MITRES 6 007S11 hw20 Sol PDF
MITRES 6 007S11 hw20 Sol PDF
MITRES 6 007S11 hw20 Sol PDF
Solutions to
Recommended Problems
S20.1
(a) The Fourier transform of the signal does not exist because of the presence of
growing exponentials. In other words, x(t) is not absolutely integrable.
For the case a = 1, we have that
(b) (i)
x(t)e -'
(ii)
= 3e'u(t) + 4e 2 u(t)
Although the growth rate has been slowed, the Fourier transform still
does not converge.
For the case a = 2.5, we have that
x(t)e-'' = 3e-0-5 t u(t) + 4e 0 5 tu(t)
(iii)
The first term has now been sufficiently weighted that it decays to 0 as t
goes to infinity. However, since the second term is still growing exponen
tially, the Fourier transform does not converge.
For the case a = 3.5, we have that
x(t)e -"' = 3e -' 5 t u(t) + 4e - 0 "'u(t)
Both terms do decay as t goes to infinity, and the Fourier transform con
verges. We note that for any value of a > 3.0, the signal x(t)e -' decays
exponentially, and the Fourier transform converges.
(c) The Laplace transform of x(t) is
3
X(
s-2
7(s -7)
s-3
(s - 2)(s - 3)'
and its pole-zero plot and ROC are as shown in Figure S20.1.
Im
s plane
--- -F/
Re
2 17 3
7
Figure S20.1
Note that if a > 3.0, s = a + jw is in the region of convergence because, as we
showed in part (b)(iii), the Fourier transform converges.
S20-1
S20.2
(a) X(s)
Ls
+ a
or
o> -a,
Im
s plane
-4w
Re
Figure S20.2-1
(b) X(s) =
or
o>-a,
Im
s plane
Re
Figure S20.2-2
(c) X(s) =
--
atu(-t)e
dt =
-e (s+a)t dt =
JW-
s + a
if Re~s) + a < 0, o + a < 0, , < -a.
e(s+a)
s + a
Figure S20.2-3
S20.3
(a) (i)
(ii)
Im
s plane
XRe
-2
Figure S20.3-2
(iii)
Im
s plane
Re
)X
-2
Figure S20.3-3
(b) Since there are no poles present, the ROC exists everywhere in the s plane.
a = 1 must be in the ROC. Therefore, the only possible ROC is that shown
(c) (i)
in Figure S20.3-4.
(ii)
Im
s plane
-2
Figure S20.3-5
0
2
Re
(iii)
(d) (i)
in Figure S20.3-7.
s plane
-
Re
Figure S20.3-7
(ii)
Im
2
s plane
Re
-2
Figure S20.3-8
s plane
Figure S20.3-9
Constraint on ROC for Pole-Zero Pattern
x(t)
(a)
(b)
(d)
(c)
(i) Fourier
transfor_
-2
<
< 2
Entire s plane
a> -2
a > 0
a< -2
Entire s plane
o< -2
a < 0
o> 2
Entire s plane
a> -2
a> 0
converges
(ii) x(t) = 0,
t > 10
(iii)x(t) =0
Table S20.3
S20.4
(a) For x(t) right-sided, the ROC is to the right of the rightmost pole, as shown in
Figure S20.4-1.
Im
s plane
Re
Figure S20.4-1
1 =
(s+ 1)(s + 2)
s+ 1
s + 2'
so, by inspection,
x(t) = e -t u(t) - e
2t
U(t)
(b) For x(t) left-sided, the ROC is to the left of the leftmost pole, as shown in Figure
S20.4-2.
Im
s plane
2u
1-
Re
Figure S20.4-2
Since
X(S)
s +1
s+
we conclude that
fi(t)u(- t) + fA(t)u(t)
We know the inverse Laplace transforms of the following:
1
S+ 1
1
s + 2
e ~'u(t),
I-e'u(-t),
assuming right-sided,
assuming left-sided,
e- u(t),
assuming right-sided,
-e
assuming left-sided
-2'U(-t),
Which of the combinations should we choose for the two-sided case? Suppose
we choose
x(t) = e -u(t) + (-e -2')u(-t)
We ask, For what values of a does x(t)e -0' have a Fourier transform? And we
see that there are no values. That is, suppose we choose a > -1, so that the
first term has a Fourier transform. For a > -1, e - 2 te -'' is a growing exponen
tial as t goes to negative infinity, so the second term does not have a Fourier
transform. If we increase a, the first term decays faster as t goes to infinity, but
the second term grows faster as t goes to negative infinity. Therefore, choosing
a > -1 will not yield a Fourier transform of x(t)e -'. If we choose a 5 -1, we
note that the first term will not have a Fourier transform. Therefore, we con
clude that our choice of the two-sided sequence was wrong. It corresponds to
the invalid region of convergence shown in Figure S20.4-3.
Im
s plane
-0 '/
-2 --
Re
Figure S20.4-3
If we choose the other possibility,
x(t) = -e-u(-t) - e
2n(t),
splane
-2
-,
Re
Figure S20.4-4
S20.5
h(r)x(t - r) dr
h(r)e -"dr
,s=a
y(t)
H(s) sale't,
s= -1/2
+ 2e-' 13H(s)
s= -1/3
so that
y(t) = 2e -t/2 + 3e ~'/'
for all t.
Method 2
We consider the solution of this problem as the superposition of the response
to two signals x 1 (t), x 2(t), where x 1 (t) is the noncausal part of x(t) and x 2 (t) is the
causal part of x(t). That is,
xi(t) = e -t/2U(-t) + 2e t /3 U( -),
x 2(t) = e - t 2u(t) + 2e - t 3u(t)
This allows us to use Laplace transforms, but we must be careful about the ROCs.
Now consider L{xi(t)}, where C{-} denotes the Laplace transform:
-Lxi(t)}
Xi(s)
1
s+
_
2
,
s+ 3
Re{s) <
-1
1
2
1
2
1)'
(s+i)(s+
(s+1)(s+i)
3
-2
-3
2
s+1
s+i
s+I
5
s+1
2
s+i
s+1'
s+1'
2'
The pole-zero plot and associated ROC for Yi(s) is shown in Figure S20.5-1.
Im
s plane
Re
-1__u1
Figure S20.5-1
X2(s)
Y2 (s)
Y2(s) =
1+1
S
1-IS-
2 i,
+
X 2(s)H(s) =
s+i
Re{s} >
(s + 2)(s + 1)
-3
s+i
s+1'
2
s+1
'
(s + 1)(s+
1)'
t 3
/ u(t)
The pole-zero plot and associated ROC for Y2(s) is shown in Figure S20.5-2.
s plane
3
2
FY
Figure S20.5-2
for all t
S20.6
(a) Since
X(s) =
x(t)e -s dt
X(s)
s=,+j
x(t)e -"'e-" dt
We see that the Laplace transform is the Fourier transform of x(t)e -'' from the
definition of the Fourier analysis formula.
27r
X[s)
e'f' dw
,+jo
-_
x(t)
27r
-oo
X(s)
=-I
and letting s = a +
jw yields ds
x(t) =
(+jw)t
dw
dw,
j dw:
-2
1ei'
X(s) l,4j.]
rj
X(s)e' ds
_-joo
Solutions to
Optional Problems
S20.7
(a) X(s) =
s + 1
Refs) > -1
1
,
+ 1
Therefore,
(b) X(s) =
Re{s) < -1
x(t) = -e- t u(-t)
(c) X(s)
S2
+ 4'
Refs) > 0
Since
eisot
1
S -j
s + jw 0
L{cos(wot )u(t)}
= -e*ot
L{cos(wot)u(t))
if
X(s) =
12
1.
+ - e-"=-
1(1
22 Jo
1=+
s+jo
+ W2
2s
(d) X(s)
s+1
2=s 2 + 5s + 6
x(t)
x(t)
s - s +1
=
s2(s -
s-i1
s-s
-e - 2 tu(t) + 2e - 3 u(t)
S2 _
(g) X(s) =
s(s -1)
s2 s-_1)
-1 +-1
-1+
1
+
+ s
s s2
S +
+ 1) 2
(S +
(h) X(s) =
- tu(t)
u(-t)
(S + 1)2
S(s
1
t
x(t) = -e
1)
S1
x(t)
2
-1
s+1
s + 3'
s + 2
(s + 2)(s + 3)
e - 2 tu(-t) - 2e - 3 u(-t)
(e) X(s)
(f) X(s)
2
-1
,so
+
s + 2 s + 3
s+1
(s + 2)(s + 3)
< Res}
>
3s
- 3s
(S +
1)2
3(s + 1)
(S + 1)2
(S + 1)2>
1)2
s + 1
(s + 1)2 + 4
Consider
Y(s)
+ 4
y(t) = cos(2t)u(t)
Now
f(t)e ~
x(t) = e
F(s
+ a),
cos (2t)u(t)
S20.8
The Laplace transform of an impulse ab(t) is a.Therefore, if we expand a rational
Laplace transform by dividing the denominator into the numerator, we require a
constant term in the expansion. This will occur only if the numerator has order
greater than or equal to the order of the denominator. Therefore, a necessary con
dition on the number of zeros is that it be greater than or equal to the number of
poles.
This is only a necessary and not a sufficient condition as it is possible to con
struct a rational Laplace transform that has a numerator order greater than the
denominator order and that does not yield a constant term in the expansion. For
example,
X(s)
s2 + 1
s
which does not have a constant term. Therefore a necessary condition is that the
number of zeros equal or exceed the number of poles.
S20.9
(a) x(t) = e -a'u(t),
X(s) =
s + a'
a < 0,
(b)
x(t) = -e
X(S)
a'u(-t),
a > 0,
1,
s -- a
Figure S20.9-2
a > 0,
X(s)-
s- a'
s plane
Figure S20.9-3
(d) x(t) = e
a > 0,
-a" I
t
X(S)
1
s+a
-1
-,
s-a'
Im
s plane
-a
Figure S2 0.9-4
-S dt=-,
s
s plane
Figure S20.9-5
X(s) =
fb(t
(g) x(t) =
T0 a k t-kT ),
k=0
X(s) =
t
6(t - kT)e -s dt
ak
k=0
Lake -skT
k=0
< 1. Now
1
T
s > - log a
2sT < 0 -
we have that
x(t) = cos b costwot)u(t) - sin b sin(wot)u(t)
cos(W0 t)
sin(wot)
Wo
2 + W2
s2
+2
we have
X(s) = cos b
s
S
X(s) =cosb
- sin b
2o2
0x
0o
[s - (tan b)wo]
s2 + W2
'
s plane
- Re
--o0
Figure S20.9-6
(i) Consider
xi(t) = sin(wot + b)u(t)
= (sin wot cos b + cos wot sin b)u(t)
Using linearity and the preceding sin w0t, cos wot pairs, we have
X 1(s) = cos b
X 1 (s)
s2 +
+ sin b
W2
s2 +
[s + (cot b)wo]
sin bW
F(s + a),
we have
X(s)
(s + a)2 + o'
with the ROC as given in Figure S20.9-7.
oC '
Im
-a + jo
span~e
Re
-(a + wo cot b)'
-a -jcoo
Figure S20.9-7
S20.10
(a) X(s)
x(t)e-" dt
Consider
t)e
X 1(s) =
S"
dt
X1(s) =
=X(-s),
X(-s).
x(t)e -" dt
Consider
X 1(s)
-x(-t)e - dt,
-x(t'e"' dt'
X 1(s) =
=-X(S),
but X 1(s)
(c) We note that if X(s) has poles, then it must be two-sided in order for x(t) =
x(-t).
(i)
Ks
s
X(s) = (
(s + 1)(S - 1),
-Ks
X(-s) =
(-s + 1)(-s - 1)
so x(t) # x(- t).
-Ks
# X(s),
(s - 1)(s + 1)
S20-18
(ii)
X(S)
=K(s
+ 1)(s - 1)
S
X(-s)
(iii)
X(S)
K(s + j)(s - j)
(s + 1)(s - 1)'
X(-s)
(iv)
(d) We see from the results in part (c)(i) that X(s) = -X(-s), so the result in part
(c)(i) corresponds to an odd x(t) with an ROC as given in Figure S20.10-2.
Im
s plane
Re
Figure S20.10-2
Parts (c)(ii) and (c)(iv) do not have any possible two-sided ROCs. Part (c)(iii) is
even, as previously shown, and therefore cannot be odd.
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