Civil Society Recommendations to African Governments

on Tax and related aspects at the

Africa Regional Consultations towards the Third Conference on Financing

for Development, March 23 24, 2015
Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

Submitted by
Tax Justice Network-Africa (TJN-A)
On behalf of CSOs
March 2015

Summary of CSO Recommendations to African governments

1. African countries should push for the centrality of taxation as both the most
important source of financing for development needs and the key lever to fight
inequality.
2. African countries should call for the establishment of a new intergovernmental body
on tax matters with a clear mandate
3. African countries should stand together to ensure that FfD process not only
recognises the importance of measures to increase transparency and accountability
within the private sector as it does in Article 25 of the Zero draft but also that it
commits the countries to act.
4. African countries should implement the recommendations contained in the
AU/UNECA high level panel (HLP) on IFF report.
5. African countries should push for the integration of womens rights into the FfD
agenda as an important issue which has relevance for tax policy
6. African countries should push for commitment to the principle of redistribution via
taxation and ensure the global data collection effort envisaged within the SDGs
includes tracking the equity implications of tax policy
7. African countries should call for the recognition of international cooperation on tax
as a key priority related to financing within the new global partnership for
sustainable development.
8. African countries should call for international commitment to the principle of
redistribution via taxation and ensure the global data collection effort envisaged
within the SDGs includes tracking the equity implications of tax policy
9. African countries should make an explicit statement that MNCs paying their share
of tax will be a major means of financing the SDGs.
.

Introduction
It is now clear that the MDG process relied too heavily on overseas development assistance
(ODA). This shortcoming needs to be overcome and the issues of tax dodging and illicit
financial flows fully addressed, if the Financing for Development Conference, scheduled to
take place in Addis Ababa in July 2015, is to deliver on the financing needs of the Post-2015
Agenda. The Africa regional consultation on the FfD should also result in an African
Common Position on FfD. The recently launched High Level Panel Report on Illicit
Financial Flows from Africa1, endorsed by African Heads of State and Government on
January 30, 2015, comprises recommendations which African countries should promote
within the FfD process and commit themselves collectively to implement them within the
framework of continental cooperation and in individual African Countries. This position also
reflects the very recently published Zero Draft of the Addis Ababa Accord as presented by
the co-chairs.2
African countries should recognise the central role of taxation in development as a prominent
issue. Despite the perception that Africa survives on ODA, resources raised from taxation are
far superior to ODA. When a country depends on its tax revenue, the substantial burden of
coordinating between and reporting to multiple donors disappears. Countries become more
accountable to citizens and can pursue, in a more cost-effective and integrated manner,
national development goals. The accountability mismatch disappears as countries become
accountable for revenue-raising as well as the delivery of progress.
While a focus on self-financing through taxation has much to recommend it, it is also clearly
the case that many African countries are not collecting sufficient amounts via taxation
systems. New research finds that many non-resource rich African countries have tax
collection levels below 15% of GDP, 3 indicating the weak levels of tax collection across the
developing world. But it is also evident that there is a lot of room for improvement. Yet this
improvement cannot be at the expense of the people in poverty via focus on regressive taxes.
African countries lose too much due to tax evasion and avoidance, poor enforcement of direct
taxation of assets and income, and widespread tax incentives and exemptions, which result in
large fiscal losses. The substantial problem of illicit financial flows and the large amounts of
resources leaving African countries untaxed is now well recognised. As the HLP report
clearly demonstrates, illicit outflows are larger than inflows from aid and that a large
proportion is driven by tax abuse via trade mispricing practices. As a result national and
international tax issues are inextricably linked and are both fundamentally important in
financing for development (FfD) debates.
The purpose of this paper is to inform the Africa Regional Consultation on Financing for
Development taking place in Addis Ababa end of March 2015. It summarises
recommendations that should be incorporated in Africas Common Position on FfD and
ultimately in the final formulation of the tax relevant components of the outcome document
1

http://www.uneca.org/sites/default/files/publications/iff_main_report_english.pdf
http://www.un.org/esa/ffd/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/1ds-zero-draft-outcome.pdf
3
Prichard, Wilson, Cobham, Alex and Goodall, Andrew, The ICTD Government Revenue Dataset, The International
Centre for Tax and Development, Working Paper 19, 2014
2

of the Financing Development Conference which will take place mid-July in Addis Ababa,
Ethiopia.
Tax and the Financing for Development Agenda
Revenue-raising from taxation is now consistently recognised as an important part of the FfD
agenda. In addition, the attention paid to illicit financial flows and the commitment to
enhance efforts to combat tax evasion and avoidance via more international cooperation are
also welcome. Even though Articles 7 and 17 of the Zero Draft attempts to do so, there is
need for all countries particulary African countries to embrace the centrality of taxation as
both the most important source of financing for development needs and the key lever to fight
inequality.
While it is not sensible to ignore any financing options all forms of financing are not equal.
Tax is the most sustainable and reliable source of financing for all states. It enhances both the
accountability of governments to citizens4 and of businesses to society. It is also the key lever
to reduce income inequality in society. While ODA will still play an important role especially for the poorest countries - the importance of a well-functioning system of taxation
cannot be overstated.
However, this has not been well reflected in discussions which often have a significant
imbalance emphasizing heavily private finance.5 This is problematic for a whole host of
reasons. For example, it is already clear that foreign direct investment (FDI) flows to the nonresource rich African countries are very low. The quality of FDI and the benefits that African
countries ultimately derive have been repeatedly called into question, with many African
countries unable to ensure linkages with local firms, dynamic accumulation of capital,
technology transfer, high quality job creation and skills transfer. FDI flows are often
accompanied by significant outflows of resources and of course the profit-seeking nature of
FDI means this form of financing does not flow to many important sectors of public service
provision. While these limitations are not sufficiently addressed, conversely one of the
greatest benefits of FDI the tax it can yield - is insufficiently dealt with. Tax has been
historically ignored due to an over-reliance on ODA. It now appears that there is a danger
that the fundamental role of tax and the urgent need to reform international tax rules will be
overlooked in favour of a skewed focus on private finance.
Financing for Development and International Taxation Issues
While generally tackling tax evasion and avoidance, and the many shortcomings with
international taxation rules, have consistently received attention in FfD preparatory work,
there is still a lack of clarity in terms of the concrete measures to be taken. One of the biggest
priorities for the FfD process must be the creation of a properly functioning and resourced
international body with a mandate to deal fully with global taxation issues. The Zero Draft is
taking small step forward by changing the UN Tax Committee from an expert one to
4

Prichard et.al. 2014, ICTD Working Paper: http://www.ictd.ac/en/publications/taxation-non-tax-revenue-anddemocracy-new-evidence-using-new-cross-country-data

5

See for example: Report of the Intergovernmental Committee of Experts on Sustainable Development Financing
(ICESDF), 8th August 2014)

intergovernmental one in Article 28. While a step in right direction, it is insufficient and
proper UN tax body with clear mandate to focus its effort on financing for development via
curbing tax evasion and avoidance is needed. We appeal to African countries to share this
position within the FfD negotiations, especially the upcoming drafting session taking place
from 13th April in New York. Currently a substantial part of work on international tax matters
takes place under the auspices of the G20 and is practically taken forward by the OECD. This
has meant that two important processes - regarding automatic exchange of tax information
and base erosion and profit shifting (BEPS) have excluded most African and other
developing countries from negotiations and decision-making. There have been repeated
requests to address this global tax governance problem, including from the G77 which has
proposed that the UN Committee of Experts on International Cooperation in Tax Matters be
upgraded to an intergovernmental body.
Financing for Development and Commercial Tax Evasion and Avoidance
A much greater acknowledgement is needed that the FfD process will ensure that
multinationals pay their share of taxes where their economic activities take place and value
is created. Given the shortcomings in current global tax rules and the ease with which MNCs
are able to reduce enormously the taxes they pay6 the fiscal losses for all countries are
momentous. Research has also shown that poorer countries generally suffer the greatest
shrinkage of the tax base as a result of corporate profit shifting and the multinational tax base
of some lower income countries could even be double their current size.7 Without a doubt this
is the most obvious area where a global effort to make things fairer would result in direct and
large revenue raising for African countries. This should be considered as one of the most
important means of mobilising resources to enable African countries to implement their
development goals.
African countries should stand together to ensure that FfD process not only recognises the
importance of measures to increase transparency and accountability within the private sector
as it does in Article 25 of the Zero draft but also that it commits the countries to act and does
not stop at toothless declarations. This is critical given the risks within the international
financial system that were revealed during the global economic and financial crisis, as well as
to ensure multinationals pay their fair share of taxes. While private sector investment - with
pursuance of legitimate profit making - will play an important role in promoting sustainable
development, the responsibility of the private sector in relation to tax must be more strongly
emphasized. The practice of multinational companies who promote, use and benefit from the
global tax avoidance industry is not compatible with the role of the private sector in
contributing to Africas development.

The OECD has found that some multinationals use strategies that allow them to pay as little as 5% in corporate
taxes when smaller businesses are paying up to 30%. See: OECD, Addressing Base Erosion and Profit Shifting, A study
commissioned for the G20, 2013.
7
Note that current data does not capture the global nature of profit shifting particularly in relation to developing
countries. See: Cobham, A. and Loretz, S., International Distribution of the Corporate Tax Base: Implications of
Different Apportionment Factors under Unitary Taxation, International Centre for Tax and Development, Working
Paper 27, 2014.

Financing for Development and Domestic Tax Policy

It is also clear that the much broader aspects of taxation and development related to
strengthening national tax systems - and most critically ensuring tax systems are pro-poor and
progressive in nature have been dealt with in the FfD process to date not in sufficiently
clear way. Despite a clear commitment made in Doha to undertake efforts to enhance tax
revenue with an overarching view to make tax systems more pro-poor8 To this point the
Article 18 in the Zero draft of the Addis Ababa Accord could be a good guiding principle.
African countries must do their own homework and take responsibility to pursue effective
domestic resource mobilisation strategies and to develop fair and efficient tax systems.
However it is imperative that these efforts be complemented by international action.
Currently there is a disabling environment due to the existence of secrecy jurisdictions,
opaque financial practices, inappropriate global tax rules, a proliferation of tax competition
and harmful tax practices, and a lack of financial transparency. Truly global cooperation is
necessary to make progress and many of the recommendations concentrate on this area.
In addition it is important to consider recommendations for action in light of the common
but differentiated responsibility principle. This concept is well-established within the field
of climate change but is also relevant to taxation. All countries have a common responsibility
to reduce illicit financial flows and combat tax evasion and avoidance. But given developed
countries largely control the international financial system, dictate global tax rules and
headquarter and regulate most multinational enterprises, it should be clear that developed
countries have differentiated responsibilities. They must act urgently to ensure financial
transparency increases and global tax rules are reformed specifically to benefit developing
countries whose taxing rights have been undermined. Automatic exchange of tax information
is another example where common and differentiated responsibility comes into play given the
reciprocity challenges. African countries should be able to receive information even if they
cannot provide it. This would not be a permanent waiver of reciprocity but would exist for an
agreed time period. Throughout the recommendations below the enhanced responsibilities of
developed countries to take action are highlighted.
1. Overarching recommendations civil society proposes to African countries to
promote in the FfD process
Recognise the centrality of tax within the FfD agenda given it is the key source of
financing for sustainable development with multiple benefits.
Recognise explicitly that taxation is both a means of financing and a tool to reduce
inequality.

Commit to the principle of redistribution via taxation and ensure the global data
collection effort envisaged within the SDGs includes tracking the equity implications
of tax policy

Recognise that international cooperation on tax is the key priority related to financing
within the new global partnership for sustainable development.

United Nation, Doha Declaration on Financing for Development, International Conference on Financing for
Development, 2008

Make an explicit statement that MNCs paying their share of tax will be a major means
of financing the SDGs.

2. Recommendations regarding financial transparency and accountability

Improving financial transparency is critical. There is already progress in some areas. A
number of countries have committed to public registries of beneficial ownership. The OECD
has published a new international standard for automatic exchange of tax information the
Common Reporting Standard - and a number of countries are piloting it. However, it is still
unclear if developing countries will be included in multilateral automatic exchange or
required to seek bilateral agreements and how the issue of reciprocity will be dealt with. The
OECD has also created a template for country-by-country reporting, a major achievement.
Going forward in this area entails measures being taken by developed and developing
countries, with developed countries having the most urgent responsibility to enact financial
transparency measures. Concrete measures must be agreed in Addis Abba to define the
process going forward.
As stated in the HLP recommendations in the Report on IFF from Africa, we recommend that
countries commit to:

A complete elimination of secrecy of beneficial ownership worldwide. This entails all

countries committing to the creation of public registers of beneficial ownership for
all legal persons and arrangements.
Adopting a common standard of multilateral automatic information exchange, with
differentiated responsibilities for developing countries which lack the capacity to
provide information over a specified time period.
The effective implementation of annual country-by-country reporting by
multinational companies operating in their territory. All country-by-country reports
must be immediately available to all tax authorities and must also be made public to
enable greater accountability of companies, tax authorities and governments to their
citizens.

3. Recommendations regarding international cooperation on tax matters

A strengthened global partnership aiming to finance and achieve the SDGs should
unquestionably focus on international tax matters first. Such a prioritisation is not yet
guaranteed, however, the UN Secretary General has reiterated a call for the establishment of
an intergovernmental committee on tax cooperation. A very concrete commitment is needed
in this area to solve what is a significant gap in global governance in the tax arena. Countries
must commit to:

Establishing a new intergovernmental body on international cooperation in tax

matters and providing the resources necessary to allow the body to operate
effectively. It should be of a commensurate size to the OECD and with a similar
technical resource capacity. All states should have full rights of participation in the
new body.
7

Charging this body with developing a new multilateral instrument to further

strengthen international cooperation on tax matters. This instrument should set high
level principles regarding global tax cooperation, including proposing structural
reforms to the currently skewed international tax system and making practical
commitments to action.
Providing this body with a comprehensive mandate for action including issues such
as: base erosion and profit shifting, tax and investment treaties, tax incentives,
taxation of extractive industries, beneficial ownership transparency, country-bycountry reporting, automatic exchange of information for tax purposes, alternatives to
the arms length approach, promotion of progressive tax systems and minimising
harmful spill-over effects of tax policies.
Giving responsibility to this body to facilitate direct cooperation between countries to
minimise tax competition and ensuring collaboration of tax authorities of member
countries to exchange information and experience and jointly assess the tax dodging
risks of specific multinational companies.

4. Civil Society recommendations to African Governments regarding domestic tax

policy
It is encouraging that strengthening revenue-raising in African countries is being recognised
as an urgent task. However, it should also be recognised that ensuring revenue is raised in a
progressive manner is a critical element which has received insufficient attention. Caution
should be exercised when commitments to raise tax/GDP ratios are being considered. Such a
commitment must be linked explicitly to tax equity, ensuring African countries focus on the
direct taxation of wealth, income and assets, the removal of tax incentives and exemptions
benefiting large corporate actors and efforts to eliminate loopholes and improve enforcement.
The integration of womens rights into the FfD agenda is also an important issue which has
relevance for tax policy. The loss of tax revenues due to tax evasion and avoidance
significantly reduces the funds available to finance policies aimed at fulfilling the human
rights of women and girls. Women in most societies are over represented in the lowest
quintiles of income distribution and bear the brunt of regressive taxation which overburdens
the poor. Progressive and effective tax systems are therefore particularly important for
women. In this area African countries should commit to:

Enhancing domestic resource mobilisation by adopting a full range of progressive

taxation measures as a primary means of funding national development goals. Tax
policy design and implementation must actively seek to reduce income inequality.
Taking urgent action to minimise tax expenditure by significantly reducing tax
incentives and exemptions. Tax expenditure statements must be published annually
alongside national budget statements and progress tracked in this area.
Work collaboratively with other African countries to set common standards and
minimise the corrosive effect of tax wars. As a priority starting point, collaboration
could be achieved in relation to tax incentives.
Providing opportunities for citizens to make their voices heard regarding tax policy
and how revenue raised is spent.
8

Enhancing national statistical capabilities to monitor and evaluate the performance

of all tax types, the size of the tax gap and how the tax burden is being shared.
Ensuring fiscal policies are gender sensitive. This should include assessing and
tracking the tax burden on poor men and women.
Review bilateral taxation treaties with developed countries to ensure that African
countries are getting their fair share of revenue.