Igcse e Waves With MSC
Igcse e Waves With MSC
Igcse e Waves With MSC
WAVES
2 This question is about radiations in the electromagnetic spectrum.
(a) The names of two parts of the electromagnetic spectrum are missing. Complete the
table below, with the names of the missing parts.
(2)
Name
A
B
(b) Which electromagnetic radiation is used for heating and night vision equipment?
(1)
A radio waves
B microwaves
C infrared
D ultraviolet
(c) Which electromagnetic radiation is used for cooking and satellite transmissions?
(1)
A radio waves
B microwaves
C infrared
D ultraviolet
(d) The list of electromagnetic radiations, from radio waves to gamma rays, is in order
of
(1)
A decreasing frequency
B decreasing wavelength
C increasing amplitude
D increasing time period
(e) Exposure to excessive electromagnetic radiations can be harmful to the human body.
For two named types of electromagnetic radiation, describe
a harmful effect
how the risks of exposure can be reduced.
(4)
Tick
(b) (i) Use words from the box to complete the labels on the diagram below.
(2)
Mirror
normal
ray
reflection
(c) A student investigates the formation of the image in a plane mirror, using the
apparatus shown in the photograph.
She uses the holes that the pins make to construct this diagram.
(i) Add to the diagram to show how the student should find the position of the image.
(3)
(ii) Explain how the student could confirm that the position of the image is correct.
(2)
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
(Total for Question 6 = 10 marks)
(a) Describe the difference between digital signals and analogue signals.
(2)
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
(b) Give one advantage of using digital signals.
(1)
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
(c) A CD player is connected to this loudspeaker system.
The sound produced has a range of frequencies. Use ideas about diffraction to explain
why different frequencies require different sizes of loudspeaker.
(3)
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
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(Total for Question 4 = 6 marks)
In each method, the strength of the signal received is less than the strength of the signal
emitted.
(i) State the name used to describe this energy loss.
................................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii) Explain the loss in signal strength in each case. electric current in copper telephone
cables
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
(2)
radio waves broadcast from a radio station
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
(2)
(iii) How is a signal boosted to replace the lost energy?
................................................................................................................................
(1)
(b) Another reason for the strength of a signal decreasing with distance is diffraction.
(i) Explain what is meant by diffraction.
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
(2)
(ii)
The occupiers of the house in the valley notice that when they tune into a longwave
radio signal it is much stronger than when they tune into a shortwave radio signal.
Explain this in terms of diffraction.
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 10 marks)
1. (a) (i) attenuation; 1
(ii) An explanation to include:
1. heat (loss) / produced;
2. resistance;
1. (energy) spread out / dispersed / diffracted / r 2
1 law;
2. absorbed / hit air particles / obstacles in way;
2
2
(iii) amplifier / repeater station / regeneration / re-transmitted; 1
(b) (i) An explanation to include:
1. spreading (of wave);
2. through opening / at (around) an obstacle;
[In order to score the second mark context must be right]
[Accept diagram]
2
(ii) An explanation to include:
1. long wave(length) more diffraction / OWTTE / ORA;
2. so long wavelength reaches valley / house / short carry straight
on;
[An answer on diagram is perfectly acceptable]
[Second mark conditional on the first, linking spreading / diffraction on
wavelength]
2
Total 10 marks
1. (a) The box lists the colours of the visible spectrum in order of decreasing
wavelength. Write the names of the two missing colours on the dotted lines.
.................................
orange
yellow
green
blue
indigo
.................................
(2)
(b) The box below lists radiations in the electromagnetic spectrum.
radio waves
microwaves
infra-red radiation
visible light
ultraviolet light
X-rays
gamma radiation
decreases
increases
stays the same
(1)
(Total 5 marks)
Frequency = ................................ Hz
(1)
(ii) the time period of his heart beat in seconds.
Mass (kg)
53
48
45
42
40
(i) Use the grid opposite to plot a graph of heart rate against mass. Draw a smooth
curve for your plotted points.
(3)
(ii) This animal has a mass of 5000 kg.
Explain why you cannot use your graph to predict the heart rate of this animal.
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 8 marks)
energy
hertz
information
speed
time
10 Hz 10 000 Hz
20 Hz 20 000 Hz
(1)
less than
the same as
greater than
6. (a) The box gives the colours in the visible spectrum in order.
Add the names of the missing colours.
(2)
(b) The box gives three adjacent parts of the electromagnetic spectrum.
Visible spectrum
A red violet B
(i) State one property which all the parts have in common but which is not shared with
other waves.
................................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii) Give one example of a transverse wave which is not part of the electromagnetic
spectrum.
................................................................................................................................
(1)
(iii) Complete the sentence below.
In a transverse wave, each point on the wave is moving in a direction which is
............................................................
to
the
direction
in
which
the
............................................................ of the wave is moving.
(2)
(Total 6 marks)
4. (a) The box gives the names of several colours in the visible spectrum.
red
orange yellow
blue indigo
violet
infra-red
ultraviolet
X-rays
gamma rays
11. A student ties one end of a rope to a chair. She uses the rope to demonstrate wave
behaviour to her class.
(a) She produces a transverse wave as shown below. A is the direction of vibration and
B is the direction of the wave.
(i) State how the student could increase the amplitude of the wave.
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii) State how the student could decrease the wavelength to produce the wave shown
below.
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
(2)
(b) When the frequency of the wave is 1.5 Hz, the wavelength is 0.80 m. Calculate the
speed in m/s of the wave.
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
Speed = ...................................... m/s
(3)
(c) The student then uses a spring to demonstrate the behaviour of a longitudinal wave.
Energy
information
matter
................................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 4 marks)
5. There are many different uses for the parts of the electromagnetic spectrum.
(a) Draw a line from each part to its correct use.
Part
Use
gamma rays
fluorescent lamps
infra-red rays
microwaves
ultraviolet radiation
satellite transmissions
sterilising medical equipment
(4)
(b) Complete the sentence.
All
the
parts
of
the
electromagnetic
....................................................... in free space.
spectrum
have
the
same
(1)
(Total 5 marks)
diffraction
interference
reflection
refraction
wavefront
wavelength
A ...................................................................................................................................
B . ...................................................................................................................................
C ...................................................................................................................................
(3)
(b) Diagram C shows a reduction in the speed of the waves. Explain how.
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
(2)
(c) The gap in A is made smaller, as shown below. Draw three waves after the gap.
(2)
(Total 7 marks)
3. (a) The box contains the names of different parts of the electromagnetic spectrum.
Gamma rays
(i)
infra-red
microwaves
radio waves
Fill in the gaps in the chart below to put these parts into their correct order.
Radio
waves
visible
Gamma
rays
(3)
(ii) Use words from the box below to complete the sentences. You may use each word
once, more than once or not at all.
Amplitude
frequency
speed
wavelength
Listing the parts from radio waves to gamma rays puts them in order of increasing
................................................... and decreasing ................................................... .
All the parts have the same ................................................... in free space.
(3)
(b) State
(i) a use of infra-red;
................................................................................................................................
(1)
of
(1)
(b) The diagram shows a pair of reflectors. All sound waves starting from the point A
reflect off the reflectors to the point B. The path of one wave has been drawn.
11. The diagram shows a wave on the surface of the water of a swimming pool and a
ball floating on the water.
(1)
(Total 6 marks)
(a) Complete the sentences by choosing the correct letters from A, B, C, D and E.
The amplitude is represented by ................. .
The wavelength is represented by ................. .
(2)
(b) The type of wave shown in the diagram is a transverse wave.
(i) Name another type of wave.
................................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii) Give an example of the type of wave you named in part (b)(i).
................................................................................................................................
(1)
(c) Ultrasonic signals with a frequency above 50 kHz are used for cleaning jewellery.
(i) Explain the term frequency.
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii) State what the symbol kHz means.
................................................................................................................................
(1)
(d) State the equation which relates wave speed, frequency and wavelength.
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 7 marks)
11. (a) The box contains the names of seven parts of the electromagnetic spectrum.
radio waves microwaves infra-red visible light ultraviolet X-rays gamma rays
Part
Damage caused
microwaves
infra-red radiation
(3)
(c) Microwaves can be used for cooking. Give one other use for microwaves.
.......................................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 6 marks)
3. (a) State the law of reflection.
.......................................................................................................................................
(1)
(b) A student is playing in goal in a football match. The window of a nearby building
reflects sunlight into his eyes.
(i) Complete the diagram to show the reflection of the ray from the front of the window.
(2)
(ii) What could you do to stop sunlight being reflected into the students eyes from this
window?
................................................................................................................................
(1)
(c) Light is part of the electromagnetic spectrum. If players are not protected from some
electromagnetic waves they can suffer ill effects. State which part of the
electromagnetic spectrum can cause
6. (a) The diagram shows what happens when water waves pass close to the edge of a
piece of plastic.
(i) On the diagram, draw two more wavefronts that have passed through the gap.
(3)
(ii) State two changes which would each make the wavefronts become more curved
after passing through the gap.
1 .............................................................................................................................
2 .............................................................................................................................
(2)
(c) (i) Sound waves with a frequency of 25 000 Hz are directed at a gap. Give a reason
why they are not heard on the other side of the gap.
................................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii) Calculate the wavelength in metres of these sound waves. The speed of sound is 340
m/s.
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
Wavelength = .................................m
(Total 10 marks)
7. A teacher draws a diagram on the board showing an analogue signal and a digital
signal.
(a) (i) Complete the labels to show which is the analogue signal and which is the digital
signal.
(1)
(ii) Give two reasons for your answer.
1 .............................................................................................................................
2 .............................................................................................................................
(2)
(b) State one advantage of using digital signals rather than analogue signals.
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
(1)
(c) Give one example from everyday life of the use of a digital signal.
.......................................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 5 marks)
9. (a) A student is not sure if a signal is analogue or digital. Part of the signal is shown
below.
(i) Give a reason why this is a digital signal and not an analogue signal.
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii) Continue drawing a possible digital signal in the box provided.
(3)
(b) Suggest one advantage of using digital signals rather than analogue signals.
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 5 marks)
14. (a) The diagram shows a ray of light directed at a semicircular glass block.
(3)
(ii) Complete the diagram to show how the ray of light passes through the triangular
glass block and out into the air.
(2)
(Total 11 marks)
Mass (kg)
100
Heart rate 63
(beats per
minute)
200
300
400
500
600
53
48
45
42
40
(i) Use the grid opposite to plot a graph of heart rate against mass. Draw a smoothcurve
for your plotted points.
(3)
Explain why you cannot use your graph to predict the heart rate of this animal.
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 8 marks)
10. A teacher uses a microphone and another piece of equipment to display a sound
wave.
(b) The teacher measures distance d on the screen. Complete the sentences.
(i) Distance d represents .............................................................................................
(1)
(ii) Distance d becomes smaller. This is because the sound which goes to the
microphone has become ........................................................................................
(1)
(c) Complete the sentence.
The pitch of the sound depends on ...............................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 4 marks)
(2)
(ii) Name the process which takes place in the diagram.
................................................................................................................................
(1)
(iii) Use the term critical angle to explain why the process takes place.
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
(1)
(c) (i) State the equation which relates critical angle and refractive index.
................................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii) The critical angle for glass in an optical fibre is 41.5.
cos 41.5 = 0.749
sin 41.5 = 0.663
tan 41.5 = 0.885
Calculate the refractive index of glass to three significant figures.
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
Refractive index = ............................
(3)
(d) A bicycle reflector is made of transparent red plastic. The diagram shows the path of
a ray of light through part of the reflector.
The critical angle for the transparent red plastic is less than 45. Explain how you can
tell this from the diagram.
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 12 marks)
(2)
(Total 6 marks)
10. A student used pins to trace a ray of light through a block of glass of refractive
index 1.5. She produced the diagram shown below. It shows a ray of light being
refracted with an angle of refraction of 40.
(2)
(c) The diagram below shows a semicircular glass block. An incident ray is drawn. Add
one more line to the diagram and mark the angle of incidence, i, for this ray.
(2)
(Total 8 marks)
18. A small submarine explores the sea-bed. The submarine has a TV camera and a
powerful searchlight.
The diagram shows the path of light from the searchlight to the surface. The angle of
incidence at the surface is equal to the critical angle between sea-water and air.
(a) On the diagram, use a ruler to continue the path of most of this light.
(1)
(b) State the meaning of the term critical angle.
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
(1)
(c) State the equation which relates critical angle and refractive index.
.......................................................................................................................................
(1)
(d) (i) What happens to the light from the searchlight when it has an angle of incidence
at the surface which is greater than the critical angle?
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii) State the full name of the process which occurs.
................................................................................................................................
(1)
(e) Information from the TV camera is sent to a support ship by means of a cable of
optical fibres.
Use a ruler to complete the diagram below to show how information is transmitted
through an optical fibre.
(2)
(Total 7 marks)
14. (a) The diagram shows a ray of light passing through one side of a pair of
binoculars.
(ii) Name the process shown by the path of the light in parts P and Q.
................................................................................................................................
(1)
(b) Figures A and B show rays of light from a lamp on the bottom of a swimming pool.
(1)
3 State the equation which relates refractive index n, angle of incidence i and angle of
refraction r.
.........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii) Refraction has not occurred in Figure B. Explain this.
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
(1)
(iii) State the equation which relates critical angle c and refractive index n.
................................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 7 marks)
15. A radio station broadcasts at a frequency of 1200 kHz. The radio waves travel
outwards from the radio transmitter at a speed of 300 million metres per second (300
000 000 m/s).
(a) (i) State the equation which relates frequency, speed and wavelength.
................................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii) Calculate the wavelength of these radio waves. Show your working and give the
unit.
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
Wavelength = ..........................................
(3)
(b) Use the equation
frequency =
to calculate the time period in seconds of these radio waves. Give the answer to two
significant figures.
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
Time period = .........................................s
(3)
(Total 7 marks)
10. The diagram shows a torch emitting a beam of light from two different positions A
and B under water
(a) What is the name of the two dotted lines on the diagram?
.......................................................................................................................................
(1)
(b) State the relationship between critical angle and refractive index.
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
(1)
(c) Explain the paths followed by the two beams of light. Refer to the critical angle in
your answers.
(i) Path from position A.
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
(2)
(ii) Path from position B.
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
(2)
(d) Explain why it is not possible to use the relationship in (b) to find the refractive
index of water using an angle from the diagram.
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
(1)
(e) (i) State the relationship between refractive index, angle of incidence and angle of
refraction.
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii) Use angles from the diagram to calculate the refractive index of water.
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
Refractive index = ...................................
(2)
(Total 10 marks)
15. (a) The diagram shows a ray of light going through air towards a glass block with a
curved surface.
(i) Use a ruler to draw the path of the ray as it continues towards the glass block and
then goes through the glass block. Add labels to the diagram to show the following:
incident ray
normal
angle of incidence, i
refracted ray
angle of refraction, r
(4)
(ii) Name two pieces of apparatus that would be required to carry out this experiment.
1 .............................................................................................................................
2 .............................................................................................................................
(2)
(b) In an experiment a student gets the following results.
i (degrees) r (degrees)
Set 1 50
30
Set 2 5
(1)
(ii) Calculate a value for refractive index using Set 1.
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
Refractive index = .....................................................
(2)
(iii) State why Set 2 gives a less reliable value.
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 10 marks)
(a) The timebase is set at 0.01s per division. Determine the frequency of this wave and
give its unit.
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
Frequency = ..........................................
(3)
(b) A teacher demonstrated a method for determining the speed of sound. He hit two
metal rods together to produce a sound. The sound was detected by two microphones
connected to an oscilloscope.
The screen of the oscilloscope showed two signals A and B corresponding to the sound
received by the two microphones.
The time between the signals was 0.002 s and the distance between the microphones
was 0.680 m.
(i) Calculate the speed of sound in m/s.
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
Speed = ................................ m/s
(2)
(ii) State which property of a sound wave is represented by the amplitude of the signals.
................................................................................................................................
(1)
(iii) Suggest an explanation for the relative sizes of the amplitudes of A and B.
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 8 marks)
2. A teacher uses a ripple tank to demonstrate the behaviour of plane water waves.
The water waves pass from deep to shallow water. The wave patterns are projected onto
a screen.
(a) State one safety concern that you would have with the apparatus.
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
(1)
(b) The image below is what appeared on the screen during the demonstration.
The distance between two neighbouring bright lines (or dark lines) is the wavelength of
the waves.
(i) Explain why it is difficult to measure a single wavelength accurately from this
image.
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii) Explain how the accuracy could be improved.
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
(2)
(c) After the demonstration the teacher gives you a worksheet. Part of the worksheet is
shown below.
Measure
and record:
10
26
Ranjeet
15
24
Rio
20
22
Carmen
25
20
James
30
31
(i) Which student has a result that does not fit the trend of the other results?
..........................
(1)
(ii) Give a reason for your choice.
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
(1)
(iii) Does your data from (c) fit the trend shown in the table? Explain your answer.
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 13 marks)
2. (a) The diagram shows an overhead view of a students experiment with a mirror and
a sheet of paper.
(i) What can the student use to produce the ray of light?
................................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii) How can the student mark the position of the reflected ray?
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
(1)
(iii) Angle y is the angle between the ray of light and the reflected ray. Use a protractor
to measure angle y to the nearest degree.
Angle y = ......................
(1)
(b) The student turns the mirror about point P by an angle x. This changes the angle y.
19 and 65
6 and 39
25 and 77
23 and 73
11 and 49
17 and 57
(i) Put these results into a suitable table with column headings and units.
(3)
(ii) Plot these points on the grid opposite. Label the axes. Identify any point which is
anomalous (unexpected). Decide whether a straight line of best fit or a curved line of
best fit is appropriate and draw it on your graph
(7)
(iii) Use your graph to predict the value of y when x is 20.
y = ..................
(1)
(Total 15 marks)
4. A student plans to investigate the path of a ray of light as it travels from air to oil at
different angles. The diagram shows a container of oil and points A, B and C.
(a) Draw a line through points A and B to show the ray of light in air. Continue your
line to the surface of the oil. Label the point where your line meets the surface as point
D.
(1)
(b) Draw a line from D to C to show the ray of light in the oil.
(1)
(c) Use a protractor to draw a line at point D which is perpendicular to the surface of the
oil. This line should go upwards and downwards. On the diagram label this line normal.
(1)
(d) Use a protractor to measure, to the nearest degree,
(i) the angle between AD and the normal,
Angle = ..................
(1)
(ii) the angle between CD and the normal,
Angle = ..................
(1)
(e) A friend of the student says that this investigation will be difficult to carry out.
Describe two problems which the student will have. In each case, explain how the
student might solve the problem.
Problem 1 ......................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
(3)
Problem 2 ......................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 11 marks)
3. (a) A ray of light enters a glass prism at an angle of incidence i . It passes through the
prism and emerges as shown in the diagram. The angle i is measured between the
incident ray and the normal. The angle of deviation D shows the total change of
direction of the ray.
i = .........................
(1)
(iii) Measure the angle of deviation D.
D = ......................
(1)
(b) Name the equipment that you could use to provide the ray of light.
.......................................................................................................................................
(1)
(c) A student measures D for different values of i. The table shows his results.
i (degrees) D (degrees)
50
37
55
38
60
39
65
41
70
34
75
46
(i) On the grid opposite plot a graph of D against i. Label the axes.
(3)
(ii) Circle the anomalous result.
(1)
(iii) Draw the best-fit curve through the other points.
(1)
(iv) Suggest an explanation for the anomalous result.
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
(1)
.........................................................................
(Total 10 marks).
3. A student investigates the refraction of light through a rectangular block of glass. The
diagram shows part of his investigation.
(a) What can the student use to produce the incident ray?
.......................................................................................................................................
(1)
(b) How can the student mark the position of the emergent ray?
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
(2)
(c) On the diagram:
(i) Draw a line which is perpendicular to the surface of the glass block at point P. This
line should go upwards and downwards. Label this line normal.
(1)
(ii) Label the angle between the incident ray and the normal as i and the angle between
the normal and the ray in the glass as r. Use a protractor to measure angle i and angle r
to the nearest degree in each case.
angle i = .................... angle r = ....................
(2)
(iii) The student uses his measurements correctly to calculate the refractive index of the
glass. He gives 1.509869215 as his answer. Refractive index is a ratio and so has no
units.
Explain what is wrong with his answer.
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
(3)
(d) Another student investigates a rectangular block of transparent plastic. She records
six pairs of measurements, calculates the refractive index for each pair and then
calculates the average refractive index. Explain why this is an improvement on using
one pair of measurements.
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 12 marks)
3. A ray of light travels along an optical fibre as shown in the diagram.
(a) All of the light is reflected inside the fibre at A. What name is given to this effect?
.......................................................................................................................................
(2)
(b) Continue the line to show the path of the ray of light through the optical fibre. You
should use a ruler.
(2)
(Total 4 marks)
(1)
(b) Explain why the open door of a music room diffracts lower frequency sounds more
than higher frequency sounds. (You may choose to draw a diagram to help your
explanation.)
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 3 marks)