Book III: Annual High School Contests 1966-1972, Te.
(Washington D.C.: Mathematical Association of America, Book IV compiled by Artino et al., 1973), 186 pgs.
Schneider, Leo J., comp.and Ed.. Contest Problem Book VI: American High School Mathematics Examinations 1989-1994,
Te. (Washington D.C.: Mathematical Association of America, 2000), 212 pgs.
IMO/USAMO
Tese books contain advanced level problems, solutions and topics at the level of the USAMO and the IMO. Tese are
essential for understanding the format and content of the problems and solutions of these proof-essay style contests.
Books containing Putnam Contest problems may include topics typically covered in University-level mathematics
courses, as well as problems which can be solved with more elementary mathematics.
Alexanderson, Gerald L., Leonard Klosinski, and Loren Larson. William Lowell Putnam Mathematical Competition,
Problems and Solutions: 1965-1984, Te. (Washington D.C.: Mathematical Association of America, 1986), 151 pgs.
Andreescu, Titu, and Zuming Feng. 102 Combinatorial Problems from Training of the USA IMO Team. (Boston:
Birkhuser, 2003), 116 pgs.
Andreescu, Titu, and Razvan Gelca. Mathematical Olympiad Challenges. (Boston, MA: Birkhuser, 2000), 260 pgs.
Andreescu, Titu, and Zuming Feng. Mathematical Olympiads: Problems and Solutions from Around the World 1998-1999.
(Washington D.C.: Mathematical Association of America, 2000),
Andreescu, Titu, and Zuming Feng. Mathematical Olympiads: Problems and Solutions from Around the World 1999-2000.
(Washington D.C.: Mathematical Association of America, 2002), 280 pgs.
Andreescu, Titu, and Zuming Feng. USA and International Mathematical Olympiads 2000. (Washington D.C.:
Mathematical Association of America, 2001), 120 pgs.
Andreescu, Titu, Zuming Feng, and George Lee. USA and International Mathematical Olympiads 2001. (Washington D.C.:
Mathematical Association of America, 2002), 130 pgs.
Andreescu, Titu, Zuming Feng, and George Lee. Mathematical Olympiads 2000-2001: Problems and Solutions from Around
the World. (Washington D.C.: Mathematical Association of America, 2003), 292 pgs.
Andreescu, Titu, and Zuming Feng. USA and International Mathematical Olympiads 2002. (Washington D.C.:
Mathematical Association of America, 2003),
Andreescu, Titu, and Zuming Feng. USA and International Mathematical Olympiads 2003. (Washington D.C.:
Mathematical Association of America, 2004), 104 pgs.
Andreescu, Titu, Zuming Feng, and Po Shen Loh. USA and International Mathematical Olympiads 2004. (Washington
D.C.: Mathematical Association of America, 2005), 100 pgs.
Djukic, D., V. Z. Jankovic, I. Matic, and N. Petrovic. IMO Compendium, Te. (New York: Springer Verlag, 2006), 760 pgs.
Books & publications for broadening student skills continued
99
Feng, Zuming, Cecil Rousseau, and Melanie Wood. USA and International Mathematical Olympiads 2005. (Washington
D.C.: Mathematical Association of America, 2006), 100 pgs.
Fomin, Dmitry, and Alexey Kirichenko. Leningrad Mathematical Olympiads 1987-1991. (MathPro Press, 1994), 197 pgs.
Gleason, A. M., R. E.Greenwood, and L. M. Kelly. William Lowell Putnam Mathematical Competition, Problems and
Solutions: 1938-1964, Te. (, 1980), 652 pgs.
Greitzer, Samuel L. International Mathematical Olympiads, 1959-1977. (Washington D.C.: Mathematical Association of
America, 1978), 204 pgs.
Ivanov, O. A. Easy as Pi?: An Introduction to Higher Math. (Springer-Verlag, 1998), 187 pgs.
Klamkin, Murray S. International Mathematical Olympiads, 1978-1985 and Forty Supplementary Problems. (Washington
D.C.: Mathematical Association of America, 1986), 154 pgs.
Klamkin, Murray S. USA Mathematical Olympiads, 1972-1986. (Washington D.C.: Mathematical Association of America,
1988), 180 pgs.
Savchev, Svetoslav, and Titu Andreescu. Mathematical Miniatures. (Washington D.C.: Mathematical Association of America,
2003), 230 pgs.
Shkliarskii, David Oskarovich, N. N. Chentzov, and I. M. Yaglom. USSR Olympiad Problem Book: Selected Problems and
Teorems of Elementary Mathematics, Te. (New York: Dover, 1993), 452 pgs.
Slinko, A.M. USSR Mathematical Olympiads 1989-1992. (Australian Mathematics Trust, 1997),
Steele, J. Michael. Cauchy-Schwarz Master Class, Te. (Washington D.C.: Mathematical Association of America, 2004), 316
pgs.
Tao, Terence. Solving Mathematical Problems: A Personal Perspective. (Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, 2006),
150 pgs.
Higher Mathematcs
Tese books cover topics in number theory, combinatorics, calculus, and advanced algebra. Some of the problems
were unsolved at the time of writing. Topics may be useful for the AMC 12 and AIME contests, but mostly serve
for mathematical enrichment and advancement.
Alexanderson, Gerald L., Leonard F. Klosinski, and Loren C. Larson. William Lowell Putnam Mathematical Competition,
Problems and Solutions 1965-1984, Te. (Washington D.C.: Mathematical Association of America, 2003), 168 pgs.
Barbeau, Edward J., Murray S. Klamkin, and William O.J. Moser. Five Hundred Mathematical Challenges. (Washington
D.C.: Mathematical Association of America, 1995), 236 pgs.
Barbeau, Edward. Power Play. (Washington D.C.: Mathematical Association of America, 1997), 212 pgs.
Biggs, William. Ants, Bikes, and Clocks: Problem Solving for Undergraduates. (SIAM, 2004), 174 pgs.
Chang, Gengzhe, and Tomas W. Sederberg. Over and Over Again. (Washington D.C.: Mathematical Association of
America, 1998), 323 pgs.
Fraga, Robert, Ed.. Calculus Problems for a New Century. (Washington D.C.: Mathematical Association of America, 0), 488
pgs.
Gelca, Razvan, and Titu Andreescu. Putnam and Beyond. (New York: Springer Verlag, 2006), 550 pgs.
Gleason, A. M., R. E. Greenwood, and L. M. Kelly. William Lowell Putnam Mathematical Competition, Problems and
Solutions 1938-1964, Te. (Washington D.C.: Mathematical Association of America, 2003), 673 pgs.
Graham, L.A.. Ingenious Mathematical Problems and Methods. (New York: Dover, 0), 254 pgs.
Halmos, Paul Robert. Problems for Mathematicians Young and Old. (Washington D.C.: Mathematical Association of
America, 1991), 328 pgs.
Herman, Jiri, Radan Kucera, and Jaromir Simsa. Equations and Inequalities: Elementary Problems and Teorems in Algebra
and Number Teory. (New York: Springer-Verlag, 2000), 344 pgs.
Honsberger, Ross. From Erds to Kiev. (Washington D.C.: Mathematical Association of America, 1995), 267 pgs.
Honsberger, Ross. Mathematical Chestnuts from Around the World. (Washington D.C.: Mathematical Association of
America, 2001), 220 pgs.
Honsberger, Ross. Mathematical Gems I. (Washington D.C.: Mathematical Association of America, 1973),
Honsberger, Ross. Mathematical Gems II. (Washington D.C.: Mathematical Association of America, 1976), 191 pgs.
Honsberger, Ross. Mathematical Gems III. (Washington D.C.: Mathematical Association of America, 1985), 132 pgs.
Honsberger, Ross. Mathematical Morsels. (Washington D.C.: Mathematical Association of America, 1979), 262 pgs.
Honsberger, Ross, Ed. Mathematical Plums. (Washington D.C.: Mathematical Association of America, 1979), 191 pgs.
Books & publications for broadening student skills continued
100
Honsberger, Ross. More Mathematical Morsels. (Washington D.C.: Mathematical Association of America, 1991), 344 pgs.
Kedlaya, Kiran, Bjorn Poonen, and Ravi Vakil. William Lowell Putnam Mathematical Competition 1985-2000: Problems,
Solutions, and Commentary, Te. (Washington D.C.: Mathematical Association of America, 2002), 354 pgs.
Konhauser, Joseph D. E., Dan Velleman, and Stan Wagon. Which Way Did Te Bicycle Go? ... And Other Intriguing
Mathematical Mysteries. (Washington D.C.: Mathematical Association of America, 1996), 256 pgs.
Lavsz, Lzlo. Combinatorial Problems and Exercises. (Budapest: Akadminal Kiad, 1979), 636 pgs.
Ogilvy, C.S. Tomorrows Math, Unsolved Problems for the Amateur. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1962),
Posamentier, Alfred, and Charles Salkind. Challenging Problems in Algebra. (New York: Dover, 1997), 272 pgs.
Shanks, Daniel. Solved and Unsolved Problems in Number Teory, 4th ed. (New York: Chelsea, 1993), 305 pgs.
Steinhaus, Hugo. One Hundred Problems in Elementary Mathematics. (New York: Dover, 1979), 174 pgs.
Szkely, Gbor J., Ed. Contests in Higher Mathematics: Mikls Schweitzer Competitions 1962-1991. (New York: Springer-
Verlag, 1996), 584 pgs.
Yaglom, A.M., and I. M. Yaglom. Challenging Mathematical Puzzles with Elementary Solutions, Vol. 1: Combinatory Analysis
and Probability Teory. (New York: Dover, 1987), 231 pgs.
Yaglom, A.M., and I. M. Yaglom. Challenging Mathematical Puzzles with Elementary Solutions, Vol. 2: Problems from
Various Branches of Mathematics. (New York: Dover, 1987), 223 pgs.
Problem Solving and Proving
Tese are books which cover the general area of creative thinking, problem solving, solution-writing and discovery.
Tis collection of books is generally at the level of the problem solving that occurs in the AMC 10, AMC 12, and
AIME, but without directly addressing the style and content of the AMC contests.
DAngelo, John P., Douglas B. West. Mathematical Tinking: Problem-Solving and Proofs, 2nd ed. (Upper Saddle River NJ:
Prentice-Hall, 2000), 412 pgs.
Devlin, Keith. Life by the Numbers. (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1998), 214 pgs.
Devlin, Keith. Mathematics: the Science of Patterns. Part 1: Intro to Fractals and Chaos, part 2: Complex Systems and
Mandelbrot Set. (New York: Freeman Science American Library, 1994), 224 pgs.
Dunham, William. Journey through Genius. (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1990), 320 pgs.
Engel, Arthur. Problem-Solving Strategies. (New York: Springer-Verlag, 1998), 416 pgs.
Gillman, Rick. A Friendly Mathematics Competition: Tirty-Five Years of Teamwork in Indiana. (Washington D.C.:
Mathematical Association of America, 2003), 196 pgs.
Graham, L.A.. Surprise Attack in Mathematical Problems, Te. (New York: Dover, 1968), 126 pgs.
Hardy, Kenneth, Kenneth S. Williams. Green Book of Mathematical Problems, Te. (New York: Dover, 1997), 184 pgs.
Hardy, Kenneth, and Kenneth S. Williams. Red Book of Mathematical Problems, Te. (New York: Dover, 1996), 192 pgs.
Hayes, David E., and Tatiana Shubin. Mathematical Adventures for Students and Amateurs. (Washington D.C.:
Mathematical Association of America, 2004), 304 pgs.
Hildebrandt, Stefan, and Anthony Tromba. Parsimonious Universe, Te. (New York: Springer-Verlag, 1996), 330 pgs.
Honsberger, Ross. In Plyas Footsteps: Miscellaneous Problems and Essays. (Washington D.C.: Mathematical Association of
America, 1997), 212 pgs.
Honsberger, Ross. Mathematical Diamonds. (Washington D.C.: Mathematical Association of America, 2003), 256 pgs.
Larson, Loren C.. Problem-Solving Trough Problems. (New York: Springer-Verlag, 1983), 352 pgs.
Lehoczky, Sandor, and Richard Rusczyk. Art of Problem Solving, Volumes I and II, Te. (Alpine, California 91903-2185:
AoPS Incorporated, ),
Rabinowitz, Stanley. Index to Mathematical Problems 1980-1984. (Mathpro Press, 1992), 532 pgs.
Shkliarskii, David Oskarovich, N. N. Chentzov, and I. M. Yaglom. USSR Olympiad Problem Book: Selected Problems and
Teorems of Elementary Mathematics, Te. (New York: Dover, 1962), 452 pgs.
Soifer, Alexander. Mathematics as Problem Solving. (Colorado Springs CO: Center for Excellence in Mathematical
Education, 1987),
Tanton, James Stuart. Solve this: Math Activities for Students and Clubs. (Washington, DC: Mathematical Association of
America,, 2001), 240 pgs.
Tietze, Heinrich. Famous Problems of Mathematics: Solved and Unsolved Mathematics Problems from Antiquity to Modern
Times. (New York: Graylock Press, 1965), 367 pgs.
Books & publications for broadening student skills continued
101
Trigg, Charles W. Mathematical Quickies: 270 Stimulating Problems with Solutions. (New York: Dover, 1985), 210 pgs.
Ulam, Stanislaw M. A. Collection of Mathematical Problems. (New York: Interscience Publishers, 1960), 150 pgs.
Vaderlind, Paul, Richard Guy, and Loren C. Larson. Inquisitive Problem Solver, Te. (Washington D.C.: Mathematical
Association of America, 2002), 344 pgs.
Zeitz, Paul. Art and Craft of Problem Solving, Te. (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1999), 384 pgs.
Puzzles
Puzzles are a venerable topic in recreational mathematics, but typically puzzles involve a trick, so while these
texts are valuable for encouraging creative thinking and mathematical enrichment, the puzzles covered here do not
directly contribute to improvement on the AMC contests. Tese books are especially rich sources for mathematics
enrichment topics.
Clessa, J.J. Math and Logic Puzzles for PC Enthusiasts. (New York: Dover, 1996), 144 pgs.
Costello, Matthew J. Greatest Puzzles of All Time, Te. (New York: Dover, 1988), 192 pgs.
Dudeney, Henry Ernest. 536 Puzzles and Curious Problems. (New York: Scribner, 1967), 428 pgs.
Dudeney, Henry Ernest. Amusements in Mathematics. (New York: Dover, 1917), 258 pgs.
Dudeney, Henry Ernest. Canterbury Puzzles and Other Curious Problems, 7th ed., Te. (London: Tomas Nelson and Sons,
1949), 256 pgs.
Dudeney, Henry Ernest. Modern Puzzles. (Tomas Nelson & Sons Ltd., 1938),
Dudeney, Henry Ernest. Puzzle Mine, A. (Tomas Nelson & Sons Ltd., 1951),
Emmet, E.R. 101 Brain Puzzles: A Treasury of Unique Mind-Stretching Puzzles. (New York: Harper and Row, 1970), 254
pgs.
Fujii, J.N. Puzzles and Graphs. (Washington DC: National Council of Teachers of Mathematics, 1966),
Gamow, George, and M.Stern. Puzzle-math. (New York: Viking, 1958),
Gardner, Martin. Colossal Book of Mathematics: Classic Puzzles, Paradoxes, and Problems, Te. (New York: W.W. Norton,
2001), 704 pgs.
Gardner, Martin. My Best Mathematical and Logic Puzzles. (New York: Dover, 1994), 96 pgs.
Kordemsky, Boris A. Moscow Puzzles: 359 Mathematical Recreations, Te. (New York: Dover, 1992), 320 pgs.
Krusemeyer, Mark, and Loren Larson. Wohascum County Problem Book, Te. (Washington D.C.: Mathematical Association
of America, 1993), 243 pgs.
Loyd, Sam Jr. Mathematical Puzzles of Sam Loyd, Vol. 1. (New York: Dover, 1959), 165 pgs.
Loyd, Sam Jr. More Mathematical Puzzles of Sam Loyd, Vol. 2. (New York: Dover, 1960), 177 pgs.
Loyd, Sam Jr. Sam Loyds Cyclopedia of 5,000 Puzzles, Tricks, and Conundrums. (Pinacle, 1976), 384 pgs.
Mott-Smith, Georey. Mathematical Puzzles for Beginners and Enthusiasts, 2nd rev. ed. (New York: Dover, 1954), 248 pgs.
OBeirne, T. H. Puzzles and Paradoxes: Fascinating Excursions in Recreational Mathematics. (New York: Dover, 1984), 238
pgs.
Olivastro, Dominic. Ancient Puzzles: Classic Brainteasers and Other Timeless Mathematical Games of the Last Ten Centuries.
(New York: Bantam, 1993), 288 pgs.
Wells, David Graham. Penguin Book of Curious and Interesting Puzzles, Te. (London: Penguin Books, 1992), 400 pgs.
Winkler, Peter. Mathematical Puzzles: A Connoisseurs Collection. (A K Peters, 2004), 163 pgs.
Wylie, C.R. Jr. 101 Puzzles in Tought and Logic. (New York: Dover, 1957), 107 pgs .
Books & publications for broadening student skills continued
102
Formulas & Denitions
Algebra
Exponents
Quadratic Formula
Binomial Teorem
Dierence of Squares
Zero, Rules of
Probability
Appendix I
Formulas and Defnitons
103
Geometry
Triangle
Pythagorean Teorem
Herons Formula
Angles
Geometry
Appendix II
The Elusive Formulas - Part 1
104
Appendix II - Te Elusive Formulas continued
Geometry
Slope Formula
Distance Formula
Parabola
105
Appendix II - Te Elusive Formulas continued
Trigonometry
Law of Cosines
Law of Sines
106
Appendix II - Te Elusive Formulas continued
Trigonometry
Complex Numbers
Area of Triangle
Conics
General Form
Standard Form
107
Appendix II - Te Elusive Formulas continued
Measurement
Distance
Area
Weight
Electricity
Probability
Multiplication Principle
Permutations
Measurement
108
Appendix II - Te Elusive Formulas continued
Permutations of Objects not all Dierent
Combinations
Arrangements with replacement
Probability, Fundamental rule of
Independent Events
Dependent Events
Mutually Exclusive Events
Complimentary Events
Expected Value
Binomial Probability
http://www.math.com/tables/
Defnitons
109
Section A Algebra
Te Elusive Formulas pages are used with permission from: www.nysml.org/Files/formulas.pdf
The Elusive Formulas
2
2
nd
Edition: finalized August 1, 2001
Original Edition: finalized May 23, 2001
Section A Symbol Table
for all
- there exists
C the empty set
e is an element of
e is not an element of
, + the set of natural numbers
the set of integers
the set of rational numbers
the set of real numbers
the set of complex numbers
_ is a subset of
v or
. and
union
intersection
implies
, iff is equivalent to
n
i
i 1
a
=
a
1
+a
2
+a
3
+a
4
+a
5
+...+a
n
n
i
i 1
a
=
[
a
1
a
2
a
3
a
4
a
5
a
n
(a,b) = d d is the gcd of a and b
[a,b] = d d is the lcm of a and b
t(a) number of factors of a
o(a) sum of the factors of a
(a) Euler Phi Function
(a) Mobius Function
| a | absolute value of a
a greatest integer function
a ( least integer function
a:b:c ratio of a to b to c
a:b:c::d:e:f ratio of a to b to c=ratio of d to e to f
pi 3.141592653589793
e euler number 2.718281828459
( )
b
log a c = b
c
= a
( ) log a c = 10
c
= a
n! n(n1)(n2)(n3)(n4)321
n
P
r
n!
r!
= n(n1)(n2)(nr+1)
n
C
r
or
n
r
| |
|
\ .
n! n(n 1)(n 2)...(n r+1)
r!(n r)! n(n 1)(n 2)...(2)(1)
=
( ) mod a b c a and b leave the same remainder
when divided by c.
Appendix
III: The Elusive Formulas - Part 2
110
Appendix III - Te Elusive Formulas continued
Section B - Algebra
Algebra Arithmetic Series; Geometric Series; Rational Root Teorem
Section B - Algebra
Used with permission from:
NYSME(New York State Math League)
Copyright (c) 2002 Ming Jack Po & Kevin Zheng.
Section B Algebra
- (a b)
3
= a
3
b
3
iff a = 0 or b = 0 or (ab) = 0
- a
3
b
3
= (a b)(a
2
ab + b
2
)
- a
3
+ b
3
+ c
3
3abc = (a + b + c)(a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
ab bc ca)
- a
4
+ b
4
+ c
4
2a
2
b
2
2b
2
c
2
2c
2
a
2
= -16s(s a)(s b)(s c) when 2s = a+b+c
- a
n
+ b
n
= (a + b)(a
n1
+ b
n1
) ab(a
n2
+ b
n2
)
- a
n
b
n
= (a b)(a
n1
a
n2
b + a
n3
b
2
a
n4
b
3
+ + a
2
b
n3
ab
n2
+ b
n1
) [ a
n
+ b
n
is only true for odd n.]
- (a b)
n
=
n
C
0
a
n
n
C
1
a
n1
b +
n
C
2
a
n2
b
2
n
C
3
a
n3
b
3
+
n
C
4
a
n4
b
4
n
C
n-2
a
2
b
n2
+
n
C
n-1
ab
n1
+
n
C
n
b
n
- a(a+1)(a+2)(a+3) = (a
2
+3a+1)
2
1
Arithmetic Series: If a
1
, a
2
, a
3
, ..., a
n
are in arithmetic series with common difference d:
n
th
term in terms of m
th
term a
n
= a
m
+ (n m)d
Sum of an arithmetic series up to term n
( ) ( )
n
1 n 1
i
i 1
n a a n 2a (n 1)d
a
2 2
=
+ +
= =
Geometric Series: If a
1
, a
2
, a
3
, ..., a
n
are in geometric series with common ratio r:
n
th
term of a geometric series
n 1
n 1
a a r
=
Sum of a non-constant (r 1) geometric
series up to term n
n n
1
i
i 1
a (1 r )
a
1 r
=
Sum of an infinite geometric series
1
i
i 1
a
a
1 r
=
=
n
2
i 1
n(n 1)(2n 1)
i
6
=
+ +
=
2 2 n
3
i 1
n (n 1)
i
4
=
+
=
( )( )
3 2
n
4
i 1
n n 1 6n 9n n 1
i
30
=
+ + +
=
If P(x) = a
n
x
n
+ a
n-1
x
n1
+ a
n-2
x
n2
+ a
n-3
x
n3
+ ... + a
1
x + a
0
= 0,
i
a is a constant, then
Sum of roots taken one at a time
(the sum of the roots)
i
r
=
n 1
n
-a
a
Sum of roots taken two at a time i j
i j
r r
=
=
n 2
n
a
a
Sum of roots taken p at a time
i j k
i j ... k
r r ...r
= = =
=
n p p
n
a
(-1)
a
Rational Root Theorem
If P(x) = a
n
x
n
+ a
n-1
x
n-1
+ a
n-2
x
n-2
+ a
n-3
x
n-3
+ ... + a
1
x + a
0
is a polynomial with integer coefficients and
b
c
is a rational root of the equation P(x) = 0 (where (b, c) =1), then b | a
0
and c | a
n
.
- If P(x) is a polynomial with real coefficients and P(a + bi) = 0, then P(a bi) = 0.
- If P(x) is a polynomial with rational coefficients and P(a + b c ) = 0, then P(a b c ) = 0.
111
Appendix III - Te Elusive Formulas continued
Section C - Number Teory
Divisibility; Modulo Congruence: Fibonacci Sequence; Farey Series; Number Teory Functions
Section C - Number Theory
Used with permission from:
www.nysml.org/Files/Formulas.pdf
Copyright (c) 2002 Ming Jack Po & Kevin Zheng.
Section C Number Theory
- Number Theory mainly concerns and , all variables exist in unless stated otherwise
Divisibility: a,be , a0: a | b -ke such that ak = b
1|a, a|0, a|(a) a|b a|bc a|b . b|c a|c
a|1 a=1 a|b . a|c a|(bc) a|bc . (a,b) =1 a|c
a|b . b|a a=b a|b . c|d ab|cd a|c . b|c . (a,b)=1 ab|c
Modulo Congruence: a,b,me , m0: a b (mod m) m | (a-b)
Suppose that ab (mod m), cd (mod m), and p is prime; then:
ag cg (mod m) ab cd (mod m) (g,p)=1 g
p-1
1 (mod p)
ag cg (mod m) ab cd (mod m) (p-1)! -1 (mod p)
(g,m)=1 g
(m)
1 (mod m) hfhg (mod m) . (m,h)=1 fg (mod m)
Fibonacci Sequence
- Sequence of integers beginning with two 1s and each subsequent term is the sum of the previous 2 terms.
- 1,1,2,3,5,8,13,21,34,55,89,144, ...
- F(1)=F(2)=1, for n3, F(n)=F(n-1)+F(n-2)
- Let = Golden Ratio =
( )
5 1
2
+
, then F(n) =
( )
-n
n
-
5
- F(n)F(n+3) F(n+1)F(n+2) = (-1)
n
Farey Series [F
n
]
- Ascending sequence of irreducible fractions between 0 and 1 inclusive whose denominator is n
- F
3
=
0 1 1 2 1
1 3 2 3 1
, , , , ; F
7
=
0 3 3 5 3 5 6 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 4 2 4 1
1 7 6 5 4 7 3 5 7 2 7 5 3 7 4 5 6 7 1
, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,
- if
a
b
,
c
d
, and
e
f
are successive terms in F
n
, then bcad = decf = 1 and
c a e
d b f
+
+
=
Number Theory Functions
The following number theory functions have the property that if (a,b)=1, then f(ab)=f(a)f(b)
Tau Function: Number of factors of n: t(n) = ( )
m
i
i 1
1
=
+ o
[
Sigma Function: Sum of factors of n: o(n) =
( )
i
m
j
i
j 0 i 1
p
o
= =
| |
|
\ .
[
=
i
1
m
i
i 1 i
p 1
p 1
+o
=
| |
\ .
[
Euler Phi Function: Number of integers between 0 and n that are relatively prime to n
(n) =
( )
i i
m
1
i i
i 1
p p
o o
=
[
=
m
i 1 i
1
n 1
p
=
| |
|
\ .
[
Mobius Function: (n) =
0 if n is divisible by any square 1
otherwise:
1 if n is has an even number of prime factors
1 if n is has an odd number of prime factors
>
`
)
112
Appendix III - Te Elusive Formulas continued
Section C - Number Teory
Divisibility Rules
Section D - Logarithms
Section E - Analytic Geometry
Section D - Logarithms
Section E - Analytic Geometry
Used with permission from: www.nysml.org/Files/Formulas.pdf
Copyright (c) 2002 Ming Jack Po & Kevin Zheng.
Divisibility Rules
Given integer k expressed in base n 2, k =
2 3
0 1 2 3
a a n a n a n ... + + + + =
( )
i
i
i 0
a n
, 0
i
a < n
Note:
( ) ( )
i
m m 1 0 i
n
i 0
a a ...a a n
=
=
=
=
+
- if we define the square root of 1 to be i, then:
o = complex numbers = a+bi, where a,beR
a
2
+ b
2
= r
2
; tan =
b
a
;
a = r cos ; b = r sin
Z = a + bi = r cis
(polar form of a complex number)
The magnitude of Z, represented by
|a+bi| =
2 2
a b +
e
i
= cos + i sin = cis cis (+) = cis cis
C
o
m
p
l
e
x
N
u
m
b
e
r
s
i
n
R
e
c
t
a
n
g
u
l
a
r
&
P
o
l
a
r
(a+bi)
n
= (r cis )
n
= r
n
cis(n)
cis (-) =
cis
cis
u
114
Appendix III - Te Elusive Formulas continued
Section H - Euclidean G. I (Triangle)
Stewarts Teorem; Angle Bisector; Menelaus Teorem; Cevas Teorem; Orthocenter; Circumcenter Nagel Point Golden Triangle
Section H - Euclidean G. I (Triangle)
Used with permission from:
www.nysml.org/Files/Formulas.pdf
Copyright (c) 2002 Ming Jack Po & Kevin Zheng.
Section H Euclidean Geometry I (The Triangle)
Stewarts Theorem
man + dad = bmb +cnc
Angle Bisector
bm = cn; d = bc - mn
Menelaus Theorem
AD BE CF DB EC FA
Cevas Theorem
AF BD CE AE BF CD
VD VE VF
1
AD BE CF
Centroid (medians)
AM BM CM
2
MD ME MF
K
AFM
= K
FBM
= K
BDM
= K
DCM
= K
CEM
= K
EAM
=
1
6
K
ABC
Orthocenter (altitudes)
AFC
~
AEB
~
OEC
~
OFB
BDA
~
BFC
~
OFA
~
ODC
CEB
~
CDA
~
ODB
~
OEA
Circumcenter (bisectors)
a b c
sin A sin B sin C
= 2R
Extended Law of Sines
Nagel Point
Joins semi-perimeter points
to vertices
Golden Triangle
ABC
~
DAB
; = 36 = /5
CD BC CD 5 1
2 BC CD
The 4-5-6 Triangle
A = 2B; K =
15 7
4
The 13-14-15 Triangle
K = 84; R =
65
8
; r = 4
The 8-8-11 Triangle
Trisectors of the largest angle
has length 6
115
Appendix III - Te Elusive Formulas continued
Area Formulas of the Triangle; Triangle Assorted Identities; Triangle & its Circles
Used with permission from:
www.nysml.org/Files/Formulas.pdf
Copyright (c) 2002 Ming Jack Po & Kevin Zheng.
A Triangle and Its Circles
ABC
has sides a, b and c and angles A, B, and C.
The radius of the inscribed circle is r.
The radius of the circumscribed circle is R.
The area of the triangle is K.
The semi-perimeter of the triangle is s.
The altitude to sides a, b, c are h
a
, h
b
, h
c
respectively.
The angle bisectors to angles A, B, C are t
a
, t
b
, t
c
respectively.
The medians to side a, b, c are m
a
, m
b
, m
c
respectively.
The circles tangent to each line AB
, BC
,
CA
K=
absin C
2
K=
2
c sin Asin B
2sin C
K=
abc
4R
K=rs K= s(s a)(s b)(s c)
For planar triangle with vertices P
1
(x
1
, y
1
), P
2
(x
2,
y
2
), P
3
(x
3
y
3
)
1 1
2 2
3 3
x y 1
1
K x y 1
2
x y 1
| |
|
=
|
|
\ .
Coordinates of the centroid are
1 2 3 1 2 3
x x x y y y
,
3 3
+ + + + | |
|
\ .
Basic Edge Inequalities a+b>c, b+c>a, c+a>b
Basic Angle Identities A+B+C = 180, {a,b,c}c (0,)
Law of Cosines a
2
+ b
2
= c
2
+ 2ab cos C
Law of Tangents tan(A)tan(B)tan(C) = tan(A)+tan(B)+tan(C)
Assorted Identities
a b b c c a
r r r r r r + + = s
2
D
2
= R
2
2Rr 4m
c
2
= 2a
2
+ 2b
2
+ c
2
a b c
r r r + + r = 4R
r =
A B
2 2
C
2
csin sin
cos
c
K
r
s c
=
r
2
=
(s a)(s b)(s c)
s
a b c
1 1 1 1
r r r r
= + +
( )( )
C
2
s a s b
sin
ab
=
C
2
r
tan
s c
=
( )( )
( )
C
2
s a s b
tan
s s c
=
( )
C
2
s s c
cos
ab
=
t
c
=
( ) 2 a b s s c
a b
+
t
c
=
C
2
2abcos
a b +
a b c
m m m 3
1
4 a b c
+ +
s s
+ +
( )
( )
A B
2
A B
2
tan
a b
a b tan
=
+
116
Appendix III - Te Elusive Formulas continued
Section I - Euclidean G. II (Quadril.)
General Quadrilateral Diagonals; General Quadrilateral Midpoints; Circumscribed Quadrilateral; Cyclic Quadrilateral; Parallelogram; Rectangle
Section I - Euclidean G. II (Quadrilateral)
Used with permission from: www.nysml.org/Files/Formulas.pdf
Copyright (c) 2002 Ming Jack Po & Kevin Zheng.
Section I Euclidean Geometry II (The Quadrilateral)
General Quadrilateral Diagonals
E and F are midpoints of AC and BD
K
GAB
K
GCD
= K
GBC
K
GDA
K =
1
2
AC BD sin AGB
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
AB BC CD DA AC BD 4EF
General Quadrilateral Midpoints
If
AH DG CF BE
HD GC FB EA
= n
Then:
2
EFGH
2
ABCD
K n 1
K (n 1)
Circumscribed Quadrilateral
AB CD BC AD = s; K
ABCD
= rs
If Quad
ABCD
is also cyclic, then
K = AB CD BC AD
Cyclic Quadrilateral
A + C = B + D = 180
K
ABCD
=
s AB s BC s CD s DA
BC AD AB CD BD AC
AC BC CD DA AB BD AB BC CD DA
Parallelogram
2 2 2 2
2(BC BA ) BD AC
Rectangle
For all point P:
2 2 2 2
PA PC PB PD
Three Pole Problem
if a || b || c, then
1 1 1
a b c
Quadrilateral with Diagonals
AC BD K =
1
2
AC BD
2 2 2 2
AB CD BC DA
Ptolemys Theorem:
In any Quad
ABCD
, BD AC BC AD AB CD , with equality holding iff Quad
ABCD
is cyclic.
117
Appendix III - Te Elusive Formulas continued
Section J - Euclidean G. III (Circle)
Section K - Trigonometry
Pythagorean: Odd-Even Functions; Summation of Angles, Multiple Angles
Section J - Euclidean G. III (Circle)
Section K - Trigonometry
Used with permission from:
www.nysml.org/Files/Formulas.pdf
Copyright (c) 2002 Ming Jack Po & Kevin Zheng.
Section J Euclidean Geometry III (The Circle)
Circles
1
2
AEC BED AC BD
Power of the point: AE BE CE DE
Circles 2
AB AG ;
1
2
DAF DF CE
2
AB AD AC AF AE
Section K Trigonometry
sin =
c
b
; cos =
a
b
; tan =
c
a
sin =AB; cos =OA; tan =BC
15 18 30 36 45 54 60 75
sin
6 2
4
5 1
4
1
2
4
5 5 2
2
2
5 1
4
3
2
6 2
4
cos
6 2
4
4
5 5 2
3
2
5 1
4
2
2
4
5 5 2
1
2
6 2
4
tan 2 3
5 5 2
2 1 5
3
3
1 5
5 5 2
1
5 5 2
2 1 5
3 2 3
Pythagorean Odd-Even Functions Summation of Angles
sin
2
+ cos
2
= 1 sin(-) = -sin() sin ( ) = sin()cos() cos()sin()
1 + tan
2
= sec
2
cos(-) = cos() cos ( ) = cos()cos() sin()sin()
1 + cot
2
= csc
2
tan(-) = -tan()
tan ( ) =
tan tan
1 tan tan
sin 2 = 2 sin cos sin 3 = 3sin 4sin
3
sin 4 = 4sincos(cos
3
sin)
cos 2 = cos sin cos 3 = 4cos
3
3cos cos 4 = sin
4
+ cos
4
6cos
2
sin
2
M
u
l
t
i
p
l
e
A
n
g
l
e
s
tan 2 =
2
2tan
1 tan
tan 3 =
3
2
tan 3tan
3tan 1
tan 4 =
2
4 2
4tan 1 tan
tan 6tan 1
118
Appendix III - Te Elusive Formulas continued
Trigonometry
Sum to Product; Product to Sum; Square Identities; Cube Identities;
Used with permission from
www.nysml.org/
Copyright (c) 2002 Ming Jack Po & Kevin Zheng.
Sum to Product Product to Sum
sin sin = 2sin cos
2 2
u u | | | |
| |
\ . \ .
sin sin =
1
2
[cos() cos(+)]
cos + cos = 2cos cos
2 2
u+ u | | | |
| |
\ . \ .
cos cos =
1
2
[cos() + cos(+)]
cos cos = 2sin sin
2 2
u+ u | | | |
| |
\ . \ .
sin cos =
1
2
[sin() + sin(+)]
tan tan =
( ) sin
cos cos
u
u
tan tan =
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
cos cos
cos cos
u u+
u + u+
Square Identities Cube Identities Angle Identities tan (/2) Identities
sin
2
=
1
2
(1-cos2) sin
3
=
3sin sin3
4
u u
2
1 cos
sin
2
u
u
=
sin =
2
2
2
2tan
1 tan
u
u
+
cos
2
=
1
2
(1+cos2) cos
3
=
3cos cos3
4
u+ u
2
1 cos
cos
2
u
+ u
=
cos =
2
2
2
2
1 tan
1 tan
u
u
+
tan
2
=
1 cos 2
1 cos 2
u
+ u
tan
3
=
3sin sin3
3cos cos3
u u
u+ u
2
1 cos
tan
1 cos
u
+ u
=
u
Authors:
Ming Jack Po (Johns Hopkins University)
Kevin Zheng (Carnegie Mellon University)
Proof Readers:
Jan Siwanowicz (City College of New York)
Jeff Amlin (Harvard University)
Kamaldeep Gandhi (Brooklyn Polytechnic University)
Joel Lewis (Harvard University)
Seth Kleinerman (Harvard University)
Programs Used:
Math Type 4, 5
CadKey 5
Geometers Sketchpad 3, 4
Microsoft Word XP
Mathematica 4.1
References:
IMSA Noah Sheets
Bronx Science High School Formula Sheets, Math Bulletin
119
Q # Diculty Standard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Denition...................................................................................... MC yr page
m01-17 MH - 30.26 Algebra. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Analyze change in various contexts. ................................................... 05-06 60
m01-17 MH - 30.26 Algebra. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Analyze change in various contexts. ................................................... 05-06 60
m00-05 H - 14.24 Algebra. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Model and solve contextualized problems using various . . . ............... 07-08 67
m00-20 MH - 25.69 Algebra. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Relate and compare dierent forms of representation for a . . . .......... 07-08 82
m07-20 MH - 26.60 Algebra. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Represent and analyze mathematical situations and . . . ..................... 08-09 63
m01-12 MH - 29.85 Algebra. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Represent and analyze mathematical situations and . . . ..................... 05-06 58
sb06-03 ME - 78.81 Algebra. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Represent and analyze mathematical situations and . . . ..................... 06-07 92
m02-11 ME - 67.55 Algebra. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Represent, analyze, and generalize a variety of patterns . . . ................ 04-05 61
sa06-02 MH - 32.49 Algebra. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Understand patterns, relations, and functions. ................................... 06-07 77
m06-09 MH - 36.92 Algebra. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Understand patterns, relations, and functions. ................................... 07-08 46
m05-08 M - 52.69 Algebra. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Understand patterns, relations, and functions. ................................... 06-07 58
m05-12 M - 53.86 Algebra. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Understand patterns, relations, and functions. ................................... 06-07 62
ta06-06 ME - 79.96 Algebra. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Understand patterns, relations, and functions. ................................... 06-07 81
m06-22 H - 17.16 Algebra. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Use mathematical models to represent and understand . . . ............... 07-08 59
ta06-08 MH - 27.81 Algebra. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Use mathematical models to represent and understand . . . ................ 06-07 83
m00-23 MH - 29.51 Algebra. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Use mathematical models to represent and understand . . . ................ 07-08 85
sa06-22 MH - 35.17 Algebra. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Use mathematical models to represent and understand . . . ................ 06-07 89
sb06-12 M - 45.86 Algebra. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Use mathematical models to represent and understand . . . ................ 06-07 99
m06-03 M - 46.39 Algebra. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Use mathematical models to represent and understand . . . ............... 07-08 40
m07-04 M - 46.66 Algebra. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Use mathematical models to represent and understand . . . ............... 08-09 47
m07-01 E - 84.11 Algebra. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Use mathematical models to represent and understand . . . ............... 08-09 44
m99-18 MH - 27.12 Algebra. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Use symbolic algebra to represent situations and to solve . . . ............. 08-09 86
m99-19 MH - 35.91 Algebra. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Use symbolic algebra to represent situations and to solve . . . ............. 08-09 87
m99-17 M - 42.22 Algebra. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Use symbolic algebra to represent situations and to solve . . . ............. 08-09 85
m99-16 M - 44.75 Algebra. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Use symbolic algebra to represent situations and to solve . . . ............. 08-09 84
m02-17 M - 58.00 Algebra. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Use symbolic algebra to represent situations and to solve . . . ............. 04-05 65
m03-04 ME - 74.39 Algebra. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Use symbolic algebra to represent situations and to solve . . . ............. 04-05 72
m01-03 E - 89.49 Algebra. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Use symbolic algebra to represent situations and to solve . . . ............. 04-05 44
m00-21 H - 7.90 Data Analysis & Probability . . . . . . Compute probabilities for simple compound events, using . . . .......... 07-08 83
m05-22 H - 17.63 Data Analysis & Probability . . . . . . Develop and evaluate inferences and predictions that are . . . ............. 06-07 72
m01-19 H - 19.06 Data Analysis & Probability . . . . . . Develop and evaluate inferences and predictions that are . . . ............. 05-06 61
m03-24 MH - 26.05 Data Analysis & Probability . . . . . . Develop and evaluate inferences and predictions that are . . . ............. 05-06 78
m02-06 MH - 26.63 Data Analysis & Probability . . . . . . Develop and evaluate inferences and predictions that are . . . ............. 05-06 65
m01-20 MH - 26.87 Data Analysis & Probability . . . . . . Develop and evaluate inferences and predictions that are . . . ............. 05-06 62
m02-10 M - 43.90 Data Analysis & Probability . . . . . . Develop and evaluate inferences and predictions that are . . . ............. 05-06 69
m03-17 M - 49.96 Data Analysis & Probability . . . . . . Develop and evaluate inferences and predictions that are . . . ............. 05-06 75
m04-05 M - 59.14 Data Analysis & Probability . . . . . . Develop and evaluate inferences and predictions that are . . . ............. 05-06 84
m04-10 M - 60.21 Data Analysis & Probability . . . . . . Develop and evaluate inferences and predictions that are . . . ............. 05-06 89
m02-09 ME - 78.30 Data Analysis & Probability . . . . . . Develop and evaluate inferences and predictions that are . . . ............. 05-06 68
m02-08 E - 89.23 Data Analysis & Probability . . . . . . Develop and evaluate inferences and predictions that are . . . ............. 05-06 67
m99-04 E - 92.30 Data Analysis & Probability . . . . . . Discuss and understand the correspondence between . . . .................. 08-09 72
m01-21 MH - 23.28 Data Analysis & Probability . . . . . . Find, use, and interpret measures of center and spread, . . ................. 04-05 54
m99-13 MH - 28.13 Data Analysis & Probability . . . . . . Find, use, and interpret measures of center and spread, . . ................. 08-09 81
m02-18 MH - 32.19 Data Analysis & Probability . . . . . . Find, use, and interpret measures of center and spread, . . ................. 04-05 66
m02-03 M - 40.80 Data Analysis & Probability . . . . . . Find, use, and interpret measures of center and spread, . . ................. 04-05 58
m03-07 M - 49.72 Data Analysis & Probability . . . . . . Find, use, and interpret measures of center and spread, . . ................. 04-05 74
m04-09 MH - 38.66 Data Analysis & Probability . . . . . . Select and use appropriate statistical methods to analyze data. ........... 05-06 88
m04-11 M - 60.74 Data Analysis & Probability . . . . . . Select and use appropriate statistical methods to analyze data. ........... 05-06 90
m02-21 H - 3.24 Data Analysis & Probability . . . . . . Understand and apply basic concepts of probability, compute . . . ..... 04-05 89
m07-21 H - 12.47 Data Analysis & Probability . . . . . . Understand and apply basic concepts of probability. .......................... 08-09 64
m07-25 H - 12.89 Data Analysis & Probability . . . . . . Understand and apply basic concepts of probability. .......................... 08-09 68
m04-22 H - 16.20 Data Analysis & Probability . . . . . . Understand and apply basic concepts of probability. .......................... 05-06 101
m07-24 H - 17.24 Data Analysis & Probability . . . . . . Understand and apply basic concepts of probability. .......................... 08-09 67
m04-21 MH - 25.22 Data Analysis & Probability . . . . . . Understand and apply basic concepts of probability. .......................... 05-06 100
ta06-18 MH - 29.08 Data Analysis & Probability . . . . . . Understand and apply basic concepts of probability. .......................... 06-07 88
ta06-13 M - 50.78 Data Analysis & Probability . . . . . . Understand and apply basic concepts of probability. .......................... 06-07 86
m06-17 MH - 26.89 Data Analysis & Probability . . . . . . Understand and apply basic concepts of probability. .......................... 07-08 54
m02-12 ME - 78.39 Data Analysis & Probability . . . . . . Understand and use appropriate terminology to describe . . . ............. 04-05 62
m01-18 H - 14.17 Data Analysis & Probability . . . . . . Use proportionality and a basic understanding of . . . ........................ 04-05 53
m99-12 M - 44.16 Data Analysis & Probability . . . . . . Use proportionality and a basic understanding of . . . ........................ 08-09 80
m99-10 M - 46.73 Data Analysis & Probability . . . . . . Use proportionality and a basic understanding of . . . ........................ 08-09 78
m05-16 H - 19.42 Data Analysis & Probability . . . . . . Understand and apply basic concepts of probability. .......................... 06-07 66
m01-09 H - 12.08 Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Analyze characteristics and properties of two- and three-dim . . . ....... 05-06 57
m04-25 H - 13.12 Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Analyze characteristics and properties of two- and three-dim . . . ....... 05-06 104
m06-21 H - 19.56 Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Analyze characteristics and properties of two- and . . . ...................... 07-08 58
m06-07 MH - 20.87 Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Analyze characteristics and properties of two- and . . . ...................... 07-08 44
m05-23 MH - 22.18 Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Analyze characteristics and properties of two- and three-dim . . . ....... 06-07 73
m05-07 MH - 22.26 Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Analyze characteristics and properties of two- and three-dim . . . ....... 06-07 57
m04-24 MH - 24.99 Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Analyze characteristics and properties of two- and three-dim . . . ....... 05-06 103
m05-15 MH - 26.87 Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Analyze characteristics and properties of two- and three-dim . . . ....... 06-07 65
Appendix IV
NCTM Standards - AMC 8 Worksheets
Tis is a listing of all the Worksheets produced thus far (2004-05, 2005-06, 2006-07 and 2007-08) in an NCTM
categorized list for easy reference.
120
sb06-10 MH - 27.33 Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Analyze characteristics and properties of two- and three-dim . . . ....... 06-07 97
m03-21 MH - 32.62 Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Analyze characteristics and properties of two- and three-dim . . . ....... 05-06 76
tb06-04 MH - 33.11 Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Analyze characteristics and properties of two- and three-dim . . . ....... 06-07 93
m05-19 MH - 38.79 Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Analyze characteristics and properties of two- and three-dim . . . ....... 06-07 69
m01-08 MH - 38.97 Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Analyze characteristics and properties of two- and three-dim . . . ....... 05-06 56
m05-09 M - 40.37 Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Analyze characteristics and properties of two- and three-dim . . . ....... 06-07 59
m99-20 M - 40.59 Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Analyze characteristics and properties of two- and three-dim . . . ....... 08-09 88
m01-07 M - 43.14 Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Analyze characteristics and properties of two- and three-dim . . . ....... 05-06 55
m03-06 M - 47.69 Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Analyze characteristics and properties of two- and three-dim . . . ....... 05-06 71
m06-19 M - 52.37 Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Analyze characteristics and properties of two- and . . . ...................... 07-08 56
m06-06 M - 55.10 Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Analyze characteristics and properties of two- and . . . ...................... 07-08 43
m05-04 M - 56.1 Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Analyze characteristics and properties of two- and three-dim . . . ....... 06-07 54
m06-04 ME - 66.91 Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Analyze characteristics and properties of two- and . . . ...................... 07-08 41
m02-15 E - 78.10 Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Analyze characteristics and properties of two- and three-dim . . . ....... 04-05 86
m00-19 H - 15.04 Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Apply transformations and use symmetry to analyze mathe . . . ......... 07-08 81
m06-18 MH - 22.81 Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Apply transformations and use symmetry to analyze . . . ................... 07-08 55
m03-25 MH - 28.34 Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Apply transformations and use symmetry to analyze mathe . . . ......... 05-06 79
tb06-06 MH - 35.67 Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Apply transformations and use symmetry to analyze mathe . . . ......... 06-07 95
m05-03 M - 43.6 Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Apply transformations and use symmetry to analyze mathe . . . ......... 06-07 53
m06-05 M - 63.37 Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Apply transformations and use symmetry to analyze . . . ................... 07-08 42
sa06-07 ME - 72.98 Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Apply transformations and use symmetry to analyze mathe . . . ......... 06-07 82
m01-16 H - 13.60 Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Describe sizes, positions, and orientations of shapes under . . . .......... 04-05 52
m99-05 MH - 34.76 Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Draw geometric objects with specied properties, such as . . . ........... 08-09 73
m07-11 MH - 35.82 Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Examine the congruence, similarity, and line or rotational . . . ........... 08-09 54
m01-23 M - 42.29 Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Examine the congruence, similarity, and line or rotational . . . ........... 04-05 56
m07-23 MH - 24.48 Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Precisely describe, classify, and understand relationships . . . .............. 08-09 66
m99-02 M - 45.79 Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Precisely describe, classify, and understand relationships . . . .............. 08-09 70
m07-08 M - 55.65 Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Precisely describe, classify, and understand relationships . . . .............. 08-09 51
m00-04 E - 91.47 Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Precisely describe, classify, and understand relationships . . . .............. 07-08 66
m07-16 MH - 25.94 Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Specify locations and describe spatial relationships . . ........................ 08-09 59
m04-14 MH - 37.25 Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Specify locations and describe spatial relationships . . ........................ 05-06 93
m00-25 H - 16.65 Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Understand relationships among the angles, side lengths, . . . ............ 07-08 87
m07-14 H - 17.20 Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Understand relationships among the angles, side lengths, . . . ............ 08-09 57
m00-24 H - 17.48 Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Understand relationships among the angles, side lengths, . . . ............ 07-08 86
m00-22 H - 17.78 Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Understand relationships among the angles, side lengths, . . . ............ 07-08 84
m99-23 H - 17.98 Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Understand relationships among the angles, side lengths, . . . ............ 08-09 91
m99-25 H - 18.36 Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Understand relationships among the angles, side lengths, . . . ............ 08-09 93
m99-21 MH - 24.66 Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Understand relationships among the angles, side lengths, . . . ............ 08-09 89
m99-14 MH - 25.65 Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Understand relationships among the angles, side lengths, . . . ............ 08-09 82
m02-13 MH - 26.83 Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Understand relationships among the angles, side lengths, . . . ............ 04-05 63
m00-13 MH - 37.04 Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Understand relationships among the angles, side lengths, . . . ............ 07-08 75
m00-15 MH - 37.89 Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Understand relationships among the angles, side lengths, . . . ............ 07-08 77
m00-16 MH - 38.33 Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Understand relationships among the angles, side lengths, . . . ............ 07-08 78
m07-12 M - 44.14 Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Understand relationships among the angles, side lengths, . . . ............ 08-09 55
m00-18 M - 45.27 Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Understand relationships among the angles, side lengths, . . . ............ 07-08 80
m00-06 M - 53.32 Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Understand relationships among the angles, side lengths, . . . ............ 07-08 68
m99-24 MH - 21.10 Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Understand the meaning and eects of arithmetic . . . ...................... 08-09 92
m01-11 M - 47.16 Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Use coordinate geometry to represent and examine the . . . ................ 04-05 49
m99-07 MH - 20.30 Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Use geometric models to represent and explain numerical . . . .......... 08-09 75
m99-09 M - 54.17 Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Use geometric models to represent and explain numerical . . . .......... 08-09 77
m03-15 MH - 33.38 Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Use two-dimensional representations of three-dimensional . . . .......... 04-05 79
m03-13 M - 54.30 Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Use two-dimensional representations of three-dimensional . . . .......... 04-05 77
m99-08 ME - 65.38 Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Use two-dimensional representations of three-dimensional . . . .......... 08-09 76
m03-01 ME - 77.36 Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Use two-dimensional representations of three-dimensional . . . .......... 04-05 69
m03-18 H - 18.49 Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Use visual tools such as networks to represent and solve . . . ............... 04-05 0
m02-16 H - 19.22 Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Use visualization, spatial reasoning, and geometric . . . ...................... 04-05 87
m01-24 H - 20.00 Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Use visualization, spatial reasoning, and geometric . . . ...................... 05-06 63
m05-25 MH - 22.05 Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Use visualization, spatial reasoning, and geometric . . . ...................... 06-07 75
m07-22 MH - 22.95 Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Use visualization, spatial reasoning, and geometric . . . ...................... 08-09 65
m05-13 MH - 24.92 Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Use visualization, spatial reasoning, and geometric . . . ...................... 06-07 63
m02-23 MH - 26.10 Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Use visualization, spatial reasoning, and geometric . . . ...................... 05-06 70
m02-22 H - 27.95 Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Use visualization, spatial reasoning, and geometric . . . ...................... 04-05 90
m03-10 MH - 31.86 Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Use visualization, spatial reasoning, and geometric . . . ...................... 05-06 74
ta06-12 M - 48.04 Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Use visualization, spatial reasoning, and geometric . . . ...................... 06-07 85
tb06-05 M - 49.54 Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Use visualization, spatial reasoning, and geometric . . . ...................... 06-07 94
m02-01 E - 52.17 Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Use visualization, spatial reasoning, and geometric . . . ...................... 04-05 69
m03-08 M - 58.65 Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Use visualization, spatial reasoning, and geometric . . . ...................... 05-06 72
m02-20 MH - 30.73 Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Use visualization, spatial reasoning, and geometric . . . ...................... 04-05 88
m04-15 MH - 36.74 Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Use visualization, spatial reasoning, and geometric . . . ...................... 05-06 94
m01-13 MH - 25.41 Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Apply appropriate techniques, tools, and formulas to . . . .................. 05-06 59
m04-01 E - 90.53 Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Apply appropriate techniques, tools, and formulas to . . . .................. 05-06 80
m03-22 H - 14.15 Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Develop and use formulas to determine the circumference . . . .......... 04-05 84
m01-15 M - 56.47 Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Solve simple problems involving rates and derived . . . ....................... 04-05 51
sb06-13 MH - 28.06 Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Understand measurable attributes of objects and the units, . . . .......... 06-07 100
sa06-14 MH - 39.42 Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Understand measurable attributes of objects and the units, . . . .......... 06-07 87
sb06-09 ME - 77.07 Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Understand measurable attributes of objects and the units, . . . .......... 06-07 96
m01-05 M - 58.46 Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Understand relationships among units and convert from . . . ............. 04-05 46
m04-12 MH - 21.74 Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Use mathematical models to represent and understand . . . ................ 05-06 91
m05-17 M - 45.49 Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Understand measurable attributes of objects and the units, . . . .......... 06-07 67
Appendix IV - Worksheet NCTM Standards continued
121
m04-16 H - 20.25 Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Understand measurable attributes of objects and the units, . . . .......... 05-06 95
m01-01 E - 82.37 Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Understand relationships among units and convert from . . . ............. 04-05 42
m00-03 MH - 34.12 Number & Operations . . . . . . . . . . Compare and order fractions, decimals, and percents . . . .................. 07-08 65
m06-01 E - 93.65 Number & Operations . . . . . . . . . . Compute uently and make reasonable estimates. ............................. 07-08 38
m01-10 MH - 32.20 Number & Operations . . . . . . . . . . Develop meaning for percents greater than 100 and less than 1. ........ 04-05 48
m00-10 MH - 26.83 Number & Operations . . . . . . . . . . Develop, analyze, and explain methods for solving problems . . . ....... 07-08 72
m00-01 E - 93.09 Number & Operations . . . . . . . . . . Model and solve contextualized problems using various . . . ............... 07-08 63
m99-03 ME - 64.72 Number & Operations . . . . . . . . . . Select appropriate methods and tools for computing with . . . ........... 08-09 71
m02-24 MH - 30.08 Number & Operations . . . . . . . . . . Understand and use ratios and proportions to represent . . . .............. 04-05 68
m99-22 MH - 32.34 Number & Operations . . . . . . . . . . Understand and use ratios and proportions to represent . . . .............. 08-09 90
m01-06 MH - 36.05 Number & Operations . . . . . . . . . . Understand and use ratios and proportions to represent . . . .............. 04-05 47
m03-03 ME - 65.56 Number & Operations . . . . . . . . . . Understand and use ratios and proportions to represent . . . .............. 04-05 71
m07-02 ME - 65.97 Number & Operations . . . . . . . . . . Understand and use ratios and proportions to represent . . . .............. 08-09 45
m04-03 ME - 72.69 Number & Operations . . . . . . . . . . Understand and use ratios and proportions to represent . . . .............. 05-06 82
m06-24 H - 15.39 Number & Operations . . . . . . . . . . Understand meanings of operations and how they relate . . .............. 07-08 61
m00-17 MH - 21.73 Number & Operations . . . . . . . . . . Understand meanings of operations and how they relate . . ............... 07-08 79
m07-10 MH - 22.12 Number & Operations . . . . . . . . . . Understand and use ratios and proportions to represent . . . .............. 08-09 53
m00-14 MH - 22.47 Number & Operations . . . . . . . . . . Understand meanings of operations and how they relate . . ............... 07-08 76
m07-15 M - 42.74 Number & Operations . . . . . . . . . . Understand and use ratios and proportions to represent . . . .............. 08-09 58
m07-18 M - 45.39 Number & Operations . . . . . . . . . . Understand and use ratios and proportions to represent . . . .............. 08-09 61
m04-07 M - 46.05 Number & Operations . . . . . . . . . . Understand meanings of operations and how they relate . . ............... 05-06 86
sa06-09 M - 54.85 Number & Operations . . . . . . . . . . Understand meanings of operations and how they relate . . ............... 06-07 84
sb06-02 M - 56.22 Number & Operations . . . . . . . . . . Understand meanings of operations and how they relate . . ............... 06-07 91
m02-07 ME - 61.62 Number & Operations . . . . . . . . . . Understand meanings of operations and how they relate . . . ............. 05-06 66
m99-01 E - 80.22 Number & Operations . . . . . . . . . . Understand meanings of operations and how they relate . . . ............. 08-09 69
sa06-03 E - 84.08 Number & Operations . . . . . . . . . . Understand meanings of operations and how they relate . . . ............. 06-07 78
sa06-01 E - 99.06 Number & Operations . . . . . . . . . . Understand meanings of operations and how they relate . . . ............. 06-07 76
m99-15 MH - 23.36 Number & Operations . . . . . . . . . . Understand numbers, ways of representing numbers, . . . ................. 08-09 83
m06-25 H - 15.48 Number & Operations . . . . . . . . . . Understand numbers, ways of representing numbers, . . . ................. 07-08 62
m07-13 H - 16.25 Number & Operations . . . . . . . . . . Understand numbers, ways of representing numbers, . . . ................. 08-09 56
m06-11 H - 17.51 Number & Operations . . . . . . . . . . Understand numbers, ways of representing numbers, . . . ................. 07-08 48
m06-23 H - 20.76 Number & Operations . . . . . . . . . . Understand numbers, ways of representing numbers, . . . ................. 07-08 60
m01-25 MH - 20.99 Number & Operations . . . . . . . . . . Understand numbers, ways of representing numbers, . . . .................. 05-06 64
m00-11 MH - 22.49 Number & Operations . . . . . . . . . . Understand numbers, ways of representing numbers, . . . .................. 07-08 73
m07-19 MH - 22.97 Number & Operations . . . . . . . . . . Understand numbers, ways of representing numbers, . . . ................. 08-09 62
m04-02 M - 44.49 Number & Operations . . . . . . . . . . Understand numbers, ways of representing numbers, . . . .................. 05-06 81
m00-02 M - 46.78 Number & Operations . . . . . . . . . . Understand numbers, ways of representing numbers, . . . .................. 07-08 64
m03-09 M - 50.74 Number & Operations . . . . . . . . . . Understand numbers, ways of representing numbers, . . . .................. 05-06 73
m04-08 M - 51 Number & Operations . . . . . . . . . . Understand numbers, ways of representing numbers, . . . .................. 05-06 87
m04-04 M - 51.14 Number & Operations . . . . . . . . . . Understand numbers, ways of representing numbers, . . . .................. 05-06 83
sb06-01 M - 57.67 Number & Operations . . . . . . . . . . Understand numbers, ways of representing numbers, . . . .................. 06-07 90
m07-07 M - 57.88 Number & Operations . . . . . . . . . . Understand numbers, ways of representing numbers, . . . ................. 08-09 50
m07-09 ME - 76.94 Number & Operations . . . . . . . . . . Understand numbers, ways of representing numbers, . . . ................. 08-09 52
m01-18 H - 14.17 Number & Operations . . . . . . . . . . Use factors, multiples, prime factorization, and relatively . . . ............. 04-05 53
m06-10 MH - 23.19 Number & Operations . . . . . . . . . . Use factors, multiples, prime factorization, and relatively . . . ............ 07-08 47
m03-12 MH - 25.37 Number & Operations . . . . . . . . . . Use factors, multiples, prime factorization, and relatively . . . ............. 04-05 76
m00-07 MH - 28.77 Number & Operations . . . . . . . . . . Use factors, multiples, prime factorization, and relatively . . . ............. 07-08 69
m03-19 MH - 32.84 Number & Operations . . . . . . . . . . Use factors, multiples, prime factorization, and relatively . . . ............. 04-05 82
m04-19 MH - 36.62 Number & Operations . . . . . . . . . . Use factors, multiples, prime factorization, and relatively . . . ............. 05-06 98
m03-02 M - 41.09 Number & Operations . . . . . . . . . . Use factors, multiples, prime factorization, and relatively . . . ............. 04-05 70
m07-03 ME - 63.43 Number & Operations . . . . . . . . . . Use factors, multiples, prime factorization, and relatively . . . ............. 08-09 46
m01-02 E - 86.57 Number & Operations . . . . . . . . . . Use factors, multiples, prime factorization, and relatively . . . ............. 04-05 43
m06-12 M - 43.32 Number & Operations . . . . . . . . . . Work exibily with fractions, decimals, and percents . . . .................. 07-08 49
m02-14 H - 16.68 Number & Operations . . . . . . . . . . Work exibly with fractions, decimals, and percents to . . . ................ 04-05 64
m03-11 H - 19.91 Number & Operations . . . . . . . . . . Work exibly with fractions, decimals, and percents to . . . ................ 04-05 75
m07-06 MH - 28.83 Number & Operations . . . . . . . . . . Work exibly with fractions, decimals, and percents to . . . ................ 08-09 49
m07-17 MH - 33.75 Number & Operations . . . . . . . . . . Work exibly with fractions, decimals, and percents to . . . ................ 08-09 60
m03-05 ME - 71.27 Number & Operations . . . . . . . . . . Work exibly with fractions, decimals, and percents to . . . ................ 04-05 73
m04-06 M - 51.62 Number & Operations . . . . . . . . . . Understand meanings of operations and how they relate . . ............... 05-06 85
m05-11 ME - 61.33 Number & Operations . . . . . . . . . . Understand meanings of operations and how they relate . . . ............. 06-07 61
m05-01 ME - 65.26 Number & Operations . . . . . . . . . . Understand meanings of operations and how they relate . . . ............. 06-07 51
m05-18 MH - 30.44 Number & Operations . . . . . . . . . . Understand numbers, ways of representing numbers, . . . .................. 06-07 68
m05-06 MH - 31.19 Number & Operations . . . . . . . . . . Understand numbers, ways of representing numbers, . . . .................. 06-07 56
m05-02 ME - 64.02 Number & Operations . . . . . . . . . . Understand numbers, ways of representing numbers, . . . .................. 06-07 52
m03-20 H - 13.81 Problem Solving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Apply and adapt a variety of appropriate strategies to solve . . . .......... 04-05 83
m03-23 H - 16.89 Problem Solving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Apply and adapt a variety of appropriate strategies to solve . . . .......... 05-06 77
m00-12 H - 19.31 Problem Solving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Apply and adapt a variety of appropriate strategies to solve . . . .......... 07-08 74
m05-21 MH - 23.24 Problem Solving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Apply and adapt a variety of appropriate strategies to solve . . . .......... 06-07 71
m06-16 MH - 23.46 Problem Solving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Apply and adapt a variety of appropriate strategies to . . . ................. 07-08 53
tb06-11 MH - 26.28 Problem Solving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Apply and adapt a variety of appropriate strategies to solve . . . .......... 06-07 98
m02-19 MH - 27.67 Problem Solving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Apply and adapt a variety of appropriate strategies to solve . . . .......... 04-05 67
m03-14 MH - 36.89 Problem Solving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Apply and adapt a variety of appropriate strategies to solve . . . .......... 04-05 78
m01-14 MH - 37.40 Problem Solving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Apply and adapt a variety of appropriate strategies to solve . . . .......... 04-05 50
m02-05 MH - 39.28 Problem Solving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Apply and adapt a variety of appropriate strategies to solve . . . .......... 04-05 60
m04-18 M - 41.93 Problem Solving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Apply and adapt a variety of appropriate strategies to solve . . . .......... 05-06 97
m06-15 M - 43.67 Problem Solving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Apply and adapt a variety of appropriate strategies to . . . ................. 07-08 52
m01-22 M - 48.08 Problem Solving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Apply and adapt a variety of appropriate strategies to solve . . . .......... 04-05 55
m01-04 M - 50.08 Problem Solving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Apply and adapt a variety of appropriate strategies to solve . . . .......... 04-05 45
m02-04 M - 53.33 Problem Solving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Apply and adapt a variety of appropriate strategies to solve . . . .......... 04-05 59
Appendix IV - Worksheet NCTM Standards continued
122
Appendix V
MathWorld.com - AMC 8 Worksheets
Tis is a listing of all the Worksheets produced thus far (2004-05, 2005-06, 2006-07 and 2007-08) in a MathWorld.
com categorized list for easy reference.
m03-16 M - 55.70 Problem Solving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Apply and adapt a variety of appropriate strategies to solve . . . .......... 04-05 80
m06-08 M - 59.60 Problem Solving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Apply and adapt a variety of appropriate strategies to . . . ................. 07-08 45
sa06-04 ME - 66.42 Problem Solving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Apply and adapt a variety of appropriate strategies to solve . . . .......... 06-07 79
m02-02 ME - 69.27 Problem Solving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Apply and adapt a variety of appropriate strategies to solve . . . .......... 04-05 57
m06-14 E - 79.27 Problem Solving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Apply and adapt a variety of appropriate strategies to . . . ................. 07-08 51
m99-06 E - 86.55 Problem Solving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Apply and adapt a variety of appropriate strategies to . . . ................. 08-09 74
m06-13 MH - 26.59 Problem Solving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Build new mathematical knowledge through problem . . . ................ 07-08 50
m02-25 H - 31.61 Problem Solving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Instructional programs from pre-kindergarten through . . . ................ 04-05 91
m04-13 MH - 24.43 Problem Solving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Monitor and reect on the process of mathematical problem . . . ....... 05-06 92
m05-24 H - 16 Problem Solving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Solve problems that arise in mathematics and in other contexts. ........ 06-07 74
m04-23 MH - 21.48 Problem Solving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Solve problems that arise in mathematics and in other contexts. ........ 05-06 102
m00-09 MH - 23.64 Problem Solving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Solve problems that arise in mathematics and in other contexts. ........ 07-08 71
m04-17 MH - 23.72 Problem Solving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Solve problems that arise in mathematics and in other contexts. ........ 05-06 96
m04-20 MH - 24.29 Problem Solving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Solve problems that arise in mathematics and in other contexts. ........ 05-06 99
m05-20 MH - 25.35 Problem Solving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Solve problems that arise in mathematics and in other contexts. ........ 06-07 70
m06-20 MH - 31.90 Problem Solving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Solve problems that arise in mathematics and in other contexts. ........ 07-08 57
m05-14 MH - 35.54 Problem Solving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Solve problems that arise in mathematics and in other contexts. ........ 06-07 64
m99-11 MH - 35.64 Problem Solving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Solve problems that arise in mathematics and in other contexts. ........ 08-09 79
m05-05 ME - 61.09 Problem Solving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Solve problems that arise in mathematics and in other contexts. ........ 06-07 55
sa06-05 ME - 69.79 Problem Solving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Solve problems that arise in mathematics and in other contexts. ........ 06-07 80
m00-08 ME - 79.26 Problem Solving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Solve problems that arise in mathematics and in other contexts. ........ 07-08 70
m07-05 E - 84.94 Problem Solving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Solve problems that arise in mathematics and in other contexts. ........ 08-09 48
m06-02 E - 85.73 Problem Solving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Solve problems that arise in mathematics and in other contexts. ........ 07-08 39
m05-10 E - 84.82 Problem Solving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Solve problems that arise in mathematics and in other contexts. ........ 06-07 60
Appendix IV - Worksheet NCTM Standards continued
Q # Diculty Classication ......................................................................................................................................................MC yr page
sb06-12 M - 45.86 Algebra > Linear Algebra > General Linear Algebra > Linear Algebra ...................................................................... 06-07 99
m03-04 ME - 74.39 Algebra > Linear Algebra > Linear Systems of Equations ......................................................................................... 04-05 72
ta06-08 MH - 27.81 Algebra > Linear Algebra > Linear Systems of Equations > Linear System of Equations .......................................... 06-07 83
sb06-03 ME - 78.81 Algebra > Linear Algebra > Linear Systems of Equations > Linear System of Equations .......................................... 06-07 92
ta06-06 ME - 79.96 Algebra > Polynomials > Polynomial ....................................................................................................................... 06-07 81
sa06-01 E - 99.06 Algebra > Products > Product ................................................................................................................................. 06-07 76
m99-11 MH - 35.64 Algebra > Sums ....................................................................................................................................................... 08-09 79
sb06-01 M - 57.67 Algebra > Sums > Sum ............................................................................................................................................ 06-07 90
m05-17 M - 45.49 Algebra > Vector Algebra > Speed ........................................................................................................................... 06-07 67
m03-09 M - 50.74 Applied Mathematics > Business > Economics > Marginal Analysis ........................................................................ 05-06 73
m04-23 MH - 21.48 Applied Mathematics > Data Visualization > Function Graph ................................................................................ 05-06 102
m04-05 M - 59.14 Applied Mathematics > Game Teory > Game ....................................................................................................... 05-06 84
m05-24 H - 16 Applied Mathematics > Optimization > Global Optimization ................................................................................ 06-07 74
m00-05 E - 14.24 Calculus & Analysis > Calculus > Maxima and Minima > Maximum ..................................................................... 07-08 67
sa06-04 ME - 66.42 Calculus & Analysis > Calculus > Maxima and Minima > Maximum ..................................................................... 06-07 79
m00-15 MH - 37.89 Calculus & Analysis > Dierential Geometry > Dierential Geometry of Curves > Perimeter ................................ 07-08 77
m00-16 MH - 38.33 Calculus & Analysis > Dierential Geometry > Dierential Geometry of Curves > Perimeter ................................ 07-08 78
m00-18 M - 45.27 Calculus & Analysis > Dierential Geometry > Dierential Geometry of Curves > Perimeter ................................ 07-08 80
m05-04 M - 56.1 Calculus & Analysis > Dierential Geometry > Dierential Geometry of Curves > Perimeter ................................ 06-07 54
m05-10 E - 84.82 Calculus & Analysis > Dierential Geometry > Dierential Geometry of Curves > Velocity ................................... 06-07 60
m00-22 H - 17.78 Calculus & Analysis > Dierential Geometry > Dierential Geometry of Surfaces > Surface Area .......................... 07-08 84
m00-05 H - 14.24 Calculus & Analysis > Functions > Period .............................................................................................................. 07-08 67
m07-10 MH - 22.12 Calculus & Analysis > Functions > Unary Operation .............................................................................................. 08-09 53
m07-15 M - 42.74 Calculus & Analysis > Inequalities > Inequality ...................................................................................................... 08-09 58
sb06-10 MH - 27.33 Calculus & Analysis > Inequalities > Triangle Inequality ......................................................................................... 06-07 97
m00-23 MH - 29.51 Calculus & Analysis > Special Functions > Means .................................................................................................. 07-08 85
m01-21 MH - 23.28 Calculus & Analysis > Special Functions > Means > Arithmetic Mean .................................................................... 04-05 54
m99-13 MH - 28.13 Calculus & Analysis > Special Functions > Means > Arithmetic Mean .................................................................... 08-09 81
m02-18 MH - 32.19 Calculus & Analysis > Special Functions > Means > Arithmetic Mean .................................................................... 04-05 66
m04-09 MH - 38.66 Calculus & Analysis > Special Functions > Means > Arithmetic Mean .................................................................... 05-06 88
m02-03 M - 40.80 Calculus & Analysis > Special Functions > Means > Arithmetic Mean .................................................................... 04-05 58
m03-07 M - 49.72 Calculus & Analysis > Special Functions > Means > Arithmetic Mean .................................................................... 04-05 74
m07-07 M - 57.88 Calculus & Analysis > Special Functions > Means > Arithmetic Mean .................................................................... 08-09 50
m99-24 MH - 21.10 Calculus & Analysis > Special Functions > Powers .................................................................................................. 08-09 92
m00-14 MH - 22.47 Calculus & Analysis > Special Functions > Powers .................................................................................................. 07-08 76
m02-19 MH - 27.67 Combinatorics > Enumeration ............................................................................................................................... 04-05 67
m04-14 MH - 37.25 Discrete Mathematics > Point Lattices > Geoboard ................................................................................................ 05-06 93
m01-14 MH - 37.40 Discrete Mathematics > Combinatorics > Enumeration .......................................................................................... 04-05 50
m07-04 M - 46.66 Discrete Mathematics > Combinatorics > General Combinatorics > Counting Generalized Principle ..................... 08-09 47
m02-15 E - 78.10 Discrete Mathematics > Combinatorics > Lattice Paths & Polygons > Lattice Polygons > Picks Teorem ............... 04-05 86
m04-17 MH - 23.72 Discrete Mathematics > Combinatorics > Partitions > Partition .............................................................................. 05-06 96
m99-15 MH - 23.36 Discrete Mathematics > Combinatorics > Permutations > Combination ................................................................. 08-09 83
ta06-18 MH - 29.08 Discrete Mathematics > Combinatorics > Permutations > Combination ................................................................. 06-07 88
m05-14 MH - 35.54 Discrete Mathematics > Combinatorics > Permutations > Combination ................................................................. 06-07 64
123
m04-04 M - 51.14 Discrete Mathematics > Combinatorics > Permutations > Combination ................................................................. 05-06 83
tb06-11 MH - 26.28 Discrete Mathematics > Combinatorics > Permutations > Factorial ........................................................................ 06-07 98
m05-21 MH - 23.24 Discrete Mathematics > Combinatorics > Permutations > Permutation .................................................................. 06-07 71
m03-16 M - 55.70 Discrete Mathematics > Combinatorics > Permutations > Permutation .................................................................. 04-05 80
m02-10 M - 43.90 Discrete Mathematics > Computer Science > Data Structures > Database............................................................... 05-06 69
m02-09 ME - 78.30 Discrete Mathematics > Computer Science > Data Structures > Database............................................................... 05-06 68
m02-08 E - 89.23 Discrete Mathematics > Computer Science > Data Structures > Database............................................................... 05-06 67
m03-23 H - 16.89 Discrete Mathematics > Graph Teory > Circuits > Graph Cycle............................................................................ 05-06 77
m06-20 MH - 31.90 Discrete Mathematics > Graph Teory > Directed Graphs > Tournament ............................................................... 07-08 57
m03-24 MH - 26.05 Discrete Mathematics > Graph Teory > General Graph Teory > Graph .............................................................. 05-06 78
m02-06 MH - 26.63 Discrete Mathematics > Graph Teory > General Graph Teory > Graph .............................................................. 05-06 65
m03-18 H - 18.49 Discrete Mathematics > Graph Teory > Graph Properties > Graph Distance......................................................... 04-05 0
m01-23 M - 42.29 Discrete Mathematics > Point Lattices .................................................................................................................... 04-05 56
m01-11 M - 47.16 Discrete Mathematics > Point Lattices > Picks Teorem ......................................................................................... 04-05 49
m01-09 H - 12.08 Discrete Mathematics > Point Lattices > Square Grid ............................................................................................. 05-06 57
m01-08 MH - 38.97 Discrete Mathematics > Point Lattices > Square Grid ............................................................................................. 05-06 56
m01-07 M - 43.14 Discrete Mathematics > Point Lattices > Square Grid ............................................................................................. 05-06 55
m04-18 M - 41.93 Discrete Mathematics> Combinatorics > Partitions > Partition ............................................................................... 05-06 97
m01-20 MH - 26.87 Foundations of Mathematics > Logic > General Logic > Logic ................................................................................ 05-06 62
m03-17 M - 49.96 Foundations of Mathematics > Logic > General Logic > Logic ................................................................................ 05-06 75
m04-13 MH - 24.43 Foundations of Mathematics > Logic > General Logic > True ................................................................................. 05-06 92
m07-13 H - 16.25 Foundations of Mathematics > Logic > General Logic > Venn Diagram.................................................................. 08-09 56
m01-25 MH - 20.99 Foundations of Mathematics > Set Teory > General Set Teory > Set Teory ....................................................... 05-06 64
m01-12 MH - 29.85 Foundations of Mathematics > Set Teory > Set Properties > Operation ................................................................. 05-06 58
sa06-02 MH - 32.49 Foundations of Mathematics > Set Teory > Set Properties > Operation ................................................................. 06-07 77
sb06-02 M - 56.22 Foundations of Mathematics > Set Teory > Set Properties > Operation ................................................................. 06-07 91
tb06-05 M - 49.54 Geometry > Computational Geometry > Packing Problems > Packing ................................................................... 06-07 94
m02-15 E - 78.10 Geometry > Computational Geometry > Triangulation > Triangulation ................................................................. 04-05 86
m01-19 H - 19.06 Geometry > Distance > Distance ............................................................................................................................ 05-06 61
sa06-14 MH - 39.42 Geometry > Distance > Distance ............................................................................................................................ 06-07 87
ta06-12 M - 48.04 Geometry > Distance > Locus ................................................................................................................................. 06-07 85
m00-12 H - 19.31 Geometry > General Geometry............................................................................................................................... 07-08 74
m99-20 M - 40.59 Geometry > Geometric Construction ..................................................................................................................... 08-09 88
m01-06 MH - 36.05 Geometry > Geometric Similarity > Similarity ........................................................................................................ 04-05 47
m05-23 MH - 22.18 Geometry > Line Geometry > Concurrence > Inscribed.......................................................................................... 06-07 73
m02-01 E - 52.17 Geometry > Line Geometry > Lines > Circle-Line Intersection; .............................................................................. 04-05 69
m01-23 M - 42.29 Geometry > Line Geometry > Lines > Midpoint..................................................................................................... 04-05 56
tb06-06 MH - 35.67 Geometry > Plane Geometry > Arcs > Semicircle .................................................................................................... 06-07 95
m06-07 MH - 20.87 Geometry > Plane Geometry > Circles .................................................................................................................... 07-08 44
m07-25 H - 12.89 Geometry > Plane Geometry > Circles > Circle ...................................................................................................... 08-09 68
m05-25 MH - 22.05 Geometry > Plane Geometry > Circles > Circle ...................................................................................................... 06-07 75
m07-16 MH - 25.94 Geometry > Plane Geometry > Circles > Circle ...................................................................................................... 08-09 59
m02-01 E - 52.17 Geometry > Plane Geometry > Circles > Circle-Line Intersection ........................................................................... 04-05 69
tb06-04 MH - 33.11 Geometry > Plane Geometry > Circles > Concentric Circles ................................................................................... 06-07 93
m04-25 H - 13.12 Geometry > Plane Geometry > Circles > Diameter ................................................................................................. 05-06 104
m02-20 MH - 30.73 Geometry > Plane Geometry > Geometric Similarity > Congruent ......................................................................... 04-05 88
sa06-07 ME - 72.98 Geometry > Plane Geometry > Geometric Similarity >Congruent .......................................................................... 06-07 82
m03-22 H - 14.15 Geometry > Plane Geometry > Miscellaneous Plane Geometry > Area.................................................................... 04-05 84
m00-19 H - 15.04 Geometry > Plane Geometry > Miscellaneous Plane Geometry > Area.................................................................... 07-08 81
m00-25 H - 16.65 Geometry > Plane Geometry > Miscellaneous Plane Geometry > Area.................................................................... 07-08 87
m99-23 H - 17.98 Geometry > Plane Geometry > Miscellaneous Plane Geometry > Area.................................................................... 08-09 91
m99-25 H - 18.36 Geometry > Plane Geometry > Miscellaneous Plane Geometry > Area.................................................................... 08-09 93
m03-25 MH - 28.34 Geometry > Plane Geometry > Miscellaneous Plane Geometry > Area.................................................................... 05-06 79
m99-05 MH - 34.76 Geometry > Plane Geometry > Miscellaneous Plane Geometry > Area.................................................................... 08-09 73
m00-16 MH - 38.33 Geometry > Plane Geometry > Miscellaneous Plane Geometry > Area.................................................................... 07-08 78
m00-18 M - 45.27 Geometry > Plane Geometry > Miscellaneous Plane Geometry > Area.................................................................... 07-08 80
m00-06 M - 53.32 Geometry > Plane Geometry > Miscellaneous Plane Geometry > Area.................................................................... 07-08 68
m03-08 M - 58.65 Geometry > Plane Geometry > Miscellaneous Plane Geometry > Area.................................................................... 05-06 72
m07-12 M - 44.14 Geometry > Plane Geometry > Polygons > Hexagram ............................................................................................ 08-09 55
m05-13 MH - 24.92 Geometry > Plane Geometry > Polygons > Polygon ................................................................................................ 06-07 63
m99-14 MH - 25.65 Geometry > Plane Geometry > Quadrilaterals > Isosceles Trapezoid ....................................................................... 08-09 82
m04-24 MH - 24.99 Geometry > Plane Geometry > Quadrilaterals > Parallelogram ............................................................................... 05-06 103
m05-09 M - 40.37 Geometry > Plane Geometry > Quadrilaterals > Quadrilateral ................................................................................ 06-07 59
m03-21 MH - 32.62 Geometry > Plane Geometry > Quadrilaterals > Trapezoid ..................................................................................... 05-06 76
m05-19 MH - 38.79 Geometry > Plane Geometry > Quadrilaterals > Trapezoid ..................................................................................... 06-07 69
m07-08 M - 55.65 Geometry > Plane Geometry > Quadrilaterals > Trapezoid ..................................................................................... 08-09 51
m06-10 MH - 23.19 Geometry > Plane Geometry > Rectangles .............................................................................................................. 07-08 47
m06-06 M - 55.10 Geometry > Plane Geometry > Rectangles .............................................................................................................. 07-08 43
m99-05 MH - 34.76 Geometry > Plane Geometry > Squares .................................................................................................................. 08-09 73
m06-05 M - 63.37 Geometry > Plane Geometry > Squares .................................................................................................................. 07-08 42
m07-22 MH - 22.95 Geometry > Plane Geometry > Squares > Square .................................................................................................... 08-09 65
m07-23 MH - 24.48 Geometry > Plane Geometry > Squares > Square .................................................................................................... 08-09 66
m03-06 M - 47.69 Geometry > Plane Geometry > Squares > Square .................................................................................................... 05-06 71
m02-23 MH - 26.10 Geometry > Plane Geometry > Tiling > Recreational Mathematics > Tiling ............................................................ 05-06 70
m07-11 MH - 35.82 Geometry > Plane Geometry > Tiling > Tessellation ............................................................................................... 08-09 54
m04-15 MH - 36.74 Geometry > Plane Geometry > Tiling > Tiling ........................................................................................................ 05-06 94
m06-19 M - 52.37 Geometry > Plane Geometry > Triangles > Special Triangles > Other Triangles ....................................................... 07-08 56
m07-14 H - 17.20 Geometry > Plane Geometry > Triangles > Special Triangles > Other Triangles > Isosceles Triangle ......................... 08-09 57
m05-15 MH - 26.87 Geometry > Plane Geometry > Triangles > Special Triangles > Other Triangles > Isosceles Triangle ......................... 06-07 65
Appendix V - Worksheet MathWorld Classications continued
124
m05-07 MH - 22.26 Geometry > Plane Geometry > Triangles > Special Triangles > Other Triangles > Right Tri ..................................... 06-07 57
m03-10 MH - 31.86 Geometry > Plane Geometry > Triangles > Special Triangles > Other Triangles > Right Triangle ............................. 05-06 74
m07-23 MH - 24.48 Geometry > Plane Geometry > Triangles > Special Triangles > Other Triangles > Triangle ....................................... 08-09 66
m99-21 MH - 24.66 Geometry > Plane Geometry > Triangles > Special Triangles > Other Triangles > Triangle ....................................... 08-09 89
m01-23 M - 42.29 Geometry > Plane Geometry > Tris > Special Tris > Other Tris ............................................................................... 04-05 56
m02-16 H - 19.22 Geometry > Plane Geometry > Tris > Special Tris > Other Tris > Right Tris ............................................................ 04-05 87
m03-15 MH - 33.38 Geometry > Projective Geometry > Map Projections > Orthogonal Projection ....................................................... 04-05 79
m06-18 MH - 22.81 Geometry > Solid Geometry > Polyhedra > Cubes .................................................................................................. 07-08 55
m99-20 M - 40.59 Geometry > Solid Geometry > Polyhedra > Cubes .................................................................................................. 08-09 88
m99-08 ME - 65.38 Geometry > Solid Geometry > Polyhedra > Cubes .................................................................................................. 08-09 76
m03-01 ME - 77.36 Geometry > Solid Geometry > Polyhedra > Cubes > Cube ..................................................................................... 04-05 69
m02-22 H - 27.95 Geometry > Solid Geometry > Polyhedra > Cubes > Polycube ................................................................................ 04-05 90
m03-15 MH - 33.38 Geometry > Solid Geometry > Polyhedra > Cubes > Polycube ................................................................................ 04-05 79
m03-13 M - 54.30 Geometry > Solid Geometry > Polyhedra > Cubes > Polycube ................................................................................ 04-05 77
m06-21 H - 19.56 Geometry > Solid Geometry > Volume ................................................................................................................... 07-08 58
m02-13 MH - 26.83 Geometry > Solid Geometry > Volume > Volume ................................................................................................... 04-05 63
m05-03 M - 43.6 Geometry > Symmetry > Symmetry ....................................................................................................................... 06-07 53
m06-04 ME - 66.91 Geometry > Transformations > Rotations ............................................................................................................... 07-08 41
m00-24 H - 17.48 Geometry > Trigonometry > Angles ........................................................................................................................ 07-08 86
m99-21 MH - 24.66 Geometry > Trigonometry > Angles ........................................................................................................................ 08-09 89
m00-13 MH - 37.04 Geometry > Trigonometry > Angles ........................................................................................................................ 07-08 75
m99-02 M - 45.79 Geometry > Trigonometry > Angles ........................................................................................................................ 08-09 70
m03-20 H - 13.81 Geometry > Trigonometry > Angles > Angle ........................................................................................................... 04-05 83
m99-04 E - 92.30 History & Terminology > Terminology > Diagram ................................................................................................. 08-09 72
m99-06 E - 86.55 History & Terminology > Terminology > Order ..................................................................................................... 08-09 74
m06-22 H - 17.16 Number Teory > Arithmetic > Addition & Subtraction ........................................................................................ 07-08 59
m99-09 M - 54.17 Number Teory > Arithmetic > Addition & Subtraction ........................................................................................ 08-09 77
m07-03 ME - 63.43 Number Teory > Arithmetic > Addition & Subtraction > Addition ...................................................................... 08-09 46
m99-03 ME - 64.72 Number Teory > Arithmetic > Addition & Subtraction > Addition ...................................................................... 08-09 71
m99-01 E - 80.22 Number Teory > Arithmetic > Addition & Subtraction > Subtraction .................................................................. 08-09 69
m00-01 E - 93.09 Number Teory > Arithmetic > Addition & Subtraction > Subtraction .................................................................. 07-08 63
m00-20 MH - 25.69 Number Teory > Arithmetic > Addition and Subtraction...................................................................................... 07-08 82
m06-02 E - 85.73 Number Teory > Arithmetic > Addition and Subtraction...................................................................................... 07-08 39
m04-16 H - 20.25 Number Teory > Arithmetic > Fractions ............................................................................................................... 05-06 95
m99-07 MH - 20.30 Number Teory > Arithmetic > Fractions ............................................................................................................... 08-09 75
m99-22 MH - 32.34 Number Teory > Arithmetic > Fractions ............................................................................................................... 08-09 90
m06-09 MH - 36.92 Number Teory > Arithmetic > Fractions ............................................................................................................... 07-08 46
m06-03 M - 46.39 Number Teory > Arithmetic > Fractions ............................................................................................................... 07-08 40
m07-03 ME - 63.43 Number Teory > Arithmetic > Fractions ............................................................................................................... 08-09 46
m99-03 ME - 64.72 Number Teory > Arithmetic > Fractions ............................................................................................................... 08-09 71
m04-01 E - 90.53 Number Teory > Arithmetic > Fractions > Directly Proportional .......................................................................... 05-06 80
m04-20 MH - 24.29 Number Teory > Arithmetic > Fractions > Fraction .............................................................................................. 05-06 99
m02-25 H - 31.61 Number Teory > Arithmetic > Fractions > Fraction .............................................................................................. 04-05 91
m00-03 MH - 34.12 Number Teory > Arithmetic > Fractions > Fraction .............................................................................................. 07-08 65
sa06-05 ME - 69.79 Number Teory > Arithmetic > Fractions > Fraction .............................................................................................. 06-07 80
sb06-09 ME - 77.07 Number Teory > Arithmetic > Fractions > Fraction .............................................................................................. 06-07 96
m02-14 H - 16.68 Number Teory > Arithmetic > Fractions > Percent ................................................................................................ 04-05 64
m05-22 H - 17.63 Number Teory > Arithmetic > Fractions > Percent ................................................................................................ 06-07 72
m03-11 H - 19.91 Number Teory > Arithmetic > Fractions > Percent ................................................................................................ 04-05 75
m01-13 MH - 25.41 Number Teory > Arithmetic > Fractions > Percent ................................................................................................ 05-06 59
m07-20 MH - 26.60 Number Teory > Arithmetic > Fractions > Percent ................................................................................................ 08-09 63
m99-18 MH - 27.12 Number Teory > Arithmetic > Fractions > Percent ................................................................................................ 08-09 86
m07-06 MH - 28.83 Number Teory > Arithmetic > Fractions > Percent ................................................................................................ 08-09 49
m02-24 MH - 30.08 Number Teory > Arithmetic > Fractions > Percent ................................................................................................ 04-05 68
m01-17 MH - 30.26 Number Teory > Arithmetic > Fractions > Percent ................................................................................................ 05-06 60
m01-10 MH - 32.20 Number Teory > Arithmetic > Fractions > Percent ................................................................................................ 04-05 48
m07-17 MH - 33.75 Number Teory > Arithmetic > Fractions > Percent ................................................................................................ 08-09 60
m06-12 M - 43.32 Number Teory > Arithmetic > Fractions > Percent ................................................................................................ 07-08 49
m99-12 M - 44.16 Number Teory > Arithmetic > Fractions > Percent ................................................................................................ 08-09 80
m99-16 M - 44.75 Number Teory > Arithmetic > Fractions > Percent ................................................................................................ 08-09 84
m04-07 M - 46.05 Number Teory > Arithmetic > Fractions > Percent ................................................................................................ 05-06 86
m04-06 M - 51.62 Number Teory > Arithmetic > Fractions > Percent ................................................................................................ 05-06 85
m06-08 M - 59.60 Number Teory > Arithmetic > Fractions > Percent ................................................................................................ 07-08 45
m05-11 ME - 61.33 Number Teory > Arithmetic > Fractions > Percent ................................................................................................ 06-07 61
m02-07 ME - 61.62 Number Teory > Arithmetic > Fractions > Percent ................................................................................................ 05-06 66
m05-02 ME - 64.02 Number Teory > Arithmetic > Fractions > Percent ................................................................................................ 06-07 52
m03-03 ME - 65.56 Number Teory > Arithmetic > Fractions > Percent ................................................................................................ 04-05 71
m03-05 ME - 71.27 Number Teory > Arithmetic > Fractions > Percent ................................................................................................ 04-05 73
m00-04 E - 91.47 Number Teory > Arithmetic > Fractions > Percent ................................................................................................ 07-08 66
m06-13 MH - 26.59 Number Teory > Arithmetic > Fractions > Proportional ....................................................................................... 07-08 50
m00-10 MH - 26.83 Number Teory > Arithmetic > Fractions > Proportional ....................................................................................... 07-08 72
m06-15 M - 43.67 Number Teory > Arithmetic > Fractions > Proportional ....................................................................................... 07-08 52
m04-12 MH - 21.74 Number Teory > Arithmetic > Fractions > Ratio ................................................................................................... 05-06 91
sb06-13 MH - 28.06 Number Teory > Arithmetic > Fractions > Ratio ................................................................................................... 06-07 100
m07-02 ME - 65.97 Number Teory > Arithmetic > Fractions > Ratio ................................................................................................... 08-09 45
m04-03 ME - 72.69 Number Teory > Arithmetic > Fractions > Ratio ................................................................................................... 05-06 82
sa06-03 E - 84.08 Number Teory > Arithmetic > Fractions > Ratio ................................................................................................... 06-07 78
m01-15 M - 56.47 Number Teory > Arithmetic > General Arithmetic > Arithmetic .......................................................................... 04-05 51
m01-05 M - 58.46 Number Teory > Arithmetic > General Arithmetic > Arithmetic .......................................................................... 04-05 46
Appendix V - Worksheet MathWorld Classications continued
125
m01-01 E - 82.37 Number Teory > Arithmetic > General Arithmetic > Arithmetic .......................................................................... 04-05 42
m07-01 E - 84.11 Number Teory > Arithmetic > General Arithmetic > Arithmetic .......................................................................... 08-09 44
m07-05 E - 84.94 Number Teory > Arithmetic > General Arithmetic > Arithmetic .......................................................................... 08-09 48
m01-03 E - 89.49 Number Teory > Arithmetic > General Arithmetic > Arithmetic .......................................................................... 04-05 44
m99-18 MH - 27.12 Number Teory > Arithmetic > Multiplication & Division .................................................................................... 08-09 86
m00-07 MH - 28.77 Number Teory > Arithmetic > Multiplication & Division .................................................................................... 07-08 69
m99-19 MH - 35.91 Number Teory > Arithmetic > Multiplication & Division .................................................................................... 08-09 87
m99-17 M - 42.22 Number Teory > Arithmetic > Multiplication & Division .................................................................................... 08-09 85
m06-14 E - 79.27 Number Teory > Arithmetic > Multiplication & Division .................................................................................... 07-08 51
m05-01 ME - 65.26 Number Teory > Arithmetic > Multiplication & Division > Division ................................................................... 06-07 51
m00-01 E - 93.09 Number Teory > Arithmetic > Multiplication & Division > Division ................................................................... 07-08 63
m07-18 M - 45.39 Number Teory > Arithmetic > Multiplication & Division > Multiplication .......................................................... 08-09 61
m00-02 M - 46.78 Number Teory > Arithmetic > Multiplication & Division > Reciprocal ................................................................ 07-08 64
m06-23 H - 20.76 Number Teory > Arithmetic > Multiplication & Division > Remainder ............................................................... 07-08 60
m99-24 MH - 21.10 Number Teory > Arithmetic > Multiplication & Division > Remainder ............................................................... 08-09 92
m04-19 MH - 36.62 Number Teory > Arithmetic > Multiplication & Division > Remainder ............................................................... 05-06 98
m05-06 MH - 31.19 Number Teory > Arithmetic > Number Bases > Digit ........................................................................................... 06-07 56
m04-02 M - 44.49 Number Teory > Arithmetic > Number Bases > Digit ........................................................................................... 05-06 81
m04-08 M - 51 Number Teory > Arithmetic > Number Bases > Digit ........................................................................................... 05-06 87
m04-10 M - 60.21 Number Teory > Arithmetic > Number Bases > Sexagesimal................................................................................. 05-06 89
m02-05 MH - 39.28 Number Teory > Congruences > Congruence ....................................................................................................... 04-05 60
m05-05 ME - 61.09 Number Teory > Congruences > Mod .................................................................................................................. 06-07 55
m05-20 MH - 25.35 Number Teory > Congruences > Residue.............................................................................................................. 06-07 70
m00-03 MH - 34.12 Number Teory > Constants > Pi ........................................................................................................................... 07-08 65
sa06-22 MH - 35.17 Number Teory > Diophantine Equations > Diophantine Equation ...................................................................... 06-07 89
m01-22 M - 48.08 Number Teory > Diophantine Equations > Diophantine Equation ...................................................................... 04-05 55
m02-17 M - 58.00 Number Teory > Diophantine Equations > Diophantine Equation ...................................................................... 04-05 65
m02-02 ME - 69.27 Number Teory > Diophantine Equations > Diophantine Equation ...................................................................... 04-05 57
m05-18 MH - 30.44 Number Teory > Divisors > Divisible ................................................................................................................... 06-07 68
m03-12 MH - 25.37 Number Teory > Divisors > Divisor ...................................................................................................................... 04-05 76
m01-02 E - 86.57 Number Teory > Factoring > Factorization ........................................................................................................... 04-05 43
m03-02 M - 41.09 Number Teory > Factoring > Least Prime Factor .................................................................................................. 04-05 70
m01-04 M - 50.08 Number Teory > Integers > Even Numbers ........................................................................................................... 04-05 45
m06-17 MH - 26.89 Number Teory > Integers > Odd Number ............................................................................................................ 07-08 54
m06-16 MH - 23.46 Number Teory > Number Teoretic Functions > Least Common Multiple .......................................................... 07-08 53
m03-19 MH - 32.84 Number Teory > Number Teoretic Functions > Least Common Multiple .......................................................... 04-05 82
m06-22 H - 17.16 Number Teory > Numbers > Small Numbers ....................................................................................................... 07-08 59
m05-08 M - 52.69 Number Teory > Parity > Odd Number ............................................................................................................... 06-07 58
m06-10 MH - 23.19 Number Teory > Prime Numbers > Prime Factorization > Factoring .................................................................... 07-08 47
m06-25 H - 15.48 Number Teory > Prime Numbers > Prime Number Properties.............................................................................. 07-08 62
m00-11 MH - 22.49 Number Teory > Rational Numbers > Digit ......................................................................................................... 07-08 73
m06-01 E - 93.65 Number Teory > Rounding .................................................................................................................................. 07-08 38
m05-12 M - 53.86 Number Teory > Sequences > Sequence ................................................................................................................ 06-07 62
sa06-09 M - 54.85 Number Teory > Special Numbers > Digit-Related Numbers > Consecutive Number Sequences .......................... 06-07 84
m06-11 H - 17.51 Number Teory > Special Numbers > Figurate Numbers > Square Numbers .......................................................... 07-08 48
m02-11 ME - 67.55 Number Teory > Special Numbers > Figurate Numbers > Square Numbers .......................................................... 04-05 61
m07-19 MH - 22.97 Number Teory > Special Numbers > Figurate Numbers > Square Numbers > Square ........................................... 08-09 62
m02-04 M - 53.33 Number Teory > Special Numbers > Palindromic Numbers > Palindromic Number............................................. 04-05 59
m01-21 MH - 23.28 Probability & Statistics > Descriptive Statistics > Statistical Median ........................................................................ 04-05 54
m00-21 H - 7.90 Probability & Statistics > Probability ...................................................................................................................... 07-08 83
m99-10 M - 46.73 Probability & Statistics > Probability ...................................................................................................................... 08-09 78
m06-17 MH - 26.89 Probability & Statistics > Probability ...................................................................................................................... 07-08 54
m02-21 H - 3.24 Probability & Statistics > Probability > Coin Tossing .............................................................................................. 04-05 89
m07-21 H - 12.47 Probability & Statistics > Probability > Probability ................................................................................................. 08-09 64
m07-25 H - 12.89 Probability & Statistics > Probability > Probability ................................................................................................. 08-09 68
m01-18 H - 14.17 Probability & Statistics > Probability > Probability ................................................................................................. 04-05 53
m04-22 H - 16.20 Probability & Statistics > Probability > Probability ................................................................................................. 05-06 101
m07-24 H - 17.24 Probability & Statistics > Probability > Probability ................................................................................................. 08-09 67
m05-16 H - 19.42 Probability & Statistics > Probability > Probability ................................................................................................. 06-07 66
m04-21 MH - 25.22 Probability & Statistics > Probability > Probability ................................................................................................. 05-06 100
m03-12 MH - 25.37 Probability & Statistics > Probability > Probability ................................................................................................. 04-05 76
ta06-13 M - 50.78 Probability & Statistics > Probability > Probability ................................................................................................. 06-07 86
m02-12 ME - 78.39 Probability & Statistics > Probability > Probability ................................................................................................. 04-05 62
m04-11 M - 60.74 Probability & Statistics > Rank Statistics > Median ................................................................................................. 05-06 90
m06-24 H - 15.39 Recreational Mathematics > Cryptograms > Cryptarithmetic ................................................................................. 07-08 61
m00-17 MH - 21.73 Recreational Mathematics > Cryptograms > Cryptarithmetic ................................................................................. 07-08 79
m03-14 MH - 36.89 Recreational Mathematics > Cryptograms > Cryptarithmetic ................................................................................. 04-05 78
m01-16 H - 13.60 Recreational Mathematics > Folding > General Folding > Folding .......................................................................... 04-05 52
m01-24 H - 20.00 Recreational Mathematics > Folding > General Folding > Folding .......................................................................... 05-06 63
m00-08 ME - 79.26 Recreational Mathematics > Games > Dice Games > Dice ...................................................................................... 07-08 70
m07-09 ME - 76.94 Recreational Mathematics > Mathematical Records > Latin Square ......................................................................... 08-09 52
m00-09 MH - 23.64 Recreational Mathematics > Puzzles ........................................................................................................................ 07-08 71
Appendix V - Worksheet MathWorld Classications continued
126
Area of Triangle
Trigonometry 106
Arithmetic 44, 48
Addition & Subtraction 77
Subtraction 69
Fractions 71, 75, 90
Percent 49, 60, 63, 80, 84, 86
Ratio 45
General Arithmetic
Arithmetic 48
Multiplication & Division 85
Division 69
Multiplication 61
Arithmetic Mean 50, 81
Arithmetic Series
Algebra 110
Arrangements with replace-
ment 108
Averages
Practice Quizes 32
Quiz answers 41
B
Binomial Probability 108
Binomial Theorem 102
Books 95
Algebra
Algebra 97
AMC10/12/AIME 97
Calculus 97
Fractals 97
Geometry 97
Higher Mathematics 99
IMO/USAMO 98
Problem Solving and Proving 100
Puzzles 101
C
Calculus
Books 97
Calculus & Analysis
Contest Q categories
Mathworld Classif. 30
Diculty
Medium 50, 58
Medium-hard 53, 81, 92
Functions
Unary Operation 53
Inequalities
Inequality 58
Special Functions
Means
Arithmetic Mean 50, 81
Powers 92
Calendar 16
Overview for club activities 16
schedule 16
Cevas Theorem
Euclidean Geometry 114
Circle
Elusive Formulas 117
Circles
Circle 59, 68
Circles, Math
Web sites 95
Circumcenter
Euclidean Geometry 114
Classroom Ideas 12
Club Advisor 6
Clubs Ideas 10
Coaching 6
Club Advisor 6
Ideas to consider 7
problem-solving 6
Problem-solving 7
Publicity 6
Combination 83
Combinations 108
Combinatorics
General Combinatorics
Counting Generalized Principle 47
Permutations
Combination 83
Competition
Web sties 94
Complex Numbers
formula 106
Trigonometry 106
Complimentary Events 108
Conics
General Form 106
Standard Form 106
Trigonometry 106
Contests Ideas 10
Counting
Practice Quizes 33
Quiz answers 41
Counting Generalized Principle
47
Cubes 76, 88
D
Data Analysis & Probability
Contest Q categories
NCTM Standards 29
Diculty
Easy 72
Hard 64, 67, 68
Medium 78, 80
Medium-hard 81
Dependent Events 108
Diagram 72
Difference of Squares 102
Difculty
Easy 44, 48, 69, 72, 74
Hard 57, 64, 67, 68, 91
Medium 50, 51, 55, 58, 61, 70,
77, 78, 80, 84, 85, 88
Medium-easy
45, 46, 47, 52, 71, 76
Index
A
Academic
guidelines 5
Activities 9
Addition & Subtraction 77
Subtraction 69
Administrative
guidelines 5
Algebra 97
Arithmetic Series 110
Binomial Teorem 102
Books 97
Contest Q categories
Mathworld Classif. 30
NCTM standards 29
Diculty
Easy 44
Medium 84, 85
Medium-easy 47
Medium-hard 63, 86, 87
Elusive Formulas 110
Exponents 102
Geometric Series 110
Quadratic Formula 102
Rational Root Teorem 110
Sums 79
AMC10/12/AIME
Books 97
Analytic Geometry
Elusive Formulas 112
Angle Bisector
Euclidean Geometry 114
Angles 70, 89
Geometry 103
Appendix 102
I. Formulas and Denitions 102
II. Elusive Formulas
Part I 103
III. Elusive Formulas
Part II 109
Section A Algebra 109
Section B - Algebra 110
Section C - Number Teory 111, 112
Section D - Logarithms 112
Section E - Analytic Geometry 112
Section F - Inequalities 113
Section G - Number Systems 113
Section H - Euclidean Geometry I(Te Tri-
angle) 114
Section I - Euclidean Geometry II ( Te
Quadrilateral) 116
Section J - Euclidean Geometry III (Te
Circle) 117
Section K - Trigonometry 117
IV. NCTM Classif. Archive 119
V. MathWorld Classif. 122
Applied Mathematics
Contest Q categories
Mathworld Classif. 30
Area 91, 93
Measurement table 107
127
Index continued
Medium-hard 49, 53, 54, 59, 60
, 62, 63, 65, 66, 73, 75, 79,
81, 82, 83, 86, 87, 89, 90, 9
2, 93
Discrete Math
Contest Q categories
Mathworld Classif. 30
Discrete Mathematics
Combinatorics
General Combinatorics
Counting Generalized Principle 47
Permutations
Combination 83
Diculty
Medium-easy 47
Medium-hard 83
Distance
Measurement table 107
Distance Formula
Geometry 104
Distribution
Practice Quizes 34
Distributions
Quiz answers 41
Divisibility
Number Teory 111
Divisibility Rules
Number Teory 112
E
Electricity
Measurement table 107
Elusive Formulas
Appendix II. 103, 109
Section B - Algebra 110
Section C - Number Teory 111
Section D - Logarithms 112
Section E - Analytic Geometry 112
Section F - Inequalities 113
Section G - Number Systems 113
Section H - Euclidean Geometry
I(Te Triangle) 114
Section I - Euclidean Geometry II (
Te Quadrilate 116
Section J - Euclidean Geometry III
(Te Circle) 117
Section K - Trigonometry 117
Euclidean Geometry I
Elusive Formulas 114
Expected Value 108
Exponents 102
F
Fairs/Scholarships
Web sites 96
Farey Series
Number Teory 111
Fibonacci Sequence
Number Teory 111
Figurate Numbers
Square Numbers
Square 62
Formulas and Denitions
Appendix I. 102
Formulas & Denitions 102
Foundations of Math
Contest Q categories
Mathworld Classif. 30
Foundations of Mathematics
Diculty
Hard 56
Medium-hard 81
Logic
General Logic
Venn Diagram 56
Fractals
Books 97
Fractions 71, 75, 90
Percent 49, 60, 63, 80, 84, 86
Ratio 45
Functions
Number Teory 111
Unary Operation 53
G
General
web sites 94
General Arithmetic
Arithmetic 44, 48
General Combinatorics
Counting Generalized Principle 47
General comments 15
General Logic
Venn Diagram 56
General - math info
Web sties 94
Geometry
Angles 103
books 97
Contest Q categories
Mathworld Classif. 30
NCTM Standards 29
Diculty
Hard 57, 68, 91
Medium 51, 55, 70, 77, 88
Medium-easy 76
Medium-hard 54, 59, 65, 66, 73, 75, 8
2, 89, 92, 93
Distance Formula 104
Euclidean, Elusive Formulas 114
Euclidean II, Quadrilateral 116
formulas 103
Herons Formula 103
Parabola 104
Plane Geometry
Circles
Circle 59, 68
Miscellaneous Plane Geometry
Area 91, 93
Polygons
Hexagram 55
Quadrilaterals
Isosceles Trapezoid 82
Trapezoid 51
Squares 73
Square 65, 66
Tessellation 54
Triangles
Special Triangles 57, 66
Pythagorean Teorem 103
Slope Formula 104
Solid
Practice Quiz 40
Solid Geometry
Polyhedra
Cubes 76, 88
Triangle 103
Trigonometry
Angles 70, 89
Golden Triangle
Euclidean Geometry 114
Guidelines
Academic 5
Administrative 5
H
Herons Formula
Geometry 103
Hexagram 55
Higher Mathematics
Books 99
History & Terminology
Diculty
Easy 72, 74
Terminology
Diagram 72
Order 74
I
Ideas 9
Activities 9
Classroom 12
Clubs 10
Contests 10
General comments 15
Suggestions - Slie 10
Ideas to consider 7
IMO/USAMO
Books 98
Independent Events 108
Inequalities
Elusive Formulas 113
Inequality 58
Inequality 58
Isosceles Trapezoid 82
Isosceles Triangle 57
J
Journals & Magazines 95
128
Index continued
L
Latin Square 52
Law of Cosines
Trigonometry 105
Law of Sines
Trigonometry 105
Logarithms
Elusive Formulas 112
Logic
General Logic
Venn Diagram 56
M
Mathematical Records
Latin Square 52
Math History
Web sties 95
Mathworld Classication
Algebra
Diculty
Medium-hard 79
Sums 79
Calculus & Analysis
Diculty
Medium 50, 58
Medium-hard 53, 81, 92
Functions
Unary Operation 53
Inequalities
Inequality 58
Special Functions
Means 50
Powers 92
Discrete Mathematics
Combinatorics
General Combinatorics 47
Permutations 83
Diculty
Medium-easy 47
Medium-hard 83
Foundations of Mathematics
Diculty
Hard 56
Medium-hard 81
Logic
General Logic 56
Geometry
Diculty
Hard 57, 68, 91
Medium 51, 55, 70, 88
Medium-easy 76
Medium-hard
54, 59, 65, 66, 73, 82, 89, 93
Plane Geometry
Circles 59, 68
Miscellaneous Plane Geometry 91, 93
Polygons 55
Quadrilaterals 51, 82
Squares 65, 66, 73
Tessellation 54
Triangles 57, 66
Solid Geometry
Polyhedra 76, 88
Trigonometry
Angles 70, 89
History & Terminology
Diculty
Easy 72, 74
Terminology
Diagram 72
Order 74
Number Teory
Arithmetic
Addition & Subtraction 77
Fraction 71, 75
Fractions 45, 49, 60, 63, 80, 84, 86, 90
General 44
General Arithmetic 48
Multiplicaion & Division 85
Multiplication and Division 69
Multiplication & Division 61, 87
Diculty
Easy 44, 48, 69
Medium 61, 77, 80, 84, 85
Medium-easy 45, 46, 71
Medium-hard
49, 60, 62, 63, 75, 86, 87, 90
Prime Numbers
Prime Factorization 46
Special Numbers
Figurate Numbers 62
Probability & Statistics
Diculty
Hard 64, 67, 68
Medium 78
Probability 78
Probability 64, 67
Recreational Mathematics
Diculty
Medium-easy 52
Mathematical Records
Latin Square 52
MathWorld Classications
Appendix IV. 122
Means
Arithmetic Mean 50, 81
Measurement 107
Area 107
Contest Q categories
NCTM Standards 29
Distance 107
Electricity 107
Weight 107
Menelaus Theorem
Euclidean Geometry 114
Mentoring
Web sites 95
Miscellaneous Plane Geometry
Area 91, 93
Modulo Congruence
Number Teory 111
Multiple Angles
Trigonometry 117
Multiplication 61
Multiplication & Division 85
Division 69
Multiplication 61
Mutually Exclusive Events 108
N
Nagel Point
Euclidean Geometry 114
NCTM Classif. Archive
Appendix III. 119
NCTM Standards
Algebra
Diculty
Easy 44
Medium 84, 85
Medium-easy 47
Medium-hard 63, 86, 87
Data Analysis & Probability
Diculty
Easy 72
Hard 64, 67, 68
Medium 78, 80
Medium-hard 81
Geometry
Diculty
Hard 57, 91
Medium 51, 55, 70, 77, 88
Medium-easy 76
Medium-hard 54, 59, 65, 66, 73, 75, 8
2, 89, 92, 93
Number & Operations
Diculty
Easy 69
Hard 56
Medium 50, 58, 61
Medium-easy 45, 46, 52, 71
Medium-hard 49, 53, 60, 62, 83, 90
Problem Solving
Diculty
Easy 48, 74
Medium-hard 79
Number & Operations
Contest Q categories
NCTM Standards 29
Diculty
Easy 69
Hard 56
Medium 50, 58, 61
Medium-easy 45, 46, 52, 71
Medium-hard 49, 53, 60, 62, 83, 90
Number Systems
Elusive Formulas 113
Number Theory
Arithmetic
Addition & Subtraction 77
Subtraction 69
Fractions 71, 75, 90
Percent 49, 60, 63, 80, 84, 86
Ratio 45
General Arithmetic
Arithmetic 44, 48
Multiplication & Division 85
Division 69
Multiplication 61
Contest Q categories
Mathworld Classif. 30
Diculty
Easy 44, 48, 69
Medium 61, 77, 80, 84, 85
Medium-easy 45, 46, 71
Medium-hard 49, 60, 62, 63, 86, 87, 90
Mathworld Classication 87
Divisibility 111
Divisibility Rules 112
Elusive Formulas 111
Farey Series 111
Fibonacci Sequence3 111
Modulo Congruence 111
Number Teory Functions 111
Prime Numbers
Prime Factorization 46
129
Index continued
Special Numbers
Figurate Numbers
Square Numbers 62
O
Odd-Even Functions
Trigonometry 117
Order 74
Organization
Club 5
Orthocenter
Euclidean Geometry 114
Other Triangles
Isosceles Triangle 57
Triangle 66
P
Parabola
Geometry 104
Parallelogram
Euclidean Geometry II 116
Percent
49, 60, 63, 80, 84, 86
Permutations
Combination 83
Permutations of Objects not all
Different 108
Pi Day 9
Plane Geometry
Circles
Circle 59, 68
Miscellaneous Plane Geometry
Area 91, 93
Polygons
Hexagram 55
Quadrilaterals
Isosceles Trapezoid 82
Trapezoid 51
Squares 73
Square 65, 66
Tessellation 54
Triangles
Special Triangles
Other Triangles 57, 66
Polygons
Hexagram 55
Polyhedra
Cubes 76, 88
Powers 92
Practice Quizes
Answers 41
Averages 32
Counting 33
Distribution 34
Probability 35
Probability/Statistics 36
Pythagorean 37
Rectangles 38
Sequences 39
Solid Geometry 40
Prime Factorization 46
Prime Numbers
Prime Factorization 46
Probability 78, 102, 107
Arrangements with replacement 108
Binomial Probability 108
Combinations 108
Complimentary Events 108
Dependent Events 108
Expected Value 108
Independent Events 108
Multiplication Principle 107
Mutually Exclusive Events 108
Permutations 107
Permutations of Objects not all Dif-
ferent 108
Practice Quizes 35
Probability 64, 67
Probability, Fundamental rule of 108
Quiz answers 41
Probability & Statistics
Contest Q category
Mathworld Classif. 30
Diculty
Hard 64, 67, 68
Medium 78
Practice Quizes 36
Probability 78
Probability 64, 67
Probability/Statistics
Quiz answers 41
Problem Solving 7
Books 100
Contest Q categories
NCTM Standards 29
Diculty
Easy 48, 74
Medium-hard 79
Proving
Books 100
Publicity and the Math Club 6
Puzzles
Books 101
Pythagorean
Geometry 103
Practice Quizes 37
Quiz answers 41
Trigonometry 117
Q
Quadratic Formula 102
Quadrilateral
Circumscribed 116
Cyclic 116
Diagonals 116
Elusive Formulas 116
Midpoints 116
Quadrilateral Diagonals, Gen-
eral
Euclidean Geometry II 116
Quadrilateral Midpoints, Gen-
eral
Euclidean Geometry II 116
Quadrilaterals
Isosceles Trapezoid 82
Trapezoid 51
Quiz
Answers 41
Averages 32
Counting 33
Distribution 34
Geometry, Solid 40
Practice
Answers 41
Probability 35
Probability/Statistics 36
Pythagorean 37
Rectangles 38
Sequences 39
R
Ratio 45
Rational Root Theorem
Algebra 110
Recreational Mathematics
Contest Q categories
Mathworld Classif. 30
Diculty
Medium-easy 52
Mathematical Records
Latin Square 52
Rectangle
Euclidean Geometry II 116
Rectangles
Practice Quizes 38
Quiz answers 41
Reference - math info
Web sties 94
Resources
Books 95
Journals & Magazines 95
Web sites 94
S
Sequences
Practice Quizes 39
Quiz answers 41
Slope Formula
Geometry 104
Solid Geometry
Polyhedra
Cubes 76, 88
Practice Quiz 40
Quiz answers 41
Speakers 9
Special Functions
130
Index continued
Means
Arithmetic Mean 50, 81
Powers 92
Special Numbers
Figurate Numbers
Square Numbers
Square 62
Special Triangles
Other Triangles
Isosceles Triangle 57
Triangle 66
Square Numbers
Square 62
Squares 62, 73
Square 65
Stewarts Theorem
Euclidean Geometry 114
Subtraction 69
Suggestions from Sliffe nomi-
nations 10
Summation of Angles
Trigonometry 117
Summer Camps
Web sites 96
Sums 79
T
Teaching
Web sties 95
Terminology
Diagram 72
Order 74
Tessellation 54
Trapezoid 51
Triangle
Area Formulas 106, 115
Assorted Identities 115
Circles (related) 115
Geometry 103
Triangles
Special Triangles
Other Triangles
Isosceles Triangle 57
Triangle 66
Trigonometry
Angles 70, 89
Area of Triangle 106
Complex Numbers 106
Conics 106
General Form 106
Standard Form 106
Elusive Formulas 117
Formulas 105
Identities
Cube 118
Half Angle 118
Square 118
Tan Identities 118
Law of Cosines 105
Law of Sines 105
Multiple Angles 117
Odd-Even Functions 117
Product to Sum 118
Pythagorean 117
Square Identities 118
Summation of Angles 117
Sum to Product 118
U
Unary Operation 53
V
Venn Diagram 56
W
Web Sites
Books 95
Competition 94
General 94
Journals & Magazines 95
Math history 94
Miscellaneous 95
Reference 94
Scavenger hunt 9
Teaching 94
Weight
Measurement table 107
Worksheets
Diculty
Easy 44, 48, 69, 72, 74
Hard 56, 57, 64, 67, 68, 91
Medium 50, 51, 55, 58, 61, 70, 77, 78
, 80, 84, 85, 88
Medium-easy 45, 46, 47, 52, 71, 76
Medium-hard 49, 53, 54, 59, 60, 62, 6
3, 65, 66, 73, 75, 79, 81, 82, 83
, 86, 87, 89, 90, 92, 93
Z
Zero, Rules of 102