Disclosure to Promote the Right To Information

Whereas the Parliament of India has set out to provide a practical regime of right to
information for citizens to secure access to information under the control of public authorities,
in order to promote transparency and accountability in the working of every public authority,
and whereas the attached publication of the Bureau of Indian Standards is of particular interest
to the public, particularly disadvantaged communities and those engaged in the pursuit of
education and knowledge, the attached public safety standard is made available to promote the
timely dissemination of this information in an accurate manner to the public.
1 +, 1 +

01 ' 5

The Right to Information, The Right to Live

Step Out From the Old to the New

Mazdoor Kisan Shakti Sangathan

Jawaharlal Nehru

IS 4155 (1966): Glossary of terms relating to chemical and

radiation hazards and hazardous chemicals [CHD 8:
Occupational Safety, Health and Chemical Hazards]

! $ ' +-
Satyanarayan Gangaram Pitroda

Invent a New India Using Knowledge

! > 0 B

BharthariNtiatakam

Knowledge is such a treasure which cannot be stolen

IS: 4155 - 1966

(Reaffirmed 1995)

Indian Standard

<EAFF1RMEO

GLOSSARY OF TERMS RELATING TO

CHEMICAL AND RADIATION HAZARDS
AND HAZARDOUS CHEMICALS

l007

( Third Reprint DECEMBER 2004 )

( Including Amendment No. I )

UDC 001.4: 539.12+614.898

Copyright 1967

BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS

MANAK BHAVAN, 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG
NEW DELHI 110002

Gr 6

September 1967

IS : 4155 -1966

Indian Standard
GLOSSARY OF TERMS RELATING TO
CHEMICAL AND RADIATION HAZARDS
AND HAZARDOUS CHEMICALS
Chemical Hazards Sectional Committee, CDC 18
Chairman
SHin N. S. MANKIKBR

Representing
Directorate General of Factory Advice Service &
Labour Institutes ( Mipistry of Labour, Employment & Rehabilitation ), Bombay

Members
5HRIJ. D. ADHIA
Hindustan Organic Chemicals Ltd, Bombay
SHRIS. M. MAOHIRAJU ( Alternate)
.
.
SHRI S. K. BORXAll.
Directorate General of Health Services (Ministry of
Health & Family Planning)
SHRI P. S. RAMAOHANDRAN (Alternate)
SHRIJ. M. DAVE
Central Public Health Engineering Research
Institute ( CSIR ), Nagpur
DEPUTY
DIRECTOR,
TRAFFIO Railway Board (Ministry of Railways)
(GENERAL)
SHRIJ. M. GUHA
Ministry of Petroleum & Chemicals
DR G. JAYARAUA RAo (Alternate)
.
DRJAGDlSH SHANKAR
Atomic Energy Establishment, Trombay, Bombay
SHRIJOGINDER SINOH
Directorate General of Technical Development
(Ministry of Industrial Development &
Company Affairs)
SHRIS. N. LARIRI
Department of Explosives (Ministry of Works,
Housing and Rehabilitation )
SHRIS. C. Roy ( Alternate )
S:!iRI C. C. MANIAR
.
Indian Chemical
Manufacturers' Association,
Bombay
DR V. C. MANKODI
Hindustan Steel Ltd, Ranchi
DR B. N. CRAB;RAVARTY ( Alternate )
SHRIM. N. KHANNA (Alternate'
DR C. N. K. MURTHY
Ministry of Defence ( DGI )
SHRIR.S.AoARWAL(Alkmate)
SHRINARENDRA SINOH
Minis.try of Defence ( R&D'
DR K. J. BALAKRISRNA ( Alternate:)
.
REPRESENTATIVE
Indian Institute of Petroleum ( CSIR ,. Debra Dun
SHRIM. VENUOOPAL
The Western India Match Company Limited,
Bombay
Director General, lSI ( Ex-o.fji&io Memlm )
DR SADGOPAL,
Director (Chem)
Secretary
DR A. K. BHATTAOIiARYA
Deputy Director (Chern), lSI
( Continued onpage 2 )

BUR E A U

0 FIN D I AN' S T fA N DAR D S

MANAK BHAVAN, 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG

NEW DELHI 110002

IS I 4155 1966
( Continuedfrom pagl I )

DefiUition and Glassification of Chemical Hazards and Hazardous

Chemicals Subcommittee, CDC 18: 2
CotWl1lM
DR JAGDIIH

SHANKAR

Memb"6
Smn S. N. LABIRI
SHRI S. C. Roy ( Alternate)
SHRI N. S. MANKlKER

SHRI S. R. BHIBE ( AltmIDte )

SHRI NAllBNDRA SINGH
SBRI P. S. RAllACBANDRAH

SBRI

P. R. SATBB

Re/Jruenting
Atomic Energy Eatablishment, Trombay, Bombay
Department of Explosives (Ministry
Housing lit Rehabilitation )

of Works,

Directorate General of Factory Ad"ice Service &

Labour Institutes ( Ministry of Labour, Employment & Rehabilitation), Bombay
Ministry of Defence ( R lit D)
Directorate General of Health Services (Ministry of
Health lit Family Planning)
Indian Chemical Manufacturerl' Association,
.Bombay

Smu C. C. MANtAll (Altmrau)

AMENDMENT NO. 1 SEPTEMBER 2002

TO
IS 4155: 1966 GLOSSARY OF TERMS RELATING TO
CHEMICAL AND RADIATION HAZARDS AND
HAZARDOUS CHEMICALS
( Page 4, clause 2, heading 'Absorption' ) 'Absorption':

Insert the following after

'Absorbed Dose - The fundamental dosimetric quantity, D defined as D =

de/dm, where, de is the mean energy imparted by ionizing radiation to matter in a
volume element, and d m is the mass of matter in the volume element. The energy
can be averaged over any defined volume, the average dose being equal to the
total energy imparted in the volume divided by the mass in the volume. The SI
unit of absorbed dose is joule per kilogram (Jzkg) termed as gray(Gy).'
( Page 4, clause 2, heading 'Acute' ) -

Insert the following after 'Acute':

'Action Level - The level of dose rate or activity concentration above which
remedial actions or protective actions should be carried out in chronic exposure
or emergency exposure. '
( Page 9, clause 2, heading 'Enriched Material' ) after 'Enriched Material':

Insert the following

'Entrance Surface Dose - Absorbed dose in the centre of the field at the
surface of entry of radiation for a patient undergoing a radiodiagnostic
examination, expressed in air and with backscatter.'
( Page 10, clause 2, heading 'Exposure' ) -

Insert the following after

'Exposure':
'Exposure Pathway- The routes by which radioactive material can reach or
irradiate humans. '
( Page 13, clause 2, heading 'Ignition' ) -

Insert the following after

'Ignition' :
'Immediately Dangerous to Life and Health (IDLH) - An IDLH level
represents the maximum airborne concentration of a substance to which a
healthy person can be exposed for as long as 30 minutes and still be able to
escape without loss of life or irreversible organ system damage.'
1

Amend No.1 to IS 4155: 1966

( Page 15, clause 2, heading 'LD 50' ) existing:

Substitute the following for the

'Lethal Dose The quantity of material administered orally or by skin

absorption by which 50 percent of the exposed population will be fatally
injured.'
( Page 15, clause 2, heading 'Lesion' ) 'Lesion':

Insert the following after

'Lethal Concentration LCso - A concentration of airborne material by which

50 percent of the exposed population will be fatally injured.'
( Page 17, clause 2, heading 'Polycythemia' ) - Insert the following after
'Polycythemia' :

'Potential Exposure - Exposure that is not expected to be delivered with

certainty but that may result from an accident at a source or owing to an event or
sequence of events of a probabilistic nature, including equipment failures and
operating errors.'
( Page 18, clause 2, heading 'Radioactivity' ) - Insert the following after
'Radioactivity' :

'Radioactive Material- Any substance or material which spontaneously emit

radiation at a rate corresponding to not less than 0.1 microcurie or any substance
or material in which the radiation emission rate per gram corresponds to not less
than 0.002 microcurie shall be deemed to be radioactive substance.'

(CHD 8)

Printed at Simco Printing Press, Delhi

AMENDMENT NO.2 DECEMBER 2006

TO
IS 4155,: 1966 GLOSSARY OF TERMS RELATING TO
CHEMICAL AND RADIATION HAZARDS AND
HAZARDOUS CHEMICALS
[Page 4, clause 2, heading 'Absorbed Dose' (read with Amendment
No.1)] - Insert the following after 'Absorbed Dose':

'Activity - The quantity A for an amount of radionuclide in a given energy

state at a given time is defined as:
A =dN/dt

where dN is the expectation value of the number of spontaneous nuclear

transformations from the given ener~ state in a time interval dt. The 81unit of
activity is the reciprocal of secondts' ), termed the Becquerel (Bq).'
(Page 4, clause 2, heading 'Airdose') "Airdose':

Insert the following after

'ALARA - An acronym for 'As Low As Reasonably Achievable'. A concept

meaning that the design and use of sources, and the practices associated
therewith, should be such as to ensure that exposures are kept as low as
reasonably practicable, with economic and social factors taken into account'
(Page 5, clause 2, heading 'Analgesic') 'Analgesic':

Insert the following after

'Annual Limit on Intake (ALI) - The intake by inhalation, ingestion or

through the skin of a given radionuclide in a year by the reference man, which
would result in a committed dose equal to the relevant dose limit. The ALI is
expressed in units of activity.'
(Page 7, clause 2, heading 'Closed Cup Method') after 'Closed Cup Method':

Insert the following

Amend No. 2 to IS 4155 : 1966

'Collective Dose - An expression for the total radiation dose incurred by a
population and defined as the product of the number of individuals exposed to a
source and their average radiation dose. '

(Page 8, clause 2, heading 'Deramatosis) 'Deramatosis':

Insert the following after

'Deterministic Effects - A radiation effect for which generally a threshold

level of dose exists, above which the severity of the effect is greater for a higher
dose.'

(Page 8, clause 2, heading 'Dosage') 'Dosage':

Insert the following after

'Dose - A measure of the radiation absorbed by a target The quantities termed

absorbed dose, organ dose, equivalent dose, effective dose, committed
equivalent dose; or committed effective dose are used, depending on the context.
The modifying tenns are used when they are not necessary for defining the
quantity of interest. '

(Page 9, clause 2, heading 'Electron Capture') after Electron Capture':

Insert the following

'Effective Dose - The quantity E is defined as a summation of the tissue

equivalent doses, each multiplied by the appropriate tissue weighting factor:

= EWTXH
T
T

where HT is the equivalent dose in tissue T and WTis the tissue weighting factor
for tissue T.'

(Page 9, clause 2, heading 'Epilation') 'Epilation' :

Insert the following after

'Equivalent Dose (HT~ - The quantity HT,Ris defined as:

Amend No.2 to IS 4155 : 1966

where DT,R is the absorbed dose delivered by radiation type R averaged over a
tissue or organ T and WR is the radiation weighing factor for radiation type R.
When the radiation field is composed of different radiation types with different
values of WR, the equivalent dose is:

(Page 20, clause 2, heading 'Stimulant') 'Stimulant' :

Insert the following after

'Stochastic Effects of Radiation - Radiation effects generally occurring

without a threshold level of dose whose probability is proportional to the dose
and whose severity is independent of the dose.'

(Page 20, clause 2, heading 'Stray Radiation') after 'Stray Radiation':

Insert the following

'Supervised Area - Any area not designated as a controlled area but for which
occupational exposure conditions are kept under review even though specific
protective measures and safety provisions are not normally needed.'

(CHD 8)
Reprography Unit, BIS, New Delhi, India

IS : 4155 1966

Indian Standard
GLOSSARY OF TERMS RELATING TO
CHEMICAL AND RADIATION HAZARDS
AND HAZARDOUS CHEMICALS

o.

FOR E W 0 R D

0.1 This Indian Standard was adopted by the Indian Standards Institution
on 1 November 1966, after the draft finalized by the Chemical Hazards
Sectional Committee had been approved by the Chemical Division Council.
0.2 Realising the rapid pace of industrialisation within the country it was
considered expedient to take up formulation of standards on definition and
classification of chemical hazards; laboratory and industrial chemical
hazards including air pollution. The concerned committee, while formulating standards on different aspects covered under its scope felt that
formulation of a standard glossary of technical terms relating to chemical
and radiation hazards and hazardous chemicals was necessary. Commonly
used scientific terms may have a different import when specifically used in
relation to different types of chemical hazards. That such a need for
standardization of terminology for avoiding ambiguity and confusion in
the use of the terms is vitally called for has been amply borne out through
experience gained in the formulation of Indian Standards relating to
laboratory, industrial and air pollution hazards.
0.2.1 This standard covers terms relating to chemical and radiation
hazards and hazardous chemicals. Terms relating to air pollution have
been covered separately. Terms relating to the principal chemical hazards,
such as corrosive, explosive, flammable, oxidizing, poisonous and radioactive substances, have been included in this standard.
0.3 In the preparation of this standard assistance derived in defining terms
used in nuclear science, from B.S. 3455: 1962 Glossary of Terms Used in
Nuclear Science, British Standards Institution, is gratefully acknowledged.

I. SCOPE
I.l This standard defines technical terms relating to chemical and radiation
hazards and hazardous chemicals.
1.1.1 It does not include terms relating to air pollution.

IS: 4155 - 1966

2. T.ERMINOLOGY
A

Abel Heat Test - British official heat test which is generally applied to
nitro-explosives. The principle of the test is to note the time required to
produce a standard tint on a potassium iodide-starch paper when the explosive is heated under.specified conditions.
Absorption - As applied to. chemical hazards, refers to the process of
penetration of a position into the body. A material is said to be absorbed
only when it has gained entry into the blood stream and consequently
may be carried to all parts of the body. This requires that substances pass
through the skin, mucous membrane or air sacs of the lungs.
As applied to radiation hazards, refers to processes by which radiation
imparts some or all of its energy to any material through which it
passes.
Acute - In the medical sense it means' of short duration", As applied
to materials inhaled or absorbed through the skin. it refers to a single
exposure. As applied' to materials ingested, it refers to a single dose.
Aerosol- A colloidal system in which the dispersion medium is a gas.
Airdose - X-ray dose expressed in roentgens delivered at a point in free
air. In radiological practice it consists of the dose due to the radiations of
the primary beam and to that scattered from surrounding air.
Allergen - The agent, the presence of which in the body gives rise to
allergy.
Allergenic Potential - A qualitative term that gives an idea of the
allergic action of a material. . A substance is said to have a high allergenic
potential, if, even very small amounts of that substance give rise to symptoms
of allergy.
Allergy - A state in which the cells, of the body are hypersensitive to
certain substances ( allergens), usually proteins, introduced into it. The
reactions of the. body exhibit themselves as oedema, inflammation and
destruction of tissue.
Alpha-Particle (IX-Particle) - A helium nucleus (consisting of two
protons and two neutrons) having a mass of 4 units and 2 units of positive
charge. It is a fundamental particle.,
Am.m.unition - Explosive substances when enclosed in any case or contrivance or otherwise adopted or prepared so as to form a cartridge or charge
for small arms, guns, rockets or other weapons and components thereof
such as 'caps, detonators, primers, boosters, fuzes. shells, warheads, etc.

IS: 4155 1966

Aaaesthetic - A substance which produces insensibility to touch, pain
and temperature with or without loss of consciousness.
Analgesic - A chemical, inorganic or organic, which relieves pain.
Aatibiotic - A substance produced by micro-organisms which inhibits
the growth ofor destroys other micro-organisms.
Aatidote - A substance given to a patient to counteract the effects
produced due to ingestion of a poisonous or toxic chemical or radioactive
material.
Aplastic Anaemia - Anaemia not followed by ordinary regeneration of
the blood.
.
Asphyxiant - A substance ( gas) exposure to which leads to a morbid
condition caused by the failure of the tissues to receive or utilise oxygen,
the fault occurring in the lungs, blood or tissues or caused by dilution of
atmospheric oxygen. .
Atomic Mass - The mass of an atom usually expressed in atomic mass
unit.
Atomic Mass Units ( AMU ) - One "Sixteenth the mass of one neutral
atom of oxygen equivalent to 166 X 10-24 g, 931 MeV, 149 X 10-8 ergs
or 0999 728 atomic weight units ( symbol amu ) ~ Recently atomic masses
have been expressed adopting 0-12 unit according to which one amu
equals one twelfth the mass of a neutral atom of Carbon-12.
Attenuation - The process by which a beam of radiation is reduced in
intensity when passing through some material. It is the combination of
absorption and scattering process and leads to a decrease in the flux density
of the beam, when projected through matter.
Attenuation Factor - The ratio of the incident intensity of a beam of.
radiation to the transmitted intensity.
Auto Ignition Temperature - The temperature at which a material
( solid, liquid or gas) will self-ignite and sustain combustion in the absence
of a spark or flame.
Autoradiograph - A self portrait of the radioactive material in an object
made by placing the object close to photographic plates or films which are
then developed.
B
Background Radiation - Radiation arising from radioactive material
other than the one directly under consideration. Background" radiation"
due to natural radioactivity and cosmic rays is always present. There may
also be background radiation due to the presence of radioactive materials in
other parts of the building, and in the building materials themselves.
5

IS: 4155-1966
Ballistic Pendulum - An apparatus for measuring the relative power of
different explosives as compared to a standard explosive by, determining
the weights of different explosives, which when fired will produce similar
deflection of the pendulum.
Ballistics - That branch of applied physics which deals with the motion
of projectiles and the conditions governing that motion, commonly called
the science of shooting.
Beta-Particle ( ~-Particle ) - Charged particle, emitted from the nucleus
of an atom and having a mass and charge equal in magnitude to those of
the elctron.
Binary Explosives - Mixtures of TNT with another explosive, such as
RDX, PETN or with another explosive and a non-explosive material such
as ammonium nitrate and aluminium powder.
Blasting Fuse - A device consisting of a length of slow burning composition which delays the firing of an explosive charge sufficiently to allow the
person firing it to get out of danger.
Bone Seeker - An element which tends to be deposited in the bones of the
body because it is either chemically similar to calcium or takes part in
bone-forming processes.
Booster - An intermediate high explosive charge in an ' Explosive Train',
. which is easily initiated by the primary charge and detonates at high speed,
thereby imparting sufficient impulse to the main explosive charge to detonate completely.
BreDlsstrahlung - Electromagnetic radiation resulting from interaction
between two charged particles ( usually an electron and a nucleus).
Drisance - Used for shattering power of an explosive as distinguished
from its total work capacity and indicates its ability to shatter and fragment
steel, concrete and other very hard structures and is dependent upon its
velocity of detbnation.
C
Cancer - The common term for malignant neoplasms or tumours. N eoplasias are new growths which occur in some organ or tissue. These can be
roughly divided into benign and malignant forms, though in certain cases
the distinction Is unclear.
Cap - That part of a cartridge or shell which is filled with a detonative
. composition and is fired by a percussion strike. I t ignites the propellant
charge in gun and small arm ammunition.
CarcinogeD - Any agent responsible for causing cancer.

IS 14155.1966
Characteri.de ( Discrete) Radiation - X:'radiation consisting of
discrete wavelengths which are characteristic of the emitting element.
Chronic - In the medical sense, this term is used' in contrast to ' Acute',
and means ' of long duration'. As' applied to materials inhaled or absorbed through the skin, it means exposure times of long duration. Asregards
material ingested, it refers to repeated doses.
Cleveland Open Cup Method - A method for determining the flash
point of a liquid. In this the vapour being experimented upon has free
access to' air and thus is slightly less concentrated than the one in the
'Closed Cup Method' (see also. ' Closed Cup Method' ).
Closed Cup Method - One of the methods for determining the flash point
of a liquid: In this method, measurements are made on a saturated vapour
air mixture obtained in a closed cup.
Combustible - Any material capable of combustion.
Combustion - The action or the process of burning, usually associated
with the development of light, heat and chemical combination.
Contact Dermatitis:"'- Inflammation of the surface of the skin or
epidermis due to physical contact with an allergy producing material.
"Qontact Radiation Therapy - X-ray therapy with specially constructed
tul/les in which the target-skin distance is very short ( less than 2 em}. The
,voltage employed is usually between 40 to 60 KV.
Contaminant - The substance giving rise to a contamination.
Contamiuauon- The objectionable presence ofsubstances which may be
'
,
either' poisonous or radioactive in nature.
Controlled Area - Area in which the occupational exposure to radiation
or .radloactive material of personnel is' under the supervision of a safety
officer. '
Core ~'The part of a nuclear reactor containing the fissionable material.
Corrosive - Chemicals which readily tend to attack materials in contact.
Cumulative Effect ( or a Poison) - The effects of certain poisons depend
not only on the dose, received at a particular time but also on, the doses of
the poison previously received. Thus a quantity of such a poison, innocuous in the first instalment, mayp'l'ove to be dangerous in subsequent ones.
Such an effect is said to be ' cumulative' in nature and is termed' Cumulative Effect' as such. Sometime such cumulative effect, will occur with
radiation,
Curie - The unit of radioactivity. It is the quantity of a radioactive isot'ope which disintegrates at the rate 9 37 000 millions disintegrations per
second. The activity of a gram of'radium is approximately equal to one curic.

IS : 4155 1966

D
Daughter - A synonym for 'Decay Product'
Decay Constant - The fraction of the number of atoms of a radioactive
element which decays in unit time.
Decay Product - A nuclide resulting from the radioactive disintegration
of a radio nuclide, formed either directly or as a result of successive transformations in a radioactive series. A decay product may be either radioactive or stable.
.
Decay, Radioactive - Disintegration of the nucleus ofan' unstable element
by the spontaneous emission of charged particles, or the nuclear capture or
ejection of orbital electrons of fission.
Decontallliaanon Factor - Ratio of the initial concentration of contaminating radioactive material to the final concentration after a separation
process.
Depth Dose - The radiation dose delivered-at a particular depth beneath
the surface of the body. It is usually expressed as a percentage of surface
dose or as a percentage of air dose.
.
Dermatosis - An affliction or inflammation of the deeper parts of the skin.
Detonation - The brisant explosion of a high explosive ( see' Brisance ' ).
Detonator - A device containing primary explosives with or without a
booster charge employed to bring about the detonation of more insensitive
explosives. The simplest form of a detonator consists of a drawn metallic
tube closed at one end and-filled with mercury fulminate or like explosive
with or without a~ooster charge.
Direct Radiation - Obsolete term for all radiation other than the useful
beam; now designated as leakage radiation (see' Leakage Radiation' }.
Disintegration, Nuclear - See' Decay, Radioactive '.
Dosage -..:. i) In the medical sense; a measure of any material, expressed in
suitable units, that gains entry into the body, and ii) in the radiation sense,
the amount of radiation to which the body or any material has been exposed.
Dose Rate - Radiation dose delivered per unit time.
DosiJDeter - Instrument used to detect and measure an accumulated
dose of radiation; in common usage it is a pencil size ionization chamber with
built in self-reading electrometer, used for personnel monitoring.
Dry CheJDical - One of the many types of fire extinguishers. The
composition depends on the type offire being fought against. The usual
ones encountered are sand, sodium chloride, sodium bicarbonate, graphite,
magnesium carbonate, magnesium oxide or a mixture of any or all of these,

IS: 4155 1966

E

Electron Captnre - A mode of radioactive decay involving the capture

01 an orbital electron by its nucleus. The mode is further designated as
K.~lectron capture, L-electron capture, etc, depending on whether the
.eapture is from the K-shell, or L-shell, etc. This is followed by emission
of X-rays..
Electron Volt { eV) - A unit of energy equivalent to the amount gained
by an electron in passing through a potential difference of one volt. Large
multiple units of the electron volt are frequently used, such as KeV for kilo
electron volts ( 1 000 eV ). MeV for million electron volts ( 106 eV ), and
BeV for billion electron volts (10' eV).
Energy Spectrnm - The orderly separation of the components of a beam
of radiation according to their wavelengths, frequencies for quantum
energies.
Enriched Material - i) Material in which the relative amount of one
or more isotopes of a' constituent has been increased, such as enriched
uranium, in which the abundance of U235 isotope is increased above
normal.
Epilation - The temporary or permanent removal of hair.
Erethism - An abnormal excitement of an organ-or tissue.
of mercury poisoning.

A symptom

Erythema - An abnormal redness of the skin, due to distension of the.

capillaries with blood. It can be caused by many different agents, such as
heat, certain drugs, ultraviolet rays, and ionizing radiation.
Esop Test - A test in which an explosive, such as picric acid, is mixed with
olive oil or cottonseed oil and trials are made in order to determine the
highest proportion of oil which may be present without causing failure to
detonate by the initiating explosive present.
Ezcitation - The addition of energy to a system by high energy particles
or radiations, such as an atom or nucleus thereby transforming it from its
ground state to an excited state, each different state being associated with
a definite excitation energy.
EKflosive - Substance, which under certain conditions of temperature,
shock or chemical action can decompose rapidly to evolve either large
volumes of, gases or so much heat that the surrounding air is forced to
expand very rapidly.
Explosive Range-- This is the range of concentration over which a parti.cular vapour or gas will be conducive for propagation of flames ( see also
'Flammability Limits').
.
9

IS I -1155- 1966

Esplosi"es, Classification of - Explosives may be classifiedinto three

distinct classes of materials according to their functioning characteristics,
such as:

a) Primary Explosives or Initiatory Explosives are those which explode or

detonate on application of smaIl external energy produced by
friction, sudden impact, or heat, for example, mercury fulminate
lead azide, lean styphanate, etc.
b) Low Explosives or Propellants are those which undergo auto-combustion at rates that may vary from a few centimetres per minute
to 400 metres per second. Examples of these are gunpowder,
NC powders and colloidal propellants containing nitrocellulose
and nitroglycerine with or without other ingredients;
c) High Explosives - These explosives are comparatively less sensitive
than primary explosives but when suitably initiated, undergo
very rapid, almost instantaneous, decomposition, with velocity of
detonation which may vary from I 000 to 8 500 metres per second.
Common example of these are TNT, cyclonites, dynamites, etc.
Esplosi"e Train - Series of explosive substances arranged according to
decreasing sensitivity and increasing power or brisance so as to enable a
SIDal1 impulse from an Initiator explosive develops into a sufficient powerful
impulse through the medium of intermediate explosives which will be sufficient to cause detonation of the main explosive filling or explosive charge.
I5sposare - The state of being subjected to the action of a poison or
roldiation.
Esternal Radiadon - That radiation reaching a given point in the
body or the irradiated material which is due directly or indirectly to a source
of radiation outside the body of material.
Esdngaisher - Any agent used to fight fire with a view to put it out.
Estremities - The hands, forearms and (with restrictions) the head and
the feet are considered extremities. The permissible exposure of these
area'll to radiation is greater, chiefly because they include lessblood-forming
material and have smaller volumes for energy absorption than other parts
of the body.
F
Fertility -- The ability to produce offsprings.
Fibrosis - The formation of fibrous tissue as a result of injury or inflammation of a part or of interference with its blood supply.
Film Badge - A pack of photographic film or films required to be worn by
radiation workers for assessment of personal radiation exposure.
10

IS I fl55.196&
FDter, Primary ( Radiology) - A sheet of material usually metal, placed
in the path of a' beam of radiation to remove as far as possible the lesspenetrating components. .
Filter, Secondary ( Radiology) - A sheet of material of lower atomic
number relative to that of the primary filter placed in the path of the filtered
beam of radiation to remove characteristic radiation produced by the
primary filter.
.
FJre - The chemical combination of oxygen with fuel accompanied by
evolution of thermal energy, indicated by incandescence or flame.
Fire Hazard - A term that connotes all the implied risks associated with
the start and spread of'fire,
Fiion - The splitting of a heavy nucleus into two ( or very i-areIy more)
approximately equal fragments, fission fragments. Fission is accompanied
by the emission of neutrons and the release ofenergy. It can be spontaneous
or it can be caused by the interaction of neutrons, or fast charged partida
or high energy proton.
F.UOD Products - Stable and unstable nuclides resulting from fission.
F.sloD Ylelcl - The fraction of fissions giving rise to one particular group
offissionproducts all having the same mass number.
Flammability Limit - A flame can propagate in a mixture of combustible
gas and air ( or oxygen) only if the concentration of the gas is between
two limits known as the lower and upper flammable ( exposure) limits.
Flaahles. Powders - ExploSive substances which give no visible Bash in
daylight and only a red glow at night. The flashlessness is effected by
reducing the explosion temperature by the addition of DNT, powdCred
metal, metallic salt, etc.
Flash POiDt - The lowest temperature of a liquid at which a ftame can be
propagated acrossthe surface of the liquidwhcn a standard ignitionsoUrce
is applied.
Plus - In nucleonics, the product of the number of particles per unit
volume and their velocity.
.
.
Foam - A suspension, often colloidal, of a gas in a liquid. In fire-fighting
terminology, a type of extinguisher, produced. by bubbling carbon dioxide or
some .other gas (which is not a supporter of combustion) through a liquid
containing foam producing material.
Fue1- Material which either by a process of combustion or nuclear chain
reaction is capable of liberating utilisable thermal energy.
Fumigaat - Substance used in the form ofvapour and aerosols for destroying microbes and insects.
II

IS: ,4155 1966

Fase - A tube, casing or cord, etc, filled with combustible material or

explosive material by means of which an explosive charge is initiated.
Faze - A mechanical device containing primary explosives with or without
booster explosive charge designed to function a projectile, a bomb or a
mine at a predetermined time and place.
G
Gaine - A device used for converting the flash produced by an igniferous
fuze into a detonation wave required to accomplish complete detonation of
the high explosive charge in a shell.
GallUDaRay (')'-Ray) - Electro-magneticradiation emitted by the nuclei
of radioactive substances during decay; similar in nature to X-rays.
Ga. Flow Coanter - A counter ( for measuring radioactivity.) in which
an appropriate atmosphere is maintained "in the counter tube by allowing
a suitable gas to flow slowly through the sensitive volume.
Geiger Muller CouDter - Highly sensitive gas filled device for counting
photons or charged particles by means of ionization they produce in a gas.
The voltage is maintained in the Geiger region.
Geiger RegioD - The operation voltage interval in an ionization detector,
in which the charge collected per ionizing event is essentially independent of
the number of primary ions produced in the Initial ionizing event.
CeDe - One of the factors or determinants responsible for,the inheritance of
. .:
specific character-differences between individuals.
Genetics - The branch of biology dealing with the phenomena of heredity
and variation.
Ground State - The state of a nucleus, an atom or a molecule, of the
lowest energy. All other states are termed C excited'.
H

HaJLit'e ( Biological) - The time required for the body to eliminate

one half of an administered' dose of any' substance by regular process of
elimination. This time is approximately the same for both stable and
radioactive isotopes of a particular element.
Balt.Life ( Effective) - Time required for a radioactive element absorbed
in the tissue ofan animal body to be diminished by half as a result of the
combined action of radioactive decay and biological elimination.
'.
lf lffi
Biological half-life X Physical half-life
Physical half-life
Effective ha e = Biological half-life

12

IS : 4155 1966
n.tt.Lite ( Physical) - The time taken for the activity of a radioactive
substance to tlecay to half its original value, that is, for half the atoms
present to disintegrate. Also termed' Half-Life, Radioactive', or merely
half-life.

Half Value Layer - The thickness of any particular material necessary to

reduce the int~nsity of an X-ray or y-ray beam to one-half'its original value.
Health Physics - The branch of radiological science dealing with the
protection of personnel from harmful effects of ionizing radiation.
HeDlolytic AnaeDlia- Anaemia accompanied by destruction of red
blood corpuscles.
Heredity- Transmission of characteristic and trains from parent to
.
offspring.
High Explosive...,... See' Explosives, Classification of'.
Hold Back CarrieI' - The inactive isotope or isotopes of a radioactive
element of similar properties, or some reagent, which may be used to diminish
the amount of a radionuclide coprecipitated or absorbed in a chemical
reaction.
I
Igniter - A device filled with combustible or explosive material used for
igniting safety fuse or initiating an explosive charge. .
Ignition - The initiation of an explosive or flammable mixture of 'gases,
v~pours or other substances.
.
laduced. &dioactivity - Radioactivity caused in a substance after
bombardment with neutrons, charged particles, .y-rays, etc.
lagestion - The act of swallowing materials so that they pass into the body.
Inhalation - As applied to chemical or radiation hazards the act ofbreath.
ing in or taking into the lungs harmful chemicals, toxic or radioactive, in
..
the form of vapours or fine dust or spray.
laitiating Explosive - Compounds that aresufficiently sensitive to friction, heat or impact, to underg9 detonation' or Combustion. under such
physical causes. These possessmore or less capacity to transmit a detonation
.
,.
wave to less sensitive explosives.
Integral'Dose - A measure of the total energy absorbed by a patient or
any object during exposure to radiation. According to British usage th~
Integral dose of X-rays or y-rays is expressed in gram-roentgens.
I.tennediaries - High explosives used to pickup the small but concentrated shock given by the initiator and transform it into a violent impulse to
13

IS : 4155 - 1966

detonate the shell. filling. Their sensitiveness lies between that of the
initiators and of bursting charges.
mternal Conversion - A transition between two energy states of a
is.not emitted as a photon (gaJ?lma ray) .
but 18 grven to an orbital electron In the K- or L-shell which 18 thereby
ejected from the atom.

nucl~us 'Yhere the energy difference

Internal Radiation Hazard - Possible adverse health conditions

attributable to radiation damage to an individual from internally deposited
radioactive materials.
Ionization Chamber - A device designed to measure the quantity of
ionizing radiation in terms of the charge of electricity associated with ions
.
produced in a defined volume.
IoDizing Radiation -Any electro-magnetic or particulate radiation
capable of producing ions, directly or indirectly, in its passage through
matter.
lrracUation - The exposure of materials to radiation.
Irritant - Any substance that causes local irritation when it comes into
contact with the skin or the mucous membranes.
&obar - One of two or more different nuclides having the same mass
numbe~
. .
Isopaer - One of two or more different nuclides having the same mass
number, and the same atomic number but differing radioactive properties
such as different half-lives due to difference in energy levels and to the
possibility of different decay patterns.
Isomeric Transition ( IT) - The process by which a nuclide decays to
an isomer of a lower energy state.
.
Isotone - One of two or more nuclides having the same number of
neutrons in their nuclei.
Isotope - One of two or more nuclides having the same number of protons
in their nuclei, and hence having the same atomic number, but differing
in the number of neutrons .and hence in the mass number or in energy content ( isomers}. Almost identical chemical properties exist between isotopes.
K

K-C.pture - Acommon term for capture of an electron from K-shell of

an atom by the nucleus ( a mode of radioactive decay).

14

IS : 4155 1966

L
Labelled Compound - A compound consisting in part of labelled molecules (see' Labelled Molecule ).
Labelled Molecule - A molecule containing one or more .atoms, radioactive or stable, characterized by non-natural isotopic composition.
Laukocytheuda - See' Leukaemia '.
LD59- The amount of poison (or the radiation dose) which will kill
one-half of a group of experimental animals. 'LD' stands for 'lethal dose'.
Lead Equivalent - The thickness of lead affording the same reduction in
radiation dose rate under specific conditions as the material in question.
Leakage Radilittion - See' Direct Radiation'.
Lesion. - Damage, injury, especially morbid change, in functioning or
texture of organs.
Leakaeuda - Adisease in which there isa great over production of white
blood cells or a relative over production of immature white cells, and great
enlargement of-the spleen. It is almost always fatal. It can be produced in
some animals by long, continued exposures to low intensities of ionizing
radiation.
Local- This term refers.to the site of action ofa poison and means that the
action takes place at the point or area of contact. The site may be the
skin or the mucous membranes.
Lower Explosive LiD1it ( L~L ) - The minimum percent by volume of
flammable vapour in air below which flame will not propagate in the mixture. See also' Explosive Range' and' Flammability Limit '.
Low Explosive - See' Explosive, .Classification of '.
M

Mass NUD1ber- The number of nucleons (protons and neutrons) in

the nucleus of an atom.
Maximum At;I~wable Concentration ( MAC) - The concentration of
a poison or toxic substance in air, expressed in suitable units, above which
its presence becomes harmful.
MaXimum Permissible Dose ---: The maximum permissible dose for an
individual is that dose, accumulated over a long period of time or resulting
from a single exposure, which, in the light of present day knowledge carries
a negligible probability ofsevere somatic or genetic injuries. Furthermore
it is such a dose that any effects that ensue more frequently are limited
to those of a minor nature that would not be considered unacceptable by
the exposed individual and by competent medical authorities.
15

IS I 4155. 1966
Median Lethal Dose - See ' LD 50'.
Milli Roentgen - 10-3 of a roentgen.
Monitoring - Periodic or continuous determination of the amount of
ionizing radiation or radioactive contamination or toxic substances present
in an occupied region as a safety measure for purposes of health protection.
Mono-Energetic Radiation- Radiation of a given type, [alpha (IX),
beta (~), neutron, gamma ..cY), etc] in which all particles or photons originate with, and have, the same energy.
Mortar Test - A test employed for measuring relative power of an explosive in comparison with a standard explosive.
.
Mutation - A change in the characteristics of an organism produced by
an alteration of the usual gene pattern.
. .
N
Narcotic - A substance which produces drowsine8!l, sleep, unconsciousness, etc, through its effect on the nervous system.

Neutron - Elementary nuclear particles with a mass approximately the

same as that of a hydrogen atom and having no electric charge.. Its mass ii
1008 986 mass units.
.
Nitrating Mixture - Mixture of nitric acid and sulphuric acid with or
without varying amounts of water, used in the manufacture of explosives
by nitration process.
Nu.clear Fission ...... See' Fission'.
Nuclear Reactor - An assembly in which controlled fission chain reaction
can be maintained and controlled. It usually incorporates a fuel, coolant
or moderator and other control mechanisms and most often surrounded by
a concrete biological shield to absorb neutrons and ionizing radiation.
.

Nucleon - A constituent of the nucleus, that is, a proton or a neutron.

Nucleus - The core ofan atom in which' the total positive electrical charge
and most of the mass of the atom are concentrated.
Nuclide - A species of atom characterised by its mass number, atomic
number and itS nuclear energy state, provided the mean life in that state
i.long enough to be observable.
p

Percussion - Initiation of primary explosive charge by impact striking to

produce a spark or an initial impulse to explode an explosive charge.

16

IS I 4155 -1966

Permililsible Explosives - Explosives permitted to be used in gassy

mines.
Pernicious AnaelDia - Macrocytic anaemia associated with gastro
intestinal and neutral disturbance and due to nutritional deficiency based
on defects in gastric secretions, marked by pallor, weakness, yellowish
colour of the skin, dyspnoea, palpitation and fever.
Photon ~ A quantum of electromagnetic energy whose value (E) in ergs is
the product of its frequency (v) in cycles per second and planck's
constant (8). The equation is E = hv,
Poison - Substances, assimilation' of which in small quantities, through
inhalation, ingestion or absorption results in systemic injury, acute toxic
conditions or death within a reasonable time following exposure.
PolycytheJDia - A disease characterised by over production of red blood
cells.
Prbaary Protective Barrier - Barriers sufficient to reduce the useful
X-ray beam to the permissible dose rate.
PrilDary Radiatiou - All radiation coming directly from the target of a
X-ray tube.
.
Prhner - A device containing explosives used to ignite a secondary explosive, etc.
PropeDant -A low explosive in which the rate of energy release by autocombustion can be controlled within limit (which may vary from a few
centimetres per minute to 400 metres per second) and which will thus
produce moderately high and sustained gas pressure for imparting acceleration to the projectile or the missile.
Proportional Counter "- Gas filled radiation detection device, in which
thepulse produced is proportional to the number of ions formed in gas by
the primary ionizing particle.
Protective Barriers - Barriers of radiation absorbing material, such as
lead. concrete and plaster that are used to reduce intensity of radiation.
Proton - Elementary nuclear particle with a positive electric charge,
equal numerically to the charge of the electron and having a mass
of 1007 594 mass units.
Q.uanmlD - Se.B Photon '.
R
ltacl- This is the unit of absorbed dose of any ionizing 'radiation and
corresponds to the absorption of 100 ergs/g of the absorbing medium. The
roentgen and the rad (in soft tissues) .are approximately equivalent in

magnitude.
17

IS I 4155 - 1966
Radiation - A term which embraces electro-magnetic waves, in particular X-rays and y-rays, as well as streams of fast moving charged particles
{ electrons, protons, alpha-particles, etc) and neutrons of all velocities, that
IS, all the waves by which energy is given offby an atom.
Radiation Hazard - The risk to health arising from exposure to ionizing
radiation. It may be due to external radiation or due to radiation from
radioactive materials within the body.
Radiation Hygiene - A term synonymous with C Radiological' Health '.
Radiation Sickness - A self limited syndrome characterized by nausea.
vomitting, diarrhoea and psychic depression following exposure to appreciable doses of ionizing radiation, particularly of the abdominal region.
Radiation Therapy - Treatment of a disease with any type of radiation.
Radioactivity - Phenomenon, wherein, certain' nuclides undergo spontaneous disintegration, in which energy is liberated, generally resulting in the
formation of new nuclides. ' The process is accompanied by the emission of
one or more types of radiation such as lX-particles, (i-particles and ~rays.
Radioautograph - See' Auto Radiograph '.
Radiological Health - The art and science of protecting human beings
from injury by radiation.
Radiological Survey - Evaluation of the radiation hazard incident to the
production, use or existence of radioactive materials or other sources or
radiation under a specified set of conditions.
Radiology- The medical science of-radioaai-ve .substances, X-rays and
other ionizing radiation and the application of the principles of thisscieace..
to diagnosis and treatment of disease.
'
Recovery (Radiology) -,- The return towards normal of a particular
cell, tissue or organism after radiation injury.
,
Relative Biological Eft"ectiveness (RBE) - The ratio ofy-ray or X.~ay
dose to the dose that is required to produce the same biological effect by
the radiation in question.
Roentgen - The quantity of X-radiation or gamma-radiation such that
the associated corpuscular emission per 0'001 293 g of air produces, in air,
ions carrying 1 esu ( electrostatic units) of quantity of electricity of either
sign.
Roentgen Equivalent Man (REM) - That quantity of any type of
ionizing radiation, which, when absorbed by man, produces an effect equivalent to the absorption by man of one roentgen of X-radiation or gammaradiation.
18

IS : 4155 - 1966
Roeotgeo Equivaleot Physical (REP) - The amount of ionizing
radiation which will result in the absorption in tissue of 93 ergs per g.
Roeotgenography - Radiography by means of X-rays.
Roentgenology - That part of radiology which pertains to X-rays.
Roentgen Rays - X-rays.
Rotation Therapy - Radiation therapy during which either the patient is
rotated before the source of radiation or the source is revolved around the
patient. In this way, a larger dose is built up at the centre of rotation
within the body of the patient than on any area of the skin.
Rutherford - a) A unit of radioactivity equivalent to lOll disintegrations
per second.
b) A quantity of a nuclide having an activity of one Rutherford.

S
Safety Fuse - It consis~ of a train of slow burning gunpowder enclosed in
waterproof covering andusedfor initiation of a detonator or an explosive
charge from a safe distance.
Sarcoma - See' Cancer ',
Scattered R,adiation - Radiation, which, during its passage through a
substance has been deviated in direction. . It may also have been modified
by increase in wavelength. It is one form of secondary radiation.
Sc:iotillation Counter - The combination of phosphor, photomultiplier
tube and associated circuitry for counting light emissions produced in the
Phosphorby radiation.
Secondary Protective Barriers- Barriers sufficient to reduce stray
radiation to the permissible dose rate.
Secondary Radiation - Radiation originating as the result of absorption
of other radiation in matter. It may by electromagnetic or particulate
in nature.
Sedative - A drug possessing the property of producing soothing effect.
Shock Wave - A compression wave caused by sudden rise of pressure
due to release of large quantitr of gaseous products at high temperature
resulting from decomposition 0 the explosive material.
.
Sigmoid 'Curve - S-shaped curve, often characteristic of a dose-effect
curve in radio-biological studies.
Skin Dose ( Radiology) - Dose at centre of radiation field on skin.
It is the sum of the ail' dose and that due to the back scattered radiation.

19

IS 14155 1966
Softness - A relative specification of the quality or penetrating power of
X-rays. In general, the longer the wavelength, the softer the radiation.
Soporific - A substance that causes sleep or drowsiness.
Specific Activity CODlpound - Total radioactivity of a given isotope
per gram of a given compound.
3pecific Activity EleDlent - Total radioactivity of a given isotope pt<r
gram of element.
Specific Activity, Isotope - Total radioactivity of a given isotope per
gram of the radio isotope.
Specificlonization-'- Number of'ion pairs produced by the ionizing radiation when passing through matter per unit length of the tract of radiation.
Spontaneous Ignition - Many substances combine with .atmospheric
oxygen at ordinary temperature and liberate heat. If the heat is liberated
faster than it is dissipated, a fire can start. This process is called spontaneous
ignition.
Stabilizer - Substances, such as diphenylamine centralites which are
added to explosives, such as nitrocellulose and nitroglycerine to prevent them
from gradual decomposition due to storage. .These additives neutralize the
nitric acid produced thus preventing enhanced degradation rates.
Sterility ( Biological) - Temporary or permanent incapability to reproduce.
.
StiDlulant - A substance that temporarily quickens some vital process or
the function of an organ.
Stray Radiation - Radiation not serving any useful purpose. It includes
direct radiation and secondary radiation from irradiated objects.
Susceptibility to Spontaneous Ignition (SSI) - The tendency to
undergo spontaneous ignition ( see' Spontaneous Ignition' ).
SYDlpathetic Detonation -' Detonation caused by transmission of a high
energy shock wave through air emanating from one explosive charge to
another explosive charge at some distance resulting in the detonation of the
latter.
Sym.ptODl - Evidence of a disease or disorder as experienced by a patient.
SyndroDle -:- A concurrence of several symptoms or signs in a disease
which are characteristic of it.
SysteDlic - Effect of a poison at a site of action other than the paint of
application. This presupposes that absorption has taken place.

20

IS: 4155-1966

T
Teletherapy - A technique of using a radioisotope as a radiation source
in which the radio element is shielded on all sides except one, thus giving a
directional beam ofradiation directed at the. area to be treated.
Threshold Dose -The minimum dose that will produce a detectable
degree of any given effect.
Threshold Limit Value - The concentration of a contaminant or toxic
substance in air at which, on the basis of present day knowledge, workers
may be repeatedly exposed without any perceptible adverse effect on their
health during the life time. . This value should be used as a guide in the
control of health hazards and should not be regarded as a fine line between
safe and dangerous concentrations.
Tissue Dose - Dose received by a tissue in the region of interest.
case X-rays and y-rays, tissue doses are expressed in roentgens.

In the

Tolerance Dose - The amount of radiation which may be received with

expectation of no significantly harmful result. A more acceptable term is
Maximum Permissible Dose'.
Tosicity-The poisonous nature ofa substance (see also 'Poison').
Tosicology -.,... That branch of science which deals with the nature and
effect of poisons.
Tracer, I&otopic - The isotope or non-natural mixture of isotopes of an
element which may be incorporated into a sample to make possible observation of the course of that element, above or in combination, through chemical, biological or physical processes. The observations may be made by
measurements of radioactivity or by isotopic abundance.
Trauzl. Lead Block Test - A test based on the volume of the cavity
produced when a given weight of an explosive is fired in a bore-hole in a
lead block of specific dimensions.
Tumour - Generally refers to abnormal tissue growth in the body, often
associated with swelling.

V
Velocity of Detonation - The speed at which detonation travels through
the mass of the explosive and depends upon a number of factors such as
density, degree of confinement and temperature.
X
X-Rays - Electromagnetic radiation resulting from extra nuclear loss of
energy of charged particles ( namely, electrons) and having shorter wavelength than ultraviolet radiation.

21

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