Design of Foundation

Chapter six
Design of Foundation
STRUCTURAL DESIGN OF A FOUR STOREY BUILDING FOR FACULTY OF MEDICINE, TAIZ
157
Chapter six
6.1 General
The primary function of all structural elements is to transfer the applied dead and imposed
loading from whichever source to the foundation and subsequently to the ground. The type
of foundation required in any particular circumstance is dependent on number of factors
such as:
1- The magnitude and type of applied loading,
2- The pressure which the ground can safely support,
3- The acceptable levels of settlement,
4- The location and proximity of adjacent structures, and
5- The soil properties and conditions.
6.2 Type of Foundations

1.
2.
3.
4.
Isolated footing for individual columns.

Combined footing for two adjacent columns.
Strip footing.
Raft footing.
5. Piles footing
The different types of footing used in our project are mentioned below:
1. Isolated footing for individual columns.
2. Combined footing for two adjacent columns.
The choice is usually made from experience but comparative designs are often necessary to
determine the most economical type to be used.
However, for a soil with safe bearing capacity of 230 kN/m2, and normal soil properties
for this project, it may said that isolated footing and combined
-The final pressure transferred by the footing area into the soil should not exceed
than the safe bearing capacity of the soil .
-The size of footing has been determined from working loads including self weight of
footing .
-Thickness of footing must be sufficient to resist the shear forces and punching shears.
Type of foundation currently used is explained as follows:
6.2.1 Pad (Isolated) Footing:

These are normally adopted for single columns (either steel or concrete),
And can be either square or rectangular in plan see fig. (6.1). When only concentric vertical
loading is applied, square pads are applied, assuming a uniform pressure under the whole
base area. If the applied loading is eccentric or if a moment is applied to the base, then it is
more efficient to adopt a rectangular base. In this case the pressure under the base is
assumed to vary linearly.
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Chapter six
(a) Rectangular isolated footing
(a) Square isolated footing
Fig. (6.1) Show different type of isolated footing.
6.2.2 Combined Footing:

These are normally adopted for two columns either when they are relatively close together
or when one of the columns is adjacent to an existing structure. The shape of combined
footing is generally rectangular, trapezoidal or combination of two rectangles, as shown in
fig. (6.2). In the last case, a rib-beam the same width as the column is often incorporated
either the whole length of the base or between the columns. This foundation can be
designed as a T-section and requires less concrete.
a) Rectangular combined
footing.
b) Trapezoidal combined
footing
c) Combined rectangular
footing
Fig. (6.2) Show different type of combined footing.
The dimension of a combined footing can be determine such that the resultant load from the
columns passes through the centroid of the base area. In this case the resulting pressure on
the soil will be uniform.
A rectangular base does not always provide the most economic arrangement due to the
difficulty of making the resultant load pass through the centroid of the base area. The
trapezoidal base has the disadvantage of the detailing and cutting the transverse
reinforcement. It is most suitable when there is a large variation in the column loads and
there are limitations on the dimension of the foundation. The combined rectangular solution
can be used in most cases.
6.3 Design of Pad Footin

6.3.1 Critical Section for Bending:
The critical section which considered for bending is at the face of the column in a pad
footing or the wall in a strip footing and extending across the full width of the base as
159
Chapter six
shown in fig. (6.3). The area of reinforcement required is calculated in the same manner as
for beam using clause (3.4.4.4) of BS8110-1. The minimum and maximum area of steel
reinforcement is determined by using Table (3.25) and clause (3.12.6) of BS8110-1
respectively
Fig. (6.3) Show the critical section for bending.
6.3.2 Distribution of Reinforcement:

The code states arbitrarily that when " " exceeds [(3/4)* (3d + C)], two thirds of
required reinforcement for a given direction should be concentrated within a zone from the
centerline of column to a distance 1.5d from the face of column.
Where:
C = column width.
d = effective depth of footing.
= half the spacing between column centers (if more than one) or the distance to the edge
of the pad, whichever is the greater.
Otherwise, reinforcement may be distributed uniformly over . The reason for this is that
although base pressure is assumed to be uniform, the bending moment tends to be
somewhat higher towards the column than away from it. The concentration of
reinforcement below the column area allows for this higher bending moment.
6.3.3 Critical Section for Shear:

The critical sections which should be considered for shear are as shown in fig. (6.4).
The shear stress at the column face should not exceed the maximum values indicated in
BS8110-1, clause (3.7.7.2);
The direct shear stress should be checked at distance of 1.0d from the column face, and if it
is less than from table 3.8 of code no shear reinforcement is required. If the direct shear
is more than
the depth of the footing should be increased. It is normal practice to make
the base sufficiently deep so that shear reinforcement is not required. The depth of the base
is controlled by the design for shear.
6.3.4 Critical Section for Punching Shear:

The punching shear force is the sum of the loads outside the periphery of the critical
section. Refer to clause 3.7.7.6 of the code. The punching shear failure should be checked
160
Chapter six
distance of 1.5d from the column face see fig. (6.4), and if it is less than from table 3.8 of
code no shear reinforcement is required. If the Punching shear is more than
the depth of
the footing should be increased.
Fig. (6.4) Show the critical section for direct shear and punching.
6.3.5 Cracking:
See the rules for slabs in clause 3.12.11.2.7 of the code. The bar spacing is not to exceed 3d
or 750 mm, but much lesser spacing is possible depending on the amount of flexural steel
supplied.
6.3.6 Minimum grade of concrete

The minimum grade of concrete to be used in foundations is grade C35 to meet the
serviceability requirement of BS8110-1.
6.3.7 Nominal cover

Clause 3.3.1.4 of the code states that the minimum cover should be 75 mm if the concrete
is cast directly against the earth, or 40mm if cast against adequate blinding.
Table (3.2) of the code classes non-aggressive soil as a moderate exposure condition.
6.3.8 Design procedure:

The isolated footing should be checked for bending, direct shear, and punching shear.
The shearing forces and bending moments are caused by the ultimate design loads from the
column and the weight of the base should not be included in these calculations. The
thickness of the base is often governed by the requirement for shear resistance. The
principle steps in the design calculations are as follows:
Calculate the plan size of the foundation using the permissible bearing pressure and
the critical loading arrangement for the serviceability limit state; i.e. working load.
Assume a suitable value of thickness (h) and determine the effective depth (d).
Check for maximum soil pressure.
Calculate the bearing pressure associated with the critical loading arrangement at the
ultimate limit state; i.e. ultimate load.
Determine the reinforcement required to resist bending.
Check the distribution of reinforcement.
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Chapter six
Check that the shear stress at column face is less than
whichever is the smaller.

Check that the direct shear stress at a section 1.0d from the column face is less than vc
from table 3.8 of code.
Check that the punching shear stress on a perimeter 1.5d from the column face is less
than from Table 3.8 of code.
Finally the details of reinforcement are drawing.
Note: design procedure for isolated footing can be used for design of other type of footing.
Reinforcement to resist bending in the bottom of the base should extend at least a full
tension anchorage length beyond the critical section for bending.
6.3.9 Specification:
In our project, the design of all different type of footing using the following specification:
Characteristic strength of concrete
=
Characteristic strength of steel
=
Soil bearing capacity
=
Nominal cover for mild condition of exposure = 50 mm (BS8110-1, Clause 3.3.1.4
6.4 Calculation sheet of Design of isolated footing located under column
Fig. (6.6) Show the layout of isolated footing (D2) in plan.
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Chapter six
Loading:
From etabs analysis for frame (C-C) and (21-21) we get:
(KN.m)
N (kN)
(KN.m)
Ultimate Load
3047
35
-Working Load 2123.35
24.4
---
Note:
Column dimension 850 mm*400 mm
Area of footing:
Determination area of footing:
Where:
: Working load which transferred from building.
Assume self-weight of footing = 8% of
:. Area required including weight of footing:
Rectangular Footing (3.53.0) = 10.5

L = 3.5 m
B=3m
Determination depth of footing:
Fig.(6.7) Show layout of footing area
Actual weight of footing = 3*3.5*0.7*24 = 176.4 KN
Check for area:

(
)
(
Area is satisfactory
Check for maximum soil pressure:

:. Total working Load (
) = (176.4 +2123.35) = 2299.7 kN.
Working soil stress below base:
163
Chapter six
(
)
(
)
stress is ok.
Structural Design of Footing:

Design stresses computation:
Determine ultimate soil stress below shaded area (See fig. (6.7):
Ultimate soil stress =
(
. /
Analysis and design:

a) The results of analysis:
Bending moment :
About (x-x) axis:

The critical section of moment at face support about (X-X)
see fig. (6.8)
(
Shear force:
The critical shear will be at distance "d" from the column face
(
)
(
)
Fig.(6.8) Show the critical

section of moment about X axis
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Chapter six
About (Y-Y) axis:
The critical section of moment at face support about (Y-Y)
see fig. (6.9)
.
Shear force:
The critical shear will be at distance "d" from the column face
The critical value of shear about (y-y)axis:
(
)
(
)
b) Design for moment

About (x-x) axis:
Provide 15 16mm@ 200 mm c/c (3020
Fig.(6.9) Show the critical

section of moment about Y axis
About (Y-Y) axis:
Provide 18 16mm@ 200 mm c/c (3618
Check for steel reinforcement distribution:

(
(
)
(
)) (
Lcy< (
(
)) (the distribution of bars is equally)
Total steel reinforcement is distributed along the width
(
)
(
165
Chapter six
(
)) (
(
)
(
)) (the distribution of bars is equally)
Lcx< (
(
Check for Crack:

Max. Spacing = 3*d = 3*642 = 1926 mm or 750 mm.
Actual spacing = 200 mm < max. Spacing.
The crack is satisfactory
Check for maximum shear at face of column:

Perimeter of column (u0) =2*400+2*850 = 2500 mm
Maximum shear at face of column is with acceptable limit.

Max. Shear in acceptable limit.
Check for critical vertical shear:

The shear stress at distance "d" from face of support:
The critical value of shear about Y-Y axis:
) (
( ) (
Vertical shear is satisfied.
Check for punching shear :

The critical section of punching shear at distance "1.5d" from the face of support see
fig.(6.10)
Perimeter of punching shear zone =
,(
)-
166
Chapter six
*
+
Punching shear force =
*(
)(
)++-
} .
/ .
Area of reinforcement at zone of Punching:

(
Fig. (6.10) Show the critical

section of punching shear
))
(
(
(
)
)
( ) (
Punching shear is satisfied.
Detail of isolated footing:

The arrangement of steel reinforcement of combined footing is shown in fig. (6.11)
167
Chapter six
Fig. (6.11) Show the detail of reinforcement of isolated footing
Table (6.1) Isolated Footing

Location
of footing
F9
F1
F2
F3
F4
R.C.C Area of
Footing
Bottom Reinforcement
Short Direction
(B1)
3
3
1.6
3.4
2.9
3.5
2.6
2.5
3.4
2.8
0.7
0.6
0.6
0.7
0.6
T 16-200mmc/c
T 16-225mmc/c
T 16-225mmc/c
T 16-175mmc/c
T 16-225mmc/c
Long Direction
(B2)
T 16-200mmc/c
T 16-225mmc/c
T 16-225mmc/c
T 16-175mmc/c
T 16-225mmc/c
The other footing are designed using Excel sheets. See Drawing & Tables in an Appendix 5
168
Chapter six
6 .5 Calculation sheet of Design of combined footing located under columns for:
Fig. (6.12) Show the layout of combined footing on plan.
Loading:
From Etabs analysis for frames (8-8 ),(9-9) and (G-G) we get:
Column A
(8-G)
Column B
(9-G)
Column
dimension
Dead
load
Live
load
Working
load
Ultimate
Load
250*600
978
373
1351
1966
250*600
849
233
1082
1562
2433
3528
TOTAL
Note: moments resulting from column are very small; so it can be neglected.
Area of footing:
Determination the position of Resultant maximum Load:

By taking moment about center line of column A we get:
R = (1966 + 1562) = 3528 KN
Hence; the distance of resultant from center line of
Determination area of footing:

Distance between column (A and B) = 2.8 m
169
Chapter six
Where:
Working load which transferred from building.
Assume self-weight of footing = 10% of

:. Area required including weight of footing:
:. Provide L = 5 m, B = 2.5 m.
Rectangular Footing (
Fig. (6.13) Show the plan area of combined footing
Determination depth of footing:

Actual weight of footing = 2.5*5*0.6*24 = 180 KN
h = 600 mm area is satisfactory
170
Chapter six
Check for maximum soil pressure:
- Case (1) all max (CA+CB) :
By taking moment about center line of column A we get:
Fig. (6.14) Case 1 (all max)
So Eccentricity Distance (e) = 1.24 1.24 = 0.00

Therefore position of resultant load at center of the footing, so there is no moment due
eccentricity.
- Case (2) max on ( )and min on (
):
By taking moment about center line of column A we

get:
Fig.(6.15) Case 2 (CA(max) and CB(min))
So Eccentricity Distance (e) = 1.24 1.08 = 0.16

(
171
Chapter six
- Case (3) max on (CB)and min on (CA):
By taking moment about center line of column A

we get:
Fig. (6.16) Case 3 (CA (min) and CB (max))
So Eccentricity Distance (e) = 1.24 1.47= -0.23

(
Provided area is satisfactory
Structural Design of Footing:

Design stress computation:
Determine ultimate soil stress below base :
- Case (1) all max (
):
By taking moment about center line of column A we get: Fig. (6.17) Case (1) all max(
So Eccentricity Distance (e) = 1.24 1.24 = 0,

Therefore position of resultant load at center of the footing, so there is no moment due
eccentricity
172
Chapter six
Ultimate soil stress below base:
- Case (2) max on (CA)and min on (CB):
By taking moment about center line of column 'A'

we get:
Fig. (6.18) Case (2) max on (CA)and min on (CB):
So Eccentricity Distance (e) = 1.24 0.84 = 0.4 m

(
. /
- Case (3) max on (CB)and min on (CA):
By taking moment about center line of column 'A' we

get:
Fig. (6.19) Case (3) max on (CB)and min on (CA):
173
Chapter six
So Eccentricity Distance (e) = 1.24 1.72 = -0.48 m

(
. /
Analysis for actions in longitudinal direction :

The results of analysis:
- Case (1) all max (
):
The results of analysis are shown in fig. (6.20)
Fig.(6.20) Show load B.M.D. and S.F.D. for case (1)
174
Chapter six
- Case (2) max on ( )and min on (
):
Fig.(6.21) Show load, B.M.D. and S.F.D. for case (2)
- Case (3) max on (
)and min on ( ):
Fig.(6.22) Show load, B.M.D. and S.F.D. for case (3)
175
Chapter six
Diagrams of envelope moment and shear for longitudinal direction:
The envelope bending moment and shear force diagram shown in Fig. (6.23)
Fig.(6.23) Show envelope B.M.D. and S.F.D. for all case
Analysis for actions in transverse direction :

Ultimate soil stress in this direction is uniform
Hence, Max. Design stress
(from load case 2).
Bending moment
The critical section of moment at face support see fig. (6.24)

Design moment per meter width:
(
Fig. (6.24) Show the critical section of transverse moment

Shear force:
Design shear per meter width:

176
Chapter six
(
)
)
Design of longitudinal reinforcement :

The critical moment occur at face support
a) For bottom reinforcement (A1):
From analysis moment at face CA =381 KN.m (from case 2)
))
))
Provide 10 16mm @ 250 mmc/c
Check for steel reinforcement distribution:

(
))
(
.
(
)
)) (The distribution of bars is equally).

b) For top reinforcement (T1):
From analysis moment between column A and B = 256 KN.m (from case 1)
))
))
177
Chapter six
Provide10 16mm @ 250mmc/c
This area is provided along whole length of footing.
Design of transverse reinforcement :

a) For bottom reinforcement (A1):
From analysis the moment at face column = 211 KN.m
))
))
Provide 5 16mm@225mmc/c
b) For top reinforcement (T2):
provided nominal reinforcement
Provide 4 116mm@250mmc/c
178
Chapter six
Check for Crack:
Max. Spacing = 3*d = 3*542 = 1626 mm or 750 mm.
Actual spacing = 250 mm < max. Spacing.
crack is satisfactory
Check for maximum shear at face of column:
Max. Stress =
Check for critical vertical shear:

The critical shear will be at distance "d" from the column face and the critical value of shear
about (y-y):
From analysis
at column 'A' (from case 1)
Shear stress at distance "d" from face of column A:
) (
Vertical shear is satisfied
Check for maximum punching shear :

Perimeter of column (u0) =2*250+2*600 = 1700 mm
179
Chapter six
Maximum shear at face of column is with acceptable limit.
Check for critical punching shear :

The critical section of punching shear at distance "1.5d" from the face of support see fig.
(6.25)
Fig. (6.25) Show the critical section of punching shear
Perimeter of punching shear zone

,
,(
)-
Punching shear force = ,

(
*(
( )
) (
)+
+)
180
Chapter six
(
))
+ (
Area of reinforcement at zone of Punching:

(
) ((
)
(
))
Punching shear is satisfied.
Detail of combined footing:

The arrangement of steel reinforcement of combined footing is shown in fig. (6.26)
181
Chapter six
Fig. (6.26) Show the detail of combined footing (F11) in block A

Table (6.2) Design of Combined Footings
R.C.C. Area of
Footing
Name
of
footing
b (m)
L (m)
h (m)
F11
2.5
0.60
Bottom Reinforcement
Long
Direction
(B1)
Short
Direction
(B2)
Top Reinforcement
Long
Direction
(T1)
Short
Direction
(T2)
T16-250mm T16-225mm T16-250mm T16-250mm
The other footing are designed using Excel sheets. See Tables in an Appendix 5
182

Design of Foundation

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Design of Foundation

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Chapter six

STRUCTURAL DESIGN OF A FOUR STOREY BUILDING FOR FACULTY OF MEDICINE, TAIZ

6.2 Type of Foundations

Isolated footing for individual columns.

6.2.1 Pad (Isolated) Footing:

STRUCTURAL DESIGN OF A FOUR STOREY BUILDING FOR FACULTY OF MEDICINE, TAIZ

(a) Rectangular isolated footing

(a) Square isolated footing

Fig. (6.1) Show different type of isolated footing.

6.2.2 Combined Footing:

Fig. (6.2) Show different type of combined footing.

6.3 Design of Pad Footin

Fig. (6.3) Show the critical section for bending.

6.3.2 Distribution of Reinforcement:

6.3.3 Critical Section for Shear:

6.3.4 Critical Section for Punching Shear:

6.3.6 Minimum grade of concrete

6.3.7 Nominal cover

6.3.8 Design procedure:

STRUCTURAL DESIGN OF A FOUR STOREY BUILDING FOR FACULTY OF MEDICINE, TAIZ

Check that the shear stress at column face is less than

whichever is the smaller.

6.4 Calculation sheet of Design of isolated footing located under column

Fig. (6.6) Show the layout of isolated footing (D2) in plan.

STRUCTURAL DESIGN OF A FOUR STOREY BUILDING FOR FACULTY OF MEDICINE, TAIZ

Rectangular Footing (3.53.0) = 10.5

Determination depth of footing:

Fig.(6.7) Show layout of footing area

Actual weight of footing = 3*3.5*0.7*24 = 176.4 KN

Check for area:

Check for maximum soil pressure:

Structural Design of Footing:

Analysis and design:

About (x-x) axis:

Fig.(6.8) Show the critical

STRUCTURAL DESIGN OF A FOUR STOREY BUILDING FOR FACULTY OF MEDICINE, TAIZ

b) Design for moment

Provide 15 16mm@ 200 mm c/c (3020

Fig.(6.9) Show the critical

About (Y-Y) axis:

Provide 18 16mm@ 200 mm c/c (3618

Check for steel reinforcement distribution:

STRUCTURAL DESIGN OF A FOUR STOREY BUILDING FOR FACULTY OF MEDICINE, TAIZ

Check for Crack:

Check for maximum shear at face of column:

Maximum shear at face of column is with acceptable limit.

Check for critical vertical shear:

Vertical shear is satisfied.

Check for punching shear :

Perimeter of punching shear zone =

STRUCTURAL DESIGN OF A FOUR STOREY BUILDING FOR FACULTY OF MEDICINE, TAIZ

Area of reinforcement at zone of Punching:

Fig. (6.10) Show the critical

Punching shear is satisfied.

Detail of isolated footing:

STRUCTURAL DESIGN OF A FOUR STOREY BUILDING FOR FACULTY OF MEDICINE, TAIZ

Fig. (6.11) Show the detail of reinforcement of isolated footing

Table (6.1) Isolated Footing

STRUCTURAL DESIGN OF A FOUR STOREY BUILDING FOR FACULTY OF MEDICINE, TAIZ

6 .5 Calculation sheet of Design of combined footing located under columns for:

Fig. (6.12) Show the layout of combined footing on plan.

Determination the position of Resultant maximum Load:

Hence; the distance of resultant from center line of

Determination area of footing:

Working load which transferred from building.

Assume self-weight of footing = 10% of

Fig. (6.13) Show the plan area of combined footing

Determination depth of footing:

h = 600 mm area is satisfactory

STRUCTURAL DESIGN OF A FOUR STOREY BUILDING FOR FACULTY OF MEDICINE, TAIZ

By taking moment about center line of column A we get:

Fig. (6.14) Case 1 (all max)

So Eccentricity Distance (e) = 1.24 1.24 = 0.00

- Case (2) max on ( )and min on (

By taking moment about center line of column A we

Fig.(6.15) Case 2 (CA(max) and CB(min))

Actual weight of footing = 33.50.7*24 = 176.4 KN