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    Wankat Chapter 9

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    Mikas Philip
    This document describes batch distillation processes. Simple batch distillation involves a single distillation column with continuous vapor withdrawal and no feed during the run. Multistage batch distillation uses a column with multiple equilibrium stages above the reboiler. Mass and energy balances are used to model the processes and determine variables like final still pot charge, total distillate amount, and average distillate composition. Graphical and analytical solution methods are presented.

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    Wankat Chapter 9

    Uploaded by

    Mikas Philip
    120 views19 pages
    This document describes batch distillation processes. Simple batch distillation involves a single distillation column with continuous vapor withdrawal and no feed during the run. Multistage batch distillation uses a column with multiple equilibrium stages above the reboiler. Mass and energy balances are used to model the processes and determine variables like final still pot charge, total distillate amount, and average distillate composition. Graphical and analytical solution methods are presented.

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    This document describes batch distillation processes. Simple batch distillation involves a single distillation column with continuous vapor withdrawal and no feed during the run. Multistage batch distillation uses a column with multiple equilibrium stages above the reboiler. Mass and energy balances are used to model the processes and determine variables like final still pot charge, total distillate amount, and average distillate composition. Graphical and analytical solution methods are presented.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    120 views19 pages

    Wankat Chapter 9

    Uploaded by

    Mikas Philip
    This document describes batch distillation processes. Simple batch distillation involves a single distillation column with continuous vapor withdrawal and no feed during the run. Multistage batch distillation uses a column with multiple equilibrium stages above the reboiler. Mass and energy balances are used to model the processes and determine variables like final still pot charge, total distillate amount, and average distillate composition. Graphical and analytical solution methods are presented.

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    Chapter 9 - Batch Distillation

    Versatile
    Runs may vary in length
    Same equipment distills several different products
    at different times
    Distillation required occasionally

    Simple Batch Distillation


    D, xD

    W, xW

    QR

    Still pot

    Vapor withdrawn continuously


    No continuous feed
    Liquid drained at end

    Multistage Batch Distillation


    Staged or packed column
    placed above reboiler
    D, xD

    Reflux returned to
    column

    column
    L

    Distillate withdrawn
    continuously

    W, xW
    Still pot

    QR

    Batch Distillation
    Mass balances - entire system

    F = W final + Dtotal
    FxF = xw, finalW final + xD , avg Dtotal
    F, xF, and xW,final or xD,avg specified

    Rayleigh Equation
    Derived from differential mass balance
    Assume holdup is negligible
    in - out = accumulation in reboiler

    xD dW = d (WxW )
    xD dW = WdxW xW dW

    Rayleigh Equation
    Rearranging and Integrating
    W final

    dW
    =

    W
    W =F

    ln

    W final
    F

    xW , final

    xF

    dxW
    xD xW

    xF

    xW , final

    dxW
    xD xW

    Simple Batch Distillation


    Vapor product in equilibrium with liquid in
    still pot
    Total condenser
    y = xD

    ln

    W final
    F

    xF

    xW , final

    dx
    =
    yx
    x

    xF

    W , final

    dx
    f ( x) x

    Simple Batch Distillation


    General graphical integration procedure
    plot y-x equilibrium curve
    find y-x for a series of x values
    plot 1/(y-x) vs x
    graphically integrate from xF to xw,final
    find final charge material in still pot

    W final

    xF dx
    = Fe area
    = F exp
    yx
    x
    W , final

    Simple Batch Distillation


    General graphical integration procedure
    continued
    calculate average distillate concentration

    xD , avg =

    FxF W final xW , final


    F W final

    calculate total distillate amount

    Dtotal = F W final

    Simple Batch Distillation


    Trial and error procedure
    xD,avg specified instead of xW,final
    guess xW,final
    calculate area
    find Wfinal
    calculate xD,avg and compare with given value

    Simple Batch Distillation


    Constant for equilibrium
    Integrate analytically Rayleigh equation

    x
    y=
    1 + ( 1) x
    W final
    ln
    F

    xw, final (1 xF )
    1 xF

    1
    + ln
    ln
    =

    1
    1 xW , final

    1
    x
    x

    (
    )

    F
    w
    final
    ,

    Multistage Batch Distillation


    Distillation column placed above reboiler
    xD and xW not in equilibrium
    Obtain relationship between xD and xW from
    stage by stage calculations
    assume negligible holdup on each tray, in
    the condenser, and in the accumulator
    write mass and energy balances around
    stage j and the top of the column

    Multistage Batch Distillation


    Mass and Energy Balances at given t
    V, L, and D are molal flow rates

    V j +1 = L j + D

    V j +1 y j +1 = L j x j + DxD
    Qc + V j +1 H j +1 = L j h j + DhD

    Multistage Batch Distillation


    Assume constant molal overflow
    energy balance not needed

    y j +1

    L
    L
    = x j + 1 xD
    V
    V

    represents a straight line on a y-x diagram


    at any specific time
    slope = L/V and x=y intercept = xD
    these vary during batch distillation operating line will be continuously changing

    Multistage Batch Distillation


    Common operating method
    Constant reflux ratio
    Allow xD to vary

    Relationship between xD and xW found


    stage-by-stage calculation using McCabeThiele analysis
    operating equation plotted on McCabeThiele diagram for series of xD values
    step off specified number of equilibrium
    contacts starting at xD to find xW

    Multistage Batch Distillation


    Procedure
    McCabe-Thiele analysis
    xW values for series of xD values
    Calculate 1/(xD - xW )
    Evaluate integral
    xF

    xW , final

    dxW
    xD xW

    Multistage Batch Distillation


    Procedure continued
    Calculate Wfinal

    W final = Fe

    area

    Calculate average distillate concentration

    xD , avg =

    FxF W final xW , final


    F W final

    Calculate total distillate amount

    Dtotal = F W final

    Example 9-2. Multistage


    batch distillation
    Given
    A still pot plus two equilibrium stage
    L/D =2/3, saturated liquid
    F = 50 kg moles
    XF = 0.32 (ethanol)
    Xw,final = 0.045

    Find Wfinal, Dtotal, XD,avg

    Batch Operating Time


    Operating time and batch size
    controlled by economics

    Total batch time

    tbatch = tdown + top

    tdown includes dumping the bottoms, cleanup, loading


    next batch, heating next batch until reflux occurs
    top actual period that distillation occurs
    Dtotal
    top =
    D

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