AS/NZS 4600:1996

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Australian/New Zealand Standard

Cold-formed steel structures

AS/NZS 4600:1996
This Joint Australian/New Zealand Standard was prepared by Joint Technical
Committee BD/82, Cold-formed Steel Structures. It was approved on behalf of the
Council of Standards Australia on 4 October 1996 and on behalf of the Council of
Standards New Zealand on 4 October 1996. It was published on 5 December 1996.

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The following interests are represented on Committee BD/82:

Association of Consulting Engineers, Australia
Australian Chamber of Commerce and Industry
Australian Institute of Steel Construction
Bureau of Steel Manufacturers of Australia
CSIRO, Division of Building, Construction and Engineering, Australia
Heavy Engineering Research Association, New Zealand
Institution of Professional Engineers of New Zealand
Metal Building Products Manufacturers Association, Australia
Metal Roofing and Cladding Manufacturers Association, New Zealand
Metal Trades Industry Association of Australia
University of Queensland, Australia
University of Sydney, Australia
Welding Technology Institute of Australia

Review of Standards. To keep abreast of progress in industry, Joint Australian/

New Zealand Standards are subject to periodic review and are kept up to date by the issue
of amendments or new editions as necessary. It is important therefore that Standards users
ensure that they are in possession of the latest edition, and any amendments thereto.
Full details of all Joint Standards and related publications will be found in the Standards
Australia and Standards New Zealand Catalogue of Publications; this information is
supplemented each month by the magazines The Australian Standard and Standards
New Zealand, which subscribing members receive, and which give details of new
publications, new editions and amendments, and of withdrawn Standards.
Suggestions for improvements to Joint Standards, addressed to the head office of either
Standards Australia or Standards New Zealand, are welcomed. Notification of any
inaccuracy or ambiguity found in a Joint Australian/New Zealand Standard should be made
without delay in order that the matter may be investigated and appropriate action taken.

This Standard was issued in draft form for comment as DR 95246.

AS/NZS 4600:1996

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Australian/New Zealand Standard

Cold-formed steel structures

PUBLISHED JOINTLY BY:

STANDARDS AUSTRALIA
1 The Crescent,
Homebush NSW 2140 Australia
STANDARDS NEW ZEALAND
Level 10, Radio New Zealand House,
155 The Terrace,
Wellington 6001 New Zealand
ISBN 0 7337 0795 5

AS/NZS 4600:1996

PREFACE
This Standard was prepared by the Joint Standards Australia / Standards New Zealand
Committee BD/82 on Cold-formed Steel Structures to supersede AS 1538 1988,
Cold-formed Steel Structures Code.
The objective of this Standard is to provide designers of cold-formed steel structures with
specifications for cold-formed steel structural members used for load-carrying purposes in
buildings and other structures.

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This edition incorporates the following major changes to the previous edition:
(a)

The Standard is now in a limit states format.

(b)

The use of cold-formed carbon or low-alloy steel sheet, strip, plate or bar not more
than 25 mm in thickness is included.

(c)

Ductility, the design for earthquake, stiffened and unstiffened elements with stress
gradient, partial edge and intermediate stiffeners, design of members subject to tension,
beams and columns with one flange through-fastened to deck or sheeting, the use of
a reduction factor for the design of purlins, distortional buckling, design of
concentrically loaded compression members, combined axial tensile load and bending,
cylindrical tubular members, screw fasteners, and testing allowing for variability of the
structural units and testing provisions for single-point fasteners, are included.

Sections 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 of this Standard are mainly based on the 1996 edition of the
American Iron and Steel Institute Load and Resistance Factor Design Specification for
Cold-Formed Steel Structural Members.
A statement expressed in mandatory terms in a note to a table is deemed to be a requirement
of this Standard.
The terms normative and informative have been used in this Standard to define the
application of the appendix to which they apply. A normative appendix is an integral part
of a Standard, whereas an informative appendix is only for information and guidance.

Copyright

STANDARDS AUSTRALIA/ STANDARDS NEW ZEALAND

Users of Standards are reminded that copyright subsists in all Standards Australia and Standards New Zealand publications and software.
Except where the Copyright Act allows and except where provided for below no publications or software produced by Standards Australia
or Standards New Zealand may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system in any form or transmitted by any means without prior permission
in writing from Standards Australia or Standards New Zealand. Permission may be conditional on an appropriate royalty payment. Australian
requests for permission and information on commercial software royalties should be directed to the head office of Standards Australia.
New Zealand requests should be directed to Standards New Zealand.
Up to 10 percent of the technical content pages of a Standard may be copied for use exclusively in-house by purchasers of the
Standard without payment of a royalty or advice to Standards Australia or Standards New Zealand.
Inclusion of copyright material in computer software programs is also permitted without royalty payment provided such programs are
used exclusively in-house by the creators of the programs.
Care should be taken to ensure that material used is from the current edition of the Standard and that it is updated whenever the Standard
is amended or revised. The number and date of the Standard should therefore be clearly identified.
The use of material in print form or in computer software programs to be used commercially, with or without payment, or in commercial
contracts is subject to the payment of a royalty. This policy may be varied by Standards Australia or Standards New Zealand at any time.

AS/NZS 4600:1996

CONTENTS
Page

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SECTION 1 SCOPE AND GENERAL

1.1
SCOPE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.2
REFERENCED DOCUMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.3
DEFINITIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.4
NOTATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.5
MATERIALS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.6
DESIGN REQUIREMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.7
NON-CONFORMING SHAPES AND CONSTRUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
SECTION 2 ELEMENTS
2.1
SECTION PROPERTIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.2
EFFECTIVE WIDTHS OF STIFFENED ELEMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.3
EFFECTIVE WIDTHS OF UNSTIFFENED ELEMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.4
EFFECTIVE WIDTHS OF UNIFORMLY COMPRESSED ELEMENTS
WITH AN EDGE STIFFENER OR ONE INTERMEDIATE STIFFENER . . .
2.5
EFFECTIVE WIDTHS OF EDGE-STIFFENED ELEMENTS WITH ONE
OR MORE INTERMEDIATE STIFFENERS, OR STIFFENED ELEMENTS
WITH MORE THAN ONE INTERMEDIATE STIFFENER . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.6
ARCHED COMPRESSION ELEMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.7
STIFFENERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5
5
5
10
20
25
27

30
32
36
38

42
44
44

SECTION 3 MEMBERS
3.1
GENERAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.2
MEMBERS SUBJECT TO TENSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.3
MEMBERS SUBJECT TO BENDING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.4
CONCENTRICALLY LOADED COMPRESSION MEMBERS . . . . . . . . . . .
3.5
COMBINED AXIAL LOAD AND BENDING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.6
CYLINDRICAL TUBULAR MEMBERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

47
47
48
62
65
67

SECTION 4 STRUCTURAL ASSEMBLIES

4.1
BUILT-UP SECTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.2
MIXED SYSTEMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.3
LATERAL RESTRAINTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.4
WALL STUDS AND WALL STUD ASSEMBLIES .

.
.
.
.

69
70
70
74

SECTION 5 CONNECTIONS
5.1
GENERAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.2
WELDED CONNECTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.3
BOLTED CONNECTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.4
SCREWED CONNECTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.5
BLIND RIVETED CONNECTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.6
RUPTURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.7
OTHER CONNECTIONS USING ANY TYPE OF FASTENERS . . . . . . . . .

75
75
84
88
90
92
92

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AS/NZS 4600:1996

Page

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SECTION 6 TESTING
6.1
TESTING FOR DETERMINING MATERIAL PROPERTIES . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
6.2
TESTING FOR ASSESSMENT OR VERIFICATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
APPENDICES
A LIST OF REFERENCED DOCUMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
B FLEXURAL MEMBERS SUBJECTED TO POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE
BENDING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
C PROTECTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
D DISTORTIONAL BUCKLING STRESSES OF GENERAL CHANNELS,
LIPPED CHANNELS AND Z-SECTIONS IN COMPRESSION
AND BENDING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
E SECTION PROPERTIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
F UNSTIFFENED ELEMENTS WITH STRESS GRADIENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
G STANDARD TESTS FOR SINGLE-POINT FASTENER CONNECTIONS . . . 111

Originated in Australia as AS 1538 1974.

Previous edition AS 1538 1988.
Jointly revised and designated AS/NZS 4600:1996.

AS/NZS 4600:1996

STANDARDS AUSTRALIA/STANDARDS NEW ZEALAND

Australian/New Zealand Standard
Cold-formed steel structures
S E C T I O N

S C O P E

A N D

G E N E R A L

1.1 SCOPE This Standard sets out minimum requirements for the design of structural
members cold-formed to shape from carbon or low-alloy steel sheet, strip, plate or bar not
more than 25 mm in thickness and used for load-carrying purposes in buildings. It may also
be used for structures other than buildings provided appropriate allowances are made for
dynamic effects.

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This Standard does not apply to the design of structures subject to fire, fatigue and brittle
fracture.
1.2 REFERENCED DOCUMENTS
in Appendix A.

The documents referred to in this Standard are listed

1.3 DEFINITIONS For the purpose of this Standard, the definitions below apply.
Definitions peculiar to a particular Clause or Section are also given in that Clause or Section.
NOTE: In this Standard, terms in square brackets relate to New Zealand use.

1.3.1 Action [Effect] the cause of stress, dimensional change, or displacement in a

structure or a component of a structure.
1.3.2 Action effect [Action] or load effect [action] the internal force, moment,
deformation, crack, or like effect caused by one or more actions [effects].
1.3.3 Arched compression element a circular or parabolic arch-shaped compression
element having an inside radius-to-thickness ratio greater than 8, stiffened at both ends by
edge stiffeners. (See Figure 1.3(d).)
1.3.4 Bend portion adjacent to flat elements and having a maximum inside radius-tothickness ratio (ri/t) of 8. (See Figure 1.1.)
1.3.5 Braced member one for which the transverse displacement of one end of the
member relative to the other is effectively prevented.
1.3.6 Can implies a capability or possibility and refers to the ability of the user of the
Standard, or to a possibility that is available or that might occur.
1.3.7 Capacity [Strength reduction] factor a factor used to multiply the nominal
capacity to obtain the design capacity.
1.3.8 Clinching structural fastening of two or more flat elements by single-point
embossing or piercing without using additional material.
1.3.9 Cold-formed steel structural members shapes that are manufactured by
press-braking blanks sheared from sheets, cut lengths of coils or plates, or by roll forming
cold- or hot-rolled coils or sheets; both forming operations being performed at ambient room
temperature, that is, without manifest addition of heat as required for hot-forming.
1.3.10 Design action effect [Design action] or design load effect [design action] the
action [effect] or load effect [action] calculated from the design actions [design forces] or
design loads.

COPYRIGHT

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AS/NZS 4600:1996 Cold-formed steel structures

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