This document discusses biomechanics concepts including osteokinematics, arthrokinematics, kinetics, and levers. It defines osteokinematics as bone movement without regard to joint surfaces, and arthrokinematics as adjoining joint surface movement. The three types of arthrokinematic motion are defined as roll, slide, and spin. Kinetics involves the effects of forces on the body, including internal forces like muscle contraction and external forces like gravity. Three classes of levers are also described which are used in the musculoskeletal system.
This document discusses biomechanics concepts including osteokinematics, arthrokinematics, kinetics, and levers. It defines osteokinematics as bone movement without regard to joint surfaces, and arthrokinematics as adjoining joint surface movement. The three types of arthrokinematic motion are defined as roll, slide, and spin. Kinetics involves the effects of forces on the body, including internal forces like muscle contraction and external forces like gravity. Three classes of levers are also described which are used in the musculoskeletal system.
This document discusses biomechanics concepts including osteokinematics, arthrokinematics, kinetics, and levers. It defines osteokinematics as bone movement without regard to joint surfaces, and arthrokinematics as adjoining joint surface movement. The three types of arthrokinematic motion are defined as roll, slide, and spin. Kinetics involves the effects of forces on the body, including internal forces like muscle contraction and external forces like gravity. Three classes of levers are also described which are used in the musculoskeletal system.
This document discusses biomechanics concepts including osteokinematics, arthrokinematics, kinetics, and levers. It defines osteokinematics as bone movement without regard to joint surfaces, and arthrokinematics as adjoining joint surface movement. The three types of arthrokinematic motion are defined as roll, slide, and spin. Kinetics involves the effects of forces on the body, including internal forces like muscle contraction and external forces like gravity. Three classes of levers are also described which are used in the musculoskeletal system.
Arthrokinematics and Kinetics Planes, Axes and Biomechanics Osteokinematics The manner in which bones move in space without regard for joint surfaces Osteokinematics Planes of Motion How do you divide the body in half? Axis of rotation Where does the joint motion occur? Degrees of freedom How many planes are allowed at a particular joint? Planes of Motion Describes the motion of bones relative to the three cardinal planes of the body Sagittal Frontal (coronal) Horizontal (transverse) 4 Axes (pleural of axis) of Motion perpendicular to the plane of motion () Axes of Motion Traditionally we speak of the x, y & z axis for rotation; lets give them more functional names or nomenclature: X-axis is medial-lateral (sagittal plane with flex/ext) Y-axis is vertical or longitudinal (horizontal plane with IR, ER, trunk rotation, supination/pronation) Z-axis is anterior-posterior (frontal plane with ABD/ADD X= Saggital Plane Z= Frontal Plane Y=Horizontal Plane Degrees of Freedom How many planes of motion can this joint work in? Arthrokinematics The manner in which adjoining joint surfaces move in relation to each other Three fundamental movements [roll, slide & spin], and accessory motions [compression, distraction, shear, etc.] Reminder: What is a joint? The intersection of two bones A.k.a. an articulation The moving segments of the body Joint Congruency Definition: the best fit! The relationship between two surfaces: One concave the catcher One convex the ball Closed-pack or close- packed position Opened-pack or loose- packed position Position where joint play can occur Joint Congruency This relationship provides a good fit and joint stability. Closed pack joint position when all the structures holding the joint together are taut; the ligaments and capsule. full knee extension Joint Congruency Open pack joint position any other position than closed packed also known as the resting position Joint play = accessory motions Motions necessary to achieve full ROM The clinician is performing patellar glides, which are only possible in an open position where there is no tension on the quads. Arthrokinematic Motion Roll rolling of one joint surface on another Slide or Glide linear movement of a joint surface parallel to the plane of the adjoining joint surface Spin rotation of the movable joint surface on the fixed adjacent surface Arthrokinematic Motion Rolling multiple points along one rotating joint surface contact multiple points on another joint surface Slide a single point on one joint surface contacts multiple points on another joint surface. Like a skid across a surface. Spin - a single point on one joint surface rotates on a single point on another joint surface. Like a childs top. Convex on Concave rule Needed to establish joint stability A combination of rolling and sliding The convex joint surface rolls on the concave surface, and simultaneously The convex joint surface slides in the opposite direction of the roll on the concave surface Concave on Convex rule This time the convex joint surface is fixed. The concave joint surface rolls in combination with a slide in the same direction. Spins Spinning occurs about a central longitudinal axis of rotation Kinetics - Biomechanics The effects of forces on the body. Mechanical principles applied to the human body (structure and function) Forces o Internal forces from inside the body Muscle contraction (active) Ligamentous laxity or tautness (passive) o External forces from outside the body Gravity Weights Another persons resistance Mechanics Force (F) o Any action or influence that moves an object oPush or pull Vector o A quantity having both force and direction o Represents the line of pull Torque The tendency of force to produce rotation about an axis Moment arm = the distance between the force and the axis of rotation Force x Moment Arm = torque Line of Pull & Axis of Rotation This relationship determines the action or actions of a particular muscle Anterior to medial/lateral axis = flexion Posterior to medial/lateral axis = extension Superior or lateral to anterior/posterior axis = ABDuction Inferior or medial to anterior/posterior axis = ADDuction Anterior to vertical axis = internal rotation Posterior to vertical axis = external rotation Mechanical Advantage Ratio between the force arm (FA) Distance between the force and the axis and the resistance arm (RA) Distance between the resistance and the axis Force Resistance Mechanical Advantage (MA) To determine Length of force arm Length of resistance arm = MA Mechanical Advantage (MA) When the FA is greater than the RA The MA is greater than 1 The force arm has more force than the RA Mechanical Advantage It takes less force on your part if you apply resistance distally rather than proximally. Levers 3 Classes Used in the musculoskeletal system Classes of Levers First Class Lever F - A R Force, Axis, Resistance Designed for balance The head sitting on the cervical vertebrae Classes of Levers Second Class Lever A R F Designed for power Ankle plantar flexors when the individual stands on his or her toes Classes of Levers Third Class lever A F R Designed for motion The most common lever in the body because they favor large ranges of motion Favor speed and distance
