Envi Law Reviewer
Envi Law Reviewer
Envi Law Reviewer
ENVIRONMENTAL LAWS:
Notes/Reviewer
CONSTITUTIONAL PROVISIONS ON
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
Sec. 16, Art. II: The State shall protect and advance the right of
the people to a balanced and healthful ecology in accord with the
rhythm and harmony of nature.
Sec. 2 (2), Art. XII: The State shall protect the nations marine
wealth in its archipelagic waters, territorial sea, and exclusive
economic zone, and reserve its use and enjoyment exclusively to
Filipino citizens.
Sec.5, Art. XII: The State, subject to the provisions of this
Constitution and national development policies and programs, shall
protect the rights of indigenous cultural communities to their
ancestral lands to ensure their economic, social, and cultural wellbeing.
The Congress may provide for the applicability of customary
laws governing property rights or relations in determining the
ownership and extent of ancestral domain. (Note: Indigenous
UN FRAMEWORK CONVENTION ON
CLIMATE CHANGE (UNFCCC)
International Environmental Treaty that was produced at the UN
Conference on Environment and Development. It is aimed at
STABILIZING greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a
level that would prevent interference with climate system.
Since the UNFCCC entered into force, the parties have been meeting
annually in Conferences of the Parties (COP) to assess progress in
dealing with climate change, and beginning in the mid-1990s, to
negotiate the Kyoto Protocol to establish legally binding obligations
for developed countries to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions.
Anything worth doing is worth doing poorly until you learn to do it well. -- Zig Ziglar
MEMBERS OF ASEAN
Philippines
Brunei Darussalam
Laos
Malaysia
Myanmar
Singapore
Thailand
Vietnam
Indonesia
Cambodia
Anything worth doing is worth doing poorly until you learn to do it well. -- Zig Ziglar
Anything worth doing is worth doing poorly until you learn to do it well. -- Zig Ziglar
the maintenance and enhancement of the longterm productivity of the same; and
whenever a proposal involves the use of depletable
or non-renewable resources, a finding must be
made that such use and commitment are
warranted.
Anything worth doing is worth doing poorly until you learn to do it well. -- Zig Ziglar
OPOSA VS FACTORAN
HELD:
FACTS:
The principal petitioners are all minors duly represented and joined
by their respective parents. Impleaded as an additional plaintiff is
the Philippine Ecological Network, Inc. (PENI), a domestic non-stock
and non-profit corporation organized for the purpose of engaging in
concerted action geared for protection of the environment and
natural resources. The original defendant was Hon. Fulgencio
Factoran, Jr., Secretary of DENR.
The complaint was instituted as a taxpayers class suit and alleges
that plaintiffs are all citizens of the Republic of the Philippines,
taxpayers, and entitled to the full benefit, use, and enjoyment of
natural resource treasure that is the countrys virgin tropical forests.
The instant petition was filed to seek for the cancellation of all
existing timber license agreements (TLA) in the country and to cease
and desist from receiving, accepting, processing, renewing, or
approving new timber license agreements.
Anything worth doing is worth doing poorly until you learn to do it well. -- Zig Ziglar
(2) NO. The Court does not agree with the trial courts conclusions
that the plaintiffs failed to allege with sufficient definiteness a
specific legal right involved or a specific legal wrong committed, and
that the complaint is replete with vague assumptions and
conclusions based on unverified data.
Anything worth doing is worth doing poorly until you learn to do it well. -- Zig Ziglar
ENVIRONMENTAL FUNCTIONS OF
AGENCIES
Department of Health (DOH)
o Has environmental health programs. These concerns
PREVENTING ILLNESS through managing the environment.
These are primarily concerned with effects of the
environment to health of people.
o Issues environmental sanitation clearance
Anything worth doing is worth doing poorly until you learn to do it well. -- Zig Ziglar
PAB vs. CA
FACTS:
Solar Textile Finishing Corporation was involved in bleaching, rinsing,
and dyeing textiles with wastewater being directly discharged into a
canal leading to adjacent Tullahan-Tinejeros River.
Petitioner Board, an agency charged with the task of determining
whether effluents of a particular industrial establishments comply
with or violate applicable anti-pollution statutory and regulatory
provisions have been remarkably forbearing, enforced the applicable
standards vis--vis Solar.
Petitioner issued an ex parte order directing Solar to immediately
cease and desist from utilizing its wastewater pollution source
installations. Solar then went to the RTC on petitioner for certiorari.
Case was, however, dismissed due to the following:
Anything worth doing is worth doing poorly until you learn to do it well. -- Zig Ziglar
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E n v i r o n m e n t a l L a w R e v i e w e r | 10
(1) NO. Sec. 17 does not state that government agencies
concerned ought to confine themselves to containment,
removal, and cleaning operations when specific pollution
incident occurs.
On the contrary, Sec. 17 requires them to act even in the
absence of specific pollution incident, as long as the water
quality has deteriorated to a degree where its state will
adversely affect its best usage. This is not conditional on
occurrence of any pollution incident.
(2) YES. SC held that cleaning up and rehabilitating Manila Bay
is ministerial in nature and can be compelled by mandamus.
Sec. 3 (c) of RA No. 7924 (law creating MMDA) is mandated
to put up an adequate and appropriate sanitary landfill and
solid waste and liquid disposal as well as alternative garbage
disposal systems. This is set up by law (enjoined as a matter
of statutory obligations).
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E n v i r o n m e n t a l L a w R e v i e w e r | 11
4. To pass upon and approve or disapprove all plans,
programs, and projects proposed by local government
offices/agencies within the region, public corporations, and
private persons or enterprises where such plans, programs
and/or projects are related to those of the Authority for the
development of the region as envisioned in this Act. The
Authority shall issue the necessary clearance for approved
proposed plans, programs, and projects within thirty days
from submission thereof unless the proposals are not in
consonance with those of the Authority or that those will
contribute to the unmanageable pollution of the Laguna
Lake waters or will bring about the ecological imbalance of
the region: Provided, further, That the Authority is hereby
empowered to institute necessary legal proceeding against
any person who shall commence to implement or continue
implementation of any project, plan or program within the
Laguna de Bay region without previous clearance from the
Authority: Provided, furthermore, That any local government
office, agency, public corporation, private person, or
enterprise whose plans, programs and/or projects have been
disapproved by the Authority may appeal the decision of the
Authority to the NEDA within fifteen (15) days from receipt
of such disapproval whose decision on the matter shall be
final. Reasonable processing fees as may be fixed by the
Authority's Board of Directors shall be collected by the
Authority for the processing of such plans, programs and/or
projects: Provided, finally, The expansion plans shall be
considered as new plans subject to review of the Authority
and to payment of the processing fees.
The Authority and national and local government offices,
agencies and public corporations shall coordinate their plans,
programs, projects and licensing procedures with respect to
the Laguna Lake region for the purpose of drawing up a
Laguna Lake development plan which shall be binding upon
all parties concerned upon approval of the NEDA board.
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7. To make an annual report to the stockholders regarding the
operation of the Authority more particularly a statement of
its financial conditions, activities undertaken, progress of
projects and programs and plans of actions for the incoming
years: Provided, however, That a majority of the
stockholders may require the Authority to submit report or
reports other than the annual report herein required, which
report must be submitted within a period of thirty (30) days
from notice thereof;
8. To lend or facilitate the extension of financial assistance
and/or act as surety or guarantor to worthwhile agricultural,
industrial and commercial enterprises;
9. To reclaim or cause to the reclaimed portions of the Lake or
undertake reclamation projects and/or acquire such bodies
of land from the lake which may be necessary to accomplish
the aims and purposes of the Authority subject to the
approval of the NEDA Board: Provided, That the land so
reclaimed shall be the property of the Authority and title
thereto shall be vested in the Authority: Provided, further,
That the resulting lake shore shall continue to be owned by
the national government.
10. The provisions of existing laws to the contrary
notwithstanding, to engage in fish production and other
aqua-culture projects in Laguna de Bay and other bodies of
water within its jurisdiction and in pursuance thereof to
conduct studies and make experiments, whenever
necessary, with the collaboration and assistance of the
Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources, with the end in
view of improving present techniques and practice. Provided,
That until modified, altered or amended by the procedure
provided in the following sub-paragraph, the present laws,
rules and permits or authorizations remain in force;
11. For the purpose of effectively regulating and monitoring
activities in Laguna de Bay, the Authority shall have
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13. The provisions of existing laws to the contrary
notwithstanding, to exercise water rights over public waters
within the Laguna de Bay region whenever necessary to
carry out the Authority's projects;
14. To act in coordination with existing governmental agencies
in establishing water quality standards for industrial,
agricultural and municipal waste discharges into the lake and
to cooperate with said existing agencies of the government
of the Philippines in enforcing such standards, or to
separately pursue enforcement and penalty actions as
provided for in Section 4(d) and Section 39-A of this Act:
Provided, That in case of conflict on the appropriate water
quality standard to be enforced such conflict shall be
resolved thru the NEDA Board;
15. To develop water supply from ground and/or lake water
resources for municipal, agricultural and industrial usages, in
coordination with the National Water Resources Council
created by Presidential Decree No. 424 dated March 28,
1974 or its successors in interests, and to enter into
agreements with municipalities, governmental agencies and
corporations and the private sector to supply, distribute and
market such water;
16. Undertake studies on the improvement and maintenance of
the desirable lake water quality of Laguna de Bay, and in
pursuance thereof, prepare a water quality management
program on a continuing basis, subject to the approval of
the NEDA, which the Authority shall carry out with the
assistance and support of all national and local government
units involved in water quality management.
E.O 927
-Further defines certain functions and powers of the Laguna Lake
Development Authority.
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E n v i r o n m e n t a l L a w R e v i e w e r | 14
extensions of existing works that discharge only domestic or
sanitary wastes from a single residential building provided
with septic tanks or their equivalent. The Authority may
impose reasonable fees and charges for the issuance or
renewal of all permits herein required.
6. After due notice and hearing, the Authority may also revoke,
suspend modify any permit issued under this Order
whenever the same is necessary to prevent or abate
pollution.
7. Deputize in writing or request assistance of appropriate
government agencies or instrumentalities for the purpose of
enforcing this Executive Order and its implementing rules
and regulations and the orders and decisions of the
Authority.
8. Authorize its representative to enter at all reasonable times
any property of the public dominion and private property
devoted to industrial, manufacturing, processing or
commercial use without doing damage, for the purpose of
inspecting and investigating conditions relating to pollution
or possible or imminent pollutions.
9. Exercise such powers and perform such other functions as
may be necessary to carry out its duties and responsibilities
under this Executive Order.
Further, to effectively regulate and monitor activities in the Laguna
de Bay region, the Authority shall have exclusive jurisdiction to issue
permit for the use of all surface water for any projects or activities in
or affecting the said region including navigation, construction, and
operation of fishpens, fish enclosures, fish corrals and the like.
LLDA vs. CA
FACTS:
Laguna Lake Development Authority (LLDA) was created through
RA No. 4850 in order to execute the policy of towards environmental
protection and sustainable development so as to accelerate the
development and balanced growth of the Laguna Lake Area and the
surrounding provinces and towns.
EO 927 further defined and enlarged the powers and functions of
LLDA and enumerated towns, cities, and provinces encompassed by
the term Laguna de Bay Region.
Upon the implementation of RA No. 7160 (Local Government Code),
the municipalities assumed EXCLUSIVE JURISDICTION and authority
to issue fishing privileges within their municipal waters since Sec.
149 thereof provides that Municipal corporations shall have authority
to grant in municipal waters and impose rental fees or charges
thereof.
Big fish pen operators took advantage of the occasion to establish
fish pens and fish cages to the dismay of LLDA. Implementation of
separate, independent policies in fish cages/fish pen operation and
the INDISCRIMINATE grant of fish pen permits by the lakeshore
municipalities aggravated the current environmental problems and
ecological stress of Laguna Lake.
LLDA then served notice to general public that:
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E n v i r o n m e n t a l L a w R e v i e w e r | 15
A month later, LLDA sent notices advising the owner of the illegally
constructed fish pens/cages and aqua structures, advising them to
dismantle their respective structures otherwise demolition shall be
effected.
ISSUE: Which agency of the governmentLLDA or
towns/municipalities comprising the regionshould exercise
jurisdiction over the Laguna Lake and its surrounding district insofar
as issuance of permits for fishing privileges is concerned.
HELD:
LLDA. Sec. 4 (k) of LLDA charter and Sec. 2 of EO 927, specifically
provide that the LLDA shall have exclusive jurisdiction to issue
permits for the use of all surface water for any projects or activities
affecting the region. On the other hand, RA No. 7610 has granted
municipalities exclusive authority to grant fishery privilege on
municipal waters.
Provisions of RA No. 7610 do not necessarily repeal the laws creating
LLDA. Where theres conflict between general and special laws, the
latter should prevail as it evinces legislative intent more clearly than
general statute. Special law cannot be repealed, amended, or altered
by a subsequent general law by mere implications.
Moreover, the powers of LLDA , for the purpose of effectively
rehabilitating and monitoring Laguna de Bay, partakes of the nature
of police power, most pervasive, least limitable, most demanding of
all state powers.
Anything worth doing is worth doing poorly until you learn to do it well. -- Zig Ziglar
E n v i r o n m e n t a l L a w R e v i e w e r | 16
The Aarhus Convention establishes a number of rights of the public
(individuals and their associations) with regard to the environment.
The Parties to the Convention are required to make the necessary
provisions so that public authorities (at national, regional or local
level) will contribute to these rights to become effective. The
Convention provides for:
(1) Access to Environmental Information: the right of
everyone to receive environmental information that is held
by public authorities. This can include information on the
state of the environment, but also on policies or measures
taken, or on the state of human health and safety where this
can be affected by the state of the environment. Applicants
are entitled to obtain this information within one month of
the request and without having to say why they require it. In
addition, public authorities are obliged, under the
Convention, to actively disseminate environmental
information in their possession;
(2) Public Participation in Environmental decisionmaking: the right to participate in environmental decisionmaking. Arrangements are to be made by public authorities
to enable the public affected and environmental nongovernmental organisations to comment on, for example,
proposals for projects affecting the environment, or plans
and programmes relating to the environment, these
comments to be taken into due account in decision-making,
and information to be provided on the final decisions and the
reasons for it.
(3) Access to Justice: the right to review procedures to
challenge public decisions that have been made without
respecting the two aforementioned rights or environmental
law in general.
Right
Right
Right
Right
Right
Right
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E n v i r o n m e n t a l L a w R e v i e w e r | 17
obviate any further aggravation of the consequent danger to public,
health, safety, and national interest.
All laws to the contrary notwithstanding, the Barangay Captain, the
Barangay Councilman, and the Barangay Zone Chairman are hereby
deputized as peace officers, with authority to effect arrest of
violators in accordance with law, for purposes of enforcing and
implementing national and local laws, ordinances and rules and
regulations governing pollution control and other activities which
create imbalance in the ecology or disturbance in environmental
conditions.
The courts and proper prosecuting or administrative officials or
agencies shall give preference to the expeditious disposition of
cases involving a violation of the laws, ordinances, rules and
regulations referred to in Sec. 2 of this Decree when the magnitude
of the violation is such as to adversely affect an entire or major
portion of a community as may be certified to by the National
Pollution Control Commission or the National Environmental
Protection Council as the case may be.
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E n v i r o n m e n t a l L a w R e v i e w e r | 18
8. Philippine Nuclear Research Institute (PNRI) with
the DENR shall regulate all projects which will involve the
use of atomic and/or nuclear energy, and will entail relaease
of radioactive substances into the environment, incident to
the establishment or possession of nuclear energy facilities
and radioactive materials, handling, transport , production ,
storage and use of radioactive materials.
9. Department of Education (DepEd), Commission on
Higher Education (CHED) , Department of Interior
and Local Governments (DILG) and the Philippine
Information Agency ( PIA) shall encourage
participation of government agencies and the private sector
including NGOs, POs, academe, environmental groups and
other private entities in a multi-sectoral campaign.
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E n v i r o n m e n t a l L a w R e v i e w e r | 19
The Act also gives strong emphasis on the role of municipal and
LGUs providing for the creation of solid waste management
communities up to the barangay level.
Anything worth doing is worth doing poorly until you learn to do it well. -- Zig Ziglar
E n v i r o n m e n t a l L a w R e v i e w e r | 20
WILDLIFE ACT
This Act calls for the CONSERVATION of the countrys wildlife
resources and their habitats for sustainability as a policy of the State.
Among its features are:
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E n v i r o n m e n t a l L a w R e v i e w e r | 21
Anything worth doing is worth doing poorly until you learn to do it well. -- Zig Ziglar
E n v i r o n m e n t a l L a w R e v i e w e r | 22
Republic Act No. 7076 (1991), otherwise known as the Peoples
Small-Scale Mining Act defines small-scale mining as minimum
activities which rely heavily on manual labor using simple
implements and methods, and which do not use explosives or heavy
mining equipment. The main purpose of the law is: (1) To effect an
orderly and systematic disposition of small-scale mining areas in the
country; (2) To regulate the small-scale mining industry with the
view to encourage their growth and productivity; and (3) To provide
technical, financial and marketing assistance and efficient collection
of government revenues. Through this law, the harmful effects of
the classic trade-off between development and environment could be
minimized if not totally avoided. This law was authored by Senator
Aquilino Pimentel Jr.
With Republic Act 7076 it allows small miners under this law to use
only simple equipments like pick and shovel in extracting gold and
other precious metals in their mining areas. In this age of modern
technology, this law is making sure that the small mining law should
benefit the small miners and not only the big-time operators who are
using the skills and sweat of small-scale miners to accumulate a
fortune.
FEATURES:
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E n v i r o n m e n t a l L a w R e v i e w e r | 23
EIA STAGES
1. Screening - Determines if a project is covered or not
covered by the PEISS (Philippine Environmental Impact
Statement System). If a project is covered, screening further
determines what document type the project should prepare
to secure the needed approval, and what the rest of the
requirements are in terms of EMB office of application,
endorsing and decision authorities, duration of processing.
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E n v i r o n m e n t a l L a w R e v i e w e r | 24
2. Scoping - Identifies the most significant issues/impacts of a
proposed project, and then, delimits the extent of baseline
information to those necessary to evaluate and mitigate the
impacts.
FACTS:
Davao filed a petition for mandamus and injunction with the RTC.
RTC granted. It held that nothing in P.D. No. 1586 requires LGU to
comply.
ISSUES:
1. Whether Davao City, as a local government unit, is covered
by PD No. 1586.
2. Whether CNC should be issued to it.
HELD:
1. YES. Sec. 16 of the Local Government Code states that
among the duties of an LGU is to promote peoples right to a
balanced ecology. Hence, it is not exempt
Also, as per the Civil Code, a person is either natural or
juridical. The State and its political subdivisions are juridical
persons. Hence, LGU is a person covered by PD No. 1586.
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E n v i r o n m e n t a l L a w R e v i e w e r | 25
2. YES. Davao has sufficiently shown that the project area is
not environmentally-critical. Proclamation 2146 laid down all
the environmentally-critical areas/projects. The Sports Dome
does not fall under any of the categories.
Despite the IJC-UC decision, the conditions at the Trail smelter did
not improve. Consequently, by February 1933 the U.S. Government
was refiled complaints to the Canadian Government about the
situation at the smelter. These set of complaints led to an emissions
convention which was signed by the two parties on April 15, 1935.
The Convention called for the creation of a Tribunal to determine
whether damage has been done to Washington State since 1932. If
found to have done damage, should it be made to refrain from doing
so? Should any compensation be paid? [ISSUES].
HELD:
Tribunal found that damaged has been caused to the US and that it
should be indemnified for damages. It held that under the principles
of International Law, as well as the law of the US, no state has the
right to use or permit the use of its territory in such a manner as to
cause injury by fumes in or to the territory of another when the case
is of serious consequences and injury is established by clear and
convincing evidence. Hence, Canada was responsible for the conduct
of the Trail Smelter.
Principles:
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E n v i r o n m e n t a l L a w R e v i e w e r | 26
Anything worth doing is worth doing poorly until you learn to do it well. -- Zig Ziglar
E n v i r o n m e n t a l L a w R e v i e w e r | 27
which a right of passage exists, on the grounds that it is only of
secondary importance and not even a necessary route between two
parts of the high seas, and that it is used almost exclusively for local
traffic to and from the ports of Corfu. Thus a previous approval of
the territorial state is necessary.
1) Should the North Corfu Channel as it is considered part of
international highways?
2) Is Albania responsible under international law for the
explosions which occurred on the 22nd October 1946 in
Albanian waters and for the damage and loss of human life
which resulted from them and is there any duty to pay
compensation?'
Analysis:
The court analyses the geographical situation of the channel
connects two parts of the high seas and is in fact frequently being
used for international navigation. Taking into account these various
considerations, the Court concludes that the North Corfu Channel
should be considered as belonging to the class of international
highways through which an innocent passage does not need special
approval and cannot be prohibited by a coastal State in time of
peace.
The UK government claims that on October 22nd, 1946, Albania
neither notified the existence of the minefield, nor warned the British
warships of the danger they were approaching. According to the
principle of state responsibility, they should have done all necessary
steps immediately to warn ships near the danger zone, more
especially those that were approaching that zone. In fact, nothing
was attempted by the Albanian authorities to prevent the disaster.
These grave omissions involve the international responsibility of
Albania.
But Albania's obligation to notify shipping of the existence of mines
in her waters depends on her having obtained knowledge of that fact
in sufficient time before October 22nd; and the duty of the Albanian
coastal authorities to warn the British ships depends on the time that
elapsed between the moment that these ships were reported and
the moment of the first explosion.
(2) Has the United Kingdom under international law violated the
sovereignty of the Albanian People's Republic by reason of the acts
of the Royal Navy in Albanian waters on the 22nd October and on
the 12th and 13th November 1946 and is there any duty to give
satisfaction?
Albania was in fact in war with Greece which means that the coastal
state was not in time of peace. UK had not an innocent passage due
to the way it was carried out. The court assessed the manner of UK
warships after they had been shot at May 15th. Having thus
examined the various contentions of the Albanian Government in so
far as they appear to be relevant, the Court has arrived at the
conclusion that the United Kingdom did not violate the sovereignty
of Albania by reason of the acts of the British Navy in Albanian
waters on October 22nd, 1946.
The United Kingdom Government does not dispute that 'Operation
Retail' was carried out against the clearly expressed wish of the
Albanian Government. It recognizes that the operation had not the
consent of the international mine clearance organizations, that it
could not be justified as the exercise of a right of innocent passage,
and lastly that, in principle, international law does not allow a State
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E n v i r o n m e n t a l L a w R e v i e w e r | 28
to assemble a large number of warships in the territorial waters of
another State and to carry out minesweeping in those waters. The
United Kingdom Government states that the operation was one of
extreme urgency, and that it considered itself entitled to carry it out
without anybody's consent.
The Court can only regard the alleged right of intervention as the
manifestation of a policy of force, such as has, in the past, given rise
to most serious abuses and such as cannot, whatever be the present
defects in international organization, The United Kingdom Agent, in
his speech in reply, has further classified 'Operation Retail' among
methods of self-protection or self-help. The Court cannot accept this
defense either find a place in international law.
Final conclusion of the court:
1) On the first question put by the Special Agreement of
March 25th, 1948,
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E n v i r o n m e n t a l L a w R e v i e w e r | 29
Anything worth doing is worth doing poorly until you learn to do it well. -- Zig Ziglar
E n v i r o n m e n t a l L a w R e v i e w e r | 30
Anything worth doing is worth doing poorly until you learn to do it well. -- Zig Ziglar
E n v i r o n m e n t a l L a w R e v i e w e r | 31
The Convention emphasises the role of indigenous and local
communities in conserving biodiversity. These populations heavily
and traditionally depend on the biological resources on which their
traditions are based.
Anything worth doing is worth doing poorly until you learn to do it well. -- Zig Ziglar
E n v i r o n m e n t a l L a w R e v i e w e r | 32
Anything worth doing is worth doing poorly until you learn to do it well. -- Zig Ziglar