Yashadamritamalaharavicharchikars009gdg 121228220313 Phpapp02
Yashadamritamalaharavicharchikars009gdg 121228220313 Phpapp02
Yashadamritamalaharavicharchikars009gdg 121228220313 Phpapp02
By
DR.SOBAGIN.M.V
B.A.M.S
DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE
RAJIV GANDHI UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH SCIENCES, KARNATAKA,
BANGALORE
IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF MEDICINE
(AYURVEDA)
In
RASASHASTRA
GUIDE
DR.M.C.PATIL
M.D.(R.S)
Prof. Head of the Department
of Rasashastra.
CO-GUIDE
DR. GIRISH.N.DANAPPAGOUDAR
M.D(R.S)
Lecturer. Department
of Rasashastra.
J.S.V.V. SAMITES
DECLARATION
I here by declare that this dissertation entitled THE PREPARATION, PHYSICOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF YASHADAMRITA MALAHARA AND SINDHOORADI
TAILA AND COMPARATIVE CLINICAL STUDY ON VICHARCHIKA (ECZEMA
is a bonafide and genuine research work carried out by me under the guidance of
Dr.M.C.Patil. Professor & HOD, Department of Post Graduate Studies in
Rasashastra, Post Graduate cum Research Center, D. G. M Ayurvedic Medical
College, Gadag 582103
Date:
Place: Gadag.
Dr. Sobagin.M.V
P.G.Schalor,
Dept. of Rasashastra, Post Graduate
cum Research Center, D.G.M
Ayurvedic Medical College
Gadag 582103
J.S.V.V. SAMITES
CERTIFICATE
I here by declare that this dissertation entitled THE PREPARATION, PHYSICOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF YASHADAMRITA MALAHARA AND SINDHOORADI
TAILA AND COMPARATIVE CLINICAL STUDY ON VICHARCHIKA (ECZEMA
is a bonafide and genuine research work done by Dr.Sobagin .M.V in partial
fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Ayurveda Vachaspati (M.D) in
Rasashastra of Rajiv Gandhi University of Health sciences, Bangalore,
Karnataka.
Date:
Place: Gadag.
Guide
Dr.M.C.Patil. M.D.(RS)
Head of the department
Rasashastra, Post Graduate cum
Research Center D.G.M.
Ayurvedic Medical College
Gadag 582103
CERTIFICATE
I here by declare that this dissertation entitled THE PREPARATION, PHYSICOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF YASHADAMRITA MALAHARA AND SINDHOORADI
TAILA AND COMPARATIVE CLINICAL STUDY ON VICHARCHIKA (ECZEMA
is a bonafide and genuine research work done by Dr.Sobagin.M.V in partial
fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Ayurveda Vachaspati (M.D) in
Rasashastra of Rajiv Gandhi University of Health sciences, Bangalore,
Karnataka.
Date:
Place: Gadag.
Co-Guide
Dr.Girish.N.Danappagoudar
M.D.(RS). Lecturer
J.S.V.V. SAMITES
ENDORSEMENT
I here by declare that this dissertation entitled THE PREPARATION, PHYSICOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF YASHADAMRITA MALAHARA AND SINDHOORADI
TAILA AND COMPARATIVE CLINICAL STUDY ON VICHARCHIKA (ECZEMA)
is a bonafide and genuine research work done by Dr.Sobagin.M.V under the
guidence of Dr.M.C.Patil Professor, HOD Department of Post Graduate Studies
& Dr.Girish.N.Danappagoudar Lecturer, Department of Rasashastra, Post
Graduate Studies in D.G.M.Ayurvedic Medical College, Gadag.
Date:
Principal:
Place: Gadag.
Date:
Place:
COPYRIGHT
Date:
Place: Gadag
Dr.Sobagin . M.V
P.G.Schalor,
Dept. of Rasashastra, Post Graduate
cum Research Center,
D.G.M.Ayurvedic Medical College
Gadag 582103
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
My father & mother is the only Inspiration. This work carries some sweat
memories to express & record about some distinguished personalities by whom I had
been inspired during the course of this thesis.
I express my deep sense of gratitude to my respected guide Prof.Dr.M.C.Patil.
MD(Ayu) Head of Dept. of RS, DGMAMC & PGSRC, Gadag. He has been very kind to
guide me in the preparation of thesis & for who extraordinary efforts, tremendous
encouragement & most valuable thought provoking critical suggestions, made me to
complete this work.
I am extremely greatful & obliged to my co-guide Dr.Girish .N
Danappagoudar.MD(Ayu). Lecturer in Rasashastra, PG studies & Research center
DGMAMC, Gadag, for patiently going through the draft of thesis & correcting with
precious remarks which have been very useful.
I am thankful to Dr.G.B.Patil principal, DGMAMC, PGSRC,Gadag,
for providing all necessary facilities for this research work.
I wish to convey thanks to my teacher Prof.Dr.R.K.Gachchinamath
HOD,Rasashastra dept,(UG) DGMAMC, Gadag, for being kind & affectionate through
his valuable suggestions & advises.
It gives me immense pleasure to express my gratitude to Dr. Dilipkumar
B. MD (Ayu). Asst. Prof. PGSRC for kind advise encouragement during the study.
Gadag
February 2006
Dr: Sobagin.M.V
ABBREVIATION
1.
R.T
Rasa Tarangini
2.
R.R.S -
3.
R.P.S -
A.P
Ayurveda Prakash
5.
R.M
Rasamritam
6.
R.J
9.
R.Chu -
Rasendra Chudamani
10.
K.N
Kaideva Nighantu
11.
M.N
Madanapala Nighantu
12.
R.N
Raja Nighantu
13.
B.P
14.
D.N
Dhanvantari Nighantu
15.
Ch.S
Charaka Samhita
16.
S.S
Sushruta Samhita
17.
A.S
Ashtanga Sangraha
18.
A.H
Ashtanga Hridaya
19.
B.S
Bela Samhita
20.
H.S
Harita Samhita
21.
K.S
Kashapa Samhita
22.
Y.R
Yogaratnakar
23.
B.T
Before treatment
24.
A.T
After treatment
25.
Not mentioned.
26.
Mentioned
LIST OF TABLES
Sl.N0.
Topic
Page. No.
1.
Synonyms of Yashada
27
2.
30
3.
Pharmacological properties
32
4.
33
5.
Synonyms of Girirsindhoora
38
6.
Guna of Girirsindhoora
39
7.
Indications of Sindhuura
40
8.
Synonyms of Sasyaka
42
9.
43
10.
44
11.
57
12.
58
13.
58
14.
58
63
65
66
87
97
98
99
99
100
101
102
103
104
104
104
104
105
105
105
105
106
106
107
108
109
110
111
111
112
112
113
115
116
117
LIST OF GRAPHS
Sl.N0.
Topic
Page. No.
97
98
100
101
115
116
117
LIST OF PHOTOGRAPHS
1. Raw drugs of the Yashadamrita Malahara and Sindhooradi taila
2. Patients photos with Trail drug.
ABSTRACT
Back ground:
Kushta, skin disease is very common pathological condition. Among this,
Vicharchika can be correlated to eczema, which is one type of the Kshudra Kushta as
explained in classics.
In modern science there are number of drugs for Vicharchika (Eczema), but a
successful remedy is yet to come out. Here Yashadamrita malahara and Sindhooradi taila
are utilized to find out their comparative efficacy in the management of Vicharchika.
Objectives:
a. Preparation of Yashadamrita malahara and Sindhooradi taila.
b. Physico-chemical analysis of Yashadamrita malahara and Sindhooradi taila.
c. Comparative clinical of Yashadamrita malahara and Sindhooradi taila on
Vicharchika (Eczema)
METHODS:
Pharmaceutical study:
a. Yashada shodhana and marana according to Rasatarangini 19 chapter shloka no
b. Preparation of Yashadamrita malahara and Sindhooradi taila according to
Rasatarangini 19 chapter shloka no 146-147 and 21 chapter shloka no 162-163
Analytical study:
Yashadamrita malahara is subjected to physico chemical analysis i.e. , Fineness of
particle test, Flow rate, Ash value, Acid insoluble ash and for Sindhooradi taila Loss
on drying at 1100c, Boiling point, Specific gravity, Refractive index, Acid value,
Saponification value and including organoleptic character .
Clinical study:
30 patients of Vicharchika with confirmed diagnose are taken from the OPD section
of PGRCDGM Ayurvedic medical collage hospital Gadag.
Results:
Individually both groups showed highly significant in subjective as well as
objective parameters. Comparatively group B shows more significant than the group A.
Key words:
Vicharchika, Eczema, Yashada, Sasyaka, Girisindhoora, Shodhana, Marana, Malahara
kalpana, Taila kalpana, Physico-chemical analysis, Subjective & Objective criteria, Study
duration.
CONTENTS
Page Number.
I.
INTRODUCTION
II. OBJECTIVES
1-2
3
5-25
2. DRUG REVIEW
26-52
3. DISEASE REVIEW
53-73
IV. METHODOLOGY
1.
V.
VI.
PHARMACEUTICAL STUDY
74-86
2. ANALYTICAL STUDY
87-92
3. CLINICAL STUDY
93-95
96-117
DISCUSSION
118-127
VII. CONCLUSION
128-129
VIII. SUMMARY
130-133
BIBLIOGRAPHY
ANNEXURE 1 MASTER CHART
ANNEXURE 2 CASE SHEET
Introduction
INTRODUCTION
Ayurveda is the most ancient system of medicine. Which is based on its
own fundamental principles theories or concepts. Which are deeply rooted into the oldest
scriptures of Hindu veda i.e. Atharvanaveda. It is an encyclopedia of ancient eternal
medical wisdom in spite of its antiquity. (3,000 years old) it is being practicing today all
over the world.
Rasashastra, one of the branch of Ayurveda, which is well, developed by
Nagarjuna the pioneer of Rasashastra. He practiced Ayurveda by using Rasadravyas i.e
metals, minerals, gems etc, to achieve the aims of Rasashastra. i.e. Lohasiddhi and
Dehasiddhi. Now Rasashastra holds topmost place in Ayurveda due to its unique
preparations Rasabhasmas, Kharaliya rasayana, Pottali rasayana, Parpati rasayana,
Kupipakwa rasayana and their utility.
Metal and minerals are also used in Bhaishajya Kalpana such as Malahara and
Taila Kalpana, which are used for externally. Eg: Yashadamrita Malahara containing
metal like Yashada and Sindhooradi Taila containing minerals like Sindhoora and
Sasyaka. Both yogas are indicated in Kushta rogas.
Skin has been defined as the mirror of the body. It reflects the Physical, mental
and psychological state of the individual. Skin is not only covering of the body tissues
and organs, but being composed of epithelial, mesenchymal, glandular and
neuromuscular elements is part of the Curparate system. In addition to it being the largest
organ of the body. It is barrier protecting the underlying tissues from physical, chemical
and biological toxic agents. It also excretes some of the wastes of the body metabolism.
In present day the life style of the human being become change. So sometime he
knowingly or unknowingly expose to the certain influences, which causes the skin
disorders.
Kushta, skin disease is very common pathological condition. Among this,
Vicharchika can be correlated to eczema, which is one type of the Kshudra Kushta as
explained in classics.
Introduction
Introduction
PHYSICO-CHEMICAL
STUDY
OF
YASHADAMRITA
OBJECTIVES
1. Preparation of Yashadamrita Malahara and Sindhooradi taila.
2. Physico-Chemical study of Yashadamrita Malahara and Sindhooradi taila
3. Comparative clinical evaluation of Yashadamrita Malahara and Sindhooradi taila
on Vicharchika
PROCEDURE REVIEW
I. MALAHARA KALPANA
Malahara Kalpana is not explained in Samhita Period. Yogaratnakara adopted
the term Malahara from word Malaharam a unani preparation.
As it mentioned in Ayurveda, the treatment is of two types.
1. Antaparimarjan
2. Bahiparimarjan
The later one called Bahiparimarjana means, the medicine intended for external
use only. Different forms of external applications are described for the convenience
of treatment of different diseases like Lepa Kalpana, Upanaha, Malaharakalpana etc.
In between Lepa Kalpana and Malaharakalpana there is no much difference
regarding usage. But preparation of method is different.
Differences.
Lepa
Malahara
3. Used up to 2 year
Similarities:
1. Both are used externally
2. Indications are also same.
2. Pradhana Karma:
1. Preparation of Sikta taila.
Sikta Taila is a mixture of bees wax and oil. It is soft, smooth ointment like
substance, used as an emollient or as a base in the preparation of different
ointments. Rasatarangini has described 2 methods of preparation of Sikta taila.
Method 11
One part of pure bees wax and 6 parts of Tila taila are mixed and melted over
mild fore. When the wax melts and becomes a homogenous liquid mix well and
stop heating. After cooling it becomes a soft butter like paste.
Method 22
Here, instead of 6 parts of oil, 5 parts of oil is said to be added to 1 part of bees
wax, rest of the procedure is similar to that of first method. If any physical
impurities are seen in the wax (after melting) it should be filtered through a cloth.
The first method is said to be followed during winter season and the second one
during summer season.
2. Mixing of fine powder into Sikta taila:
The base of the Malahara kalpana i.e. Sikta taila, to this, as per the formulation,
add the fine powder of various ingredients and mix well. The fine powder may be
of Tankana, Gandhaka, Kajjali, Mriddara shringa, Gairika, Girisindhoora,
Manashila, Haratala etc.
3. Paschat Karma:
1. Storage: Prepared malahara must be preserved in wide mouthed plastic or
glass container having tight fitting.
2. Uses: Vruna Shodhaka and Ropaka
Kushtaghna
Varnya etc.
Qualities of Sikta:3
Rasa
Madhura
Guna
Snigdha, Picchila
Karma
Sandhankar, Vrunaropaka
1 year.
Tila taila:4
Nomenclature:Latin
Sesamum indicum.
Family
Pedaliaceae
English
Sanskrit
Kannada
Yellu enni
Tamil
Nallannai
Hindi
Til Ka tail
Properties:
Rasa
Veerya
Ushna
Vipaka
Madhura
Guna
Combination:
Saturated fatty acids.
Palmitic acid 9.1%
Stearic acid 4.3%
Aracidic acid 0.8%
Unsaturated fatty acids.
Oleic acid
45.4%
2.
3.
4.
Site of application
5.
Duration of application
6.
Classification of Ointments:
I. According to their therapeutic properties based on penetration
1.Epidermic Ointments
These ointments are meant for action on epidermis and produce local
effect. They are not absorbed. These types of ointments are mainly used as
protective, antiseptics, local anti-infectices and parasiticides.
2. Endodermic ointments:
These ointments are meant for action on deeper layers of coetaneous tissues.
They are partially absorbed and act as emollients, stimulants and local irritants.
3. Daidermic ointments:
These ointments are meant for deep penetration and release the
medicaments that pass through the skin and produce systemic effects.
10
11
12
Selection of Dermatological Vehicles:There are large numbers of ointment bases, which are available in the
market. These have already been discussed. But none of the above discuss ointment
base, fulfills all the requirements of an ideal ointment base, following one the
factors, which govern the selection of an ideal base for ointments
A. Dermatological factors
B. Pharmaceutical factors
A. Dermatological factors:1. Absorption and Penetration:
Absorption means actually entry into blood stream. i.e. Systemic absorption
where as Penetration indicates passage through the skin i.e. cuetaneous absorption.
It is proved scientifically that animal fats and fixed oils penetrate more readily
through the skin in comparison to mineral oils (paraffin). The substances, which are
soluble both in oil and water, are most readily absorbed. The o/w emulsion bases
release the medicament more readily than oleaginous bases or w/o emulsion bases.
2. Effect on skin function:
Greasy bases may interfere with the skin function like heat radiation and sweet
excretion. More ever they are irritant to the skin. The water-soluble bases and o/w
emulsion bases provides a cooling effect rather than the heating effect. These bases
mix readily with skin secretions.
3. Miscibility with skin secretions and Serum.
Skin secretions are more rapidly miscible drug in more rapidly and completely
released to the skin. Due to this reason lesser proportions of the medicament is
needed when emulsion bases are used.
13
B. Pharmaceutical factors.
a. Stability:
Fats and oils of animal and vegetable sources are more liable to undergo
oxidation provided. They are preserved properly soft paraffin, liquid paraffin are
comparatively more.
14
b. Solvent properties: Suitable solvents should be selected for the proper dispersement of the
medicaments of an ointment.
c. Emulsifying properties:
Hydrocarbon bases can absorb only a small amount of aqueous
substances where as some animal fats like wool fat can take up about 50% of the
water. Therefore animal fats are used in the preparation of creams.
d. Consistency:
The ointments produced should be of suitable consistency. They should
neither be too hard nor too soft. They should withstand the climatic condition.
Preparation of Ointments:
Ointments are prepared by following methods:
1.
Triturating method
2.
Fusion
3.
Chemical reaction
4.
Emulsification
Triturating method:It is the most commonly used method for the preparation of ointments.
The method is used when the base is soft and the medicament is insoluble in the
base. The following procedure is used to get a uniform ointment.
a. Finally powder the solid medicaments
b. Weigh the required quality of an ointment base. Triturate the solid
medicaments with a small amount of the base on an ointment slab with
the help of stainless steel ointment spatula until a homogenous product is
formed.
c. Add remaining quantities of the base until the medicament is uniformly
mixed with it.
15
16
17
Murchana7:Sneha Kalpanas are widely used in Ayurvedic practice both internally and
externally. Such SnehaKalpans should be subjected to a primary process known as
Murchana. It is a refining process of both Sneha (Oil and Ghee), before subjecting the
drug to Snehapaka. Better colour, odour, taste, results and efficacy of drug are expected
from Murchana. It increases solubility of active principles and absorbility to get
maximum property.
There is no reference to Murchana either in Laghutraya or in brihatraya.
Acharya Govinda das the author of Bhaishajya ratnavali is the first personto mention
about this.
The main aim of Snehamurchana is to remove the durgandha, amadosha and
ugrata etc bad characters of crude form of Sneha, by doing Murchana Samskara Sneha
dravya will appreciated with good smell and colour, apart from these becauses of
Murchana Sneha will get such capability to receive more principles while the
preparation
of Snehapaka and also veerya of the Sneha is enhanced, because of Murchana
Samskara, Sneha will get the active principles of Murchana dravyas too.
General Method of Preparation of Snehapaka:
In generally Snehapaka vidhi can be divided into 3 stages.
1. Poorva karma
2. Pradhana karma
3. Paschat karma.
1. Poorva karma:a. Collection of equipments:
Sneha patra, Darvi(stirrer), Sieve, Khalvayantra, Tula yantra, Koshti.
b. Collection of drugs:
18
19
c. Preparation of Kalka:
The drugs from which Kalka is to be prepared if it is fresh or wet should be
washed well and ground into a paste in a khalva yantra. If it is dry, do Yavakuta
choorna of that and prepare paste by mardana with little quantity of water.
2. Pradhana Karma:
a.
b. Heating pattern8:Always Taila paka should be prepared mrudu and madhyamagni only.
The preparation like taila, Ghrita and Guda should be completed
within a day to gain more potency by being prepared in more than a day. Time
taken for the completion of Snehapaka varies according to nature of dravyas.
Duration
Dravadravya
1. 1 day
2. 2 days
Dugdha
3. 3 days
Swarasa
4. 5 days
20
21
22
23
Internal
1.Mixture
1.1.
2. Syrup
External
Application on skin
3. Elixir
1. Liniment
1. Gargles
1. Douche
4. Linctus
2. Lotion
2. Mouth wash
2. Ear drop
3. Throat paint
3. Nasal drop
4. Nasal spray
24
Liniments:
The liniments are liquid or semi-liquid preparations meant for
application to the skin. The liniments are usually applied to the skin with friction
and rubbing of the skin. The liniments may be alcoholic or oily solutions or
emulsions. In alcoholic liniment, alcohol helps in the penetration of medicament
into the skin and also increases its counter irritant and rubefacient action.
In oily liniments arachis oil is commonly used which spreads more
easily on the skin. Soap is also included as on the ingredient in some of the
liniments, which help, in easy application of liniment on the skin.
Generally, liniments contain medicaments possessing analgesic,
rubefacient, soothing and counter irritant or stimulating properties.
A liniment should not be applied to the broken skin because it may
cause excessive irritation.
25
Lotion should be stored in well filled, well closed in an air tight container
in a cool place.
26
DRUG REVIEW
YASHADA:
Historical background:
Yashada as ancient Indian chemists knew a metal from the 15th A.D as
Madanapala the author of Madanapala Nighantu is the first scholar to mention it, as the
7th dhatu or metal in his text. Bhavamishra and others followed him in a later period.
Through it was used for making an alloy known as Pittala (Brass) for long as a separate
metallic element it was known much later. Before the 15th A.D it was used and known
by the name of Rasaka or Kharpara satwa that is quite evident from the synonyms
(Ritikrit, Ritihetu, Tamra, Ranjaka) attributed to Rasaka and Kharpara. As regards
Rasaka and Kharapara, the minerals of Yashada they were known even in the Samhita
period.
In Rasashastra period following Rasa-texts are explained Yashada,
1. Ayurveda prakasha
2. Rasajalanidhi
3. Rasatarangini
4. Rasamrita
5. Rasadarpana
Vernacular names:
Latin
Zincum
Sanskrit
Yashada
Hindi
Jasta
English
Zinc
Bengal
Dasta
Gujarat
Jasad
Tamil
Tulanagam
Malayalam
Nagam
Chinese
Tutenague
26
Name
M.N
A.P
R.T
R.M
R.D
B.P.N
Yashada
Yasada
Jashada
Jasada
Ritihetu
Kharparaja
Rangasankamsh
Yashaka
Rangasadrasha
10
Ditihetu
11
Yashaja
12
Kharapara Satva
Table No-1
Prapti Sthana:
Usually Yashada is not available in muktavasta (native form) but in the
form of mineral like Zinc blende (ZnS), Oxide (Zno), Carbonate (ZnCO3)
It is found in Canada, Russia, Australia, Peru, U.S.A, Mexico, China, Japan, Spain,
and Sweden. In India Bihar, Rajasthan, Madras, Punjab, Kashmir.
Description:
3/2
According to ancient classics Yashada is one among the sapta dhatus and
belongs to pootiloha group. It melts quickly on heating and produces bad smell
(Loathsome) while being melted.
27
Shweta
Sparsha (Touch)
Mrudu, snigdha
Apekshita gurutwa
7.1
Melting point
4290C
Boiling point
9800C
Ad dddddSddyedddd AdyTddadddZ |
eddddTdySdQdSdddd AdzdddyedITdyTdZ || T.dd.da
28
29
Drug
RT AP RJ
RD RM Duration
Godugdha
21 times
Kadalimula swarasa
7 times
Sudhajala
7 times
Nirgundi swarasa
7 times
Snuhi dugdha
7 times
Arka dugdha
7 times
Table No-2
30
Marana:
Marana means Killing and converting a metal into non-reversible and final
form i.e. bhasma.
Definition:
The process by which metals, minerals or any hard substance is subjected to
soaking, drying and ignition to convert bhasma is known as Marana. This Marana
process converts into fine state of smaller molecules and makes the light as to be
highly absorbable and assimilated after administration.
1. Marana is process by which metal looses its original state still retains its
originality.
2. Marana converts process drug into a biological acceptable form.
Marana of Yashada:
As the melting point of Yashada is low, it melts easily when subjected to puta
after shodhana. So does not reduce to bhasma. This is convenience can be rectified
adopt another procedure known as Jarana. By this molten metal is converted into a
powder form.
Pootiloha marana generally consists of following steps.
1. Jarana
2. Bhavana
3. Formation of Chakrika
4. Arranging the chakrikas in Sharava.
5. Sealing of Sharava
6. Puta (heatings)
But Rasatarangini has explained a different method for the Yashada marana in
4th method 35 .
In this method shodhita Yashada put into loha patra and subjected to Agni.
After melting the Yashada, stirred it carefully with loha shalaka till Yashada
completely converts into powder form. Then filtered through the cloth when cooling
31
and again remaining part of Yashada is subjected to Agni, repeat the process till
whole Yashada is converted completely into bhasma form.
In Rasamrita also explained, research work has been done on this metal and on
that basis this metal needs 7000C temperature maintained for 1 hour for its marana
and to make its bhasma completely free from the presence of free metal content.
Further 7 to 10 heating at the above-mentioned temperature range was found
necessary for its complete marana.
Pharmacological Properties36-41
Sl.No Name of classics
Kashaya Tikta
Katu
Sheeta
Sheeta veerya
KP hara
R.T
A.P
R.J
R.M
B.N
M.N
Table No. 3
By observing the above table Yashada bhasma is having the following properties.
Rasa
Kashayatikta
Guna
Sheeta
Veerya
Sheeta
Doshaghnata Kaphapittashamaka
32
Therapeutic Uses:
Yashada bhasma was chiefly used for external application in some disease. In
Rasagranthas and Nighantu Yashada bhasma is used in various disease listed as
below.
Indication of Yashada bhasma40-47.
Sl.No
Disease
RT
AP RJ
RM B.N
M.N
Prameha
Pandu
Shwasa
Rajasrara
Netraroga
Table No-4
Indication of yashadamrita Malahara48:
1. Vruna
2. Vicharchika
3. Agnidagda Vruna
33
2. Oxide
3. Carbonate
ZnCO 3 (Calamine)
4. Zinc Silicate
ZnSiO4
The major producers of Zinc are Canada, Russia, Australia, Peru, USA, Mexico,
China, Japan, China, Spain, and Sweden.
In India found in Rajasthan. A belt of Zinc covers an area of about 30 square
meters in the Zawar and Udaipur region of Rajasthan. It has also been located in certain
parts of Kashmir.
Extraction:
An extensive community followed by floatation is directed at separating Zinc
from lead, copper and as far as possible from Iron. The process involves the following
operations.
1. Concentration.
2. Roasting
3. Smelting and Distillation
4. Refining
34
2 ZnO+2SO2
ZnCO3
ZnO+CO2
ZnO+C
Zn+CO
Concentrated Ore
Pure Zinc
Roasting
Refining
Zinc Oxide
Crude Zinc
Distillation
Properties:
1. Zinc is shiny, bluish, white brittle metal.
2. Zinc possesses a crystalline structure.
3. Zinc melts at 419.58 0C
4. It has specific gravity at about 7.15 gm/ cubic centimeter at 200C
5. Zinc may be rolled out into sheets or drawn into wire between 1000C and
1500C, but it reverts to a brittle condition and may be readily powdered under
the hammer.
6. It is unaffected by dry air, but becomes superficially tarnished in moist air.
7. It is highly acted upon by acids and alkalis.
8. It is soluble in dilute acids.
9. At high temperature it burns in air producing a greenish white flame.
35
2ZnO
ZnO+CO2
Properties:
1. It is a white powder it is known as Philosophers wool.
It is attached by acids to form corresponding salts ZnO+H2SO4
It is attached by acids to form soluble alkali Zincates
ZnSO4+H2O
ZnO+2NaOH Na2
ZnO2+H2O
Therapeutic properties:
Absorption: Zinc salts are absorbed from GI tract and stored in liver, spleen and
kidney.
Elimination: Through stool, small amount by bile and urine.
Uses50:
1. Good antiseptic, Astringent, Mild soothing local sedative.
2. Emetic like copper.
3. Relieves chronic inflammation like gonorrhea, leucorrhoea, otitis and even
eye disorders.
4. It checks the bleeding and secretion from the broken skin by precipitating the
secretion and providing soothing and protective effects. So it is used in most
of the skin disease and varicose ulcer
5. Even zinc enhances the insulin binding capacity so used in Diabetic mellitus.
6. It acts as nervine tonic, sedative, antispasmodic and astringent.
36
Eng
Arab
Isrenj
Bengali
Gujarat
Sindhoora
Kannada
Marathi
Tamilu
Sagappusindhooram
Telagu
Yerrasindhooram
Malayalam
Chinturam
Persi
Suraj-Sang
Hindi
Inglur
37
Synonyms
RT
RRS
RM
RJ
Sindhoora
Nagaja
Nagagarbhaja
Nagarenuka
Mangalya
Bhalasoubhagya
Ganeshabhoosham
Shringarabhooshana
Rakarenu
10
Sisaka
11
Sisaja
12
Rasagarbha
13
Rasasindhoora
14
Nagaja
15
Nagarakta
16
Sriman
17
Vasantamangal
18
Raktaraja
19
Vanapishta
BP
KN
MN
RD
+
+
Table No-5
Occurrence:
It is found in the form of mineral. In India found in Kashmir, Punjab, Rajasthan.
This is found in small quantities inside rocks in big mountains. It is dry red. This is
compound of lead and other things.
Grahya lakshana59:
Sukshma kanayukta, Snigdha, Guru, Bright in colour, Mrudu, Clear.
38
Katu, Tikta
Veerya
Ushna
Guna
Ushna
Guna of Girisindhoora
Sl.No
Text
Katu
Dosha
rasa
rasa
Guna
Veerya
Shamaka
RRS
Tridosha
DN
BP
RN
RC
Table No-6
39
Disease
RRS
RT
RC BP MN MN KN DN
Netra
Kushta
Kandu
Bhagna sandhana
Visha
Kshudra kushta
Pama,Sidma Vicharchika
Visarpa
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
Table No-7
Description75 :
Sindhoora is prepared from lead. For this lead is kept in crucible or iron pan and
heated in an open atmosphere, to get it reached with oxygen and form a red colour
covering on the external surface of lead. This is known as Sindhoora. While collecting
the material initial and last portions should be discarded and remaining portion is then
washed with water and dried. The Sindhoora, which is red, heavy, fine and smooth, is
considered best.
40
of 450 C
2 Pb O+O2
2Pb 3O4
Properties:
1. It is a mixed oxide and is regarded to be a mixture of lead monoxide and lead
dioxide -2 PbO.PbO2
2. It is bright, orange, red, granular, crystalline powder.
3. On heating it turns violet & then black but regains its original colour on cooling.
4. It is insoluble in water.
5. On heating to 600 C it decomposes to give lead monoxide.
2 Pb 3O4+O2
6Pb O+O2
3Pb+4CO
Pb 3O4+4CO
3Pb+4CO.
Therapeutic properties77:
Absorption:
Lead salts are absorbed in the blood from GIT tract, skin and stored in central
nervous system, kidneys, liver and bone. In the blood 90% is present in RBCs.
Elimination: Slowly by the urine, sweat and stool.
Uses:
1. Have feeble action on the broken skin.
2. Good astringent, antiphlogistic, local sedative and stimulant, Allays itching
and control excessive discharge.
3. Used as ointment or liniment in eruptive skin disease as eczema, pustular
eruption etc, to promote maturities of boils and abscesses and the healing
processes in all kinds of ulcers and wounds.
4.
SASYAKA:
Sasyaka is well known drug from ancient time. In Charaka and Sushruta in the
name of Tuttha and Amrutasanga used in various places. By the evidence of Charaka
Samhita from 3200 years used as medicine and most of Rasagranthas are explained
Sasyaka as a Maharasa.
Vernacular names: Hindi
Nilottha, Tuttiya
Marati
Moracute
Gujarathi
Morathuthu
Telagu
Mailututham
Eng
Latin
Cupri Sulphus.
Paryaya
RM
RT
RD
Tuttha
RN BN DN
MN
Tutthaka
Tuttyanjana
Mayuraka
Mayurtutthka
Shitthagriva
Tamragarbha
Amritasanga
Vitunnaka
10
Amritodbhava
11
Neelashmaja
12
Shilakantha
13
Haritashma
Table No-8
42
Origin85: The Garuda consumed Harital visha after drinking the Amrita. Hence he
vomited the poison mixed with the Amrita on Niligiri Mountain. Later it solidified and
turned into Sasyaka.
Praptisthana:It is occurs in the form of native & artificial. Germany, Sweden, Spain,
France, England. In India Bihar and Rajasthan.
Grahyalakshanas86:That which looks like the colour of Mayurakantha , snigdha and guru..
That which occurs in nature is called Swabhavaja and that which is made
artificially is called Tuttha. Both yield copper as their Satwa.
Shodhana87-91:Shodhana dravya according to different authorities
Sl.No
Dravya/Method
RRS
RT
Raktavargadravya bhavana
Snehadravya sinchana
Nimbuswarasa bhavana
Gomutra swedhana
RJ
RM
+
+
RSS
Table No-9
43
RM
RD
RJ
R.Cu
RN
DN
10
BN
11
MN
Rasayana
chakshusy
Bhedana
Lekhana
AP
Vamaka
Kapha
pitta
RRS
Sheeta
veerya
Ushana
veerya
Laghu
RT
Kshara
Stula
Madhura
Kashaya
Grantha
Sl.No
Katu rasa
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
Table No-10
Disease
RT
RRS
Krimi
Shula
Kushta
Switra
Amlapitta
Ashmari
Kandu
Arsha
Vruna
10
Visha
RM
RJ
RD
RC
AP
RN
DM
BN
MN
+
+
+
+
Table No-11
44
CuO+H2SO4
CuSo4+H2O
CuCO3+ H2SO4
CuSo4+H2O+CO2
Cu (OH) 2+ H2SO4
CuSo4+2.H2O
Manufacture:
On a large scale Copper Sulphate is obtained by boiling copper tailings with
Conc. H2SO4. Blue solution of Copper Sulphate is formed.
Cu+ 2H2SO4
CuSo4+SO4+2H2O.
Treating copper scrapping in hot dilute. Sulphuric acid in presence of air also obtains it.
2Cu+2H2SO4+O2
2CuSo4+2H2O.
In another process, the mineral Copper Pyrites (Cu2S, Fe2 S3) is roasted in
air, Iron oxide and Copper Sulphate is formed. The roasted mass is treated with water,
copper sulphate dissolves and is separated by filtration. On crystals of CuSO4.5H2O. is
formed.
45
Properties:
1. Specific gravity 2.1 to 2.3
Hardness 2.5
2. It is bluish green in colour.
3. Synthetic form is only bluish in colour and opaque.
4. It is easily soluble in water.
5. It looses all the water of crystallization when heated up to 250 C & forms white
amorphous powder.
CuSO4. 5H2O
CuSO4 +5H2O
SO3 32.1%
H2O 36.1%
Therapeutic properties:
Absorption: Copper Sulphate absorbed with difficulty in minute quantities either when
given by mouth or from wounds and other mucous surfaces. And stored in
liver, spleen and kidneys.
Elimination: Through stool, urine, bile, saliva and sweat.
Uses115:
1. It is powerful astringent, antiseptic, stimulant, styptic and mild caustic.
2. It is applied indolent ulcers, exuberant granulations, sinuses and fistula in ano,
eczema, impetigo and eye disorders.
3. As emetic.
46
Bhedaneeya, Swedopaga
Family
Asclepiaceac
Kula
Arka Kula
Latin
Calotropis
English Madar
Sanskrit Red calotropis - Toolaphala, Ksheeraparna, Shwetarka, Mandur, Vasuka,
Alarka, Raktarka, Arkaparna, Arkanama
White calotropis - Shuklarka, Japan, Supushpa, Vrittamallika
Varities:- There are two varieties depending on the colour of the flowers.
1. White
2. Bluish red.
2. Rajarka
Habitat: - All over India in dry & pungent soil, Srilanka, Iron, Africa.
Chemical composition:
Small amount of yeast, madar alban, madar fluabil, resin & rubber. Some
plants have sugarika gum, Trypsin, Catorropin.
Properties:
Guna - Laghu, Rooksha, Teekshna
Vipaka Katu
Veerya Ushna
47
Gana
Kula
Haridra Kula
Family Scitaminae
Latin
Curcuma longa
English Turmeric
Sanskrit Haridra, Harita, Jayanti, Kanchani, Nisha, Krumighna
Habitat All over India, In Maharashtra, Sangli is an important marketing center.
Chemical Composition:- 1% Volatile oil, Curcumin is responsible for its colour.
Turmeric oil has a peculiar odour & taste.
Properties:Guna Ruksha, Laghu
Veerya Ushna
Vipaka Katu
Dosha Kaphavatashamaka
Uses:External use Shothahara, Vedanasthapana, Varnya, Kushtagna, Vrunashodhana
and Ropana, Krimighna.
Internal
Modern:119
1. It is used in disorders of blood, liver and certain skin disorders.
2. It is applied in pains and as an antiparacytic for many skin affections.
3. Showed significant anti-inflammatory activity in both exudative and proliferative
inflammation.
4. Another work reported that the alcohol extract and essential oil from curcuma
longa showed bactericidal activity.
48
Snigdha, Laghu
Rasa
Katu, Tikta
Veerya
Ushna
Vipaka
Katu
Dosha
Vatakaphashamaka
49
Guna
Vipaka
Madhura
Veerya
Ushna
Doshakarma
Kaphavata Shamaka
Karma
Vrishya, Amapachaka
2. Takra 123
Rasa
Guna
Laghu, Ushna
Dosha
Kaphavata shamaka
Karma
3. Gomutra124 :Guna
Karma
Deepana, Medhya.
Teekshna, Laghu
Rasa
Amla
Dosha
Kaphavatashamaka
Karma
Rechana, Pachana
50
Ushna
Rasa
Kashaya
Vipaka
Katu
Dosha
Kaphavata shamaka
Karma
Vites nigundo
Family
Verbinaceae
Sanskrit
English
Kan
Bili yakki
Useful part
Sephalika
Properties:Rasa
Guna
Rooksha
Dosha
Kaphavata shamaka
Veerya
Ushna
Vipaka
Katu
51
Jambur
Family
Rutaceae
English
Lime
Latin name
Citrus acid
Sanskrit
Nimbuka,
Shodhana,
Amlajambeera,
Vahnibeja,
Vahni,
Deepana,
Amlasara,
Rochana,
Jantunmari, Rajnimbuka
Habitat - All over India, specially in Himalaya pradesh, Bengal, Assam, Maharashtra.
Chemical composition:7-10% Citric acid, phosphoric acid, malic acid, citrate, sugar, mucin and
alkaloids.
Properties:Guna
Laghu
Rasa
Amla
Veerya
Anushna
Vipaka
Madhura
Dosha
Kaphavatashamaka
Karma
Deepaka,
Virechaka,
Raktastambhaka,
Kasa
Chardihara.
52
VICHARCHIKA
Vicharchika is one of the most commonly encountered skin diseases, which
comes under Kshudra Kushta. The affected individual undergoes severe discomfort and
disfigurement.
Historical Review
The historical aspects of the disease Vicharchika in terms of Kushta can be traced
from Vedic period itself.
53
Bhela Samhita, Hareetha Samhita, Kashyapa Samhita all has dealt Vicharchika as
a variety of Kshudra Kushta and separate Yogas have been explained under its context.
Nighantu Kala (800AD 1700AD)
In Madhava Nidana, description on Vicharchika, its Symptomatology is available.
Sharagadhara deals only the varieties of Kushta under which Vicharachika are also
mentioned.
Bhavaprakasha, Yogaratnakara, Vangasena, Gadanigraha, Basavarajeeyam,
Kalyanakaraka, Vrindavaidyaka, and Chakradatta in all these books the description of
Vicharchika and its treatment is available.
Adhunika Kala (1700 AD onwards)
Books like Bhaishajya Ratnavali, Vaidya Vinoda, Ayurveda Prakasha,
Siddhaprayoga Latika, Sidda Bheshaja Manimala, Rasayoga Sagara, Brihat Yoga
Tarangini etc., were written in this period. These books include chiefly the Chikitsa
aspect where the particular Chikitsa for Vicharchika is also available.
Nirukti
According to Monier Williams Sanskrit English dictionary, the word
Vicharchika comprises of root word "Charcha" with "Vi" Upasarga, which means that
cutaneous eruption with, itch and scab.
Paribhasha
The term Vicharchika is defined as one of the variety of Ekadasha Kushta, in
which the main clinical manifestations are Kandu, Pidaka, Shyava Varna and Srava.
' d
54
i.e. a skin disorder associated with Atikandu, Atiruja and Rookshata of the Twacha.
Bhedas
The Bhedas of Vicharchika can be made on the basis of guna and doshic
predominance.
On the basis of Guna
Rooksha Vicharchika
Sravi Vicharchika
Pitta Pradhana
Kapha Pradhana
Nidana
Specific Nidanas for each variety of Kushta are not described in Ayurvedic
classic. As Vicharchika is one among the different types of Kushta, the Samanya Nidanas
described in the context of Kushta holds good for Vicharchika also.
The various causative factors responsible for Kushta can be categorized as follows
Aharaja.
Viharaja.
Daiva Apacharaja.
Oushadhi Kritha.
Panchakarma Apacharaja.
Aharaja, Viharaja and Daiva Apacharaja Nidanas according to different authors
shown in table No 11,12 and 13 respectively.
55
Oushadhikritha
Some of the Rasadravyas when used in impure state though being Kushtaghna
Dravyas, may result in Kushta. In table No.14 different Oushadhikrita Nidanas are
shown.
Panchakarma Apacharaja
The Panchakarma procedures are adopted to eliminate the Aggravated Doshas,
but by improper application of Panchakarma measures, there will be residual Doshas in
the body, which again aggravates and accumulated in the Shakadi Marga. Such
accumulation results in Shithilata of Dhatus leading to manifestation of Kushta.
56
Type of Ahara
Ch.S
Su.S
B.S.
A.H.
H.S.
Viruddahara
Ajeerna, Adhyashana
Matsya
Dugdati Sevana
Amlati Sevana
Guru Ahara
Gramya Udaka with Anupamamsa
Sevana
Sneha
Dadhi Sevana
Lakucha & Kakamachi
Matsya and Payasa
Ahitashana
Drava Snigdha Ahara
Navanna, Kulattha, Yavaka
Lavana, Atasi
Moolaka, Satata Madhu Sevana
Tila, Pista, Guda
Chilichima with Milk
Madya Amla Dravya with Milk
Guda with Milk
Matsya Nimba with Milk
Mamsa with Madhu
Papodaka
Vidagdha Ahara Sevana
Guda with Mulaka
Havi Prashana
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
+
+
+
+
-
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
+
-
Table No-11
57
Type of Ahara
Ch.Su
Su.Su
B.S.
A.H.
H.S.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
+
+
+
+
+
-
+
+
-
Chardi Nigraha,
Vegavarodha
Sheetambu Snana after Atapa Sevana
Diva Swapna
Mithya Vihara
Vyavaya, Atisantapa
Shrama. Bhaya. Sheetambu Sevana
Ratri Jagarana
Ajeernepi Vyayamam
Vyavaya after Vidahi Ahara Sevana
Gramya Dharma Sevana
Table No-12
+
+
+
+
-
AH
+
+
+
+
+
B.S
-
H.S.
+
-
Kushta Utpatti
Kushta Utpatti
Reference
AP.19, RT5/8
2.
Abhraka
Kushta Utpatti
AP. 2/103
3.
Roupya Makshika
Mandala Utpatti
AP 4/11
4.
Gandhaka
Kushta Utpadaka
AP. 2/18
5.
Haratala
Sphota Utpadaka
R.R S 3/69
6.
Vanga
Kilasa Kushta
R.T. 28/7
7.
Vaikranta
Kilasa Kushta
A.P 5/160
8.
Loha
Kushta Utpadaka
A.P 3/224
Table No-14
58
59
Laseeka
It is a kind of Udakamsha and is included among the Dravyas resulting in Kushta.
It is a Mala of Rasadhatu and stays in Twak.
Samprapti
All the classical textbooks of Ayurveda have explained common Samprapti of
Kushta. Even though Kushta is classified into Maha Kushta and Kshudra Kushta. There
is no separate Samprapti emphasized by any author. So that the Kushta Samanya
Samprapti should be considered for Vicharchika also.
Kushta Samprapti According to Different Acharyas
According to Charakacharya
The vitiated Sapta Dravyas are considered as Sannikrusta Hetus for Kushta. The
vitiated Doshas vitiate Twacha, Rakta, Mamsa and Ambu and combination of these Sapta
Dravyas will be localized in between Twak and Mamsa and produce different varieties of
lesion at different sites over the skin. They are named differently based on the site and
nature of skin.
d|ddQSddSddy
According to Sushruta
The deranged Vata along with Pitta and Kapha enters into the Siras, which are
transversely spread over the surface of the body. Thus the vitiated Vata deposits Pitta and
Kapha on the skin through the medium of their channels and spread them over the surface
of the body. The areas of the skin in which the morbid Doshas are deposited become
marked with Mandalas or skin patches. If these vitiated Doshas are not brought into
normalcy, they enter into deeper and deeper Dhatus.133
60
According to Vagbhatacharya
Due to Nidana Sevana the Doshas gets vitiated and spread to Tiryakgata Siras and
vitiates Twacha, Laseeka and Asruk. This produces Shithilikarana and Vaivarnya. The
disease Kushta manifests wherever the morbid Doshas get lodged.134
Madhavakara , Bhavapraksha and Yogaratnakara explains Samprapti similar to
that of Charaka .
After going through the Samanya Samprapti of Kushta Vicharchika Samprapti
can explained as follows.
"By Nidana Sevana Agnimandya takes place leading to vitiation of three Doshas
with the predominance of Pitta and Kapha. Mainly Pitta and Kaphakara Nidanas result in
the vitiation of Kleda initiating the process of Pathogenesis. These vitiated Doshas with
Dhatus, i.e., Rakta, Mamsa and Ambu enter the Tiryakgata Siras and lodges in the
Twacha".
Kleda plays an important role in the pathogenesis because both Pitta and Kapha
being Drava Dhatus are considered as Kleda karaka Sannikrishta Nidanas. Kapha Dosha
due to Sneha, Sheeta and Pichchila Guna and Pitta by Sneha, Drava and Ushna Guna
leads to accumulation of Kleda. Along with Kleda vitiated doshas takes Ashraya in
Twacha leading to the clinical manifestation of Vicharchika.
61
Dooshya
Agni
Jataragni, Dhatwagni
Ama
Srotas
Srotodusti
Udbhava sthana
Sanchara Sthana
Tiryakgata sira
Adishtana
Vyakta sthana
Twacha
Rogamarga
Bahya
Swabhava
Chirakari
Purva Roopa
The common purvaroopas are mentioned in the context of Kushta. Which are
applicable to all eighteen varieties of Kushta. The same also applies to Vicharchika.
Different Purva Roopas common in Kushta according to different authors is
shown in table No.15.
62
Purvaroopas
Ch.S
Su.S
AH
KaS
Asweda
2.
Atisweda
3.
Parushya
4.
Atislakshnata
5.
Vaivarnya
6.
Kandu
7.
Nistoda
8.
Suptata
9.
Paridaha
10.
Ushmayana
11.
Gourava
12.
Shwayathu
13.
Visarpagamana
14.
Shrama
15.
Kota
16.
Rookshatwa
17.
Pipasa
18.
Raga
19.
Dourbalya
20.
Pariharsha
21.
Pidaka
22.
Ativedana
Table No. 15
63
Roopa
In our classics the specific lakshanas of Vicharchika are mentioned.
Acharya Charaka, Bhavaprakasha and Yogaratnakara describes Vicharchika as
' d
According to Vagbhata
"d
Raji
The fissure formed at the affected part of Twacha is called Raji. It is due to
Gunataha Vruddhi of Vata.
Atiruja
Acharya Sushruta tells Ruja attributed to Vedana. This symptom is due to Vikruta
Vata Dosha. When the lesion of Vicharchika are extensive , Vedana may be felt.
Rookshata
As Acharya Sushruta has mentioned that the Vicharchika is a Rooksha variety,
the aggravated Vata Dosha may play a predominant role.
Showing the Roopas of Vicharchika According to Various Authors.
Sl.
No.
1.
Lakshanas
Cha.S
Su.S
AH
B.S
K.S
B.P
Y.R
Kandu
2.
Pidaka
3.
Shyava varna
4.
Srava
5.
Atiruja
6.
Rookshata
7.
Raji
8.
Praklinnata
9.
Paka
10.
Rakta Varna
Table No. 16
Upashaya Anupashaya
After investigating a disease with the help of Nidana, Samprapti, Purvaroopa and
Roopa, one may be still doubt in diagnosing the disease and also to adopt the proper line
of treatment. In such case Upashaya and Anupashaya will help us to some extent.
65
Name
Dosha
Vedana
Varna
Pidaka
Sthanas
1.
Dadru
Pitta ,
Kapha
Kandu
Tamra
Ustanna,
Mandalavata
Pama
Pitta,
Kapha
Kandu,
Ruja,
Daha
Shweta,
Aruna
Sravayukta
Bahu
3.
Shataru
Pitta,
Kapha
Daha,
Arati
Neela,
Lohita,
Peeta,
Asita
Sthoolamoola
Bahu Srava
Bahupidaka
4.
Kachchu
Pitta
Teevra
Daha
2.
Sphik,
Pani,
Koorpara
Parva
Sphik,
Pani, Pada
Table No.17
66
Sadhyasadhyata
Various authors mentioned, on the basis of involvement of Doshas, Dooshya and
signs and symptoms have explained Sadhyasadhyata of Kushta. According to Charaka
Ekadoshaja and Vata Kaphaja Kushta are Sadhya, Kapha Pittaja and Vata Pittaja Kashta
are Kashta Sadhya. Kushta having all signs and symptoms with Bala Kshaya, Trishna,
Daha, Agnimandya and Krimi is Asadhya.139
According to Sushruta, the patient who has got full control over his sense organs
and the disease pathogenesis is affecting only twak. Rakta and Mamsa are Sadhya. If the
disease pathogenesis reaches to the Medodhatu it is Yapya. If it proceeds to further
Dhatus it becomes Asadhya.
Madhavakara has accepted the Sushrutas explanation but he has considered those
varieties of Kushta in which Meda, Asthi and Majja Dhatu are involved as Yapya.
Acharya Vagbhata gives the same opinion like that of Charaka and Sushruta.
Along with this he adds, Raktaja and Mamasagata Kushta is Kashta Sadhya and
Twakstha Kushta is Sadhya.
By looking at the above explanations Vicharchika that is Pitta and Kapha
Pradhana Vyadhi with the involvement of Twak, Rakta Mamsa can be considered as
Kashta Sadhya Vyadhi.
Chikitsa
The general line of treatment explained for Kushta is applicable to Vicharchika
also. As per Charka, according to the Doshic predominance Shodhana has to be adopted.
In Vata Pradhana Kushta Sarpi Pana should be done, in Kapha Pradhana Kushta Vamana
should be done and in Pitta Pradhana Kushta Virechana and Raktamokshana should be
done140.
67
Samshodhana.
Rakta
Mamsa
When it involves Medo Dhatu the disease is considered as Yapya. But depending
on the patients condition Samshodhana and Raktavasechana should be done and the
Dravyas like Bhallataka, Shilajatu, etc., must be administered142
Acharya Vagbhata opines that, the Kushta must be treated with Snehapana
primarily. In Vata Pradhana Kushta the Taila or Ghrita prepared by Dashamoola,
Erandadi Dravyas must be administered. In Pitta Pradhana Kushta Ghrita prepared out of
Patola, Nimbadi Dravyas must be administered and in Kapha Pradhana Kushta Saptahva,
Chitraka Siddha Ghrita must be administered143.
So after attaining Koshta Shuddi by repeated Vamana and Virechana and
undergoing Raktamokshana, the usage of Lepa and other Shamanoushadhi will definitely
relieve Vicharchika.
68
The most commonly used palliative medicines and external applications are as
follows 144 :
Madhusnuhi Rasayana
Patola Muladi Kwatha Churna
Nimbadi Churna
Kushtarakshasa taila
Swarna Makshika Bhasma
Arogya Vardhini Gutika
Manjishtadi Taila
Siva Gutika
Brhat Manjishtadi Kwatha Churna
Nalapamaradi taila
Tamra Bhasma
Haratala Bhasma
Gandhaka Rasayana
Chitrakadi Taila etc.
Pathyapathya
Our Acharyas have not dealt with precise Pathya Apathya of Vicharchika
Separately. So the Pathya Apathya explained under Kushta can be considered here.
Pathya.
Ahara
Shookadhanya Varga : Purana Shali, Shastika Shali, Godhuma, Shyamaka
Shamidhanya Varga : Mudga, Masoora, Adaka and Bakuchi.
Mamsa Varga
Shaka Varga
Phala Varga
Mootra varga
Apathya
Rasa
Amla, Lavana
Shamidhanya Varga :
Shookadhanya Varga :
Navanna
Mamsa Varga
Tila taila
Ikshu Varga
Gorasa Varga
Dugdha, Dadhi
Madya Varga
Madyas
69
70
A hyper sensitive person starts secreting IgE antibodies those bind to allergens
forming IgEallergen complex. In response the mast cells and basophiles secrete
histamines, which initiate allergic inflammatory manifestations like skin or lungs. Once
sensitized the individual remains hyper sensitive to that particular antigen. Whenever the
allergen gets into the system the body reacts immediately through inflammation these
reactions can be systemic or local.
Common allergens include
i) Food
ii) Drugs
iii) Vaccines
: Pertusis, Typhoid.
iv) Venoms
v) Cosmetics
: Salmonella typhi.
viii) Substances
71
72
ii) Exogenous As the name implies is inflammation of the skin from an external source
it may either be localized to a small area of skin or general in its distribution. Depending
on the intensity of the irritating factor it can be acute, sub-acute or chronic. There are
literally hundreds of Substances that can be produce dermatitis and they may act by direct
irritation or by effected individual having become sensitized to them or due to a personal
idiosyncrasy. Ex : Allergic contact dermatitis, Irritant Contact dermatitis, phyto and photo
dermatitis, drug allergy.
iii) Occupation Usually is a result of continuous exposure to skin irritants in many
occupations.
Ex : Strong cleaning agents or soaps, in laundry work, wet works, solvents, detergents,
vegetable juices, plants, weeds insecticides different dyes, chemicals etc.
Investigations 154
Patch testing to allergies
This is used in suspected cases of allergic contact dermatitis. Patch testing to
irritants (Which cause reactions in everybody) is not advised.
Prick testing
This is used for few patients with stubborn atopic dermatitis if found or inhalant
allergens are suspected an exacerbating factor. Radio allergosorbent Test (RAST) is done
for the levels of allergen specific IgE.
Routine blood test
A specific type of blood cell called an eosinophil is elevated in allergic
conditions.
Management 155, It includes
73
METHODOLOGY
PHARMACEUTICAL STUDY
74
: 10 03 -- 2005
Date of completion
: 10 03 - 2005
Reference
: R.R.S
- 5/ 13
- 500 gms
- 2.5 lt
3. Water
- Q.S
4. Procedure:
a. Sufficient quantity of taila to immerse the metal was taken in Pithara yantra.
b. Raw Yashada about kg was heated in iron pan till it melts.
c. Molten Yashada was immediately poured into Pitharayantra and allowed for selfcooling which took about 15 to 20 minutes.
d. Cooled metal was taken out, washed with hot water to remove the oiliness and
wiped with cotton and cloth.
e. Dried metal was once again subjected to above said procedure for 6 more times,
each time fresh taila was taken for the procedure.
f. Second process onwards during melting, scum with oil was observed on the
surface of molten Yashada, which has been removed by iron spoon.
5. Observations:
1. Time taken for melting was 13 15 minutes on medium flame.
2. When molten Yashada was poured in Tila taila it produced crackling sound.
3. Second process onwards scum with oil was observed on the surface of molten
metal.
4. Colour of the oil becomes slightly blackish.
5. After the above procedure the metal was golden colour coating, but the shining is
decreased slightly.
75
500 gms
490 gms
Weight loss
10 gms
Practical no. 2
1. Name of the preparation: Samanya shodhana of Yashada in Takra for 7 times.
Date of commencement
: - 11 3 05
Date of completion
: - 11 3 05
Reference
: R.R.S 5 / I3
- 5 ltr
c. Water
- q.s
4.Procedure:
a. Sufficient quantity of Takra was taken in Pithara yantra.
b. Taila shodhita Yashada was heated in iron pan till it melts.
c. Molten Yashada was poured immediately to the Pithara yantra and
allowed for self-cooling.
d. Cooled metal was taken out washed with hot water & wiped with cotton
cloth.
e. Dried metal was once again subjected to above said procedure for 6 more
times each time fresh Takra was taken for the procedure.
5. Observation:
a. Time taken for melting was 13 - 15 minutes on medium flame.
b. When molten Yashada was poured in Takra crackling sound was heard.
76
c. Second time onwards while melting the crackling sound was heard due to
presence of water molecules and scum was observed on the surface of
molten Yashada
d. The colour of Takra turned to yellowish and maximum quantity of Takra
reduced due to evaporation.
e. After the above procedure the metal became brittle rough disintegrated
surfaced, the shining of metal was increased.
6. Precaution:
a. Medium flame should be maintained.
b. Care should be taken while pouring into Takra to avoid explosion.
7. Result:
Initial weight of metal
490 gms
Practical no. 3
1. Name of the preparation: - Samanya shodhana of Yashada in Gomutra for 7 times.
Date of commencement : - 12 3 05
Date of completion
: - 12 3 05
Reference
: R.R.S 5 / I3
- 6 ltr
c. Water
- q.s
4. Procedure:
a. Sufficient quantity of Gomutra was taken in Pithara yantra.
b. Takra shodhita Yashada was heated in iron pan till it melts.
c. Molten Yashada was poured immediately to the Pithara yantra & allowed
for self-cooling.
77
480 gms
: - 13 3 05
Date of completion
:- 13 3 05
Reference
R.R.S 5/ I3
78
- 3 ltr
c.Water
- q.s
4. Procedure:
a. Sufficient quantity of Kanji was taken in Pithara yantra.
b. Gomutra shodhita Yashada was heated in iron pan till it melts.
c.
self-cooling.
d. Cooled metal was taken out washed with hot water & wiped with cotton
cloth.
g. Dried metal was once again subjected to above said procedure for 6 more
times each time fresh Kanji was taken for the procedure.
f.
spoon.
6. Observation:
a. Explosive sound was heard when molten Yashada poured in Gomutra.
b. Second time onwards scum was formed on the surface of molten Yashada
and was removed by iron spoon.
c. The colour of kanji became dark & more quantity was evaporated.
e. After the above procedure the metal turned to a shining big granule.
7. Precaution: a. Medium flame should be maintained.
8. Result:
Initial weight of metal
470 gms
Practical no.5
1. Name of the preparation :-Samanya shodhana of Yashada in Kulattha kwatha for 7
times.
Date of commencement
:-
14 3 05
Date of completion
:- 14 3 05
79
R.R.S 5 / I3
2. Equipments :- Small iron pan with long handle, Cloth, Burner and Pithara yantra
3. Drugs :- a. Kanji shodhita Yashada - 455 gms
b. Kulattha kwatha
- 8 ltr
c. Water
- Q.S
self-cooling.
d. Cooled metal was taken out washed with hot water & wiped with cotton
cloth.
f. Dried metal was once again subjected to above said procedure for 6 more
times, each time fresh Kulaththa kwatha was taken for the procedure.
6. Observation:
a. Yashada melts within 13 - 15 minutes producing crackling sound.
b. When molten Yashada was poured in Pithara yantra explosive sound was
heard.
c. The colour of Kwatha turned in to dark & much quantity was evaporated.
d. After the above procedure some part of the Yashada became powder form.
7. Precaution: Explosive chances are avoided by sealing the lid of Pithara yantra.
8. Result
Initial weight of metal
455 gms
435 gms
80
:- 15 3 05
Reference
: .R.R.S 5/156
435 gms
b. Nirgundi swarasa
- 1.5liters
c. Haridra churna
- 30 grams
d. Water
- Q.S
81
- 435 gms
- 415 gms
Weight Loss
- 20 gms
Practical No.7
1.Name of the preparation :- Marana of Yashada
Date of commencement : - 18 3 05
Date of completion
:-
23 3 05
Reference
RT 19/116-119
2. Equipments :- Big iron pan with long handle, Cloth, Burner, Chalani.
3. Drug :a..Shodhita Yashada - 415gms
4. Procedure:
a. Vishesha shodhita Yashada about 415gms was taken in big iron pan and
melted on medium flame.
b. After complete melting of Yashada, the process is continued with stirred
through chalani until complete Yashada is converted into powder. (At 7500 c)
c. Then the heat was stopped and allowed to self-cooling, and then collecting the
fine powder by sieving through the cloth.
d. Remaining part of course powder of Yashada was once again subjected to
above said procedure continued until complete Yashada was converted into
fine powder.
5. Observations:
a. Yashada starts became into powder form within 1hour (7500c). It is
completely converted into bhasma form at the end of 8th hour.
b. The colour of Yashada turned into Grayish.
82
415 gms
320 gms
Weight loss
95gms
Practical No.8
1.Name of the preparation :- Shodhana of Girisindhoora in Nimbu swarasa for 3 times.
Date of commencement
: - 25 -3 -05
Date of completion
:- 26-3 -05
Reference
: RJ -3
200 gms
100ml
4. Procedure:
a. Girisindhoora was taken in the Khalva yantra.
b. Nimbuswarasa was added in the Khalva yantra.
c. Initially Mardana was done slowly to avoid the spillage of material.
d. When it attained semisolid consistency the mardana was carried out continuously
until it becomes powder form.
e. Girisindhoora was once again subjected above said procedure for 2 more times.
5. Observations:a. After 1 hour material was become semisolid consistency.
b. Girisindhoora completely turned into fine powder form after six hours.
c. The colour of Girisindhoora turned into bright red.
6. Precaution:a. Care should be taken while doing the Mardana for avoids the wastage.
83
200 gms.
Final weight
- 230 gms
Weight gained
- 30 gms.
Practical No.9
1.Name of the preparation :- Shodhana of Sasyaka in Nimbu swarasa
Date of commencement
: - 27-3-05
Date of completion
:- 27-3-05
Reference
: RT 21/112
:- a. Sasyaka
b. Nimbusarasa
20gms
10 ml
4. Procedure:
a. Sasyaka was taken in the Khalva yantra.
b. Nimbu swarasa added into the Sasyaka.
c. Initially mardana was done slowly to avoid the spillage of material.
d. When it attained semisolid consistency the mardana was carried out
continuously until it became powder form.
e. Sasyaka was once again subjected above said procedure for 2 more times.
5. Observation:
a. After 20 minutes was became semisolid consistency.
b. Sasyaka completely turned into powder form after 1 hour.
c. The colour of Sasyaka turned into green colour.
6. Precaution:
a. Care should be taken while doing the mardana for avoided the wastage.
7. Result:
Initial weight of Sasyaka
20 gms.
Final weight
- 25 gms
Weight gained
- 5 gms.
84
Date of commencement
: - 28-3-05
Date of completion
:- 28-3-05
Reference
: RT 19/146-147
:a. Sikta
150gms
b. Tila taila
750 gms
85
: - 29 -3 -05
Date of completion
:- 30 3 -05
Reference
RT 21/162-163
:- a. Shodhita Sindhoora
200 gms
b. Shodhita Sasyaka
- 2 gms
c. Sarshapa taila
- 2 lts
d. Arka
- 480gms
e. Haridra
- 480gms
f. Jala
- 16 lts
4. Procedure:
a. Arka patra and Haridra was taken in Khalva yantra and prepared kalka.
b. Shodhita Sindhoora and Sasyaka were added into kalka.
c. The whole kalka and dravadravya are mixed together.
d. Sarshapa taila was then added, boiled and stirred continuosly.
e. After getting the Snehasiddi lakshana, Sneha was filtered at hot stage
through the cloth.
5. Observation:
a. Foam was observed when taila paka completed.
b. The colour of taila was become into green colour.
c. Taila paka was completed in two days.
6. Precaution:
a. During Sneha paka stirring was done continuosly for avoided kalka is
adhere the vessel.
b. Taila paka should be prepared madhyamagni only.
c. Kalka should be squeezed at hot stage.
7. Result: Final weight of product 1900 ml
86
ANALYTICAL STUDY
The metallic and mineral preparation of Ayurvedic pharmacopoeia should be
analyzed for physical and chemical properties to confirm the genuinely & safety before
administration to the patients.
Varitaratwa
Rekhapurnatwa
Shlakshnatwa
Nischandra
Yashada bhasma
Table No-18
1. The Finess of particle test:
It can be possible to use the ordinary microscope for particle size measuring
in the range of 0.2 micrometer to about 100 micrometer. According to microscope
method the fine powder was sprinkled on the slide covered with covering slip &
placed on a mechanical stage. In initially standardization of minometer was carried
out by coinciding the lines of both oculo minometer style minometer and standardized
by using the formula
SM
-------- X 10 = m
OM
In the next step, the style minometer was removed & the mounted slide
was placed on a mechanical stage & focused. The particles are measured alops an
orbitarily chosen fixed lines covered by the particles using the oculominometers. The
size of the particle was calculated using the standard value.
87
2. Flow property:
Yashada bhasma is very fine powder so to maintain the actual dose and for
better dispensing, bhasma is subjected to flow property test i.e. Angle of repose by
which we can analyze either the powder having very good flow property, good
property or a bad flow property.
Angle of repose (): - It is the maximum angle that can be obtained between the free
standing surface of a powder heap & the horizontal plane i.e. tan = 2h / D
Where D is the diameter of the circle & h is the height of the powder heap
This test involves the hollow cylinder half is filled with Yashada bhasma
with one end sealed by transparent plate. The cylinder is rotated about its horizontal
axis until the powder surface cascades. The curved wall is lined with sand paper to
prevent preferential slip at this surface. If the value comes between 200 400 indicates
reasonable flow potential.
3. Flow rates:
A simple indication of the ease with which a material can be induced to flow
is given by application of a compressibility index I
I=
[1 V ]
x 100
Vo
Where v is the volume occupied by sample of the powder after being
subjected to a standardized tapping procedure.
Vo = volume before tapping procedure
In this procedure one measuring cylinder is taken and is filled with Yashada
bhasma. The level of the Yashada bhasma should be noted. Then at a height of 2 cm
continuous 10 tapping should be done, after that the level of the Yashada bhasma in
the cylinder is once again noted & the value I is calculated with respect to the Vo &
V value. If the value
I is below 15% usually having good flow rates.
88
4. Determination of Ash:
Method:
Incinerate about 2 to 3 g, accurately weighed, of the prepared sample in a tarred
platinum or silica dish at low temperature until free from carbon, cool and weigh. If a
carbon free ash cannot be obtained in this way, extract the charred mass with hot
water, collect the residue on an ashless filter paper, incinerate the residue and filter
paper add the filtrate, evaporate to dryness and ignite to constant weight at a low
temperature. Calculate the percentage of ash with reference to the moisture free drug.
5. Acid insoluble ash:
Boil the ash for 5 minutes with 25ml of dilute hydrochloric acid, collect the
insoluble matter in a Gooch crucible, or on an ashless filter paper, wash with hot
water and ignite to constant weight at a low temperature. Calculate the percentage of
acid insoluble ash with reference to the moisture free drug.
6. Boiling point:
An organic liquid boils at a fixed temperature, which is characteristic of that
substance. The presence of impurities raises its boiling point.
Method: Capillary tube method.
A few drops of the liquid are placed in a thin walled small test tube. A capillary
tube sealed at about 1 cm from one end, is dropped into it. The glass tube containing
the liquid and capillary is then tied along side a thermometer so the liquid stands just
near the bulb. The thermometer is then lowered in a beaker containing water or
Sulphuric acid.
The beaker is heated and the bath liquid stirred continuously with a ring stirrer.
When the boiling point is reached, bubbles issue in a rapid stream from the lower end
of the capillary. The thermometer is read when the evaluation of bubbles just stops.
The experiment is repeated with a fresh liquid in a new capillary and the boiling point
recorded as before. The mean of the two readings is taken to be correct boiling point
of the liquid under examination.
89
7. Specific gravity:
The specific gravity of a liquid is the weight of a given volume of the
liquid at the specific temperature compared with the weight of an equal volume of
water at the same temperature, all weighing being taken in air.
Procedure:
A pycnometer of 25 ml. Capacity is cleaned, dried and weighed. It is
filled up to the mark of water at the required temperature and weighed.
The
pycnometer is next filled up to the mark with the sample, filtered with necessary, at
the same temperature and weighed. The specific gravity is determined by dividing the
weight of the sample expressed in grams.
8. Refractive Index:
The Refractive index (n) of a substance is the ratio of the velocity of light
in a vacuum to its velocity in the substance. It varies with the wavelength of the light
used in the measurement.
It may also be defined as the ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to
the since of angle of refraction. Refractive indices are started in terms of sodium light
of wavelength 9893A at a temperature of 200 unless otherwise specified.
Refractometers:
Commercial instruments are normally constructed for use with white light but are
calibrated to give the refractive index in terms of the sodium D wavelength. The
makers instructions relating to a suitable light source should be followed.
Temperature control: A suitable device should be used for circulating water at the
required temperature through the Refractometer. The sample is filtered through a dry
filter.
Procedure:Circulate water through the instrument at the required temperature. Place a drop
of the liquid between the prisms, and take the reading after half a minute.
90
91
(b-a) x 56.1
Saponification value =
Wt. In g. of sample
92
CLINICAL STUDY
This clinical study was conducted after proper understanding of classical
explanations, observations and management of Vicharchika. For this clinical study
clinical symptoms and the management of Vicharchika are taken into consideration.
Objectives of the study:
1. Preparation of Yashadamrita Malahara and Sindhooradi taila
2. Physico- chemical analysis of Yashadamrita Malahara and Sindhooradi taila
93
b. Exclusive criteria:
The patients who are suffering from any other systematic disorder will be excluded.
c. Study design:
Patients of Vicharchika with confirmed diagnosis selected as for simple
random sampling method with pretest and post test design all patients will be
assigned to a two group.
d. Sample size:
A minimum of 30 patients are selected and 15 in each group randomly selected.
The grouping is as follows:
Group A Yashadamrita malahara
Group B Sindhooradi taila
e. Posology: For external application, as required.
f. Duration of treatment: 21days.
g. Follow up: 15 days.
h. Assessment of result:
Results of the treatment were assessed on the basis of difference between the
baseline data and assessment data of the subjective and objective parameters. These
differences are subjected for the statistical analysis by applying paired and unpaired
ttest and nonparametric test (if necessary) if p value is less than 0.05 the test is
highly significant.
Subjective parameters: As designated in texts
1. Varna
2. Pidaka
3. Srava
4. Kandu
5. Vedana vishesha
94
Objective parameters:
1. Hemoglobin
2. Total count
3. Differential count
4. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate
5. Absolute eosinophile count
Grades of subjective Parameters:
1. Varna:
0 - Normal
1- Mild
2 Moderate
3 - Severe
2. Kandu:
0 - Normal
1- Mild
2 Moderate
3 - Severe
3. Pidika:
0 - Normal
1- Mild
2 Moderate
3 - Severe
4. Srava:
0 - Normal
1- Mild
2 Moderate
3 - Severe
1- Mild
2 Moderate
3 - Severe
As the objective parameters are not suggesting any role in the assessment
of results in this study, so here assessment of results is made only with subjective
parameters.
Over all Assessment of results:
The overall assessments of results in the present study were grouped into
the following categories.
Cured
Much responded
Not responded
95
Discussion
DISCUSSION
The study entitled The Preparation, physico chemical study of Yashadamrita
malahara and Sindhooradi taila and comparative clinical study on Vicharchika is
presented in 4 parts for both preparations.
1. Literary study
2. Pharmaceutical study
3. Analytical study
4. Clinical study
YASHADAMRITA MALAHARA
1. Literary study:
Literary study explained under two headings.i.e Drug review and Disease
review. In drug review Yashada is discussed according to ayurvedic as well as modern
concept.
a. Yashada might knew to the ancient Ayurvedic scholars, because its alloys are
already mentioned before 15 AD and only its medicine value may be detected
later. So in 15th AD it is mentioned by Madanapala and next by Bhavamisra.
b. When Arabians comes to India for business, then this metal became popular by
name the Jashada due to its multidimensional pharmacological property and
they used it for preparing ornaments.
c. Even modern science believed that zinc is a one of the trace elements of the body.
Many times they used it as a nutritive, antioxidant etc.
d. Yogaratnakara was the first person who mentioned Malahara kalpana and
Rasataranginikara was the only one person who mentioned Yashadamrita
malahara.
Under disease review Ayurvedic concept of Vicharchika and modern concept of
Eczema (allergic dermatitis) is discussed.
118
Discussion
Vicharchika is said to be exist since Vedic period. Our Acharyas like Charaka,
Sushruta and Vagbhata described Vicharchika as a variety of Kshudra Kushta. For the
present study Yashadamrita malahara and Sindhooradi taila are selected due to their
Vicharchikahara property.
Although Vicharchika is Tridoshaja Vyadhi it is Pitta and Kapha pradhana
Vyadhi. The lakshana of Vicharchika are Varna, Kandu, Pidika, Srava and Vedana
vishesha
According to modern science the Eczema and dermatitis are being used
synonymously and referred to distinctive pattern of the skin which can be either acute
or chronic due to number of causes including allergy.
Allergy is the term applied to the natural or spontaneous manifestations of
hypersensitiveness in man, which includes Asthma, Hay fever and Eczema, Urticaria
and Migraine.
The clinical features of allergy are erythema, itching, burning, oozing etc.
2.Pharmaceutical study.
Shodhana:
Shodhana not only intended to remove the impurities or toxic material, but also
makes the metal suitable for further procedure & enhances its potency.
In present study samanya shodhana was carried out by doing nirvapana in Tila
taila, Takra, Gomutra, Kanji, Kulaththa kwatha for 7 times in each. and Vishesha
shodhana with nirvapana in Haridrayukta Nirgundi swarasa for 3 times.
In the above said medias Tila taila is neutral where as other medias contain
several acidic compounds, hence some of them are acidic in nature. During processing
with these drugs the organic acids act slowly on metal and help in attainment of
brittleness.
119
Discussion
Scum was observed in molten surface, this is because of high temperature molten Zinc
reacts with external air (steam) and liberates hydrogen forming Zinc oxide (scum).
Explosive sound is produced because
Melting & pouring
Zn
ZnO2 + H2
In shodhana media
(Aqueous in nature)
When molten metal was poured in shodhana media, it breaks the water
molecules & releases hydrogen gas immediately this produces explosive sounds. The
intensity of sound depends upon the concentration of hydrogen gas released at that
time. At the same time oxygen is reacts with the metal forms Zinc oxide i.e. ZnO.
Weight loss after shodhana might be due to scum formation on molten surface
that is removed.
Vishesha shodhana is intended to bring diseases specification to drug. In
Yashada vishesha shodhana, Nirgundi & Haridra are used where Nirgundi is best
Kapha vata shamaka & Raktashodhaka. Haridra used for shodhana not only converts
Yashada into shodhita form but also helpful in Vicharchika, as it has a kapha shamaka,
Raktashodhaka, kushtaghna, krimighna, varnya etc. properties. Hence Nirgundi and
Haridra are selected for this procedure.
Marana:
For pootilohas one intermediate procedure is mentioned prior to prepare the
bhasma. Several jarana methods mentioned for Yashada, but in this study I have taken
agnijarita yashada bhasma preparation. In this procedure Yashada is heated in an iron
pan for a long duration i.e. more than 7500c. Due to continuous heat specific gravity of
a metal may decrease, and mass volume increases. Hence metal looses its metallic
bonds. Rubbing with iron ladle vigorously create a pressure on brittle elements
converting into powder form i.e.bhasma form. This is irreversible phenomenon.
120
Discussion
Weight loss of bhasma after marana due to oxidation process, the elements are
definitely looses their atomic weight.
3. Analytical study:
1. The end product is subjected for organoleptic characters it is inert, smooth, free
from greasy. So it is easily applicable and does not produce irritation or
sensitization of the skin.
2. This malahara contain Yashada bhasma so to confirm the standared and completion
of oxidation of Yashada. Agnijarita Yashada bhasma is subjected to Total ash and
Acid insoluble ash test, the values are Total ash 100% and Acid insoluble ash 29%
so it is proved that bhasma prepared by Agnijarita method is genuine one and it is
completely converted into Vijatiya to Sajatiya i.e. completely oxide form.
3. This compound is only indicated externally so to know either the bhasma is
absorbable through normal skin orifices or not. To confirm the particle size of the
Yashada bhasma, sample is subjected for Fineness of particle test. This test was
done in microscope it is evident that the particle sizes of Yashada bhasma
Arithmetic mean is 5.4 micrometer. Mean volume surface diameter is 1.57
micrometer. So by this it is know that Yashada bhasma particles are very fine in
nature, which definitely absorbs through normal skin orifices.
121
Discussion
4. Clinical study:
In this clinical study out of 30 patients 15 patients were selected for the
treatment of Yashadamrita Malahara in the management of Vicharchika.
The demographic data shows that most of the patients comes under middle
age group (73.33%) and male patients (73.33%), which suggests that it was seen more
in middle age and males.
All the 15 patients presented with subjective symptoms like Varna, Kandu
and Pidika. Out of 15 patients, 6 patients have srava and 7 patients have Vedana
vishesha of varying degree before and after the treatment.
Yashadamrita malahara was found highly significant with P<0.001 in Varna
with 33.33% of the patients completely relieved from Varna, 40% were relieved from
Pidaka and 40% were relieved from Kandu and 93.33% in Srava(P<0.02).
In this group out of 15 patients 5 patients (33.33%) have been cured, 5 patients
(33.33%) have been much responded, 3 patients (20%) have been moderately
responded, 2 patients (13.33%) have responded and no patients were found
unresponded.
In objective parameters variations are not more, which are found in normal range
comparing to before and after treatment.
Guna Sheeta
Veerya Sheeta
Veerya Ushna
Discussion
Sikta,
Rasa - Madhura
SINDHOORADI TAILA
1. Literary study:
In drug review ingredients of Sindhooradi taila are discussed according to
Ayurvedic as well as modern concept.
a. Girisindhoora is well known to ancients and they included it in sadharanarasa,
where as Bhavaprakasha and Rasataranginikara consider it as a upadhatu. By this it
may be argued that Girisindhoora might be the derivative of the metal and even
chemical analysis also proved that it is lead pro oxide.
b. Sindhoora found in mineral form, but most of the authorities not mentioned
shodhana and Marana. But some authorities mention bhavana with godugdha or
amlavarga dravya. It may be due to its external limitation.
c. Sasyaka is well known ancient Ayurvedic authorities and it is used in various
pathological conditions. Many times Sasyaka and Tutthya used synonymsly but
both are different. Because grahyalakshana of sasyaka do not correlate with the
tutthya, that means tutthya is artificial form of copper sulphate. Where as sasyaka is
natural, both are used internal as well as external followed by shodhana, marana,
amritikarana n various pathological condition.
123
Discussion
2. Pharmaceutical study.
a. Various types of Taila kalpanas mentioned in the classics. In Sindhooradi taila
Rasataranginikara used sarshapa taila because it mitigates the vata and kapha, it is
best Raktashodhaka, Kandughna, Kushtaghna, Kothaghna and Krimighna.
b. Girisindhoora is Tridoshashamaka, Kushtaghna, Kandughna, Vrunaropana and
shodhana. Even modern science also used in various ointments and liniments,
which are indicated in eczema, eruptive skin disease, ulcers etc.
c. Sasyaka has Kaphapittashamaka, Krimihara, Kushtaghna, Kandughna, and
Vrunaropaka karma. Even modern science also used as local astringent on broken
Skin, antiseptic, it can kill the bacteria fungi and protozoa, it is used to destroy
excerbent granulations, ulcers, eczema, trachoma, as a lotion. Even it can be used
internally.
d. Arka and Haridra, these two drugs used as a kalka dravya along with Sindhoora
and Sasyaka in the preparation Sindhooradi taila. Arka has Kapha pitta shamaka,
Vedanashamaka, Shothahara, Vrunashodhaka and Kushtaghna. Haridra has
Kaphavatashamaka, Vedanashamaka, Shothahara, Vrunashodhana and ropana,
Krimighna and Kushtaghna.
The intention is the preparation of taila of the above combination might be to
store the active principle of compound drug and make it suitable for application.
e. Girisindhoora is red in colour, but the colour of Sindhooradi taila was changed
might be due to chemical reaction with organic matter and also quantity of
Sindhoora is less than kalka dravya.
124
Discussion
3. Analytical study.
1. To know the concentration of saturated or unsaturated fatty acid, compound is
subjected to Acid value test and Saponification test, and then it is comes to
know that the compound has Acid value 5.865 i.e. unsaturated fatty acid
concentrations and Saponification value 200 that is saturated fatty acid. So this
taila only indicated externally then also it will not produces any free radicals by
the absorption. There by it is confirmed that classically prepared this taila is
samyak siddha taila, because by this procedure unsaturated taila is converted into
saturated fatty acid.
2. To confirm either taila is highly viscid or the clear solution, compound is
subjected to Refractive index test, the value of this test is 1.608 and Specific
gravity test, value is 0.86. By this it is confirmed that taila is very clear and not
viscid, their by is absorbed very quickly.
3. When the compound is subject to the test Loss on 1100c, the value of this test is
0.86% w/ w and boiling point is 1200c to 1250c. So it is confirmed that taila is free
from water molecule and no chance of microorganism growth.
4. Clinical study.
In this clinical study out of 30 patients 15 patients were selected for the treatment
of Sindhooradi taila in the management of Vicharchika.
The demographic data shows that most of the patients come under middle age
group (93.33%) and male patients (73.33%), which suggests that it was seen more in
middle age and males.
All the 15 patients presented with subjective symptoms like Varna, Kandu and
Pidika. Out of 15 patients, 3 patients have srava and 9 patients have vedana vishesha
of varying degree before and after the treatment.
Sindhooradi taila was found highly significant with P<0.001 in Varna with
46.66% of the patients completely relieved from Varna, 80% were relieved from
Pidaka and 80% were relieved from Kandu and not significant with P>0.05 in Srava.
125
Discussion
In this group out of 15 patients 7 patients (46.66%) have been cured, 6 patients
(40%) have been much responded, 2 patients (13.33%) have been moderately
responded, and no patients were found doesnt responded.
In objective parameters variations are not more, which are found in normal range
comparing to before and after treatment.
Probable mode of action of Sindhooradi taila.
In the present study an effect has been made to discuss the probable mode of
action of Sindhooradi taila on Vicharchika.The pharmacodynamic properties of
Girisindhoora is
Rasa Katu, Tikta
Guna Ushna
Veerya Ushna
Kashaya, kshara
Veerya Sheeta
Vipaka Katu
Veerya Ushna
Vipaka Katu
Veerya Ushna
Doshaghnata Kaphavatashamaka
Karma- Shothahara, Vedanasthapana, Varnya, Kushtagna, Vrunashodhana &
Ropana.
126
Discussion
Sarshapa:
Guna Snigdha laghu(oil)
Veerya Ushna
Vipaka katu
Doshaghnata Vatakaphashamaka
Karma - Raktashodhaka, Kandu & Kothaghna, Krimighna, Kushtaghna.
By observing these properties all drugs are having kapha shamaka and
Kushta, Kandu and shothahara etc properties. So this yoga is best in the Vicharchika,
which is Kapha pradhana Kushta vyadhi.
127
Conclusion
CONCLUSION
1. As Rasaushadies are mainly meant for asadhya vyadhis, and it is proved by these
two formulation containing Rasadravya on Vicharchika.
2. The drugs used in shodhana definitely modify the drug suitable for further
procedure and induce the disease curing property.
1. By physico chemical analysis it is proved that Sindhooradi taila is very clear and
not viscid, their by is absorbed very quickly without producing any free radical
and is free from water molecule, so no chance of microorganism growth.
128
Conclusion
129
96
No.of patients
No.of patients
in years
Group A
Group B
16-20
02
13.33
00
00.00
02
06.66
21-30
01
06.66
04
26.66
05
16.66
31-40
05
33.33
03
20.00
08
26.66
41-50
05
33.33
07
46.66
02
40.00
51-60
02
13.33
01
06.66
03
10.00
Total
15
99.98
15
99.98
30
99.98
Total
Table No.19
In the present observation from both groups maximum number of patients 8
(26.66 %) belongs to the age group 31- 40, 5 patients belongs to 21-30, 3 patients belongs
Percentage
to 51-60, and 2 patients comes under 16-20 and 41-50 age group
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
40
26.66
16.66
10
6.66
Graph-1
97
No.of patients
No.of patients
Group A
Total
Group B
Male
11
73.33
11
73.33
22
73.33
Female
04
26.66
04
26.66
08
26.66
Total
15
99.99
15
99.99
30
99.99
Table No.-20
From the both groups a total of 22 male (73.33%) and 8 females (26.66%) are
reported. This shows that the exposure for the disease Vicharchika is more in males
because they work outside exposing to different Nidana.
Percentage
80
73.33
70
60
50
40
26.66
30
20
10
0
Male
Female
Sex
Graph-2
98
No.of patients
Group A
No.of patients
Total
Group B
Educated
10
66.66
09
60
19
63.33
Un-Educated
05
33.33
06
40
11
36.66
Total
15
99.99
15
100
30
99.99
Table No.-21
Even though there is no specific relation to the disease, but awareness to the
Ayurvedic treatment and faith is observed in this study. It explains that educated 19
patients (63.33) and uneducated 11 patients (36.66) from both groups are reported.
No.of patients
Group A
No.of patients
Total
Group B
Married
12
80
10
66.66
22
73.33
Un-Married
03
20
05
33.33
08
26.66
Total
15
100
15
99.99
30
99.99
Table No.-22
In this study many are married i.e.22 patients (73.33) and unmarried are rest of 8
patients from both groups.
99
No.of patients
No.of patients
Group A
Total
Group B
Hindu
13
86.66
12
80
25
83.33
Muslim
02
13.33
03
20
05
16.66
Others
00
00.00
00
00
00
00.00
Total
15
99.99
15
100
30
99.99
Table No.-23
Present study explains Hindu, Muslim are reported with problem of Vicharchika.
It does not mean that others are not having this problem. The area in which study
undertook has 2 groups of populations. Out of 30 patients 25 patients (83.33%) belongs
Percentage
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
83.33
%
16.66
Hindu
Muslim
Religion
0
Others
Graph-3
100
No.of patients
Group A
Total
Group B
Agriculture
04
26.66
03
20.00
07
23.33
Student
03
20.00
01
06.66
04
13.33
Housewife
04
26.66
04
26.66
08
26.66
Employee
03
20.00
02
13.33
05
16.66
Business
01
06.66
05
33.33
06
20.00
Total
15
99.98
15
99.98
30
99.98
Table No.-24
In this study we consider the 5 categories of occupation for the convenience of
studies. Out of 30 patients 8 patients (26,66 %) belongs to the housewife, 7 patients
(23.33%) belongs to the agriculture, 6 patients (20%) belongs to business, 5 patients
belongs to the employee 4 patients (13.33) belongs to the student.
30
26.66
23.33
25
13.33
15
10
5
ss
Bu
si
ne
ye
e
pl
o
Em
ou
se
w
i fe
en
t
St
ud
ltu
re
Ag
ric
u
Percentage
20
16.66
20
Occupation
Graph - 4
101
No.of patients %
No.of patients %
Group A
Total %
Group B
Pour
50
33.33
20
13.33
07
23.33
Middle class
10
66.66
13
86.66
23
76.66
Higher class
00
00.00
00
00.00
00
00.00
Total
15
99.99
15
99.99
30
99.99
Table No.-25
Percentage
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
76.66
%
23.33
0
Pour
Middle class
Higher class
Status
Graph - 5
102
Group A
Group B
Varna
15
100
10
66.66
15
100
46.66
Pidika
15
100
09
60.00
15
100
20.00
Srava
06
040
01
06.66
03
020
06.66
Kandu
15
100
09
60.00
15
100
20.00
Vedana
07
46.66
01
06.66
06
040
00.00
Table No.-26
The above table shows the number percentage of the patients complaining the
Vicharchika lakshana before & after the treatment. Before the treatment 15 patients have
the complaint Varna, Pidika, Kandu in both groups. After the treatment 10 and 7 patients
have Varna, 9 and 3 patients have Pidika and Kandu in group A and group B
respectively.
Before the treatment 6 patients have the complaint Srava in-group A and 3
patients in group B. After treatment 1 patient in-group A and I patient in-group B has the
same complaint.
Before the treatment 7 patients have the complaint Vedana in group A and 6
patients in-group B. After the treatment 1 patient complaint in-group A and no patients
have same complaint in-group B.
103
Group
Grade
0
15
20.00
40
06 40.00
15
13.33
20
10 66.66
Table No.-27
Showing the grades of Varna After treatment in group A & B
No.of patients
Group
Grade
0
15
33.33
46.66
20
15
46.66
46.66
6.66
Table No.-28
Showing the grades of Pidika before treatment in Group A & Group B.
No. of patients
Group
Grade
0
15
26.66
53.22
20
15
13.33
46.66
40
Table No.-29
Showing the grades of Pidika After treatment in group A & B
No. of patients
Group
Grade
0
15
40
60
15
12
80
20
Table No.-30
0 Normal
1 Mild
2 Moderate 3 - Severe
104
Group
Grade
0
15
60
26.66
13.33
15
12
80
06.66
13.33
Table No.-31
Group
Grade
0
15
14
93.33
6.6
15
14
93.33
6.6
Table No.-32
Showing the grades of Kandu before treatment in Group A & Group B.
No. Of patients
Group
Grade
0
15
13.33
33.33
53.22
15
6.66
13.33
12
80
Table No.-33
Showing the grades of Kandu after treatment in Group A & Group B.
No. Of patients
Group
Grade
0
15
06
40
53.22
6.66
15
12
80
20.00
Table No.-34
0 Normal
1 Mild
2 Moderate 3 - Severe
105
No. Of patients
Group
Grade
0
15
53.22
46.66
15
40.00
60.00
Table No.-35
No. Of patients
Group
Grade
0
15
14
93.33
6.66
15
15
100.0
Table No.-36
0 Normal
1 Mild
2 Moderate
3 - Severe
106
RESULTS
30 patients were studied in two groups with 15 patients in each. Group A
patients treated with Yashadamrita Malahara and group B patients were treated with
Sindhooradi taila. The results obtained in the two groups were assessed on the basis of
Varna, Kandu, Pidika, Srava and Vedana vishesha. and Hb%, TC, DC, ESR and AEC
OPD
Varna
BT AT
Pidika
Srava
Kandu
BT
AT
BT
AT
BT
AT
Vedana
Vishesha
BT
AT
1154
1198
2351
2490
2553
2600
2948
3153
3432
10
3908
11
3922
12
3985
13
4115
14
4051
15
4118
Table No.-37
BT-Before Treatment, AT-After Treatment
0 Normal, 1 Mild, 2 Moderate, 3 - Severe
107
OPD
Varna
Srava
Pidika
Kandu
Vedana
Vishesha
BT AT
BT
AT
BT
AT
BT
AT
BT
AT
1102
1179
2320
2484
2545
2557
2837
3103
3430
10
3635
11
3436
12
3439
13
4043
14
4068
15
4132
Table No.-38
1 Mild,
2 Moderate,
3 - Severe
108
Sl.No
OPD
AEC
Hb%
ESR
TC
DC (E)
BT
AT
BT
AT
BT
AT
BT
AT
BT
AT
1154
580
560
12
11.8
12
11
5300
5100
22
1198
520
530
11.5
12
14
13
6200
6300
2351
480
460
10
10
13
14
4800
5000
2490
550
560
10.5
10
18
16
6200
6400
2553
600
580
11
10.8
20
18
5400
5200
2600
450
440
9.8
10
12
13
5200
5300
2948
500
490
10.2
10.4
10
11
6800
7000
3153
400
430
13
12.8
08
10
7200
7100
3432
450
460
12
13
09
10
9800
9600
10
3908
480
460
11.5
12
07
08
4500
4600
11
3922
540
520
12.4
12
06
06
5400
5500
12
3985
450
410
10.4
10
11
12
8800
9000
13
4115
240
250
12
11
15
14
8500
8200
14
4051
360
320
13
13.2
13
14
7900
8000
15
4118
390
410
12.5
13
12
12
6300
6400
Table No.-39
1 Mild,
2 Moderate,
3 - Severe
109
OPD
AEC
Hb%
ESR
TC
DC (E)
BT
AT
BT
AT
BT
AT
BT
AT
BT
AT
1102
600
590
10
102
16
12
4000
4200
1179
602
600
12
12.4
20
18
6700
6500
2320
500
480
10.5
11
14
14
5000
5200
2484
525
510
11
11
12
12
5500
5300
2545
450
438
10.8
10.5
10
12
6400
6500
2557
475
468
10
10.2
14
12
6600
6400
2837
430
418
11.5
12
06
6800
6700
3103
498
470
12.4
12.5
10
08
6300
6400
3430
503
494
13
13
12
10
3500
4000
10
3635
550
536
12
12.4
14
12
3800
4000
11
3436
302
295
10
10.2
04
7000
6800
12
3439
465
460
10.5
10
14
12
8500
8200
13
4043
256
248
9.8
10
08
06
9200
9000
14
4068
230
225
10
10.5
12
12
7100
7200
15
4132
403
328
11
11.4
10
10
5400
5500
Table No.-40
BT-Before Treatment,
0 Normal,
1 Mild,
AT-After Treatment
2 Moderate,
3 - Severe
110
Mean
S.D
S.E
Varna
1.333
0.723
0.186
7.166
< 0.001
H.S
Pidika
1.333
0.487
0.125
10.664
< 0.001
H.S
Srava
0.466
0.639
0.165
2.824
< 0.02
H.S
Kandu
1.733
0.593
0.153
11.32
< 0.001
H.S
Vedana vishesha
0.4
0.507
0.130
3.076
< 0.01
H.S
Table No.-41
Subjective parameters in Group A statistical analysis showed highly significant
Mean
S.D
S.E
AEC
20.66
10.32
2.666
7.751
< 0.001
H.S
Hb%
0.4
0.287
0.074
5.45
< 0.001
H.S
ESR
1.113
0.639
0.165
6.866
< 0.02
H.S
TC
173.33
70.37
18.17
9.53
< 0.001
H.S
DC
0.733
0.457
0.118
6.211
< 0.001
H.S
Table No.-42
111
Mean
S.D
S.E
Varna
1.933
0.703
0.181
10.67
< 0.001
H.S
Pidika
2.06
0.593
0.153
13.46
< 0.001
H.S
Srava
0.266
0.593
0.153
1.738
> 0.05
H.S
Kandu
2.533
0.639
0.165
15.35
< 0.001
H.S
Vedana vishesha
0.4
0.507
0.130
3.07
< 0.05
H.S
Table No.-43
Subjective parameters in Group B statistical analysis showed highly significant
Mean
S.D
S.E
Varna
15.26
17.76
4.587
3.326
< 0.001
H.S
Pidica
0.293
0.179
0.046
6.36
< 0.001
H.S
Srava
1.6
1.121
0.289
5.536
> 0.05
H.S
Kandu
206.66
103.27
26.66
7.75
< 0.001
H.S
Vedana vishesha
0.933
0.703
0.181
5.154
< 0.05
H.S
Table No.-44
Objective parameters in Group B statistical analysis showed highly significant
112
Group
Mean
S.D
S.E
0.866
0.743
0.191
Varna
B
0.6
0,632
0.163
0.6
0.507
0.130
Pidika
B
0.333
0.723
0.186
0.066
0.258
0.06
Srava
B
0.066
0.258
0.06
0.666
0.617
0.159
0.2
0.414
0.106
0.066
0.258
0.066
0.00
0.00
00.00
458.66
90.14
23.27
AEC
Hb%
t.value
p.value
Ramarks
0.251
1.05
>0.05
N.S
0.22
1.22
>0.05
N.S
0.084
Kandu
Vedana
Vishesha
P.S.E
437.33
115.21
29.74
11.466
12.20
0.315
11.15
1.048
0.27
12.133
3.020
0.779
10.133
3.518
0.908
10.666
1547.44
399.54
6580.0
1454.28
375.49
6126.66
1.06
0.273
2.866
1.264
0.326
ESR
TC
DC
0.191
2.439
< 0.05
H.S
0.066
1.00
> 0.05
N.S
37.76
0.564
> 0.05
N.S
0.414
0.763
> 0.05
N.S
1.196
1.231
> 0.05
N.S
548.29
0.826
> 0.05
N.S
0.425
2.197
< 0.05
H.S
Table No.-45
113
When compare the mean effects of two groups after the treatment, except the
parameter Kandu all other parameters shows not significant. The Kandu shows highly
significant (P < 0.05). The mean effect of the parameter Srava is same in both the groups.
Individually both groups show highly significant, but over all group B
performance is better than group A in all the parameters except Srava.
114
Patients
Cured
33.33
Much responded
33.33
Moderate
20.33
Responded
13.33
Not responded
00.00
Total
15
99.00
Table No.-46
In-group A there is no patient who doesnt not responded. 5 (33.33%) patients
have cured. Much responded in the schedule are 5 (33.33%) patients. Moderate
responded in the schedule are 3 (20%) patients and responded 2 (13.33%) patients
33.33
33.33
20.33
13.33
%
nd
ed
re
sp
o
N
ot
Re
sp
o
nd
e
er
at
on
d
sp
re
uc
h
M
od
ed
Cu
re
d
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Percentage
Result
Graph-5
115
Patients
Cured
46.66
Much responded
40.00
Moderate responded
13.33
Responded
00.00
Not responded
00.00
Total
15
99.99
Table No.-47
In-group B there is no patient who doesnt respond. 7 (46.66%) patients have
cured. Much responded in the schedule are 6 (40%) patients. Moderate responded in the
schedule are 2 (13.33%) patients showed significant improvement.
Percentage
50
46.66
40
40
%
30
13.33
20
10
0
Cured
Much
responded
Moderate
responded
Responded
Not responded
Result
Graph-6
116
Patients.
Group. A
5
Much responded
Total
33.33
Patients
Group. B
7
46.66
12
40.00
33.33
40.00
11
36.66
Moderate
13.33
13.33
05
16.66
Responded
00.00
00.00
02
06.66
Not responded
00.00
00.00
Total
15
99.99
15
99.99
30
99.98
Table No.-48
In this study there is no patient who comes under not responded. 12 (40%)
patients have cured. Much responded in the schedule are 11 (36.66%) patients and
Moderate responded in the schedule are 5 (16.66%) and 2 (6.66%) patients show
significant improvement and fall under responded.
50
Percentage
40
40
36.66
30
16.66
20
6.66
10
0
Cured
Much
responded
Moderate
Responded
Not
responded
Result
Graph-7
117
118
119
120
121
Summary
SUMMARY
c) In the same chapter next part deals about the modern concept of Vicharchika i.e.
Eczema starting from definition, causative factors, signs & symptoms and
treatment.
130
Summary
6. Discussion: First drug & disease discussion has been done in both the view i.e
ayurvedic as well as modern aspect. In the part of pharmaceutical discussion,
rationalities behind shodhana, marana, malahara and taila kalpana were discussed
appropriately. In analytical discussion role of physico-chemical analysis of Yashada
bhasma, malahara and taila kalpana is discussed and in clinical discussion, discussion
about the Vicharchika patients as well as probable mode of action of Yashadamrita
malahara and Sindhooradi taila in Vicharchika is explained.
131
Bibilography
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113. Nrupaadanapala Madanapala nighantu 4th chapter shloka 31, Khemraj Krishnadas,
Mumbai; Sarvadhika prakashana; page 102.
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chapter 2nd edition, New delhi;S.Chand and company;1980 pp-326-327.
Bibilography
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116. Vaidya V.M.Gogate Ayurvedic pharmacology and therapeutic uses of medicinal
plants, Shri Ramakrishnan 1st edition, Mumbai;Bharatiya vaidya bhavana; 2000 pp296.
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118. Vaidya V.M.Gogate Ayurvedic pharmacology and therapeutic uses of medicinal
plants, Shri Ramakrishnan 1st edition, Mumbai;Bharatiya vaidya bhavana; 2000 pp524.
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edition, New Delhi; central council for reference in Ayurveda and sidda; 1982 pp389.
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pp-412.
Bibilography
Bibilography
Bibilography
: Dr.M.C.Patil
Dr. Sobagin.M.V
P.G.Scholar
M.D(Ayu)
Co guide: Dr.G.N.Danappagoudar
M.D.(Ayu)
Sl.No.
1.Name of the patient:
O.P.D. No.
2.Fathers Name/ Husbands Name:
D.O.I.
D.O.C
3.Age:
Male
4. Sex:
Female
5. Religion:
Hindu
Muslim
Christian
6. Occupation
Student
House wife
Others
Agriculture
Others
7.Educational status:
8.Economical status:
Poor
9.Marital status:
Married
Middle
Higher
Unmarried
10.Address:
Tel11. Result:
Well responded
Responded
Not responded
12.Concent: I -------- -------- Son / Daughter / Wife of----------- Exercise my free will in
the said study, I have been informed to my satisfaction by attending the purpose of
the clinical evaluation and nature of drug treatment. I am also aware of my right to
quit at any time during the schedule.
Investigators signature
Patients signature
A) Pradhana Vedana
Sl.No.
1
2
4
5
6
Complaints
Varna
Pidika
Srava
Kandu
Vedana vishesha
P/A
Duaration
C) Vedana Vrittanta.
Specific enquires in following headings:
Mode of onset:
Sudden
Course:
Episodic
Gradual
Continous
Insidious
Initially episodic
Duration:
Periodicity:
Seasonal
Aggravating
Factors:
Trauma
E) Chikitsa Vrittanta:
F) Koutumbika Vrittanta:
Irregular
Climate
Infections
Drugs
Others
G) Vayaktika vrittanta:
1) Ahara:
Vegetarian
Mixed diet
2) Vihara:
3) Vyasana:
Tea
Smoking
4) Jataragni bala:
Coffee
Gutaka
Pravara
5)Rajaha:
Tobacco
Others
Madhyama
Regular
Irregular
Avara
Alcohol
Sama
Menopause
H) Rogi pareeksha:
Samanya pareeksha:
Pulse rate
bpm
Pulse rhythm
Blood Pressure
Heart rate
Respiration rate
/min
o
Temparature
Skin(hard/smooth)
Skin colour
Ashtasthana pareeksha:
Sl.No.
Sl.No.
Nadi
Shabdha
Mala
Sparsha
Mootra
Drika
Jivha
Akruti
mm of Hg
/min
Dashavidha Pareeksha:
1) Shareera prakriti:
2) Manasa prakriti:
3) Sara:
Pravara
4) Samhanana:
Pravara
Madhyma
Avara
5) Satmya:
Pravara
Madhyma
Avara
6) Satwa:
Pravara
Madhyma
Avara
7) Vyayama shakti:
Pravara
8) Vaya:
Bala
9) Desha:
Jangala
VP
KP
VP
KP
Madhyma
Madhyma
Youvana
Anupa
1) Nidana:
2) Poorva Roopam:
3) Roopa:
VK
VPK
Avara
Avara
Sadharana
Vikrititaha pareeksha:
Dosha
Adhistana
Srotodusti
VPK
Vrudda
10) Akriti:
4) Samprapti:
VK
Dushya
Srotas
Rogamarga
6. Upadrava:
Jwara
Arochaka
Hrillasa
Swarabheda
Kshaya
7. Arista Lakshanas:
8. Sadhyasadhyata:
7 day
VARNA
Shyava
Shyvalohita
Rakta
Tamra
PIDIKA
Swabhava
Sankhya
Sthana
Akara
Varna
SRAVA
Varna
Gandha
Pramana
Swaroopa
KANDU
Adhishtana
Avadhi
Prakopaka kala
VEDANA
VISHESHA
Adhishtana
Avadhi
Prakopaka kala
After
21 day
st
Fallow up
J) Lab Investigations:
Before
gm %
mm/h
mg/dl
%
Cells/Cumm
Hb %
ESR
RBS
TC
AEC
After
gm %
mm/h
mg/dl
%
Cells/Cumm
DC
N
E
B
M
L
Before
%
%
%
%
%
After
%
%
%
%
%
K) Chikithsa:
Yoga
L) Pathya:
M) Apathya:
N) Investigators Note:
Signature of Guide
Signature of Scholar
MASTER CHART-I
Demographic Data of GROUP-A
Marital
OPD
Age
Sex
M
Education
F
Ed
UEd
status
M
Un M
Religion
Occupation
ST
HW
Economical Status
Bu
PC
MC
HC
1154
42
1198
35
2351
55
2490
45
2553
38
2600
37
2948
22
3153
44
3432
45
3908
60
3922
40
3985
17
4051
40
4115
18
4118
48
M=Male, F=Female, Ed=Education, UEd=Uneducated, M=Muslim, H=Hindu, O=Others, HW=House Wife, E=Employee,
Bu=Business, PC=Poor Class, MC=Middle Class, HC=High Class, A=Agriculture, ST=Student, SE=Secondary Education
MASTER CHART-II
Demographic Data of GROUP-B.
Sex
Age
OPD
Education
F
Marital status
Religion
Occupation
Economical Status
Ed
UEd
Un M
ST
HW
Bu
PC
MC
HC
1102
27
1179
50
2320
60
2484
38
2545
25
2557
45
2837
32
3103
41
3430
22
3635
48
3436
50
3439
25
4043
50
4068
37
4132
44
M=Male, F=Female, Ed=Education, UEd=Uneducated, M=Muslim, H=Hindu, O=Others, HW=House Wife, E=Employee,
Bu=Business, PC=Poor Class, MC=Middle Class, HC=High Class, A=Agriculture, ST=Student, SE=Secondary Education
UnM= Un Married
SHLOKA
Preparation of Yashadamrita malahara: