Transport Phenomena - LEC 5
Transport Phenomena - LEC 5
Transport Phenomena - LEC 5
By
Farhan Ahmad
Course outline:
Viscosity and the mechanism of momentum transport
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Recommended Books
Text Book
Transport Phenomena
2nd Edition
R. Byron Bird, Warren E. Stewart and Edwin N. Lightfoot
Reference
Books
1.
2.
Hill.
3.
4.
Welty, J.R., Wicks, C.E., Wilson, R.E., Fundamentals of Momentum, Heat, and Mass
Transfer, 3rd edition, John Wiley & Sons, 1984.
5.
6.
7.
An Introduction
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Subject
Transport Phenomena
Subject code
Ch.E - 407
Contact hours
Credit hours
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Transport Phenomena:
What
.. ???
Why
.. ???
How
..
???
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Levels
Macroscopic
Microscopic
Molecular
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Problems:
Class 1
Class 2
Class 3
Class 4
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Suggestions:
Always read the text with pencil and paper in hand; work through the
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Basic Concepts:
Conserved Quantities
Chemical species
Mass
Momentum
Energy
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Basic Concepts:
Rate Equation
It describes the transformation of conserved quantity.
Transformation of conserved quantity is based on specified unit of time (Rate).
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Types of Balances
Overall Balance
Differential Balance
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1.
2.
3.
Accumulation term
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Momentum Transport
Viscosity and Mechanism of Momentum Transport
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o Matter
Solid
Fluid
Liquid
Gas
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Momentum Transfer:
o Fluid Mechanics
Fluid Statics
Fluid Dynamics
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o Viscosity
o Newton's Law of Viscosity
o Applications of Newtons Law
o Kinematic Viscosity
o Viscosity in Laminar flow
o Viscosity in Turbulent flow
o Viscosity of gases
o Viscosity of liquids
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o Rheology
o Types of fluids
o Newtonian fluids
o Non-Newtonian fluids
o Viscoelastic fluids
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Non-Newtonian fluids:
Time Independent
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Non-Newtonian fluids:
The functional dependence between the shear stress and the velocity gradient is
more complex.
We can write in the most general format:
dvx
f yx ,
, fluid properties 0
dy
Where,
= Apparent Fluid Viscosity, a function of either yx / dvx/dy / both
decreases with shear rate
increases with shear rate
independent of shear rate
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Turbulence Model:
Zero equation model
Baldwin-Lomax model
Cebeci-Smith model
One equation model
Spalart-Allmaras model
Baldwin-Barth model
Two equation model
K-omega model
K-epsilon model
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For mixtures:
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Example 1.3-1
Estimate the viscosity of
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The methods and problems in this chapter apply only to steady flow.
Pressure, density, and velocity components at each point in the stream do not
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Momentum
Rate of change of momentum
Momentum flux
Momentum balance or Conservation of momentum
Ways of momentum transfer
Shell momentum balance
Steps in shell momentum balance
Boundary conditions
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0
Momentum In Momentum Out on the system
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
A combination of these simple analysis lead to complex geometries and flow systems
8.
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velocity.
Use the velocity distribution to get other quantities, such as the maximum
velocity, average velocity, or force on solid surfaces.
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Boundary conditions:
At solid-fluid interface
o fluid velocity equals the velocity with which the solid surface is moving
At liquid-gas interface
o Momentum flux in liquid phase is very nearly zero.
At liquid-liquid interface
o Momentum flux perpendicular to the interface, and velocity are continuous across the
interface.
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surface.
V fluid
at the wall
Vwall
SYMMETRY
At the plane of symmetry in flows the velocity field is the same on either
side of the plane of symmetry, the velocity must go through a minimum or a
maximum at the plane of symmetry.
Thus, the boundary condition to use is that the first derivative of the
velocity is zero at the plane of symmetry
V fluid
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xm
0
at the plane of symmetry
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STRESS CONTINUITY
When a fluid forms one of the boundaries of the flow, the stress is
For a viscous fluid in contact with an inviscid (zero or very low viscosity fluid)
At the boundary, the stress in the viscous fluid is the same as the stress in the
inviscid fluid.
Since the inviscid fluid can support no shear stress (zero viscosity) this means
that the stress is zero at this interface.
The boundary condition between a fluid such as a polymer and air, for example,
would be that the shear stress in the polymer at the interface would be zero.
This same boundary condition would require that the stress in one fluid
equal the stress in the other at the boundary.
ij fluid 1 at the boundary ij fluid 2 at the boundary
VELOCITY CONTINUITY
When a fluid forms one of the boundaries of the flow then along with
stress at the boundary, the velocity is also continuous from one fluid to
another.
V fluid 1
at the boundary
V fluid 2
at the boundary
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Width = W
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Shell
z
Direction
of
Transport
W
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x+x
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WL xz x
surface area
WL xz xx
shear (force/area) at the
surface x+ x
surface area
WLx g cos
Volume of Shell
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WL xz x WL xz xx WLx g cos 0
Divide the equation by the volume of the shell and make the shell as thin as possible:
lim
x 0
xz
x x
xz
Definition of derivative:
x
g cos 0
d f ( x)
f ( x x) f ( x)
lim
x 0
dx
x
d xz
g cos
dx
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xz g cos x C
Linear
Upon deriving this equation nothing has been said about the fluid behavior. Hence, it is
applicable to Newtonian as well as non-Newtonian fluids.
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dv z
xz
dx
d xz
g cos
dx
d 2 vz
g cos
2
dx
At solid-fluid interface
the velocity is zero
x0
x=0
xz
vz 0
x=
d 2 vz
g cos
dx 2
g cos
vz
2
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2
x C1 x C2
2
g 2 cos x
vz
1
2
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dv z
0
dx
2
g 2 cos x
vz
1
2
This is the velocity distribution in the film. It is parabolic in shape (only for Newtonian fluids)
Average velocity
2
g 2 cos x
vz
1
2
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vz
Maximum velocity
max, at x = 0
g 2 cos
Average velocity
(defined as the mean velocity when multiplied by the cross section area will give the
volumetric flow rate)
W
vz
v
0 0
W
dxdy
dxdy
v z dx
0
g 2 cos 2
vz
v z, max
3
0 0
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gW 3 cos
Q
Fz g WL cos
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xz m
d
m
dx
dvz
dx
n 1
dv n
z
g cos
dx
A Nonlinear ODE
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dvz
dx
Momentum Equation
d xz
g cos
dx
Step 7: physical constraint
x0
xz
vz 0
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dv z
0
dx
n
vz
n 1
n 1
g cos
1
x
1
n1
n n 1 g cos
n 1
m
Maximum velocity
vz
Average velocity
n n 1 g cos
vz
2n 1
m
nW
Q
2n 1
max, at x = 0
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2 n 1
gW cos
m
1
n
vz
vz
max
x 2.77
1
Compare with
Newtonian Fluids
vz
vz
max
x
1
Non-Newtonian fluid
Newtonian fluid
1.0
V/(V)max
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1
x/
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