Quant Ization
Quant Ization
Quant Ization
sampling rate
x1 t cos 10 t
y t x1 t x2 t
x2 t 2 cos 16 t
.25 0.4
fs 12
2
3
5
6
b)
x1 5Hz
x2
2
x6 4 Hz
3
c)
The aliasing happens. The x1 signal is kept but the x2 signal is aliased and it is
shown as 4Hz signal instead of 8Hz signal
Quantization
R
Quantization step
or
Resolution
R
2N
R
20 log10 2 N
Q
N 20 log10 2
N 6.02 dB
Noise power
SNR=10 log
Signal amplitude
Noise amplitude
SNR=20 log
Decibels
P watts
dB or dBW
1 watt
10 log
P watt
P dB =10 log10
1
watt
Example: Convert 5W into dB.
10
dB
P watt =log
=10
10
-1
P watts =log -1
V 2
25
17.78 V
20
Voltage log 1
dBm:
a. The dBm is used extensively in communication systems, specifically in cases
where we are dealing with lower powers. The spectrum analyzers represent a
signal in the frequency domain. The horizontal axis represents frequency while
the vertical axis represents power in dBm. The dBs and dBm are used in cascaded
systems and path loss equations.
b. The letter that follows dB is used as a reference. The letter m refers to milliwatt. The given power in watts is being compared with 1 milli-watt. We must
know how to convert watts into dBm and dBm into watts.
2N
R
Q
R
log 2 2 N log 2
R
Q
N log 2
log 2
Q
log