Takeoff Landing
Takeoff Landing
Takeoff Landing
Performance
Every effort is made to ensure that the information in this booklet is accurate and up to date at the time
of publishing, but numerous changes can occur with time, especially in regard to airspace and legislation.
Readers are reminded to obtain appropriate up-to-date information.
Contents
PIC Responsibilities................5
How to Comply............................ 5
Performance Factors..............6
Weight......................................... 6
Air Density................................... 6
Wind.......................................... 10
Slope.......................................... 12
Surface...................................... 12
Obstacle Clearance.................... 14
Flap Setting................................ 14
Ground Effect............................ 15
Tyre Pressure............................. 16
Wing Surface............................. 16
Other Considerations...........17
Runway Distance....................... 17
Pilot Technique.......................... 17
Speed Control............................ 18
Decision Points.......................... 18
Contingencies............................ 19
Determining Performance....20
Group Rating System................ 20
P-Charts..................................... 22
Aircraft Flight Manual................ 30
Air Transport Operations............ 32
Know Your Aircraft..................... 33
Conclusion.............................34
Performance Questions............. 35
Every effort is made to ensure that the information in this booklet is accurate and up-to-date at the time
of
printing,
butweb
numerous
can occur
with
time, especially
in regard to legislation.
See
the CAA
site forchanges
Civil Aviation
Rules,
Advisory
Circulars,
Readers
are reminded
to obtain
appropriate
information.
Airworthiness
Directives,
forms,
and moreup-to-date
safety publications.
PIC Responsibilities
Civil Aviation Rules clearly indicate that it is the responsibility of the
pilot in command to ensure that they operate their aircraft in a safe
manner with respect to takeoff and landing performance. In particular,
rule 91.201(2) states that A pilot-in-command of an aircraft must
during the flight, ensure the safe operation of the aircraft and the
safety of its occupants.
How to Comply
P-charts; or
performance limits.
Performance Factors
Many different factors affect aircraft performance.
Weight
5 percent.
Takeoff
Liftoff speed is generally about 15 percent
about 20 percent.
Landing
of water vapour.
by about 10 percent.
Air Density
Height above
Sea Level
(Thousands
of feet)
Temp
(C)
Press.
(hPa)
Relative
Density
40
-56
188
0.247
Cirrus clouds
35
-54
239
0.311
30
-44
301
0.375
Mt Everest
25
-34
377
0.449
20
-25
466
0.533
15
-15
572
0.629
Mt Cook
10
-5
697
0.739
+5
843
0.862
+15
1013
Sea level
1.000
Figure 1
Density Altitude
will be needed.
readily determined.
elevation.
required.
are reduced.
performance are:
be right.
Wind
Headwind
Crosswind
by 30 percent.
Gusting Winds
headwind up to 20 knots.
Tailwind
obstacle clearance.
landing roll.
10
11
Slope
or a 2 percent slope.
Surface
Takeoff
or paved runway.
12
Landing
less effective.
13
Obstacle Clearance
by at least 50 feet.
Flap Setting
14
capable of sustaining.
always be used.
Ground Effect
15
Tyre Pressure
of accelerating.
Wing Surface
performance.
16
Other Considerations
It is good airmanship to think about what technique, speed,
and decision point, you will use for every takeoff and landing.
Runway Distance
Pilot Technique
known length).
17
Speed Control
Decision Points
18
Contingencies
19
Determining Performance
The following section gives three ways of ensuring adequate takeoff
and landing performance for private operations.
What Is It?
20
NZGS AD 2 - 52.1
GISBORNE
NZGS
RWY
RWY
SFC
Strength
Gp
Slope
ASDA
14
32
1310
PCN 20
F/B/Y/T
0.07U
0.07D
14
14
PCN 20
F/B/Y/T
7
6
0.07U
32
32
0.07D
Take-off distance
1:20
1:25
1:30
1:40
1:50
1371
777
EXTENSION CLOSED
LDG
1:62.5 DIST
1371
1270
1310
868
PCN 20
F/B/Y/T
6
7
14
14
Gr
ESWL
1600
4
6
0.08U
32
32
Gr
ESWL
1600
6
4
0.08D
03
21
Gr
ESWL
5700
0.05U
0.05D
1042
1170
1170
1042
09
27
Gr
ESWL
9080
0.1U
0.1D
1039
1173
1173
1039
868
EXTENSION CLOSED
551
750
777
750
551
MINIMA
Figure
2
IFR Take-off
RWY
Day
Night
14/32
3001500
3001500
03/21
6001500
600
1500
or the Flight Manual to determine
takeoff
09/27
two methods.
(continued)
GISBORNE
21
P-Charts
performance.
of conditions.
22
Examples
23
Temperature 26C
Runway 020M
Surface grass
Slope 1% up
24
25
Figure 3
1000
2000
3000
4000
DENSITY
ALTITUDE
Surface
Slope
Wind
13 knots.
difference.)
Weight
for takeoff.
on marginal runways.
26
EXAMPLE:
FLIGHT
PATH
60
10
Wind Speed
Angle between wind
direction and flight path
10 Knots
Headwind component
Crosswind component
9.5 Knots
3.5 Knots
20
20
50
IN
W
30
AT
FL
IG
HT
P
50
AN
D
50
S
OT
KN
60
60
40
W
EE
IN
DI
RE
CT
IO
30
30
70
GL
EB
ET
20
AN
D
EE
40
SP
40
20
10
80
10
90
-10
-20
100
10
130
120
20
30
40
CROSSWIND COMPONENT KNOTS
27
110
50
60
28
29
Figure 5
percentage value.
manufacturer to manufacturer.
variables as P-charts.
30
AC91-3
AC91-3
4.
Grass
Rolled earth
x 1.14
Grass
x 1.08
x 1.18
x 1.16
x 1.14
x 1.18
Figure 7
Runway slope
factors
Uphill
+5% -10%
-5%
2
+15%
+10%-15%
-10%
-5%
3
+15%+5%
-15%
-10%
1
-5% +10%
+5%
3 Downhill
-15%
2
-10% +15%
+10%
-15%
+15%
2
3
Downhill
LANDING DISTANCE
CORRECTION
LANDING DIS
TAKE-OFF
CORRECT
DISTANCE
CORRECTION
-5%
Uphill
For slopes expressed to a decimal point, the correction is 0.5% distance for each 0.1% slope. For example, f
runway slope of 1.6% the correction factor is 8%.
31
For slopes expressed to a decimal point, the correction is 0.5% distance for each 0.1
runway slope of 1.6% the correction factor is 8%.
Aeroplanes, Subpart D.
32
own aircraft.
33
Conclusion
Takeoff and landing are both high-risk
phases of flight. The more that we can
do as pilots to minimise these risks,
especially when operating out of a short
airstrip in an underpowered aircraft,
34
Performance Questions
Now that you have seen how to use a P-chart, try these problems by using the chart
provided in the original example above (answers on page 34):
grass runway, in my private Group 6
no slope.
What would be the maximum allowable
are required?
this weight?
conditions?
Takeoff
Speed KIAS
Weight
LBS
Lift off
AT 50 ft
2400
51
56
Notes:
10c
20c
30c
Press
Alt ft
S.L.
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
795
875
960
1055
1165
1285
1425
1580
1755
1460
1605
1770
1960
2185
2445
2755
3140
3615
860
940
1035
1140
1260
1390
1540
1710
1905
1570
1725
1910
2120
2365
2660
3015
3450
4015
925
1015
1115
1230
1355
1500
1665
1850
2060
1685
1860
2060
2295
2570
2895
3300
3805
4480
35
995
1090
1200
1325
1465
1620
1800
2000
----
1810
2000
2220
2480
2790
3160
3620
4220
----
PO Box 3555,
Wellington 6140
Tel: +64 4 560 9400
Fax: +64 4 569 2024
Email: [email protected]
Takeoff and Landing Performance was published in January 2011.
See our web site, www.caa.govt.nz, for details of more safety publications.