Coordinating teacher:

Lect. Univ. Dr. Chiper Sorina

Realized by: Adam Mdlina

Croitoriu Alexandra Maria
Dobrea Sergiu Alin

Grap Elena
Hran Olivia

Iai
-2014-

Contents
Chapter I. Historical background...................................................................................... 3
Chapter II. Cyprus' cuture.............................................................................................. 5
2.1. Religion........................................................................................................ 5
2.2. Cyprus Traditions and Customs........................................................................... 6
2.3. Cultural dimensions......................................................................................... 8
Chapter III. Cyprus' tourism........................................................................................... 9
3.1. Paphos................................................................................................................ 9
3.2. Legends....................................................................................................... 11
3.3. Limassol...................................................................................................... 14
3.4. Ayia Napa.................................................................................................... 15
3.5. Protaras....................................................................................................... 16
3.6. Nicosia........................................................................................................ 16
3.7. Larnaka....................................................................................................... 17
Chapter IV. The economy of Cyprus............................................................................... 18
Webography:............................................................................................................ 20

Chapter I. Historical background

Cyprus is the third largest island in the Mediterranean with an area of 9.251 square
kilometers. It lies in the north-eastern corner of the East Mediterranean basin, at the meeting
point of three continents - Europe, Asia and Africa - a fact which has added considerably to
the island's importance and development.
Since early times Cyprus has had an eventful history, mostly the result of its
geographical position. It appeared for the first time in the history of civilisation in the 7th
millennium B.C. in the 13th century B.C., the Mycenean Greeks came for this first time to
Cyprus as merchants and immigrants. They settled and they introduced the Greek language
and culture both of which have been preserved to this day. At the end of the 4th century B.C.
Cyprus became part of the Kingdom of Alexander the Great.
During the first century B.C. it became a province of the Great Roman Empire and
remained as such untilthe 4th century A.D. when it was included in the eastern part of the
Roman Empire. This marks the beginning of the Byzantine period, which lasted until the 12th
century A.D. when, during the Crusades, King Richard Coeur de Lion, conquer edtheisland.
Verysoon, however, Cyprus came undertherule of the Lusignan family, which remained and
ruled Cyprus until the 15th century.
In 1489 Cyprus became part of the Republic of Venice and in 1571 it was conquered
by the Ottomans. Cyprus remained under Ottoman rule together with the Greek mainland and
the other Greek islands for centuries. However, after the 1821 Greek uprising and the
liberation struggle, the various parts of Greece gradually attained independence. Cyprus also
participated in the Greek War of Independence and a large number of Cypriots fought and fell
during this war, particularly in the battle of Athens in 1828. 1
At the beginning of Greece's War of Independence a number of Bishops in Cyprus
were hanged by the Turkish occupation authorities, having been accused of supporting the
revolution. The question of the incorporation of Cyprus in theGreek state was raised soon
after 1830, but it did not become possible and Cyprus remained under Ottoman rule until
1878. In that year the expansionist policy of Tsarist Russia caused the Turkst ocede Cyprus to
Britain which promised to help Turkey in the event of an attack by Russia on certain
bordering provinces.
The Turco-British agreement was concluded in complete disregard of the wishesand
interests of the Cypriot people, who demandedincorporation of theirisland as part of Greece.
At theoutbreak of theFirst World War, Cypruswasannexedtothe British Empire, and in 1925 it
wasformallydeclared a British Crown Colony. BythattimeTurkeyhad, undertheTreaty of
Lausanne of 1923, Article 16, renounced all claim to Cyprus and by Article 27 of the same
Treaty divested itself of the exercise of anypower or jurisdiction in political, legislative, or
administrative matters over the nationals of Cyprus.
When Cyprus was declared a British Crown Colony, the Turkish population of the
island - descendants of members of the Turkish occupation force and expatriates from Turkey
- were invited to choose between repatriation to Turkey or permanent settlement in Cyprus,
and a number of them chose to remain in Cyprus. At that time it had never been intended or
expected, that the Turkish minority would become the arbiters of the country's destiny. From
1878 when Cyprus washanded over to Britain, until April 1955, when the struggle for

1 ***http://www.hri.org/Cyprus/Cyprus_Problem/p_background.html
3

liberation from British rule was started by the Greek Cypriots, the Turks in Cyprus
intermingled with the Greek people and lived in peace and harmony with them.2
In 1958, Greek Cypriot nationalist leader Archbishop Makarios began calling for
Cypriot independence rather than union with Greece. During this period, Turkish Cypriots
began demanding that the island be partitioned between the Greek and Turkish populations.
Cyprus became an independent nation on Aug. 16, 1960, after Greek and Turkish Cypriots
agreed on a constitution, which excluded both the possibility of partition as well as of union
with Greece. Makarios became the country's first president.
Fighting between Greek and Turkish Cypriots flaredup in theearly 1960s, and a UN
peacekeeping force was sent to the island in 1965. On July 15, 1974, Archbishop Makarios
was overthrown in a military coup led by the Cypriot National Guard. On July 20, Turkey
invaded Cyprus, asserting its right to protect the Turkish Cypriot minority. Turkey gained
control of 30% of northern Cyprus and displaced some 180,000 Greek Cypriots. A UNsponsored cease-fire was established on July 22, and Turkish troops were permitted to remain
in the north. In Dec. 1974, Makariosa gain assumed the presidency. The following year, the
island was partitioned into Greek and Turkish territories separated by a UN-occupied buffer
zone.

2 ***http://education.stateuniversity.com/pages/336/Cyprus-HISTORY-BACKGROUND.html
4

Chapter II. Cyprus' cuture

2.1. Religion
Cyprus as whole is comprised of many different religions, yet, in terms of majorities
there are only two. In the southern part for the most part the majority (78 %) are considered as
being followers of the Greek Orthodox Church and its faith. In the north the majority of the
population can be considered as being Muslims and thus followers of Islam (18 %). The rest
(4 %) are the smaller religious groups of the Anglicans, Roman and Latin Christians,
Maronites, Armenian Orthodox, Greek Evangelics, Jews and others.
Greek Orthodoxy
The Greek Cypriots make a part of The Eastern Orthodox Communion and the Greek
Orthodoxy means the right belief and do not recognize the Catholic Pope but instead only a
Patriarch of Constantinople as their leader. It represents a body of Christians whose origins
extend directly back to Jesus and his Apostles via unbroken Apostolic Succession. Its
doctrines and foundation were attributed to Saint Barnabas, Paul and Mark (45 A.D.).
However, after thousand years of the existence the differences made clear between the
Western and Eastern Roman Empire and led into the Great Schism in 1054 AD, splitting the
Roman Catholics from the Eastern Orthodox.
From Greece, it was rapidly spread throughout Cyprus, the proof of which is the
number of Orthodox churches scattered over the island, in North Cyprus most of them
converted to mosques or museums. There is still the Apostolos Andreas Monastery in North
Cyprus visited by Greek Cypriots twice a year. In return, following the agreement reached by
the Greek and the Turkish Cypriots, it allows both island and foreign Muslims to make a
pilgrimage to Hala Sultan Tekke in South Cyprus. Most of the orthodox religious feasts in
South Cyprus are overlapped with the public holidays.
Islam
In the north part of Cyprus Islam is considered as the main religion. Most of the
Turkish Cypriots living in the North and in the South are Muslims and followers of Islam.
However, they are far from being considered as strict followers of Islam. Visitors to the Island
are often surprised by the way they lead their lives since preconceptions of Islamic societies
often lead to misconceptions of Cyprus and more specifically the North which is often
referred to as an Islamic State. As in Turkey the secular nature of both societies has led to the
separation of church from state (or in this case mosque from state). But it is worth noting that
while Turkish Cypriots normally do not attend mosque or wear religious attire they observe
religious holidays.
Anglican Church
The term Anglican is associated with the people and churches that follow the
established religious traditions developed by the Church of England. However, the
categorization of Catholic and Protestant affiliation is often rather confusing. While many
Anglicans consider themselves following the Protestant tradition, many others, especially
Anglo-Catholics, do not regard themselves as being Protestants. Anglo-Catholic people use
many traditional Catholic practices and are bound to the devotion to the Blessed Virgin Mary.
The Anglican Church is considered both Catholic (stressing its linkage with the
ancient Church) and Reformed/Protestant (as this Church rejects the teaching of Roman
Catholic Church and do not accept the authority of the Pope and thus became known as

Protestant). However, the development of Anglican Church as a distinctive Church is deeply

rooted with the Protestant Reformation.
Latin Catholic Church of Cyprus
The Christian Church, whose visible head is the Pope, currently Benedict XIV.,
follows the teaching of one holy catholic and apostolic Church by Jesus Christ. Worldwide
the Church is hierarchically divided into jurisdictional areas usually having the territorial
basis and the typical form of these is what is usually called in the Latin Church a diocese, in
the East an eparchy, headed by a bishop or eparch known in the Latin Church as a diocesan
Bishop.
Maronite Church
Also called Arabic Christians, Maronites came to Cyprus from Lebanon, where the
community is much bigger. Acknowledging the supremacy of pope, however the Maronites
have always been culturally similar to the Greek Orthodox Majority. What is left of the
KormakitiMaronite community now lives in the village, officially renamed Korucam in the
Kyrenia range and there are also other minorities in the island.
Armenian Orthodoxy
The church agrees in faith with the Copts and Jacobites, however it does not make
communion with them. Armenians made Cyprus their homeland mainly during 1915-20.
During the 1974 Turkish invasion the Armenian community lost its monasteries, schools as
well as churches and other properties. To retain their identity, Armenians established their
churches and schools that were built near to each other..
2.2. Cyprus Traditions and Customs
Like everything else in Cyprus, religion is split along the Green Line. The northerners
are mostly Sunni Muslim, the southerners Greek Orthodox. Food, too, reflects the divide: in
the North you'll find mostly Turkish cuisine; in the Republic, Greek. But wherever you are in
Cyprus you'll come across kleftiko (oven-baked lamb) and mezedes (dips, salads and other
appetizers). Cyprus is also famous for its fruit, which the government protects with a ban on
imported products. You'll find strawberries, stone fruit, melons, prickly pear, citrus and
grapes.
Cypriots are very proud of their cultural heritage, which stretches back more than
9000 years. However, you'll probably find that Cyprus today is more concerned with the
events of the last 20 years than those of a millennium ago. The north of the island is busy recreating itself in the image of Turkey , changing names to Turkish and embracing the life and
culture of its northern neighbour. The Republic is also trying to create an independent identity,
and many places in the Republic have recently been renamed as well.
The traditions and customs of a Cyprus culture can best be observed in ceremonies
and on special occasions. Between the Turkish Cypriot communities, some of these are
wedding ceremonies, feast days (Ramazan), birth, children starting school, etc. Another
important characteristic of the Turkish Cypriots is their hospitality. In the past, the importance
of the guest was relative to their social status and their age. Serving the guests usually started
with coffee or sherbets, especially those of honey, rose and carob. Fruit paste serving was also
of importance.
Cyprus culture is also reflected in the rich folk art of the island. Age-old crafts, handed
down from one generation to another, are faithfully carried on to this day by skilful hands and
6

nimble fingers, fashioning handicrafts, both decorative and useful, that would grace any
home.
It is probably no surprise with a history so long, that Cyprus is remarkably rich in
culture. Its importance has been honored by UNESCO which has included nine of the island's
Byzantine mountain churches and the entire town of Kato Pafos in its World Cultural Heritage
List. Wherever you go in Cyprus you are reminded of a strong Cyprus tradition that is kept
alive from generation to generation through the many events which are celebrated.
Many Cyprus folk traditions , such as the Carnival and Kataklysmos (Festival of the
Flood) have overtones of ancient themes. Carnival Festivities take place 50 days before Greek
Christian Orthodox Easter and is the beginning of Lent, a period of fasting before Easter. The
centre of Carnival festivities is Lemesos, but some festivities take place in Larnaka and Pafos
also.
The biggest event takes place in Larnaka. At the heart of the festival is a joyful
procession to the sea where people sprinkle each other with water. Whether this is in memory
of Noah's survival of the flood, the coming ashore of resurrected St. Lazarus - or a celebration
of the birth of Aphrodite - is sometimes debated, but in any event Kataklysmos is a spirited
and uniquely Cypriot festival.
On June 28 and 29, St. Paul 's Feast is feted in Pafos, where the Apostle journeyed
after leaving Jerusalem .
Every September the Wine Festival takes place in Lemesos, a tribute to the fruit of the
vine as it grows and thrives in Cyprus . With ten days of free-flowing locally produced wines,
Dionysus would surely approve.
Cyprus also has rich musical and dance traditions quite distinctive from those of
Greece. Instruments that typically accompany folk dances are the violin and laouto, a lute
with four double strings played with the quill of an eagle or vulture. Many Cyprus dances are
performed face-to-face and as a suite. Both men and women are very nimble-footed and the
dances often allude to village courtship rituals - and are therefore most popular at wedding
ceremonies in Cyprus.
Hardly a week goes by in Cyprus without a celebration of some sort, whether it is a
colourful festival or homage to a saint on one of the numerous 'name' days. The 'Panigiri', a
traditional open-air fete, takes place mainly in the Cyprus villages on the occasion of a saint's
name day. Easter, the most important Greek Orthodox religious event, is celebrated with
solemnity, joy and hope.
The Greek Orthodox Church has been the main stay of religion in Cyprus since the 1st
century A.D., and in a society where the church continues to play an important role, old style
values have been maintained and the family unit retains close-knit qualities that keep
colourful Cyprus customs alive, and underline the warmhearted character of Cyprus .
Carnival is one of the best known Cypriot celebrations, along with 'Anthestiria', the
Spring Flower festival, and 'Kataklysmos' - the festival of the Flood - which coincides with
Pentecost. Throughout the year there are also exhibitions, concerts, drama and folk festivals.
Whatever the present-day situation may be, Cyprus is littered with reminders of the
island's history. Relics from every era - Greek temples, Roman mosaics and 15th-century
frescoes - influence the artists of today. Many Cyprus villages specialize in a particular art
form, and as you travel around Cyprus you'll see pottery, silver and copperware, basket
weaving, tapestry and Lefkara's famous lacework.

2.3. Cultural dimensions

Power distance in Cyprus
So we see that this tiny Mediterranean island has had an almost endless series of wars,
conquests and governance in different cultures. All of them have made their mark on life here
in Cyprus and the unique atmosphere of the locals' style. Because of these conquerors, Cyprus
became the cosmopolitan and beautiful island it is today.
Located in the south of Turkey, north of Egypt and southeast of Greece Cyprus is now
an independent state, which joined the EU in 2004 and adopted the euro on 1 January 2008.
Interesting Cyprus and Moldova are the only countries which freely and democratically
elected communist government. But Cypriots are by nature free and unstoppable. It can be
said that since the 70s there was a constant rivalry between Greek Cypriots and Turkish
Cypriots. In 1974 there was a coup attempt by Greek Cypriots supported by sections of the
Greek army sought to annex the island to Greece. After this move, Turkey invaded the island
and created an independent political entity in the north of the island, which declared its
independence in 1983 as the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus. In 2004, a UN plan to
reunite Cypria was accepted by the Turkish Cypriots but rejected by the Greek Cypriots.
Between the two countries - North Cyprus there is a buffer zone controlled by UN forces
today.
Cyprus Republic, as it is known today, owns 97% of the island, Britain keeps control
of 3 percent of the island. In fact, the island today is divided into 4 parts: 60% of the island is
controlled by the Cypriot authorities, 35% controlled by the autonomous government of
Northern Cyprus and the remaining 5% controlled by Britain and the United Nations in the
demilitarized zone. Northern Cyprus is recognized only by Turkey officially today.3
Although constantly they have been in dispute over control and sovereignty, Cypriots
are hospitable people, calm and warm. Moreover, both Greeks and Turks are inviting people
who have developed an extraordinary tour. So Cypriots are perfect hosts, used often to receive
at home or at the table with strangers who share coffee and olives. Most of them speak Greek,
but English is widespread in the island. Obviously, if you are in the North, especially the
locals speak Turkish.
Masculinity report
This indicator represents the male population in the number of female population,
expressed as a percentage.
Because life expectancy is higher for women than for men, women elderly constitute a
significant percentage of the total elderly population, and the total population.
During 2005-2010, the population of 60 years and older report masculinity is
favorable following countries: Ireland (84.0%), Cyprus (83.9%), Sweden (83.4%) and lowest
in Latvia (51.3%).
During 2005-2010, the population of 80 years and older report masculinity is
favorable following countries: Greece (67.2%), Cyprus (67.0%), Sweden (57.3%),Romania
(56.3%) and lowest in Latvia (19.8%).

3*** http://www.yourcyprusportal.com/cyprus-government-politics-government.php

Chapter III. Cyprus' tourism

3.1. Paphos
Paphos, the capital of western Cyprus, has some serious historical clout. Site of the
vast fourth-century BC Tombs of the Kings, set high on a cliff above the sparkling sea, as well
as a dramatic Byzantine castle and fine mosaics, it's also known as the birthplace of the
goddess Aphrodite. The population of 27,000 is swelled by a summer influx of beach-bound
English German and Scandinavian visitors. A beautiful old harbor awaits, while modern
hotels and restaurants stretch along the promenade.
Paphos, with its pleasant harbour and medieval fort, combines a cosmopolitan holiday
resort, spectacular countryside and historical sites. The region offers the possibility of
enjoying both sea and mountains, as well as getting a taste of the island's culture with its
many archaeological sites.
Feel the romance in the air in the land where Aphrodite, the ancient Greek goddess of
love and beauty, once roamed. Swim in the sea by the rocks known as Petra tou Romiou,
where she was believed to have risen from the waves, make a pilgrimage to her sanctuary at
Kouklia, or visit the grotto near Polis where she was supposed to have bathed. The Paphos
region is the perfect place to celebrate a wedding or go for your honeymoon.
Paphos is located on the southwest coast of the island and is sheltered from the north by the
Troodos mountains. It has a temperate climate, one of the healthiest in the whole
Mediterranean.
In the Paphos region of Cyprus you can bask in sunshine all the year round and feel
the warmth of a welcoming people with a reputation for hospitality. Splash about in the
sparkling warm waters of the Mediterranean in the summer; marvel at the splendours of
nature as the fields are carpeted in wild flowers in the spring; explore ancient sites in perfect
temperatures in the autumn; and in the mild winter keep fit with a round or two of golf or an
invigorating game of tennis.
Paphos: European Capital of Culture (2017)
The logo of Paphos candidacy was designed in such a way so as to be interpreted in
many and different ways. First of all, it represents the sun that under its light the island of
Cyprus prospers. At the same time though, it also portrays an artistic schema which attracts a
multicultural audience and in which Paphos is featured as a mosaic of modern culture. The
variations of the orange color are the symbol of the energy and the warmth of both the city of
Paphos and its people. In addition, the bottom part of the logo is the representation of the
whole city, while the small fragments that surround it represent the different cultures and
people that will jointly contribute to this effort. More simply, it is a cultural core which the
more it receives the more it reflects the energy that surrounds it.
In its bid for the title of the European Capital of Culture 2017, Paphos relied upon the
abilities, the enthusiasm and the passion of its citizens in addition to the strengths of the city
itself. Working together in collaboration, the city and its people together have succeeded in
achieving the title of the European Capital of Culture 2017.
This is a great honour for Paphos and for their country, but this responsibility brings
with it a heavy load. As the city chosen to be a European Capital of Culture, they must
contribute to furthering European culture and common European consciousness, by
9

highlighting their own unique characteristics. A bridge of communication and mutual

understanding between Greek and Turkish Cypriots has been established, which they will
extend to other ethnic communities as well. Extending their reach, they shall open new roads
of cultural coexistence and creative collaboration with the citizens and cultures of Europe and
beyond.
Paphos can deservedly respond to this ambitious project and become the most
hospitable capital of Europe. It suggests making the best of its open-air sites by turning them
into an Open-Air Factory of Culture, since it is aware of the challenge that it will face. If it
takes advantage of its archeological sites, its squares, its streets, its beaches, its plays and its
other artistic events, it can bring the cultural activities of the city closer to its citizens.
Linking Continents, Bridging Cultures. This dynamic motto is the main
characteristic of the Paphos candidacy. Inspired by its geographical position, since it has
always been the crossroad of Eastern Mediterranean, and by its modern multicultural reality,
Paphos aspires to become the first European Capital of Culture which will link the East and
the West, bridge people and cultures, and it will also be a place of cultural collaboration and
peaceful coexistence.
Paphos atractions:
The Paphos Aquarium
The Paphos Aquarium invites you to enter a mysterious underwater world, to
experience life in the fascinating realms of the deep. Never before in Cyprus has there been an
opportunity like this for learning about the mysteries of marine life. Now you can admire a
spectacular array of colourful fish from different oceans, seas and rivers around the globe.
Step into a wondrous, watery world in the heart of Paphos. The Aquarium provides a
unique undersea setting of skillfully illuminated caves and rippling water; a marine ambience
so inventive as to be impressively lifelike. Sea and freshwater fish comprise the superb range
of species on view at the Aquarium, where no expense has been spared in recreating their
natural environment as faithfully as possible.
Making full use of the latest marine technology, the Aquarium boasts equipment from
the United States that includes special filters and up-to-the minute water circulation pumps.
Many types of fish from the Mediterranean - both common and uncommon - and exquisite,
jewel bright tropical species disport themselves in 72 spacious, environmentally friendly
tanks, one of which is for crocodiles.
A visit to the Paphos Aquarium is the perfect family outing. An excellent restaurant on
the premises overlooks the town's picturesque port and its brooding castle, and there's a gift
shop within the complex too.
The Aquarium is located in the heart of downtown Paphos, the popular west coast
resort town of Cyprus. Bathed in centuries of history, Paphos ranks as a veritable treasure
trove of antiquities some of which are still being unearthed in ongoing archaeological
excavations.
Acropolis & Odeon

10

The Odeon, which is one of the most important archaeological sites in Cyprus was
built in the second century and shaped entirely from perfectly hewn limestone rocks. To the
south of the Odeon are the remains of the Roman temple of Asclepius, God of Medicine and
to the north are remains of ancient town walls. Next to the Odeon and near to the New Paphos
Lighthouse is a rocky mound which is said to have been the Acropolis of the town. Odeon, is
not only a tourist attraction, but is one of the best amphitheatre's to stage live musical and
theatrical performances.

3.2. Legends
The birth and life of Aphrodite
Aphrodite was the daughter of Uranus and sea. She emerged from the foam of the sea
at Paphos and went to Olympus accompanied by Eros and Pothos to claim her place among
the assembly of the Gods. At Olympus they named her Aphrodite (born of sea-foam), Cypris
(the land she first appeared). She was the goddess of beauty, joy and laughter, queen of all
aspects of love, guardian of young girls and governess of the fertility of animals and plants.
Her symbols included rabbits, sparrows, goats, pomegranates and apples.4
Aphrodite was married to the ugly and lame Hephaestos, the god of fire and patron of
all those who worked in metal. He was the greatest of all craftsmen and his wedding gift to
Aphrodite was a piece of land with gold fence, palaces of gold and precious stones. he land
was on a mountain of Cyprus inaccessible to mortals, with a sweet climate where the soil is so
fertile it produces without being cultivated and where there are two springs among green
foliage. his place was called the Baths of Aphrodite.
When Hephaestos learned from the sun that Aphrodite was betraying him with Ares
(the god of war), he set p a trap to catch them. He put a strong and invisible net on top of the
bed and caught them while they were making love. Once they were caught, Hephaestos cried
out and woke up the other gods and brought them to the scene.
he gods laughed and joked but Poseidon urged Hephaestos to let them go, telling him that
Ares would pay the adultery fine. Hephaestos denied the suggestion, saying that Ares would
flee and not pay the fine. Only when Poseidon offered to pay the money himself did
Hephaestus let them go.
he lovers got to their feet and departed in pain, as their limbs were stiff and their
muscles cramped from their long entrapment. Aphrodite returned to her birthplace Paphos and
the Baths of Aphrodite where the three graces bathed her and anointed her with oils and a rare
perfume, whose aroma, it is said, never fades. They restored her radiance and beauty, not
knowing she was with child, Harmonia.
Pygmalion and Galatea
Pygmalion who lived at Amathus was dedicated to his work as a sculptor and was not
interested in women. Aphrodite took pity in him and took the form of the most beautiful
woman and appeared before him in a dream. When Pygmalion awoke, he recalled his dream
and set out to carve this lovely creature. He created a statue made of ivory and fell in love
with it, to the extent that he would talk to it and gather flowers for it.

4 ***http://www.visitpafos.org.cy
11

On the day of Aphrodite's festival at Amathus, Pygmalion took with him an offering of
great value and prayed that his statue be given life. Aphrodite was moved and helped him by
granting him his favor. When he returned home, Pygmalion found the statue was alive, named
her Galatea and asked her to be his wife. Galatea accepted and nine months later they had a
daughter named Paphos.
Cinyras
Paphos, the daughter of Pygmalion and Galatea, married a Syrian named Sandocus,
who was at the time living in Cyprus, but they built their home in the land of Cilicia and it
was there that they had their son Cinyras.
At some point, Cilicia was struck by famine, so Cinyras and his friends set sail in the
hope of discovering some more fertile land, thus coming to the island of Cyprus on the coast
where Aphrodite was washed ashore.
Pleased with the land they had found, they built a town named Pafos (after his mother)
and in the centre they built the temple of Aphrodite who they believed had guided them to her
birthplace. Cinyras was the first king and high-priest of Paphos, a town that flourished and
was peaceful.
Cinyras set up a Council of Nobles to provide stability. The power vested in the
council was considerable; it could, if it wished veto the throne, appoint the successor or even
in extreme circumstances depose the incumbent. However, executive decisions were left to
the King. King Cinyras had four sons Adonis, Amaraus, Kypros and Curius and six daughters
Myrrha, Oresideke, Laogora, Breisis, Enna and Laodice.
Adonis
Adonis looked and behaved like an immortal. He was the lover of Aphrodite, just like
Ares (the god of war). Being jealous, Ares turned himself into a wild boar and terrorized the
district of Pafos, killing the inhabitants with such brutality that news of this boar spread all
around the island. Adonis being a hunter ignored Aphrodite's warnings against hunting wild
animals and set out to stop the beast from killing his countrymen.
Ares, as a wild boar, awaited Adonis and ran so fast that he gathered dust around him,
blinding the young boy. The boar then attacked, wounding Adonis and left without trying to
help the hunter.
Aphrodite heard his dying groans and rushed to the scene only to arrive too late. She
sprinkled Adonis' blood with nectar and the drops that fell onto the ground turned into
anemone flowers, whose life is short and whose petals are easily shaken off by the breeze.
Aphrodite was overcome with grief and eventually begged Zeus for the return of her
lover. Zeus promised to ask Persephone, the queen of the underworld, only to realize that she
also had fallen in love with the young boy and would not let him go. Zeus therefore decided
that Adonis could live where he pleased for four months, provided he divided the rest of his
time between the two goddesses. Adonis chose to live four months with Persephone and eight
with Aphrodite.

12

In Paphos, the annual festival 'dnia" was held on the 25th and 26th of March,
staging the death and resurrection of Adonis. The first day was to mourn the death of the boy,
and women would throw flowers, green branches of the myrtle tree and pots of plants in the
sea, showing that they shared the grief of Aphrodite. The second day, people celebrated
Adonis' resurrection by feasting.

Rock of Digenis (Petra tou Romiou)

strong tradition persists regarding the solitary rock north of the Fabrica hll, on the
way to Pafos harbour, concerning the relationship between Digenis and Rigaina. It is said that
Rigaina, whom Degenis desired, had her house built on top of this hill. As in almost all folk
tales, Rigaina would only marry Digenis if he managed to transport water for her from some
distant location, which in this case was either Mavrokolympos or Tala. Even though this was a
Herculian task, Digenis undertook it, transporting the water through clay conduits, traces of
which can still be seen east of Chlorakas village. However, Rigaina did not keep her promise,
something which enraged Digenis, who threw a huge rock at her from the Moutallos area,
which landed right in front of her house. Rigaina replied with equal rage, throwing her
spinning needle, a granite stele, at Digenis, which landed in the fields underneath the
Moutallos rise.

Heritage of Agios Agapitikos

On the north-eastern corner of Fabrica hill lies a cave known as the Cave of Agios
Agapitikos. It is not known if there is any connection between this cave and the sarcophagus
in the central square of Pano Arodes village, in the same district, also dedicated to Agios
Agapitikos. As in Arodes, next to the cave of Agios Agapitikos once stood the cave of Agios
Misitikos and a third cave dedicated to Agios Xorinos. The caves of Agios Misitikos and
Agios Xorinos, however, have been destroyed.
According to tradition, those in love should visit the cave unobserved, leave some
coins and take some earth from the cave which they should throw into their loved one's drink.
As is the case with Agios Agapitikos in Pano Arodes, for such an escapade to be successful, it
should be carried out in complete secrecy, without the help of a third party.
Aphrodite and the Trojan War
There was the wedding feast of Peleus (King of Thessaly) and Thetis (a Nymph) and
all the gods were invited except Eris (goddess of strife) because she was quarrelsome and
destructive. She was furious at this and to spoil the feast threw down a golden apple with the
inscription to the fairest, which fell between Hera, Athena and Aphrodite. All three claimed
it causing a quarrel between them. Zeus intervened to avoid a fight and as no one at the feast
wanted to decide which of the goddesses deserved the apple, he suggested that the three
goddesses go to the fairest mortal, Prince Paris of roy to settle the dispute.
The three contestants tried to bribe Paris. Hera offered him wealth and power, Athena
wisdom and skill and Aphrodite promised him the fairest mortal woman in the entire world
for his wife. Paris chose Aphrodite's offer, as beauty was immediate and seductive and

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awarded the prize to the goddess of beauty and love. This gained him a friend (Aphrodite) and
two deadly enemies (Hera and Athena).
Time passed and Paris became impatient waiting for his bride, so he sailed off,
accompanied by Aeneas (the son of Aphrodite) to find her. The winds took them to Sparta,
where King Menelaus and Queen Helen, (the most beautiful woman in the world) hospitably
welcomed them.
During their stay in Sparta, Menelaus was called to attend his grandfather's funeral in
Crete, leaving Helen to entertain the guests. The next morning, the Trojans also left but at
night they pulled anchor and abducted Helen and her baby to take them to roy. Aphrodite,
together with Peitho (goddess of persuasion) and Eros had cast a spell on Helen, causing her
to believe that Paris was Menelaos.
During their journey, a violent storm forced them to shelter in Cyprus which was off
their course. Once they reached Troy, King Priam welcomed Helen into his household
grabbing the opportunity to pay off old scores against the Greeks.
n the meantime, Menelaus n outrage began preparations for war. His cause was
acknowledged to be just, and all Greece joined to help him. Agamemnon, Menelaus' brother,
sent Tathybius, Odysseus and Menelaus to Cyprus, to involve Cinyras of Paphos in the war.
Cinyras, however, sent only one ship to help and made a personal gift to Agamemnon (a
magnificent breast plate whose description is found in the Iliad) to avoid grievances. But the
Greeks were too preoccupied with their mission and thus Cyprus remained at peace and
increased in prosperity. The Trojan War lasted ten years.
3.3. Limassol
Cyprus' second-largest city appeals to a wide range of tourists, from those interested in
sun and sand vacations to those who prefer to delve into the island's culture at its museums
and sites of archaeological interest. This large seaside resort on Akrotiri Bay on the sunny
southern coast offers lively nightlife and a slew of energetic festivals. A cornucopia of cafes
and bars lines the bustling seafront. Accommodation options range from villas and selfcatering apartments to luxurious hotels.
The skyline of Limassol (Lemesos) has left behind very little evidence of its historical
past and given way instead to a modern, cosmopolitan appearance. However, the protected
ancient monuments of the city hand over a rich trail of artefacts and mythical stories.
Limassol Castle, The Amathus Ruins and the Mosque of Djami Kebir are a few of the
beautiful sights worth visiting.
Limassol Castle
There is no doubt Limassol Castle occupies a dominant position in the landmark and
tourist attractions in the city. This imperial castle, now home to Limassol's Medieval
Museum, used to serve as a prison during the old days of Ottoman rule. Richard the Lionheart
is said to have married and crowned the Lord of Cyprus in this incredibly regal fortress. The
castle itself presents an extremely simple, archaeological view but the scenic gardens and an
old olive press are a remarkable sight to explore.
Archaeological Museum

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The Archaeological Museum in Limassol is a particularly interesting sight for art and
history lovers. The museums houses artefacts related to societal development of Cyprus,
which include ceramics, pottery and antiquities from the Roman period. Also, on display are
finds from the Neolithic until the Late Bronze Age. Sculptures, pottery, lamps and
inscriptions with ancient Hellenistic and Roman koine catch the eye of many visitors.
Folk Art Museum
The Municipal Museum of Folk Art is housed in a historic building donated by the
Schiza family. Its main purpose is to promote Cypriot folk art and craft through collections
from the 1800 and 1900 centuries. On display are fascinating objects relating to woodcarving,
jewellery decoration, tools and utensils, traditional Cypriot costumes, embroidery and
weaving and bronze artefacts. One of the halls in the museum is especially dedicated to a
porcelain collection by Anna Kourea.
Municipal Gardens & Twin Cities Park
The Municipal Gardens along the coastal road have a rich bounty of green and shady
space where visitors relax or take a stroll down the pathways. The nearby area plays host to
several family attractions like the Lemesos Zoo Garden and Dinosaur Park. This also includes
a large open-air garden theatre where several events take place throughout the year. The Twin
Cities Park, on the coast embankment close to the Municipal Gardens, presents a series of
public sculptures by Greek, Cypriot and international artists.
Amathus Ruins
The ancient city of Amathus on the southern coast of Agios Tychonas is one of
the oldest imperial cities on the island. There have been many myths behind the origin of this
city, one of them believing in Cinyras as the city's founder, whose son Adonis named the city
after his mother Amathous. Hellenic myth would have Amathus built by one of the sons of
Heracles who was worshipped there. The city had a very special place for Aphrodite, the
goddess of beauty and love. Visitors at the ruins can perceive an era that existed 3000 years
ago through the mythical excavations and artefacts.
Kolossi Medieval Castle
The Kolossi Medieval Castle is situated in the village of Kolossi, 11 kilometres
west of Larnaca. A renowned archaeological site, the castle was built in the 15th century by
the Knights of Saint John of Jerusalem on a land gifted by King Hugh I. Earlier, it used to be
home to a 13th century fortress whose ruins are still visible in the castle. Later the castle was
occupied by the Richard I of England and the Knights Templar.
Kourion Archaeological Site
The Kourion Archeological Site is a stunning archaeological excavation,
famous for its impressive Greco-Roman theatre, stately villas, spectacular floor mosaics, an
early Christian Basilica and other kingly treasures. Built in 2nd century B.C. Kourion at its
various ruins reflects public life in Early Christian period.
Agios Nikolaos ton Gaton Convent
Situated on Cape Gata southeast of Akrotiri Salt, Agios Nikolaos ton Gaton
Convent is said to be the first monastery in Cyprus. The church structure of today was built in
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14th century only to be abandoned in the 16th century. It was finally claimed by the Orthodox
nuns in the 1980s. Legend says that the monastery was founded by Agia Eleni, mother of
Constantine the Great who left back a piece of wood from the Holy Cross.
La Promenade Lounge & Terrace
Part of the Le Meridien entourage in Limassol, the La Promenade Lounge & Terrace
offers the perfect panoramic view of the Yacht Marina from its location at the reception level
at the hotel. Relax, enjoy the view and sip a cocktail at one of the best bars in Limassol.
3.4. Ayia Napa
Ayia Napa-This resort town, with its great beaches, has a bit of a Spring Break
atmosphere (the parties start in the late afternoon and go all night). If dancing in a bikini is not
your thing, though, no worriesyou can explore a medieval monastery or enjoy cruises on
the lovely blue water. Families will want to visit Water World, the biggest theme waterpark in
Europe.
The Water World theme park at Ayia Napa is a great family escape. The largest in the
country, the Ayia Napa Water World is also a Greek mythology theme park, which is both
educational and fun. Down the road from the Water World, you'll also find Go-Kart tracks.
3.5. Protaras
Family-friendly and tranquil, Protaras is situated along the sandy coastline of Cyprus's
Fig Tree Bay. The glorious beach is the main attractionjust be sure to keep a delightfully
wary eye peeled for the legendary Ayia Napa Sea Monster. Giggle about the creepy creature
over Cypriot specialties at one of the many open-air seafood restaurants in town.
Fig Tree Bay is a sandy beach in the resort of Protaras, Cyprus. In 2011,
TripAdvisor declared it to be the third best beach in Europe, but it dropped to 13th place in
2013.
As with all beaches in Cyprus, access to the public is free, whilst bed and umbrella
hire is chargeable. A municipal car park provides parking within a short walk. The sandy
beach stretches for 500m and the waters are clean enough for the beach to have been
awarded blue flag designation. The beach, which runs the length of its own cove, takes its
name from the fig trees located close to the coast.

There is an uninhabited islet easily reached by swimming through the shallow waters,
the location of which provides a good shelter for the rest of the beach. The islet is covered
with low level local vegetation. In contrast to other local beaches, such as Nissi, Fig Tree Bay
has become a popular destination for families. Water sports such as water-skiing, windsurfing,
and parasailing are available. From April to October, lifeguards and lifesaving equipment are
available on the beach from 9am to 6pm.

3.6. Nicosia

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Nicosia, the capital of the island of Cyprus, has incorporated elements of the many
empires and kingdoms that have claimed it over centuries stretching back to the Bronze Age.
Narrow winding streets lead visitors from the Cyprus Museum, with its collection of Neolithic
and Roman artifacts, to the thick city wall. Built in the 1600s by the Venetians, the wall now
divides the ancient part of the city from the modern. Step through the stone gates and enter a
place where the past is still alive.
The Cyprus Museum (also known as the Cyprus Archaeological Museum) is the
oldest and largest archaeological museum in Cyprus. The museum houses artefacts discovered
during numerous excavations on the island. The museum is home to the most extensive
collection of Cypriot antiquities in the world and is located on Museum Street in central
Nicosia. Its history goes hand in hand with the course of modern archaeology (and the
Department of Antiquities) in Cyprus. Of note is that only artefacts discovered on the island
are displayed.
Selimiye Mosque - originally the Roman Catholic cathedral of Ayia Sofia, is the
oldest, and one of the finest examples of Gothic art in Cyprus, the work of the French masons
who accompanied the Crusades. The monumental main door and the carved stone window
above it are of particular interest. Since the mosque still serves as a house of worship, there
are no set visiting times. Try to coincide with the five prayer times, when you are allowed in
shoeless, modestly dressed and silent.
In recent years, the old streets around the mosques have been renovated. Consequently
with the addition of thriving businesses such as authentic restaurants and antique shops, the
area around Selimiye Mosque has reached a new level of liveliness, and has become a popular
destination among tourists as well as locals, both during the day and night. Live music by
local performers and bands are likely to take place several nights a week in certain venues in
the vicinity of the elegant mosque.
3.7. Larnaka
Larnaka is a city on the southern coast of Cyprus and the capital of the eponymous
district. It is the third largest in the country, after Nicosia and Limassol. Larnaka is known for
its palm-tree seafront, the Church of Saint Lazarus, the Hala Sultan Tekke, its aqueduct and its
medieval fort. It is built on the ruins of ancient City, which was the birthplace of Stoic
philosopher Zeno.
Larnaka is an area of outstanding beauty - endowed with numerous attractions,
waterfronts and scenic vistas as well as some of the islands most outstanding beaches. Is the
second largest commercial port, Larnaka's International Airport is located on the fringe of the
city with easy access to and from the city centre.
Cyprus is renowned for its beaches, and Larnaka, is no exception. The coastline of
Larnaca is probably the biggest attraction for tourists coming to the area. Some of the famous
beaches of Larnaca are Phinikoudes, Alaminos, Castella, Mckenzie, Ellinas and Yannathes. A
number of activities like water sports and scuba diving are accessible at these beaches. For
relaxation and enjoyment there are a lot of bars, pubs and restaurants situated along the
seafront.

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Larnaka is a hikers paradise. From the coastline to the countryside, venturing into
unknown paradise can truly be heaven, if you are ready for a bit of an adventure. Before you
plan a trial, hire guides or buy books & maps. One of the famous trails is the E4 trail that links
Larnaca with Paphos. You will discover beauty at its best with pine forests, mountains and
monasteries and also discover a vast historical story opening in front of your very eyes.

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Chapter IV. The economy of Cyprus

Cyprus is a member of the EU in 2004 and adopted the euro as its national currency in
2008. In 2011 was listed by the International Monetary Fund as one of the 31 advanced
economies in the world. Turkish invasion in 1974 of the northern part of the island led to a sharp
real GDP contraction of 16.9% in 1974 and 19% in 1975. But hard work and collective focus led
to a rapid bounce back, with growth of 18.2% in 1976 and 15.8% in 1977, followed by a period
of strong growth lasting more than 30 years. Cyprus was clasified by the World Bank as a highincome country, today the economy is mainly built upon the services sector, including tourism,
financial services and real estate, which accounts for over 80% of the islands total GDP and
around 75% of employment.
Since joining the European Union and becoming a euro area member, Cyprus has
increased steadily its GDP per capital approaching the level of Italy and Spain.
Being strategically located at the crossroads of three continents, Cyprus has promoted
itself as the business gateway between Europe, Asia, the Middle East and Africa, and leverages
its highly educated, English-speaking population.
Cyprus economy is sustained by the maritime sector, which supported income from
transport of 10.7% of GDP. The Cyprus Registry is classified as the tenth largest merchant fleet
in the world and the third largest fleet in the EU and flying its flag are some 1100 ocean-going
vessels and 767 non-convention size vessels, totalling a gross tonnage of 22.6 million. The
tourism sector has shown solid growth in spite of the crisis. In the first quarter of 2014 overall
tourist arrivals increased by 1.4% compared to the same period in 2013. In April 2014, tourist
arrivals rose an impressive 11.4% year-on-year and revenues recorded a 20.4% rise. Efforts to
upgrade the product could lead to a renaissance of the tourism industry.
Cyprus received financial assistance from the European Support Mechanism wich hepled
Cyprus to respect its debt repayments and expected budgetary requirements for the next three
years, long-term reductions in the public sector, changes applied in taxation wich led to a raise of
value-added tax (VAT) from 17% to 18% and also a raise of corporate tax from 10% to 12.5%.
The government has implemented also a number of measures to reduce the financial deficit as
the reducing of public sector employment, reduced the government's budget, raised the
retirement age for teachers. All those reforms were meant to help Cyprus to pass the crisis and to
take its economy on a sustainable path.
As a a result of implemented measures, inflation dropped from 3.3% in 2011 to 2.4% in
2012 and to 1.5% in the first quarter of 2013, despite the increase of VAT in January.
Cyprus has been one of the most attractive tax regimes in Europe and it respected the
requirements of the European Union and Organisation for Economic Co-operation and
Development, beacause of the lowest corporate tax rates in the European Union at 12.5% and
many other factors.
According to Cyprus Mail5, Cyprus in one of the 70 tax havens worldwide. Because of
the advantageous tax regime, Cyprus has encouraged frauds, and it is known as one of the
5 Available on http://cyprus-mail.com/2014/08/10/from-tax-haven-to-tax-hell/,
posted on August 10, 2014, accessed on November 23, 2014.
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world's tax haven. Frauds are encouraged by tax consultancy banks or firms wich obscure the
names of the deposit beneficiaries. Cyprus is also known because of its disproportionate number
of accountants and tax consultants who built a tax haven envied by states as Russia, Germany,
Great Britain, France and Holland, their combined envy leading to destruction of Cyprus'
financial sector. In 2014 Cyprus is no longer a tax haven and a lot of investors and people wich
had deposits in Cyprus' banks withdrew their money from Cyprus, because of the haircuts on
uninsured deposits made by Cypriot government in the time of crisis, necessarily to pay the
country's 10 billion bailout from the European Commission, the European Central Bank and the
International Monetary Fund, heading to other tax havens in the world.

Cyprus Tax System is defined by:

One of the lowest effective tax rates in the European Union
Headline corporate tax rate of 12.5%,
Foreign source income generally tax exempt
Profits on transactions in shares tax exempt
Generous tax deductibility rules reduce effective tax rate
No withholding taxes on outbound dividends, interest & royalties, irrespective of the country
of destination i.e. tax free exit EU tax directives apply (Parent / Subsidiary, Interest & Royalties,
Reorganisations)
Unilateral credit relief for foreign taxes
No CFC legislation
No thin capitalisation rules
No detailed transfer pricing rules (arms length principle only)
No capital gains tax (except on real estate situated in Cyprus)
No taxes on entry, reorganisations and exits
No wealth taxes and only minimal stamp and local taxes
No exchange controls
Most international transactions free of VAT
Low personal tax regime - Top rate 35%
OECD approved / EU compliant system
A tax administration that wants to help foreign investors
Wide network of favourable tax treaties with almost 50 countries
Cyprus has a series of tax exemptions like profit from the sale of securities, dividends, interest
not arising from the ordinary activities or closely related to the ordinary activities of the
company, profits of a permanent establishment abroad, under certain conditions, all by 100%.6

6 Data from www.bankofcyprus.com, accessed on November 18, 2014.

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Webography:

http://www.visitpafos.org.cy;
http://www.hri.org/Cyprus/Cyprus_Problem/p_background.html;
www.bankofcyprus.com;
http://cyprus-mail.com/2014/08/10/from-tax-haven-to-tax-hell/;
http://www.yourcyprusportal.com/cyprus-government-politics-government.php;
http://education.stateuniversity.com/pages/336/Cyprus-HISTORYBACKGROUND.html.

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