Switched Mode Power Conversion: Devices For Efficient Power Conversion Switches Inductors Transformers

Switched Mode Power Conversion
Capacitors
Devices for Efficient Power Conversion

Switches
Inductors
Transformers
Capacitors

Capacitors
Capacitors Store Energy

Capacitors Store Energy in an Electric Field

Capacitors
Capacitors are also used as Switch-Protection

Elements
In Switching Aid Networks Capacitors

Provide Turn-Off dv/dt Protection

Capacitors
V
C
I
t
dV
1
I=C
; V(t) = VI + I dt
dt
C0
Electrical Circuit Element Equation

V, C, I are Electrical Circuit Quantities

Capacitors
V
C
I
t
1
Q
V(t) = VI + I dt = VI +
C0
C
Capacitor Accumulates Charge to

Store Energy

Capacitors Charge Balance in AC
V
C
I
V(t) = V(t + T)
1
C
t +T
I dt
t
t +T
=0;
I dt = 0
t
In Periodic AC Application Net Charge

Accumulation Per Cycle is Zero

Capacitors
V(t) = V(t + T)
V
Capacitor Current is Proportional to dV/dt

Capacitors
V(t) = V(t + T)
V
t
Negative
Charge
t
Positive
Charge
Charge Balance

Inductor Flux Balance
V
L
I
I(t) = I(t + T)
1
L
t +T
V dt
t
t +T
=0;
V dt = 0
t
In Periodic AC Application Net Flux

Accumulation Per Cycle is Zero
Volt-Sec Balance in an Inductor

Capacitors
V
C
I
t
1
Q
V(t) = VI + I dt = VI +
C0
C
Capacitor Accumulates Charge to

Store Energy

Capacitors
V
C
I
1
E = C V2
2
Stored Energy Relationship

Capacitors
V
C
I
1
E = C V2
2
Capacitors are
Selected from Manufacturers
Catalogue

Capacitors Construction
Terminal
Dielectric
Material
Terminal
D=E
Electric Flux Density: (D)

Dielectric Permittivity: ()
Electric Field Intensity: (E)

Capacitors Value
Terminal
Dielectric
Material
Terminal
Q
V
=
A
d
Q
A
=C=
V
d
Capacitance is Defined as Charge (Q) per Volt (V)

Capacitors Stored Energy
Terminal
Dielectric
Material
Terminal
V
1
E = Q dV = CV dV = C V 2
2
0
0
Energy is Work Done to Separate the Charge

Through a Potential of V

Capacitors Energy Density
Terminal
Dielectric
Material
Terminal
1
1 A 2 2
2
E = CV =
E d = 0.5 E 2 (Volume)
2
2 d
Energy Density is 0.5 E2 Joule/m3

Capacitors Energy Density in Air
Terminal
Air
Terminal
1
1 A 2 2
2
E = CV =
2
2 d
= 8.854 10-12 F/m

E = 3 106 V/m
Energy Density = 39.84 J/m3

Capacitors Energy Density in Polyester
Terminal
Dielectric
Material
Terminal
1
1 A 2 2
2
E = CV =
2
2 d
= 4 * 8.854 10-12 F/m

E = 275 106 V/m
Energy Density = 1.34 MJ/m3

Capacitors Energy Density (Bipolar)
Terminal
Dielectric
Material
Terminal
E=
1
C V2
2
MKV
Energy = 65 J
Volume: 0.07 m3
Energy Density: 0.94 kJ/m3

Capacitors Energy Density (Electrolytic)
Terminal
Dielectric
Material
Terminal
E=
1
C V2
2
Electrolytic
Energy = 243 J
Volume: 0.04 m3
Energy Density: 6.1 kJ/m3

Capacitors Packaging
Terminal 1
Dielectric
Terminal 2
MKV
Electrolytic
Cylindrical Geometry

Types of Capacitors
Ultra-Capacitors
Electrolytic Unipolar Capacitors
Metallised Dielectric Bipolar Capacitors

Capacitors - Specification
Voltage Rating Volt

Capacitance Value Farad

Capacitors Life
Electrolytic
Standard Life: 105 C, 8000 hrs

Capacitors Nonidealities
Electrolytic
MKV
Equivalent Series Resistance: ESR
Equivalent Series Inductance: ESL
Leakage Current: Ilk

RESR
C
P = I 2 R ESR
Equivalent Series Resistance: ESR

Capacitors Thermal Design
RESR
C
rise = P R th
Thermal Resistance: Rth C/W

Capacitor

LESL
C
1
O =
2 CL ESL
Equivalent Series Inductance: ESL

Capacitor

Ilk
Leakage Current: Ilk

Shunt Loss: VC Ilk

Capacitors Some Calculations
800 V
t
1 ms
C = 100 F

Capacitors Current Calculations
800 V
t
1 ms
80 A
C = 100 F

Capacitors
800 V
t
1 ms
I
-80 A
C = 100 F

Capacitors Voltage Calculations
2.5 ms
t
-80 A
C = 100 F

2.5 ms
V
I
t
-80 A
1
V =
C
1.25ms
80cos ( t ) dt ; = 2* * 200 rad / sec
C = 100 F

2.5 ms
V
I
t
-80 A
/ 2
80
1
sin ( t ) 0 = 637 V
V =
100 400
C = 100 F

Capacitors Current & Voltage Calculations
800 V
2.5 ms
t
637 V
I
-80 A
80 A
t
-80 A
V = 637 V
C = 100 F

Capacitors Dissipation Calculations
8 ms
80 A
-80 A
-80 A
I 2rms = 802 0.125 + 802 0.125 + 802 0.5 0.31 = 802 0.41
P = 802 0.411.4 m = 3.67 W
MKV
C = 100 F ; RS = 1.4 m

Measurement of C
V
C
I
dV
I=C
dt
I(t)
V(t)
t
Pulsed Current and Voltage Rise

Measurement of C with LCR Meter
V
C
I
r
I
ur
r V
I=
j L
ur
V
V
1
=
I C
Sinusoidal Voltage and Current

Impedance as a Function of
V
C
I
ur
ur V
Z = r = j L
I
dB
20 dB/dec
log ()
= 1/C
Impedance Plot [dB vs log ()]

Impedance with Non-idealities
RESR
LESL
C
Z
RESR = 1.4 m
LESL = 180 nH
C = 100 F
O = 235.7 krad/sec
MKV

RESR
LESL
C
Z
Z dB
235.7 k rad/sec
1/C
1/L
Log10
10 k rad/sec
5.56 M rad/sec
1.4 m

RESR
LESL
C
Z
Z dB
235.7 k rad/sec
Log10
10 k rad/sec
5.56 M rad/sec
1.4 m

Capacitors - Safety
Charge Holding
Discharge Time Constant
> 10000 s : 3 Hours
MKV

Capacitors Series Operation
Electrolytic
Capacitors May be Operated in Series
To Obtain Higher Voltage Rating.
(specially for Electrolytic)
RB
RB
Bleeder Current is Chosen Higher than Leakage Current

Capacitors Parallel Operation
Capacitors May be Operated in Parallel

To Obtain Higher Ripple Current Rating
RESR
C
RESR
C
MKV
Physical Layout to Obtain Symmetry

Capacitors
Devices for Efficient Power Conversion

Switches
Inductors
Transformers
Capacitors

Switched Mode Power Conversion: Devices For Efficient Power Conversion Switches Inductors Transformers

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Switched Mode Power Conversion

Devices for Efficient Power Conversion