Thesis 001
Thesis 001
Thesis 001
Group Member
Go, Mark Anthony B.
Saunar, Arvin Y.
Velasco, Jezreel A.
Hamor, Michael Angelo E.
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Copyright 2015 Mark Anthony Go, Arvin Saunar, Jezreel Velasco, & Michael Angelo
Hamor
All Rights Reserved
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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
The City of Cabuyao is located about 43 kilometres (27 mi) southeast of Metro
Manila, at the western portion of Laguna. It is bordered by the Laguna de Bay, the
country's largest lake, to the north (N), Calamba City to the east (E) with Barangays
Uwisan (NE), Banlic& San Cristobal (E) and Mapagong& Canlubang (SE), some portion
of Silang, Cavite (Brgy. PutingKahoy) to the south (S) and by the Santa Rosa City to the
west (W) with the Barangays Malitlit (SW), Dita (W) and Caingin (NW) respectively.
Cabuyao is approximately 54 kilometres (34 mi) away from Santa Cruz, the provincial
capital, and 9 kilometres (5.6 mi) from the city center of Calamba City, the chartered city
and regional center of CALABARZON region.
The rainfall regime of Cabuyao is characterized by two pronounced season, the
wet and the dry seasons. The wet season is from June to November and the relatively dry
season runs from December to May. The average annual rainfall is about 2,000mm. There
are 150 rainy days in average per year for the wet season.
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The seasonal variation of the temperature field is uneventful. The coldest months
start from November up to January and the warmest month on record is the month of May.
On the average, a 12- degree centigrade temperature difference exists between the
warmest and the coldest months. The mean annual temperature is a warm 27.5 degree
centigrade.
The Annual relative humidity is 76%. The most humid months are June, July,
August and September with the normal relative humidity registered at 84% while April
and May are driest at 70%.
During the dry seasons, most of the households in Cabuyao make use of standard
fans so as to cool the air inside the house. One of their selections is the use of air
conditioning unit however it can lead to a high power usage of electricity leading to higher
electrical bills.
Air cooling is a method of dissipating heat. It works by making the object to be
cooled have a larger surface area or have an increased flow of air over its surface, or both.
An example of the former is to add cooling fins to the surface of the object, either by
making them integral or by attaching them tightly to the object's surface (to ensure
efficient heat transfer). In the case of the latter it is done by using a fan blowing air into or
onto the object one wants to cool. The addition of fins to a heat sink increases its total
surface area, resulting in greater cooling effectiveness.
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process without increasing humidity. Passive evaporative cooling strategies offer the same
benefits of mechanical evaporative cooling systems without the complexity of equipment
and ductwork.
STATEMENTOF PROBLEM
In every typical household in Purok 6, Brgy. Bigaa, Cabuyao, Laguna, houses have
2-3 windows, 2-3 rooms, 1 door, 4-6 light bulbs or florescent lights, 6-10 appliances and
the houses are just wall-separated.
In these house distances, the people living inside feel inconvenient due to the
blockage of fresh air coming from different direction. Installing an air-conditioning unit
was a great idea but it is too expensive for a typical family, putting a ventilator or electric
fanmay help but it is still not enough to improve convenience to the residents living in
Purok 6, brgy. Bigaa, cabuyao, Laguna.Due to this difficulty, the researcher believes that
putting an advanced cooler inside the house will improve the ventilation of air.
OBJECTIVES
As a researcher we aim to achieve the following in doing this research:
To validate the temperature inside and outside of the house in Brgy. Bigaa,
Cabuyao, Laguna.
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For the people, the proposed study will serve them a guide how to simply reduce
the high temperature to 3-5 degree Celsius inside the house especially on a hot
season.
For students, the proposed study will help them have a deeper understanding in the
air-conditioning system. Furthermore, this study will give them knowledge how to
come up with this innovative and useful project.
To future researchers, the proposed study will serve them a guide for more future
innovations and works.
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DEFINITION OF TERMS
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Relative Humidity - (abbreviated RH) is the ratio of the partial pressure of water vapor
to the equilibrium vapor pressure of water at the same temperature. Relative humidity
depends on temperature and the pressure of the system of interest.
Enthalpy - is the preferred expression of system energy changes in many chemical,
biological, and physical measurements, because it simplifies certain descriptions of
energy transfer.
CHAPTER 2
STUDY OF RELATIVE LITERATURE
Thermal Comfort
If temperature and humidity levels in the office are too high or too low, occupants
can be dissatisfied with the environment, uncomfortable and less effective in their tasks.
Comfortable conditions in mechanically ventilated buildings depend on six variables:
air temperature, air velocity, relative humidity, radiant temperature, occupants clothing
insulation and occupants activity level. American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and
Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) Standard -55 defines a comfort zone based on
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these variables, where the majority of occupants are likely to feel comfortable.
The higher density of occupants and equipment in most open-plan offices increases
the amount of heat released (and thereby the cooling requirements) in the space. Thus the
heating/cooling system must have the capacity to handle the occupant density, and be
operated appropriately to meet thermal requirements.
According to the comfort zone diagram, comfortable temperatures are almost
impossible to achieve when the relative humidity is high. High humidity also supports
mould and bacterial growth, so ASHRAE recommends that relative humidity be
maintained below 60%. There is no recommended lower level of humidity for achieving
thermal comfort, but as dry conditions can lead to increased static electricity and health
problems, such as skin irritation, the relative humidity should be greater than 30%.
ASHRAEs acceptable ranges of operative temperature (a combination of air and radiant
temperatures) for relative humidity levels of 30% and 60% are shown in Table 1.
Conditions
24.528
7682
2325.5
7478
Table 1
Occupants vary their clothing with the seasons, so recommendations for summer
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and winter are given, to reflect the amount of clothing insulation (clo) that clothes
provide. These ranges are valid for typical office activities and for air velocities less than
0.2 m/s (40 ft./min.). For acceptable operative temperatures for different levels of air
velocity, relative humidity, clothing insulation and activity level, refer to ASHRAEs
comfort zone diagrams.1 Findings from an the International Residential Code (IRC) field
study supported what are considered by ASHRAE to be acceptable temperature ranges.
Occupants in open-plan offices typically have to share one thermostat setting,
reducing the control they can exert over the thermal environment. A flexible dress policy
gives occupants one means to fine-tune their thermal comfort, but should not be provided
as an alternative to appropriate building temperature control.
While occupants can be thermally comfortable overall, they may still experience
discomfort on a specific part of their body, most commonly from drafts. Their experience
of draft depends on air temperature, air velocity, and turbulence intensity (the amount of
fluctuation in the air flow).
ASHRAE recommends that conditions be configured so that less than 20% of
occupants are dissatisfied due to draft. In general, air temperature within the comfort zone
and air velocities below 0.2 m/s meet this recommendation, although (IRC) found that a
velocity of 0.1 m/s or less could lead to a further increase in satisfaction.
ASHRAE allows for higher air velocities in warm, humid conditions, as some research
suggests that occupants welcome the cooling effect these higher velocities provide.3 The
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proviso is that occupants have control over the local air speed.
IRC researchers found the alignment of supply air diffusers relative to
workstations sometimes led to an increased risk of draft. This is most likely to be a
problem with smaller workstations, where there is less opportunity for occupants to move
out of the path of supply air, and where the total airflow is also likely to be higher (to cope
with the greater occupant density and higher cooling load).
As well, there is a greater likelihood of draft when the diffusers are angled to
supply large amounts of air directly toward the occupant. When the office is reconfigured,
it is important to change diffuser placement and ventilation volume to help minimize these
problems.
Occupants seated next to a window tend to be less satisfied with thermal
conditions. Although workstations located next to windows benefit from natural lighting
and a view, their occupants often experience a wider range of temperatures because of the
warm or cool radiant temperatures from the window. Blinds, perimeter heating and
cooling, and well-insulated windows can help minimize these problems.
Room temperature (also referred to as ambient temperature) is a common term to
denote a certain temperature within enclosed space to which human beings are
accustomed. Room temperature is thus often indicated by general human comfort, with
the common range of 18C (64F) to 23C (73F), though differences in climate may
acclimate people to higher or lower temperaturesfor instance, 78F could be a common
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Minimum recommended fresh air rate 10 Litres per second (L/s) per person or 10
L/s per 10 m2 for mechanical ventilation systems
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air quality, especially in colder regions. For example, to reduce heating costs many HVAC
systems reduce the amount of fresh air brought into the building when the outside air is
cold. Also, the humidity level outside the building can make it difficult to control the
relative humidity inside the building. The people who occupy a building also affect indoor
air quality. Occupants may affect air quality by smoking, cooking, wearing cosmetics or
scents, or producing body odours.
When conditions differ from those listed above, productivity and efficiency are
likely to be adversely affected. Lowered concentration due to discomfort can lead to an
increased risk of accidents.
Too much ventilation, e.g. air movement faster than 0.2 m/s, may result in some
staff complaining of the cold due to noticeable draughts.
Low humidity can cause dryness of the eyes, nose and throat.
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cloth to remove the dust. Last then keep the unit in a safe place when not using.
CHAPTER 3
METHODOLOGY
This chapter contains the principles and methodologies of the research design, and
considered materials used and purposed.
There are different sources/ references were considered in developing this air
coolant which includes the data and information from the different links of the World
Wide Web, books and journals specifically on the topics about air cooling, evaporative
cooling and free cooling. Important contribution was made by a family resident in Purok 6
Brgy. Bigaa, Cabuyao, Laguna as our experimental respondent.
This study uses the concept of direct evaporative air cooling. Evaporative cooling
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is a process of heat and mass transfer based on the transformation of sensible heat into
latent heat. The non-saturated air reduces it temperature, providing the sensible heat that
transforms into latent heat to evaporate the water. If the process develops in ideal adiabatic
conditions, the dry bulb air temperature decreases as this transformation develops,
increasing the humidity. The heat exchange continues until the air reaches the saturated
state when the air and water temperature reach the same value or adiabatic saturation
temperature. As applied directly in our study, cold water mixed with ice evaporates
directly in the stream of air, producing an adiabatic process of heat exchange in which the
air dry bulb temperature decreases as its humidity increases.Thus, the amount of heat
transferred from the air to the water is the same as the one employed in the evaporation of
the water.
The Researcher measured the inside space, considered the appliances of the chosen
house and conducted a temperature reading experiment inside and outside of the house in
brgy. Bigaa, Cabuyao, Laguna. The researcher measured the temperature at 12: 00 NN to
3:00 PM because it is the hottest time in our country have. These data will be serve as a
basis
to
the
design
and
the
gathered
data
are
Area:
___,
People:___,
Time
Outside
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Inside
12: 00 NN
1:30 PM
3:00 PM
The system was composed of different materials, the researcher choose the
materials that has a low thermal conductivity for less heat transfer inside the system.
Thecircular bucketmade out ofpolypropylenethat will served as a body of the
system,Styrofoam will be glued circularly inside the bucket and will be worked as the
insulator to resist the flow of heat.The bucket and Styrofoam is will be pierced three times
using a hole saw which is a saw blade of ring shaped, with a separation distance of 50.8
mm each and having a hole diameter of 50 mm.then three pieces of hallow pipe having a
50mm outside diameter and 76.2 length is will be fixed on the hole by silicon sealant.The
cover of the system is also made up of polypropylene and will be cut based on the frame
diameter of fan.
The fan is 35 watts, 220 volts, 60 Hz and having frame diameter of 200 mm. the
air produced by the fan is coming from the surroundings. This is placed at the top of the
bucket and pushes the air downward throughout the filter.The filter is placed before the
fan to remove any impurities that will make contact to the ice inside.
As the results of that interconnection of the unit when fan blew the air, the ice
worked as a cooling instrument that gives an air development inside the room. When the
warm air made contact through the ice it will start to evaporate as cooled steam and it will
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This part contains the computation of materials specification based on the design.
CENTRIFUGAL FAN
Power Input: 220V- 60 Hz 35watts
Diameter of Blade: 106mm
RPM: 3600
For finding the total head (ht)
P = Q x aht
Q fan capacity, m3
ht total head, m
Q = Velocity x Area
V = DN = x 0.106 m x
3600 rpm
=19.99 m/s
60 sec .
A=
D2 ( 0.106 m)
=
=8.8247 x 103 m2
4
4
Q = 19.99
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m
m3
x 8.8243 x 103 m2=0.1763
s
s
m3
kN
0.035 kW =0.0882
x 0.01251 3 x ht
s
m
t= 15.87 m
h
Styrofoam
Height: 356mm
Thickness: 12.7mm
Thermal Conductivity: 0.033 W/(mK) (foam, 0.05 g/cm3)
Bucket(Polypropylene)
Diameter (Inside and outside): 285mm, 305mm
Inside: 285mm
Outside: 305mm
Height: 395mm
Thermal Conductivity: 0.17 0.22 W/m K
Pipe
Diameter: 50.8mm
Length: 89mm
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Filter
Diameter: 270 mm
A ( T )
xb xs
+
kb k s
(Source: Primess Industrial Power Plant Engineering, pp. I-2)
Where:
Q heat transmitted, W
A heat transfer area, m2
T change in temperature inside to outside, K
x b thickness of bucket, 0.010 m
x s Thickness of Styrofoam, 0.0127 m
k s Thermal conductivity of Styrofoam, 0.17
k b Thermal conductivity of bucket, 0.033
W
m K
W
m K
A=H x L
(Source: Plane and Solid Mensuration by Earnhart and Bejasa, 2007, pp. 94)
Where:
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H Height of bucket/Styrofoam,0.356 m
L Length of bucket/Styrofoam ( L = C)
C=2 r
(Source: Plane and Solid Mensuration by Earnhart and Bejasa, 2007, pp. 94)
C Circumference of the bucket/Styrofoam
r Radius of bucket/Styrofoam, 0.1525m
C=2 ( 0.1525 m )
C=0.95818 m
A=L x C
A=0.95818 m x 0356 m
A=0.341114 m2
Q
0.341114 m
=
(T)
0.0127 m
0.010 m
+
W
W
0.033
0.17
m K
mK
Q
W
=10. 4628
K
(T)
The different parameters on how we come up with the materials that used in the
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study.
Centrifugal Fan
Power
Volts
Ampere
Size
RPM
35 Watts
220
0.16
20 cm
3600
Total
Head
15.87m
Styrofoam
Height
35.6 cm
Thickness
1.27 cm
Thermal Conductivity
0.033 W/(mK) (foam, 0.05 g/cm3)
Bucket (Polypropylene)
Diameter
Inside
Outside
28.5 cm 30.5 cm
Height
Thermal Conductivity
39.5 cm
Length
5.08 cm
8.9 cm
Filter
Filter it removes particles from the air stream to both keep the air coolers clean and
to remove particles from the air.
Figure 1
Centrifugal Fan
The use of this is to push the cold air inside from the inside to the outside of the
bucket.
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(Figure 2)
Bucket Cover
The use of this are cover and handle of rotating fan.
Figure 3
Styrofoam
The use of this is thermal insulation for the bucket.
Figure 4
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Hollow Pipes
The use of this is to convey the cold air from the inside of the cylindrical bucket to
the outside of the cylindrical bucket.
(Figure 5)
Cylindrical bucket
The use of this is a case for the Styrofoam.
(Figure 6)
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System specification
(Figure 7
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1. Centrifugal Fan
2. Cylindrical Bucket Cover
3. Styrofoam
4. Hollow Pipes
5. Cylindrical Bucket
ACTUAL PROCEDURE:
PROCEDURE
(Figure 8)
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Figure 9
(Figure 10)
(Figure 12)
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(Figure 11)
(Figure 13)
RESULT
Then after applying all the
needed materials of the
unit. Paint it for better
appearance
(figure 16)
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(Figure 17)
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The Researcher measured the inside space, considered the appliances of the chosen
house and conducted a temperature reading experiment in brgy. Bigaa, Cabuyao, Laguna.
That has been measured in different time. The researcher tabulated the data such as area,
height, people, lights, quantities of window, doors and appliances
Time
Outside
1pm
2pm
3pm
Cooling unit
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Inside
This experiment was performed by running the unit with specific volume of ice
and measured the temperature of the discharge air in different running time. The
researcher assumed the following volume: 2, 3, 4 litters of ice in each trial. Three trials
were conducted.
Pure ice, slightly melted, nearly melted, almost water. Pure ice, the water is at its
solid form, zero percent water. Slightly melted, the content of water is thirty percent.
Nearly melted, the content of water is sixty percent. Almost water, the content of water is
eighty percent. Water form meaning the there no more ice content.
(Table 4)condition of the ice and the air temperature coming out
Running Time: 15 minutes
Temperature of air coming
Volume of
Trial
Property of Ice
from the unit(C)
the Ice
(Litter/s)
Before
After
Before
1
2
3
(Table 5)condition of the ice and the air temperature coming out
Running Time: 30 minutes
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After
Volume of
Trial
Property of Ice
from the unit(C)
the Ice
Before
(Litter/s)
After
Before
After
1
2
3
(Table 6)condition of the ice and the air temperature coming out
Running Time: 1 Hour
Volume of
Trial
the Ice
(Litter/s)
Before
After
Before
After
1
2
3
After getting all the experimented data, the researcher chooses the most effective
volume of ice in each different running time.
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This experiment was performed by comparing the air cooler versus electric fan and
selecting time at which the temperature is considered hot. The experiment will be
performed at 12:00 NN to 3:00 PM, the researcher will acquired the dry bulb temperature
and wet bulb temperature of the room by using digital thermometer.
Trial
1
2
3
Starting Time
12:00 NN
1:30 PM
3:00PM
CHAPTER 4
DATA AND RESULT
Location assessment
Area: 277cm x 242 cm = 67034 cm2
People: 3
Height: 238cm
Lights: LED lights
Quantities: 1
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Condition of Room
Using electric fan
Using air cooler
Tdb
Twb
Tdb
Twb
Window: 1
Appliances: Television
Cell phone/Charger
Laptop
Standard Temperature of the area
(TABLE 8)
Temperature
Time
Outside
Inside
1pm
30
34
2pm
31
35
3pm
32
34
Property of Ice
the Ice
(Litter/s)
Before
After
Before
After
Pure Ice
Slightly Melted
25
27
Pure Ice
Slightly Melted
21
23
Pure Ice
Slightly Melted
19
20
Trial
Volume of the
Ice (Litter/s)
Property of Ice
Before
After
Before
After
Pure Ice
Nearly Melted
25
27
Pure Ice
Nearly Melted
21
27
Pure Ice
Slightly Melted
19
24
Property of Ice
from the unit(C)
Trial
Ice (Litter/s)
Before
After
Before
After
Pure Ice
Water
25
30
Pure Ice
Almost Water
21
28
Pure Ice
Nearly Melted
19
27
Ice properties
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(Figure 18)
In figure 18 it shows that after 1 hour the property of ice turns pure Ice to water
(Figure 19)
In figure 19 it shows that after 1 hour the property of ice turns pure Ice to slightly
water.
(Figure 20)
In figure 20 in the final test it shows that after 1 hour the property of ice turns pure
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Ice
to
slightly water.
1
2
3
12:00 PM
1:30 PM
3:00PM
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Condition of Room
of the room
Using electric
Tdb
34
35
34
Twb
26.1
27.4
26.3
fan
Tdb
32
33
32
Twb
25.9
26.5
26.5
Tdb
31
32
31
Twb
27.4
28.1
27.3
(Table 12)
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At 1:00 PM
Eff. = [(34 31)/(34 26.1)]*100
Eff = 37.97%
At 2:00 PM
Eff. = [(35 32)/(35 27.4)]*100
Eff. = 39.47%
At 3:00 PM
Eff. = [(34 31)/(34 26.3)]*100
Eff = 34.48%
Average eff. = [(37.97 + 39.47 + 34.48)/3]*100
Average eff. = 37.31%
Room improvement = Average eff. Of evaporative air cooler Average eff. Of electric fan
= 37.31 27.94
= 9.37 % improvement vs. ordinary electric fan
Data Analysis
(Figure 21)
This is the gathered data for the overall trials that has been conducted in different
time frame.
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SUMMARY OF FINDINGS
This Study was to develop an evaporative air cooler system and its adverse
effectiveness on the extent of our research. The following are the findings after conducting
the experiments:
1. After 15 minutes, the temperature difference for 2L of ice was 2C while for 3L
and 4L, the difference was 3C.
2. At 30 minutes running time, there was an ambient temperature rise for 2L from
31C to 32C making the temperature difference of 1C from the initial
temperature. The same observation was seen for 3L of ice however its temperature
difference was 2C from initial temperature. The same result was observed for 4L
of ice from the 15mins running time.
3. After 1 hour, as based from 30mins running time, the same results were observed
for 2L, 3L, and 4L having a temperature drops of 1C, 2C, and 3C respectively.
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4. Based from the three different time frames, the 4L of ice showed a consistency in
the temperature difference from its initial temperature. The ambient temperature
after the operation of the air cooler settled at 31C having a temperature drop of
3C.
5. Taking into account on the volume of the ice, 30% has melted for 4L, 60% for 3L
and 80% for 2L. The results also show a reasonable outcome hence the surface
area of the ice is also an account for the heat exchange.
6. The improvement of room while using Evaporative air Cooler increased to 9.37 %.
BILS OF MATERIALS FOR THE PROTOTYPE
(figure 22)
Name Of Materials
Price (Php)
Nylon wire
25
400
Glue
55
Styrofoam
63.75
178
178
Sealant White
130
Devcon epoxy
150
40
Pipe
70
Rotation fan
400
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Bucket sets
150
150
Filter free/donation
Total Expenses
1989.75
CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Conclusion
The following conclusions are being deduced from the findings of the experiment:
1. The evaporative water cooler is an effective cooling device as it shows a 3-degree
Centigrade difference in the room temperature from its initial temperature reading.
2. The larger the volume of the ice used, the longer is the running time for the cooling
device to operate.
3. The speed of the fan and the initial ambient temperature (temperature before the
application of air cooler) also affects the time limit or the melting time of the ice inside the
air cooler.
4. The tolerable or enough room size would correspond to a best result of the evaporative
water cooler.
Recommendation
Based on the results and inferences of the study, the following are recommendations for
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