Wind Power
Wind Power
Wind Power
I. I NTRODUCTION
TABLE I
PMSG DATA
Rated Output Power (kW)
Number of Poles
Frequency (Hz)
Number of Stator Slots
Armature Phase Resistance R1 (ohm)
D-Axis main Reactance (ohm)
Q-Axis main Reactance (ohm)
Armature leakage Reactance (ohm)
Fundamental Induced RMS Line Voltage
RMS Line Current (A)
Specic Electric Loading (A/mm)
Armature Current Density (A/mm2 )
Iron-Core Loss at rated operation (W)
Armature Copper Loss at rated operation (W)
Power Factor
Rated (maximum) Speed (rpm)
where M ax|Is,RM S | is the maximum stator current magnitude in RMS and Irated is the rated current.
VCE0 and VF 0 are the resulting voltage offset for linearisation done using data from the data sheet.
Psw D in (3) is the switching losses for the diode and
Psw IGBT in (4) is the sum of the turn-on and turn-off losses
in the IGBT. fsw is the switching frequency and Iref is the
IGBT current level for which the switching loss values are
taken from the data sheet. Esw and Esw D are the switching
energy loss for the transistor and diode at Iref and Vref .
Vcc and Vref are respectively the voltage per module, and
the module reference voltage (voltage level for which the
switching losses are given). In order to determine the needed
dc-link voltage, the following expression has been used
5000
8
50
24
0.0375
2.93
2.93
1.9
5032.09
742.962
16.475
5.5
9883.42
62061.4
0.809748
750
Vdc =
and snubbers losses are not considered in this paper. The
operating temperature of the IGBTs and diodes is assumed to
be 125 C. It is assumed that the rated RMS current is equal
to half the rated value of the IGBT module, and that there is
sufcient heat transfer through water cooling of the converter
for these selections. The losses are calculated in steady-state
and averaged over fundamental periods.
A. Converter Loss Calculation
To calculate the losses in the converter, the expressions
originating from [12] have been used,
1
Ponstate IGBT = 2
VCE0 .I1
+ M cos
8
cos
rCE .I12
+ 18 + M 3
1
Ponstate D = 2
VF 0 .I1
M cos
8
+ 1 M cos rF .I2
8
Psw
Psw
IGBT
D
= fsw Esw
Esw = Esw
(2)
= fsw Esw
(1)
1 I1
. Iref
Ki
K v
cc
. VVref
(3)
1 I1
. Iref
Ki
Kv
cc
. VVref
(4)
IGBT On
+ Esw
IGBT Of f
(5)
where in (1) and (2) Ponstate IGBT and Ponstate D are the
conduction losses in the IGBT and diode, respectively. M is
the modulation index, cos is the power factor, I1 is the peak
value of the current through one module which is calculated
according to
I1 =
|Is |
nparallel
(6)
M ax(|Is,RM S |)
Irated
2
(7)
2Vac
0.95
(8)
Vdc
Vref
(9)
60
70
50
60
Converter losses [kW]
40
On-state 10kV
Switching 10kV
On-state 10.7 kV
30
Switching 10.7 kV
20
10
0
0
40
30
Module 6500V
Module 3300V
Module 1700V
20
10
10
15
wind speed [m/s]
20
0
0
25
Fig. 1.
On-state and switching losses for 6500 V/750 A Module with
Fsw =0.5 kHz.
10
15
wind speed [m/s]
20
25
Fig. 4.
Total converter loss for different Modules with Fsw =0.5 kHz.
Vdc =10.7 kV
30
50
45
25
20
15
10
On-state 10.0kV
5
Switching 10.0kV
On-state 10.7kV
Switching 10.7kV
0
0
10
15
wind speed [m/s]
20
25
Fig. 2. On-state and switching losses for 3300 V/1500 A Module with
Fsw =0.5 kHz.
50
On-state
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
0
10
15
wind speed [m/s]
20
25
Fig. 5.
On-state state and switching losses for Vdc =10.7 kV using
1700 V/2400 A Module with Fsw =0.5, 1 and 2 kHz.
30
On-state 10kV
Switching 10kV
On-state 10.7kV
2
PF e = kel
Switching 10.7kV
15
10
5
0
0
10
15
wind speed [m/s]
20
25
Fig. 3. On-state state and switching losses for 1700 V/2400 A Module with
Fsw =0.5 kHz.
B. Machine Losses
As previously mentioned, iron and copper losses have been
considered for the machine losses. To calculate the iron losses
(10)
(11)
60
40
20
10
0
0
Fig. 6.
97.75
97.7
97.65
97.6
10
15
wind speed [m/s]
20
97.5
97.45
97.4
5.5
6.5
25
7
7.5
8
8.5
Average Wind speed [m/s]
9.5
10
Fig. 7. Annual average efciency of the whole system for 6500 V/750 A
module with Fsw =0.5 kHz.
10 kV
10.7kV
97.55
97.35
5
(12)
(13)
C = 1+
(14)
( k1 )
where w
is the average wind speed and is the gamma
function which is expressed in (15).
(x) = 0 tx1 et dt
(15)
The annual energy efciency, E in percentage, of the system
(inverter and the drive system) is calculated using the expression
loss
E = 1 EEpower
100
(16)
where Eloss is the annual energy loss of the machine and
the inverter and Epower is the annual energy power of the
machine.
The annual energy efciency for the two investigated voltages for different modules are shown in Fig. 7 to Fig. 11.
From the gures, the following observations can be made.
The 1.7 kV module is the one that provides the highest annual
efciency. With a 1 kHz switching frequency for the 1.7 kV
module, the efciency is almost similar to when using the 3.3
30
98.2
98.15
98.1
10 kV
10.7 kV
98.05
98
97.95
97.9
5
5.5
6.5
7
7.5
8
8.5
Average Wind speed [m/s]
9.5
10
Fig. 8. Annual average efciency of the whole system for 3300 V/1500 A
module with Fsw =0.5 kHz.
Annual average efficiency of the total [%] 1700 module
50
97.8
98.3
98.28
98.26
98.24
10 kV
10.7 kV
98.22
98.2
98.18
98.16
98.14
5
5.5
6.5
7
7.5
8
8.5
Average Wind speed [m/s]
9.5
10
Fig. 9. Annual average efciency of the whole system for 1700 V/2400 A
module with Fsw =0.5 kHz.
98.4
98
97.95
10 kV
10.7 kV
97.9
97.85
98.3
98.2
98.1
98
1700 V module
3300 V module
6500 V module
97.9
97.8
97.7
97.6
97.5
5.5
6.5
7
7.5
8
8.5
Average Wind speed [m/s]
9.5
97.4
5
10
Fig. 10. Annual average efciency of the whole system for 1700 V/2400 A
module with Fsw =1 kHz.
97.6
6.5
7
7.5
8
8.5
Average Wind speed [m/s]
9.5
10
98.3
97.55
97.5
97.45
97.4
10kV
10.7kV
97.35
97.3
97.25
97.2
97.15
97.1
5
5.5
Fig. 12.
Annual average efciency for 10 kV dc-link voltage with
Fsw =0.5 kHz.
98.05
98.2
98.1
98
97.9
1700 V module
3300 V module
6500 V module
97.8
97.7
97.6
97.5
97.4
5.5
6.5
7
7.5
8
8.5
Average Wind speed [m/s]
9.5
10
Fig. 11. Annual average efciency of whole system for 1700 V/2400 A
module with Fsw =2 kHz.
5.5
6.5
7
7.5
8
8.5
Average Wind speed [m/s]
9.5
10
Fig. 13.
Annual average efciency for 10.7 kV dc-link voltage with
Fsw =0.5 kHz.
98.5
Annual average efficiency of the total [%]
98
97.5
1700 V module
3300 V module
6500 V module
97
96.5
96
5
5.5
6.5
7
7.5
8
8.5
Average Wind speed [m/s]
9.5
10
IV. C ONCLUSION
The selection of HV IGBT modules for a 5 MW generating
system was investigated in this paper. The generating system
consisted of a surface mounted PMSG (Permanent Magnet
Synchronous Generator) with a 2-level transistor converter,
where two different voltage levels and three different switching
frequencies were used. Finally, the average efciency for
various average wind speeds was determined.
Fig. 14.
Annual average efciency for 10.7 kV dc-link voltage with
Fsw =1 kHz.
B IOGRAPHIES