QCS 2010

Section 17

Part 6

Workmanship

Page 1

6.

WORKMANSHIP .......................................................................................................2

6.1

GENERAL ...................................................................................................................2

6.1.1
6.1.2

Scope
References

6.2

EXAMINATION ..........................................................................................................2

6.2.1

General Requirements

6.3

FABRICATION AND ASSEMBLY...........................................................................2

6.3.1
6.3.2
6.3.3
6.3.4
6.3.5
6.3.6
6.3.7
6.3.8

General Requirements
Fabrication and Assembly
Manufacturers Standards
Jointing and Reinforcing:
Welding
Visual Consistency of Metal Panels
Sealant and Gasket Applications
Application of Sealant

6.4

INSTALLATION .........................................................................................................5

6.4.1
6.4.2
6.4.3
6.4.4
6.4.5
6.4.6

General Requirements
Anchors and Connections
Corrosion Protection
Lightning Protection
Installation of Insulation and Safing (Fire Protection)
Flashing

6.5

FIELD QUALITY CONTROL ...................................................................................8

6.5.1

Site Tests

6.6

CLEANING .................................................................................................................8

6.7

PROTECTION ...........................................................................................................8

6.7.1

General Requirement

2
2
3
3
3
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4
4
5
5
6
6
7
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QCS 2010

Section 17

Part 6

Workmanship

Page 2

6.

WORKMANSHIP

6.1

GENERAL

6.1.1

Scope

This Part provides general specification for workmanship of fabrication and assembly of
architectural metalwork items

Related Parts and Sections are as follows:

Section 1
Section 25

General
Materials Classification
Metal Doors and Windows
Architectural Metal Work
Light Metal Support and Cladding System
General
Glass and Glazing

6.1.2

References

The following standards are referred to in this Part:

BS 1723
BS 1724
BS 2901
BS 5368
BS 6375

Brazing
Bronze welding by gas
Filler rods and wires for gas-shielded are welding
Methods of testing windows
Performance of windows

BS EN 288

Approval of welding procedures for metallic materials

6.2

EXAMINATION

6.2.1

General Requirements

Prior to the start of the installation, the building to be inspected to verify all conditions and
dimensions as being acceptable to receive the Work of this Section.

Should any conditions be found that may prohibit proper execution of the Work, the
Contractor is to immediately notify the Engineer in writing of these conditions. Installation is
not to proceed until remedial action, acceptable to the Engineer, has been executed.

6.3

FABRICATION AND ASSEMBLY

6.3.1

General Requirements

Use no materials, equipment or practices that may adversely affect the functioning,
appearance and durability of the completed works.

The works are to be installed in compliance with the specified criteria without buckling,
opening of joints, undue stress on fasteners, sealants and gaskets, opening of welds,
cracking of glass, leakage, noises or other harmful effects.

Conform to the materials, finishes, shapes, profiles, sizes, thicknesses, and joint locations
required by the Project Documentation.

Match all materials to produce continuity of line, texture and colour.

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Part 2
Part 3
Part 4
Part 5

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Section 17

Part 6

Workmanship

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All work to be of the highest quality, in accordance with the best trade practices, and
performed by skilled workmen. All work shall be to the approval of the Engineer.

To the fullest extent practical, fabrication and assembly is to be executed in the workshop.

All components exposed in the finished work are to be free from wrapping, oil-canning
effects, telegraphing of welds, studs, and other fasteners; streaks, and tool and die marks.

Exposed metal edges are to be finished to match typical finished surfaces.

To the fullest extent possible, all fabrication is to be done prior to finishing.

6.3.2

Fabrication and Assembly

The design of the works should endeavour to keep Project site operations to a minimum.
Manufacturing, finishing, and assembly processes shall, wherever possible, be carried out
off-site and under controlled environmental conditions.

Assembly procedures to be carried out on the Project site are to be simple to execute and
capable of execution within the time allowed in the Project construction schedule.

6.3.3

Manufacturers Standards

Materials, components, and systems incorporated in the Work are to be mixed, applied and
installed in accordance with the instructions and recommendations of the respective
manufacturers.

Standards referred to in Section 25, Glazing, to apply to this Section.

6.3.4

Jointing and Reinforcing:

Accurately fit and firmly secure all exposed metal joints with metal-to-metal hairline joints.

All fastenings are to be installed at approved spacings. Fasteners are not to penetrate
primary gutters and drainage systems. Fasteners may penetrate the secondary system;
however, they must be properly sealed.

All screws and bolts up to and including 8 mm and all that are tapped into a aluminium shall
be 300 Series stainless steel.

All bolts 10 mm and larger to be stainless steel.

No self-drilling fasteners are to be allowed outboard of the primary air-seal line of metal roofs
and exterior wall cladding.

All jointing and splicing of members are to be concealed. Exposed fasteners to occur only
where approved by the Engineer. Where exposed in finished surfaces, screw heads shall be
Phillips oval-head countersunk type, finished to match adjacent surfaces. Pop rivets are not
to be used.

Conceal all joint sealants unless otherwise indicated in the Project Documentation.

All work is to be properly reinforced for hardware, anchors, and other attachments.

6.3.5

Welding

All welding of steel are to be in accordance with the recommendations of BS EN 288.

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Section 17

Part 6

Workmanship

Page 4

Steel welding is to be done by skilled mechanics qualified by test as contained in BS EN 288

and as applicable to the material thickness and type of welded joint on which the welders will
be employed.

All welding is to be done with electrodes and/or methods recommended by the suppliers of
the metals being welded. The type, size, and spacing of welds are to be as shown on the
approved shop drawings. Welding materials and methods are to be such as not to cause
distortion, discoloration, or result in any other adverse effect on the required profiles and
finishes or visible surfaces of the work.

Welding of aluminium alloys and the qualifications of aluminium welders shall conform to BS
2901, Part 4.

Welding of stainless steel shall be by TIG welding or other methods subject to approval. Use
double bevel butt welds, backing bars to remove heat, jigging, tack welds and any other
measures necessary to minimise distortion to conform to BS 2901, Part 2.

Welds splatter and welding oxides on exposed surfaces to be removed. All exposed welds
are to be finished to match and blend with adjacent parent metal prior to final finish
application.

Stud welding is to be done by mechanics trained by the manufacturer of the stud setting
system. The manufacturer will develop specific programs and instructions in co-operation
with the fabricator to suit the needs of the specific details. The fabricator is to exercise
particular care that all recommendations of the manufacturer are followed.

Brazing where required shall comply to BS 1723, Parts 1, 2 and 3.

Welding of bronze metals shall be to BS 1724.

10

Visible marks (telegraphing) on finished surfaces due to welding of studs will not be
acceptable.

6.3.6

Visual Consistency of Metal Panels

All exposed flat metal panels are to be designated, fabricated, and installed in such a manner
that they appear visually flat when viewed from any angle. Any short length distortions,
ripples, waves, oil canning, or telegraphing of fasteners will not be permitted.

Provisions are to be made to allow for differential thermal movement between framing
members and the exposed metal components without noise and without distortion of the
exposed face.

In the event that metal flatness requires interpretation by measurement, this is to be done by
measuring and calculating the slope between any two points on the exposed surface 25 mm
apart. This slope should not exceed 0.5 % from the nominal surface plane, when measured
at an ambient temperature of 25 C.

6.3.7

Sealant and Gasket Applications

Sealing mechanisms (sealants and gaskets) shall be provided when required by the Project
Documentation or required for a permanently weathering installation. The sealing mechanism
for each location and use shall be as indicated in the Project Documentation. In those
locations where a mechanism is necessary but is not indicated, it shall be of a type
recommended by the Contractor and approved by the Engineer.

Unless otherwise specified sealants for perimeter caulking are to be either one part acrylic or
one, two or three part polyurethane sealants having elastometric properties and not subject to
ultraviolet degradation.

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Section 17

Part 6

Workmanship

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Sealant is to be used with the joint primer and filler recommended by the manufacturer for the
type of material and width of joint to which it is to be applied. Exposed sealants are to match
the colour of the adjacent metal component.

Bond breaker tape is to be self-adhesive polyethylene tape or other plastic tape

recommended by the manufacturer of the sealant.

Joint backing is to be closed-cell polyethylene, non-bleeding neoprene, butyl rod or other

flexible, permanent, durable non-absorptive material recommended for compatibility by the
manufacturer of the sealant.

Specific alloys, compounds, etc. of gasket materials shall be appropriate for the function
intended and are subject to approval by the gasket manufacturer and Engineer for
compatibility and peel adhesion testing.

6.3.8

Application of Sealant

Sealants and primers are to be applied in the exact manner specified by the manufacturer
and are not be used when the shelf life shown on the tins or cartridges has expired.

The minimum width and depth of the sealant is to be 6mm and for wider joints the depth shall
be not less than half the width of the joint.

The surfaces of the joint are to be free from laitance, grease, loose particles, etc., and
temporary protective coatings are to be removed from metal components. All surface are to
be cleaned as necessary to ensure they are suitable for adhesion of the sealant and should
be dry.

Unless the sealant manufacturer recommends otherwise:

(a)
(b)
(c)

the joint surfaces are to be primed.

joint backing is to be used to control the depth of sealant.
where the joint design will not permit the use of joint backing, an adhesive backed
polyethylene bond breaker tape is to be installed to prevent three sided adhesion.

Adjacent surface to the joint be masked with tape to prevent staining by the primer or sealant.
The tape should be removed as soon as the joint has been sealed by drawing it across, and
not away, from the joint.

The sealant to be applied with sufficient pressure to completely fill the joint, so as to exclude
all air pockets and to ensure adhesion of the material to the joint bond surfaces equally on
opposite sides. The surface of the sealant is to be tooled smooth and flush with the adjacent
surfaces unless detailed otherwise.

Apply sealants and gaskets under the climatic conditions recommended by the
manufacturers. All surfaces to receive sealants shall be treated (cleaned, primed or unprimed) in accordance with the instructions of the sealant manufacturer.

All exterior glazing gaskets shall be vulcanised, injection moulded, or heat-welded at the
corners to form a continuous closure.

6.4

INSTALLATION

6.4.1

General Requirements

The Works are to be erected plumb, square, level, and correctly aligned within the following
limitations:
(a)

offset from true horizontal, vertical, and design location is not to exceed plus or minus
3 mm per 4 m nor plus or minus 12 mm over any one length or part thereof of the
building.

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(b)
(c)

Section 17

Part 6

Workmanship

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maximum offset from true alignment between abutting components or components

separated by less than 75 mm should not exceed 1 mm.
all tolerances shall be non-cumulative.

Joint widths as indicated are the design joint width at an ambient temperature of 25 C.
Installation procedures are to be adjusted to take into account the ambient temperature at the
time of installation.

Care is to be exercised to properly support and reinforce units against racking during hoisting
and installation.

6.4.2

Anchors and Connections

Anchors and connections are to be provided to comply with requirements for adjustability,
movement and load transfer

Connections between different materials to be designed to allow for the differential thermal
movement of the respected materials

Anchors and connections that are designed for movement are to be of such construction that
friction is low enough to allow for such movement without buckling or distortion of the finished
surface and other damage and without causing binding and noises

Self-drilling, self-threading fasteners are to be Type 316 stainless steel, unless otherwise
indicated

Metal surfaces shall be separated in such a manner that metal does not move on metal.
Materials used for this purpose should be low-friction components, sealants, or gaskets as
applicable

Anchorages to structural steel should not induce rotational forces in supporting members

All anchors, connections, fixings, and fasteners to be Type 316 stainless steel, unless
otherwise indicated

Where indicated in the Project Documentation, bolted fasteners exposed to view are to be a
corn-head bolts with matching nuts as approved by the Engineer

The total thickness of a shim pack is not to exceed a dimension equal to the diameter of the
fastener/anchor

10

Shim packs that resist compressive forces only may be high-impact plastic. Shims subject to
shear forces are to be stainless steel plates pinned together to form a monolistic shim.

6.4.3

Corrosion Protection

No metals, including alloys of the same base metal, are to be placed together in a manner,
combination or location likely to give rise to damage by electrolytic action or other corrosion

Isolation of dissimilar metal surfaces to prevent electrolytic action is to be accomplished by

materials which are impervious to moisture and non-absorptive

All steel parts are to receive a protective treatment commensurate with their respective
functions and locations

Where used to the exterior of air-seals, or in any location vulnerable to moisture, steel shall
be hot-dip galvanized after fabrication

Field welds on galvanized steel shall be treated with an approved field cold galvanizing
process

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Workmanship

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Aluminium surfaces in contact with mortar, concrete, fireproofing, plaster, masonry, or

absorptive materials of any kind shall be coated with an anti-galvanic material, impervious to
moisture.

6.4.4

Lightning Protection

All metal cladding components, including panels, glazing frames, mullions, transoms, fixings,
and support structures are to be fully bonded electrically to ensure electrical continuity of the
building envelope

All metal cladding components, as above, are to be connected to the building ground by
earthing jumper cables and connections

Provide for the installation of lightning arrestors, air terminals, and similar items without
electrical bonding to the metal cladding components.

6.4.5

Installation of Insulation and Safing (Fire Protection)

Install thermal insulation and safing where indicated and as required to meet overall fire
separation requirements

Provide insulation with a minimum R-value of R-10 behind any opaque exterior surface which
has conditioned space behind

Install insulation using welded or mechanically fixed impaling and/or retaining clips.
Attachment methods are not to penetrate waterproofing membranes. Adhesive attachment
of insulation is not permitted

Install foil tape around perimeter of foil-free of insulation board to adjacent metal framing to
achieve a positive vapour barrier

Seal between foil-face of safing and foil-back of insulation at curtain wall with a smoke
resistant sealant to provide a positive smoke barrier between floors.

6.4.6

Flashing

Where required or otherwise necessary to prevent leakage, flashing is to be formed from

appropriate thickness of stainless steel, aluminium, or 1.5 mm thick neoprene
(polychloroprene) or EODM sheet as part of a cured/uncured elastrometic sheet flashing
system. Stainless steel flashing is to be a minimum 1.0-mm thick; aluminium flashing to be a
minimum 1.5 mm thick

Where vertical or horizontal joints occur to accommodate movement, an elastrometric

flashing system is to be used unless otherwise detailed in the Project Documentation and
approved by the engineer.

Elastromeric flashing connecting to work of other Sections is to be provided by the work of

this Section, including the attachment systems to this Work and to other work (except
waterproofing or roofing)

Where elastomeric or other flashing connects to roofing and waterproofing work,

provide 200 mm of flashing beyond the point of attachment to the Work of this Section. The
connection to roofing work is to be provided by the roofing installer. Connections of such
flashing to other than water proofing work is to be provided by the work of this Section

Elastomeric flashing exposed to view is to be bonded to the substrata without

blistering; joints are to be neat and as infrequent as possible. Elastomeric flashing not
supported by substrate material shall receive another layer of 1.5 mm flashing for
reinforcement, fully bonded to the finish layer and the substrate and extending at least 25 mm
beyond the unsupported area.

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Section 17

Part 6

Workmanship

Page 8

6.5

FIELD QUALITY CONTROL

6.5.1

Site Tests

The Contractor is to engage an independent testing and inspecting agency to perform field
inspections and tests and to prepare test reports.
(a)
(b)
(c)

the testing agency is to conduct and interpret tests and state in each report whether
tested Work complies with or deviates from requirements
the Contractor is to correct deficiencies in or remove and replace work that inspections
and test reports indicate do not comply with specified requirements
additional testing at Contractors expense, is to be performed to determine compliance
of corrected Work with specified requirements.

Air Infiltration. Test areas of installed system indicated in the Project Documentation or as
directed by the Engineer, BS 5368 and BS 6375.

Water Penetration. Test areas of installed system indicated in the Project Documentation or
as directed by the Engineer for compliance with system performance requirements according
to BS 5368 and BS 6375 at minimum differential pressure of 20 % of inward acting wind-load
design pressure. Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures, but not less
than 300 Pa.

6.6

CLEANING

Clean the entire work not more than four (4) days prior to date scheduled for inspections that
establish the date of Substantial Completion.
(a)
(b)
(c)

clean all components of the Work in accordance with the recommendations of the
manufacturers
clean the work from the topmost levels down in order to avoid staining of cleaned
surfaces from cleaning solution residue and runoff
clean glass with approved glass cleaning solutions only and ensure that cleaning
solution is completely removed from the surface after cleaning. Do not clean glass
when it is exposed to direct sunlight.

6.7

PROTECTION

6.7.1

General Requirement

Protect the works from material, equipment or procedures that may impair the functioning,
appearance, or durability of the work or other construction.

Protect the installed work from damage by subsequent construction activities.

Protection materials, such as plastic membrane tapes and adhesive sheeting, are to be
suitable for the intended protection application and protection period.

Protection materials are to be installed in a manner that will not trap harmful moisture or
otherwise contaminate the Work.
END OF PART

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