AE 2403 VIBRATIONS AND ELEMENTS OF AERO ELASTICITY-TWO

MARKS-QUESTIONS &ANSWERS.
1. What is simple harmonic motion?
The motion of a body to and fro about a fixed point is called simple harmonic
motion. The motion is periodic and its acceleration is always directed towards the
mean position and is proportional to its distance from mean position.
2. Explain the term natural frequency?
When no external force acts on the system after giving it an initial
displacement, the body vibrates. These vibrations are called free vibrations and
their frequency as natural frequency as natural frequency. it is expressed in rad/sec
or Hertz.
3. Define the term resonance?
When the frequency of external excitation is equal to the natural frequency of a
vibrating body, the amplitude of vibration becomes excessively large . this concept
is known as resonance.
4. Explain free and forced vibration?
After disturbing the system the external excitation is removed, then the system
vibrates on its own. This type of vibration is known as free vibration. Simple
pendulum is one of the examples.
The vibration which is under the influence of external force is called forced
vibration. Machine tools, electric bells are the suitable examples.
5. Define damped and un damped vibration?
If the vibratory system has a damper, the motion of the system will be opposed
by it and the energy of the system will be dissipated in friction this type of
vibration is called damped vibration.
On the contrary, the system having no damper is known as un damped vibration.


6. What is meant by logarithmic decrement?
Logarithmic decrement method is used to measure damping in time domain. In this
method, the free vibration displacement amplitude history of a system to an
impulse is measured and recorded. Logarithmic decrement is the natural
logarithmic value of the ratio of two adjacent peak values of displacement in free
decay vibration.
7. Define transmissibility.
Transmissibility is a term that is a term that is used to describe the response of a
vibration isolation system. Literally, transmissibility is the ratio of displacement of
an isolated system to the input displacement. It is used to describe the effectiveness
of a vibration isolation system. Transmissibility varies with frequency
8. Explain vibration measuring instruments?
The instruments which are used to measure the displacement, velocity or
acceleration of a vibrating body are called vibration measuring instruments
9. Define semi-definite system?
The system having one of their natural frequencies equal to zero are known as
semi- definite systems.
10. Define vibration absorber?
When a structure externally excited has undesirable vibrations, it becomes
necessary to eliminate them by coupling some vibrating system to it. The vibrating
system is known as vibration absorber or dynamic vibration absorber.
11. Explain influence coefficients?
The equations of motion of several degrees of freedom system can be expressed
in terms of influence coefficients. The influence coefficient Aij is defined as the
static deflection at point I because of unit load acting at point j. similarly , Aij is
the deflection at point j due to unit load at point i.
12. Explain holzers method?
This is trial and error method used to find the natural frequency and mode shape
of multi mass lumped parameter system. This can be applied to both free and
forced vibrations. This method can be used for the analysis of damped, undamped,
semi definite systems with fixed ends having linear and angular motions.
13. Explain critical speed of a rotating shaft?
It is well known fact that rotating shafts at certain speeds become dynamically
unstable and large vibrations are likely to develop. This phenomenon is due to
resonance effects and a simple example will show that the critical speed for a shaft
is that speed at which the number of revolations per second of the shaft is equal to
the frequency of its natural vibration.
14. Define self-excited vibration?
We always assumed that force producing vibration is independent of the
vibratory motion. In which a steady forced vibration is sustained by forces created
by the vibratory motion itself and disappearing when the motion stops .such
vibration are called self excited or self induced vibration.
15. Explain orthogonality principle?
For a system with three-degree of freedom the orthogonality principle may be
written as
m1A1A2 + m2B1B2 +m3C1C2=0
m1A2A3 + m2B2B3 +m3C2C3=0
m1A1A3 + m2B1B3 +m3C1C3=0
Where m1, m2, m3 are masses. A1, A2, A3, B1, B2, B3, C1, C2, C3 are the
amplitude of vibration of the system. We will make use of the equation in matrix
iteration method to find the natural frequencies and mode shapes of the system.
16. Define matrix iteration method?
With the help of this method the natural frequencies and corresponding mode
shapes are determined. Use of influence coefficients is made in the analysis.
17. Define DAlemberts principle?
F-ma = 0

()



()

These equation can be considered equilibrium equation provided that and

are treated as a force and a moment. This fictitious force(or moment) is knows
as the inertia force(or inertia moment) and the artificial state of equilibrium
implied by above equation is known as dynamic equilibrium . This principle is
called DAlemberts principle. The application of the principle to the system
shown in fig below yields the equation of motion: or




18. Define Newtons law of motion?
The equation of motion is just another form of Newtons law of motion, F=ma
(total force in the same direction as motion). Equations of motion of motion for
many systems are conveniently determined by Newtons law of motion.
19. Define energy method?
For a conservative system, the total energy of the system is unchanged at all
time. If the total energy of the system is expressed as potential and kinetic energy ,
then the followed is true :
K.E. + P.E.= constant or

(K.E. + P.E.) = 0
Where the K.E. = kinetic energy, P.E.= potential energy.
The resulting equation is the equation of the motion of the system under the
consideration. This is , then , the Energy method.
20. Define Rayleighs Method?
If the given system is a conservative one , the total kinetic energy of the system
is zero at the maximum displacement, but is a maximum at the static equilibrium
point , for the total potential energy of the system , on the other hand , the reverse
is true. Hence,
(K.E.)
MAX
=(P.E.)
MAX
= Total energy of the system
This is known as Rayleighs method. The resulting equation will readily yield
the natural frequency of the system.
21. Explain the Seismic instruments.
Seismic instruments are essentially vibratory systems consisting of the support
or the base and the mass with spring attached. The support or the base is attached
to the body whose motion is to be measured. The relative motion between the mass
and the base, recorded by a rotating drum or some other devices inside the
instrument, will indicate the motion of the body.
22. Define vibrometer or low frequency transducer?
For measuring the displacement of a machine part, a vibrometer should be used
, whose natural frequency is low compared to the frequency of the vibration to be
measured.so vibrometer is known as low frequency transducer.
23. Define accelerometer or high frequency transducer?
An accelerometer is used to measured acceleration because hits natural
frequency is high compare to that of the vibration to be measured. So
accelerometer is known as high frequency transducer.
24. Define two degree of freedom system?
Systems that require two independent coordinates to specify their position are
called Two degree of freedom system.
25. Define normal modes of vibration or principle mode of vibration?
When the masses of the system are oscillating in such a manner that they reach
maximum displacements simultaneously and pass their equilibrium points
simultaneously, or moving parts of the system are oscillating in phase in one
frequency, such a state of the is called normal modes of vibration or principle
mode of vibration.
26. Define principle coordinates?
It is also find the particular set of coordinate such that each equation of the
motion contains only one unknown quantity. Then the equation of motion solve
independently of each other. Such particular set of coordinate is called principle
coordinates.
27. Define coordinate coupling?
The displacement of one mass will be felt by another mass in the same system
since they are coupled together. There are two types of coupling: the static
coupling due to static displacements, and dynamic coupling due to inertia force.
28. Define semi-definite system?
One of the roots of the frequency equation of a vibrating system is equal to zero;
this indicates that one of the natural frequency of the system is equal to zero. Such
systems are known as semi-definite system.
29. Define influence coefficients?
An influence coefficient, denoted by
12
is defined as the static deflection of the
system at position 1 due to unit force applied at position 2 when the force is the
only force acting. The influence coefficient is therefore a convenient method to
keep account of all the induced deflections due to various applied forces, and set
the differential equation of the motion for the system,
It can be shown that the following expression is true.

i j
=
ji
Define vibration of the continuous media or system?
Mechanical system that have their masses and elastic force distributed,
such as cable, rods, beams, plates, etc., rather than lumped together in
concentrated masses by spring belong to this class of vibration of the continuous
media or system.
E.g. cantilever beam
30. Define flutter (F)?
A dynamic instability occurring in an aircraft in flight, at a speed is called the
flutter speed. Where the elasticity of the structure plays an essential part in the
instability.
31. Define buffeting (B)?
Transient vibration of the aircraft structural components due to aerodynamic
impulses produced by the wake behind the winds, nacceles, fuselage pods, or other
component of the aircraft.
32. Define dynamic response, (Z)?
Transient response of the aircraft structural component produced by rapidly
applied load due to gusts, landing , and gun reaction, abrupt control motions,
moving shock wake, or other dynamic loads.
33. Define aeroelasticity on stability, S A?
Influence of the elastic deformation of the structure on dynamic and static
airplane stability.
34. Define load distribution?
Influence of the elastic deformation of the structure on the distribution of
the aerodynamic pressures over the structure.
35. Define Divergence, D?
A static instability of a lifting surface of the aircraft in flight, at a speed
called Divergence speed, where the elasticity of the lifting surface plays the
essential role in the instability.
36. Define control effectiveness, C?
Influence of the elastic deformation of the structure on the controllability of the
airplane.
37. Define control system reversal, R?
A condition occurring in flight, at a speed called the control reversal speed, at
which the intended effects of displacing a given component of the control system
are completely nullified by elastic deformation of the structure.
38. What is the effect of flutter in aircraft design?
Original mass distribution is affected
Lifting surface flat form is changed because twisting and bending
Control surface design is highly affected
39. What is the type of flutter?
Classical flutter
Non-classical flutter
38.Differentiate the classical and Non-classical flutter?
Classical flutter Non-classical flutter

1.combined bending and torsional
mode.(two or more D.O.F)
2. It is purely experimental.
3. it is approximated result.

1.Any one mode either bending or
torsion.
2.It is purely theoretical
3.It give properties of separated flow
stalling condition, time lag effect ect.

40. Draw the collars triangle of force?



A: Aerodynamic force
E: Elastic force
I: Inertia force
V: Mechanical Vibration
DS: Dynamic stability
F: Flutter
B: Buffeting
Z: Dynamic response
L: Load distribution
D: Divergence
C: Control effectiveness
R: Control system reversal
DSA: Aeroelastic effect on dynamic stability
SSA: Aeroelastic effect on static stability
41. Define the term magnification factor.
Magnification factor or magnifier is defined as the ratio of amplitude of vibration
to the amplitude of zero frequency deflection.
42. What ate various methods available for vibration control?
1. Removing the Causes of vibration.
2. Putting the screen if noise is the objection
3. Placing the machinery on proper type of isolators
4. Shock absorbers
5. Dynamic vibration absorbers.
43. What are vibrometer?
A vibrometer is an instrument to measure the displacement of a vibrating machine
part generally; the instrument natural frequency is designed twice as slow as the
slowest vibration recorded.
44. What are common type of damping?
1) Viscous damping 2) dry friction damping
3) structural damping 4) slip or interfacial damping
45. Define spring stiffness and damping constant.
Spring stiffness (K) : It is the force required to produce unit displacement in the
direction of applied force it is expressed in N/m.
K = F = N/m
S
Damping coefficient (C) : It is the damping force or resistance force developed per
unit velocity of viscouse fluid it is expressed in N-sec/m
C = F = N/m/sec
v
46. What is Rayleighs Principle?
Rayleigh principle: It is stated that the distribution of the potential and kinetic
energies of conservation, elastic system in the fundamental mode of vibration is
such that the frequency is minimum.
47. What is the difference between a vibration absorber and a vibration isolator?
Difference between a vibration absorber and a vibration isolator:
A vibration absorber is a device that can absorb the vibration and make its
intensity low while an isolator is device that can keep apart the vibration between
two surface or system in contact in which one is vibrate continuously.
48. What is an Accelerometer?
A accelerometer is device or a transducer that sense the acceleration of system and
convert in into a useful signal are known as accelerometer.
49.What are the causes of vibration?
Unbalanced centrifugal forces in the system
Elastic nature of the system
External excitation applied on the system
Winds may cause vibrations of certain systems such as electricity lines, telephones
lines etc.
50. Give two examples each of the bad and good effects of vibration
Bad effects
1. Proper readings of the instrument cannot be taken
2. Many building , structures and bridges may fall
Good effects:
1. Useful for the propagation of sound
2. Vibratory conveyors
3. Musical instruments
51.A string is stretched between 2 supports .on what parameters will the natural
frequency of the system depend on?
It depends on the stiffness,mass, and length of the string.
52.A simple pendulum of length 1m is given an initial angular displacement of 15
degree and then released. What is the equation describing the ensuing vibration?
Hints:
Draw the simple pendulum, show the length and small oscillation of 15 degree and
write the equation of motion reprents the length and angular displacement.
53. A circular steel bar of length 2metres and diameter 1 cm is fixed at one end and
attached with a mass of 20kg at the other end. find its longitudinal natural
frequency. E=200 Gpa.
Finding the torsional stiffness Kt from the torque equation and natural frequency
from Kt and mass.
54. The circular natural frequency of a simple spring mass system is 10 rad/s,if the
stiffness is changed by 2KN/m the frequency reduces by 2 rad/s .Find K and m.
With the use of given frequencies, calculate K and m.
55.In a simple spring mass system the stiffness, mass and mass per unit length of
the spring 15 N/mm,25kg and 0.2 Kg/unit length respectively. Find the natural
frequency of the spring mass system including the mass of the spring whose length
is 5cm.