18
18
18
In this chapter, commonly used drugs and their associated doses are provided in table form for easy reference. The information concerning the use of the
drugs listed in the table should be reviewed before
administering any therapeutic agent. If a drug is not
discussed, either insufficient data is available to warrant its use in birds, or it has been used but has little
applicability.
The doses and material presented for each drug have
been compiled from numerous reference sources, including the various chapters in this book. Some of the
recommended doses are based on pharmacokinetic
information, and some are based totally on observation. An asterisk in the formulary table indicates that
the suggested dose is based on pharmacologic data
obtained in some species of birds other than poultry.
Notes on any adverse drug reactions should be forwarded to the Journal of the Association of Avian
Veterinarians to keep colleagues informed of any
problems that occur with commonly used therapeutic
agents. Representative manufacturers listed in the
formulary are for reference purposes only. Other
manufacturers may produce similar products of
equal efficacy.
CHAPTER
18
FORMULARY
Branson W. Ritchie
Greg J. Harrison
458
SECTION THREE
TREATMENT REGIMENS
459
CHAPTER 18
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460
SECTION THREE
any signs of toxicity even when treated with 640 mg/kg (32 times
the therapeutic dose).
CEFOTAXIME - Claforan (Hoescht-Roussel)
Available as an injectable solution (10 to 300 mg/ml depending on
reconstitution) for IM or IV administration. The less concentrated
solution should be used for slow IV administration. Broad-spectrum activity for many gram-negative and gram-positive avian
pathogens. Penetrates CSF. Reconstituted solution is stable for
ten days refrigerated or six months frozen. Cannot be thawed and
refrozen (see Chapter 17).
CEFOXITIN - Mefoxitin (Merck)
Available as an injectable solution (10 to 400 mg/ml depending on
reconstitution) for IM or IV administration. The less concentrated
solution should be used for slow IV administration. Reconstituted
solution is stable for ten days refrigerated or six months frozen.
Cannot be thawed and refrozen (see Chapter 17).
CEFTRIAXONE - Rocephin (Roche)
Available as an injectable solution (10 to 250 mg/ml depending on
reconstitution) for IM or IV administration. The less concentrated
solution should be used for slow IV administration. Reconstituted
solution is stable for ten days refrigerated or six months frozen.
Cannot be thawed and refrozen (see Chapter 17).
CEPHALEXIN - Keflex Pediatric Suspension (Dista)
Available as an oral suspension (25-100 mg/ml). Varied efficacy for
many gram-negative bacteria. Frequent dosing makes treatment
in all but hand-feeding neonates impractical. Reconstituted suspension stable for 14 days if refrigerated. May be effective in cases
of staphylococcus dermatitis where long-term therapy is necessary
(see Chapter 17).
CEPHALOTHIN - Keflin (Lilly)
Available as an injectable solution (100 mg/ml) for IV or IM (painful) administration. This drug is not absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract (see Chapter 17).
CEPHRADINE - Veloself (Squibb)
Available as a suspension (25 or 50 mg/ml) for oral administration.
Similar in activity and spectrum to cephalexin.
CHLORAMPHENICOL - (Parke-Davis; Fort Dodge)
Available as injectable solution (100 mg/ml, succinate) for IV
administration or as a suspension (30 mg/ml - chloramphenicol
palmitate) for oral administration. May cause bone marrow suppression in humans, and clients should be warned to avoid skin
contact. A dose of 1000 mg/kg may cause death in most avian
species. Should be used with extreme caution in patients with
renal or liver disease. Rapidly excreted by pigeons, necessitating a
dosing frequency that makes therapy impractical.
Chloramphenicol succinate administered IV is excreted rapidly by
the liver. May be useful in suppressing bacterial replication in
cases of severe bacterial septicemia.
Chloramphenicol palmitate is erratically absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. This drug should not be used in critical cases
of bacterial septicemia. Usually well accepted by hand-feeding
birds. May be useful in some cases of enteritis in young birds. If
gastrointestinal stasis has occurred, a parenteral antibiotic should
be chosen. Suspension or powder from capsules can be used to lace
favorite foods or to mix into a mash for flock treatment of some
highly susceptible bacteria. Particularly effective in the flock
treatment of salmonella. Has been associated with temporary
infertility in male pigeons.
TREATMENT REGIMENS
461
CHAPTER 18
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462
SECTION THREE
however, D-penicillamine is also effective and has a higher therapeutic index. Tachycardia is the most common side effect.
DIMETHYLSULFOXIDE - Domoso (Syntex)
Available as a liquid or gel (90% - 900 mg/ml) for topical application. Has been suggested as a method of reducing swelling and as
a vehicle for carrying some antibiotics into difficult-to-reach sites
of infection (joints, cellulitis, bumblefoot). May be helpful in reducing the swelling of prolapsed cloacal tissue prior to surgical correction. May cause local skin irritation. Has been associated with
birth defects when used in pregnant mammals. Avoid contact with
human skin.
DIMETRIDAZOLE - Emtryl (Jensen Salsbury)
Available as a soluble powder (182 g/6.42 oz) for oral administration. Used to treat giardiasis, trichomoniasis, histomoniasis, and
hexamitiasis. Dimetridazole has activity against some anaerobic
bacteria and may be useful in some cases of bumblefoot, ulcerative
dermatitis, chronic sinusitis and metritis.
Low therapeutic index. Toxic to Pekin Robins and may be toxic in
some other Passeriformes. Breeding birds should be treated only
by gavage. If dimetridazole is added to the food or drinking water,
a toxic level may be consumed or fed to a mate or nestlings. At a
dose of one tsp/gal of drinking water, cockatiels, budgerigars and
pigeons have been reported to develop incoordination, acute seizures and death. Extended therapy or excessive dosing may result
in toxicity. Acute hepatitis has been reported in cockatiel fledglings. Some affected birds may respond to treatment with B vitamins. Is no longer available in the United States.
DINOPROST TROMETHAMINE - Lutalyse (Upjohn)
Available as a solution (5 mg/ml) for IM administration. Contains
naturally occurring prostaglandin F2 alpha. Prostaglandins may
be effective in some cases of egg retention. This agent would be
expected to relax the vagina and increase uterine tone, which may
facilitate the passage of an egg. Prostaglandins may prove also to
have a therapeutic benefit in removing necrotic debris from the
uterus in cases of salpingitis.
DIPHENHYDRAMINE HCl - Benadryl (Parke Davis)
Available as a capsule (25 or 50 mg) for oral administration or
injectable solution (10 or 50 mg/ml) for IM or IV administration.
May be effective in calming some feather pickers or excessively
anxious birds. Has sedative, antihistamine and anti-depressant
activity. Dose may need to be altered based on clinical response.
Has atropine-like action and toxic side effects.
DOXAPRAM HCl - (Fort Dodge)
Available as an injectable solution (20 mg/ml) for IV or SC administration. Has been used in birds as a respiratory stimulant. May
be helpful in reversing the respiratory depressant effects of
ketamine and xylazine.
DOXEPIN HCl - Sinequan (Roerig)
Available as capsules (10, 25, 50, 75, 100, or 150 mg) or suspension
(10 mg/ml) for oral administration. Tricyclic anti-depressant that
may be helpful in some cases of feather picking. May cause severe
lethargy.
DOXYCYCLINE - (Pfizer; Henry Schein; Roerig)
Available as a suspension (5 mg/ml, Vibramycin monohydrate),
syrup (10 mg/ml, Vibramycin calcium syrup) or capsules (100 mg,
Henry Schein) for oral administration. Also available in the US as
an injectable solution (10 mg/ml, Vibramycin hyclate) for IV administration. In Europe and Canada, an injectable solution (20
mg/ml, Vibravens) is available that can be administered IM. A
doxycycline for IM administration produced by a compounding
pharmacist has been suggested for use in individual birds.
TREATMENT REGIMENS
463
CHAPTER 18
FORMULARY
464
SECTION THREE
TREATMENT REGIMENS
465
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466
SECTION THREE
TREATMENT REGIMENS
467
CHAPTER 18
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468
SECTION THREE
rhythmic effects. Used in cases of tachycardia. May cause depression, vomiting, heart failure or bradycardia, and patients should
be carefully monitored during administration.
PYRANTEL PAMOATE - Strongid T (Pfizer)
Available as an oral suspension (4.5 mg/ml). High therapeutic
index. Effective for many intestinal nematodes.
PYRETHRINS
Used topically for the treatment of external parasites that are
resistant to carbaryl. Therapy for lice is the primary indication for
use. Lice frequently inhabit the axillary regions, and the wings
should be extended during treatment to ensure that pyrethrin is
properly applied to the axillary regions.
PYRIMETHAMINE - Daraprim (Burroughs Welcome)
Available as a tablet (25 mg) for oral administration. To facilitate
administration, tablets can be mixed in 21 ml of water and 4 ml of
KY jelly, creating a suspension containing 1 mg/ml. Used to treat
plasmodium, toxoplasma and sarcocystis. The drug is a folic acid
antagonist and its effects are potentiated by the administration of
sulfonamides.
QUINACRINE HCL- Atabrine (Sanofi; Winthrop)
Available in a tablet (100 mg) that can be crushed and administered by gavage. Effective for the treatment of Haemoproteus;
however, this parasite is not currently considered to be pathogenic,
and treatment is not recommended. Low therapeutic index. Dose
of 50-150 mg/kg (five times the recommended dose) causes hepatotoxicity in cockatoos.
RAFOXANIDE
For treatment of cestodes in Falconiformes. May be effective
against some trematodes. Dose is 40 mg/kg orally.
RIFAMPIN - Rifadin (Marion Merrell Dow)
Available as a capsule (150 or 300 mg) for oral administration. Also
available in combination with isoniazid (Rifamate). Inhibits DNAdependent RNA polymerase activity. Interferes with bacterial but
not mammalian RNA polymerase. Destroys growing tubercle bacilli.
May cause a fatal hepatitis, CNS signs, depression or vomiting.
SODIUM SULFATE - GoLYTELY (Braintree Laboratories)
Osmotic cathartic that can be used to evacuate the gastrointestinal tract. Used in heavy metal poisoning to prevent absorption
from the gastrointestinal tract by forming insoluble complexes.
Should not be used in cases with impaired gastrointestinal function. Contraindicated with dehydration.
SPECTINOMYCIN - Spectam (Sanofi; Syntex)
Available as an injectable solution (50 or 100 mg/ml - Spectam) for
IM administration or as a water-soluble solution (50 mg/ml) for
oral administration. Used with some success for the flock (Galliformes) treatment of enteritis caused by gram-negative bacteria.
STA SOLUTION
Salicylic acid (3 g), tannic acid (3 g) qs in ethyl alcohol to 100 ml.
Used as a topical treatment for moist and fungal dermatitis.
STANOZOLOL - Winstrol V (Upjohn)
Available as a tablet (2 mg) for oral administration or an injectable
solution (50 mg/ml) for IM administration. For oral administration, a 2 mg tablet is crushed in 4 oz of water. Anabolic steroid used
to increase weight gain and improve recovery from debilitating
disease. Should be used with caution in birds with hepatic or renal
disease. The effects of administration to gravid hens is unknown.
A controlled substance in some states.
TREATMENT REGIMENS
STREPTOMYCIN SULFATE
Used frequently in Columbiformes and Galliformes. Low therapeutic index. Appears to be highly toxic in most species of companion birds.
SUCRALFATE - Carafate (Marion Merrell Dow)
Available as a tablet (1 g) for oral administration. Can be mixed in
10 ml of water for administration. Disaccharide that reacts with
stomach acids to form a complex that binds to the proteins associated with an ulcer, producing a protective layer that protects the
ulcerated mucosa from gastric acids and microbial pathogens.
Indicated in cases of gastrointestinal bleeding.
SULFACHLORPYRIDAZINE - Vetisulid (Solvay)
Available as an oral suspension (5% - 50 mg/ml) for oral administration or as an injectable solution (215 mg/ml) for IV administration. Used for treatment of E. coli-induced enteritis in Galliformes.
Can cause hypersensitivity reaction resulting in a hemorrhagic
syndrome. Repeated use of sulfonamides can induce hypersensitization and toxicity (hemorrhagic crisis).
TESTOSTERONE CYPIONATE - (Henry Schein; Upjohn)
Available as a tablet (10 mg or 25 mg, Methyltestosterone) for oral
administration or as an injectable solution (200 mg/ml, Depo-testosterone) for IM administration. Incorrectly used to increase male
reproductive activity and for some cases of feather loss. May be
useful in some cases of reproductive-associated feather picking
and chronic egg-laying. Prolonged use is not advised. Contraindicated in cases of renal or liver disease. For water administration,
100 mg is added to one oz. of water. Five drops of the stock solution
is added to one oz of drinking water and is mixed fresh daily.
TETRACYCLINE
Available as a soluble powder, capsules (250 mg), suspension or
solution (100 mg/ml) for oral administration. Also available as an
eye ointment that is particularly effective in many cases of idiopathic conjunctivitis in cockatiels. Ineffective for many of the
avian pathogens frequently found in pet birds. Immunosuppressive in many animal species. Potentiates secondary fungal infections. Few therapeutic uses in birds. Toucans, particularly young
birds, are sensitive to tetracyclines and may develop bone deformities following its use. See Chapter 34 for chlamydia indications.
THIABENDAZOLE - Equizole (MSD AgVet)
Available as a suspension (4 mg/30 ml) for oral administration.
Used for the treatment of ascarids and Syngamus trachea. May be
toxic in ostriches, diving ducks and cranes.
THIAMINE - Vitamin B1 (Butler; Phoenix; Vedco)
Available as an injectable solution (200 or 500 mg/ml) for IM
administration. Also available as a powder to be added to the feed
of birds consuming fish that contain thiaminase.
TICARCILLIN - Ticar (SmithKline Beecham)
Available as an injectable solution (30 to 400 mg/ml depending on
reconstitution) for IM or IV administration. Lower concentration
is used for IV injection. Good activity against many Pseudomonas
spp. Wide therapeutic index. Good synergistic effect with aminoglycosides for use in difficult-to-treat gram-negative bacteria. Can
be reconstituted and held in refrigerator for 72 hours or mixed into
individual doses and frozen. IM infection in conjunction with
tobramycin was associated with hepatotoxicity in a Rose-breasted
Cockatoo (see Chapter 17).
TOBRAMYCIN - Nebcin (Lilly)
Available as an injectable solution (40 mg/ml) for IM administration. Low therapeutic index. Reserved for use in life-threatening
infections caused by pseudomonas that are resistant to combina-
469
CHAPTER 18
FORMULARY
TABLE 18.1
VERCURONIUM BROMIDE
Available as an injectable solution. Used topically to induce mydriasis. Suggested dose in raptors is 4 mg/ml every 5 min x 3 (see
Chapter 26).
1 TBS = 15 ml
470
SECTION THREE
TABLE 18.2
TREATMENT REGIMENS
Therapeutic Agents
DRUG
Acetylsalicylic acid
Most
SPECIES
Oral
ROUTE
DOSAGE
1 tablet in 250 mls of water; see formulary
ACTH
Pigeon
IM
50-125 g
Activated charcoal
Most
Oral
Acyclovir
Most
Oral
Allopurinol
Budgerigar
Oral (water)
Aloe vera
Most
Topical
Amikacin*
Most
IV, IM, SC
IM, SC
Aminolid
Raptors
IM
Amitryptyline HCl
Psittaciformes
Oral
Ammonium solution
Most
Topical
See formulary
Amoxicillin
Most
Pigeons
Pigeons
Oral
IM
Oral
Amphotericin B
Raptors, Psittacformes
Raptors, Psittaciformes
Raptors, Psittaciformes
Most
IV
Intratracheal
Nebulize
Topical
Ampicillin*
Pigeons
Pigeons
Psittaciformes
Psittaciformes
Galliformes
IM
Oral
Oral
IM
Oral (drinking water)
Amprolium
Most
Water
Most
IM
Atropine
Most
IM, SC
Avipro
Psittaciformes
Oral
Azithromycin
Most
Oral
See formulary
Butorphanol tartrate
Psittaciformes
IV, oral
Calcium gluconate
Most
Most
Most
Most
Water
IM, SC
IV
Feed
Most
IM
Caprillic acid
Most
Oral
1/4 capsule/300 g
Carbaryl
Most
Topical
See formulary
Carnidazole
Pigeons
Oral
Cefotaxime*
Most
IM, IV
Cefoxitin*
Most
IM, IV
See formulary
Ceftriaxone
Most
IM, IV
Cephalexin*
Most
Pigeons, Cranes, Emus
Oral
Oral
Cephalothin*
Most
IM, IV
Cephradine
Most
Oral
See cephalexin
Chloramphenicol*
Pigeons
Most
Psittaciformes
Galliformes
95 mg/kg QID
30 mg/kg QID
80 mg/kg BID or TID
50 mg/kg TID or QID
50 mg/kg TID or QID
Chlorhexidine
Most
Most
Finches
Oral
Topical
Oral
10-30 ml/gallon
O.5% as wound lavage
Very sensitive, toxic, may not drink
Chlorine
Most
Oral, topical
See formulary
471
CHAPTER 18
FORMULARY
DRUG
Chloroquine phosphate
SPECIES
Penguin
ROUTE
Chlortetracycline
Psittaciformes
Oral
Chlorsulon
Psittaciformes
Oral
Cimetidine
Psittaciformes
Oral
300 mg/5cc
Ciprofloxacin
Oral
Clazuril
Pigeons
Oral
1 tablet/pigeon
Clindamycin*
Pigeons
Oral
Clomipramine HCl
Psittaciformes
Oral
Colchicine
Psittaciformes
Oral
Copper Sulfate
Most
Topical
As needed
Most
IM
Dexamethasone
Most
Raptors
IM, IV
IM, IV
Oral
DOSAGE
10 mg/kg once, then 5 mg/kg at 6, 18, 24 hrs
Dextrose - 50%
Most
IV
Diazepam
Most
Psittaciformes
IM, IV
Oral
Diethylstilbestrol
Most
IM
Oral
0.1-0.3 ml/kg
1 drop/30 mls of water
Digoxin
Conures, parakeets
Oral
Dimercaprol (BAL)
Most
Oral
Dimethylsulfoxide
Most
Topical
Dimetridazole
Budgerigars
Oral (gavage)
Most
Lories, mynahs
Dinoprost tromethamine
Most
Intracloacal, IM
Diphenhydramine HCl
Psittaciformes
Oral
Doxapram
Most
IM, IV
Doxepin HCl
Psittaciformes
Oral
Doxycycline*
Pigeons
Pigeons
IM
Oral (with grit)
Pigeons
Cockatiels, Amazons,
African Greys, cockatoos
Macaws
Other Psittaciformes
Oral
Oral
IM (Vibravens)
IV
10 mg/kg QID
7.5 mg/kg QID
25 mg/kg BID
150 mg/kg SID
3 mg/kg QID
7.5 mg/kg BID
25 mg/kg SID
40-50 mg/kg SID or BID
25 mg/kg SID or BID
75-100 mg/kg every 5-7 days
25-50 mg/kg; see formulary
D-penicillamine
Most
Oral
52 mg/kg BID
D-tubocurarine
Raptors
Ophthalmic
Every 5 min x 3
Echinacea
Psittaciformes
Oral
Water
2.5 drops/kg
5 drops/cup of drinking water
EDTA-TRIS
Most
See formulary
See formulary
Enilconazole
See formulary
Enrofloxacin*
Greys, Amazons
Cockatoos
Pigeons
Psittaciformes
IM, Oral
IM, Oral, SC
Oral
Oral (food)
Epinephrine
Most
0.1 mg/kg
Ergonovine maleate
Most
IM
Erythromycin
Most
Most
Psittaciformes
Oral (Powder)
Nebulize injectable
Oral (Suspension)
Ethambutol
Most
Oral
15 mg/kg BID
table continued on next page
472
SECTION THREE
ROUTE
TREATMENT REGIMENS
DRUG
Fenbendazole
SPECIES
Anseriformes
Most
Oral
Oral
DOSAGE
5-15 mg/kg daily for 5 days
For ascarids 20-50 mg/kg - repeat 10 days
For flukes 20-50 mg/kg SID for 3 days
For capillaria 20-50 mg/kg SID for 5 days
Ferric subsulfate
Most
Topical
Fluconazole
Most
Oral
Flucytosine
Most
Raptors
Psittaciformes, mynahs
Oral (gavage)
Oral (gavage)
Oral (feed)
Flunixin-meglumine
Most
IM
1-10 mg/kg
Furosemide
IM, SC
Gentamicin*
Most
Gentian Violet
Psittaciformes
Haloperidol
Psittaciformes
IM
Oral
Haloxon
Pigeons
See formulary
See formulary
Immunoregulin
Most
See formulary
See formulary
Iodine
Budgerigars
Water, IM
See formulary
Ipronidazole
Most
Psittaciformes
Water
Oral
Iron dextran
Most
IM
Isoniazid
Most
Oral
15 mg/kg BID
Itraconazole
Penguins, waterfowl
Psittaciformes
Oral
Ivermectin
Most
Ketoconazole*
Most
Most
Most
Oral (gavage)
Oral (water)
Oral (feed)
All
IV
See formulary
Lactobacillus
Psittaciformes
Oral
1 pinch/day/bird
1 tsp/ quart of hand-feeding formula
Lactulose
Most
Oral
0.3 ml/kg
Levamisole
Anseriformes
Australian parakeets
Most
Most
Oral (gavage)
Oral (gavage)
Oral (drinking water)
IM, SC
20-50 mg/kg
15 mg/kg, repeat 10 days
5-15 ml/gallon, 1 to 3 days
5 mg/kg, repeat 10-14 days
Levothyroxine
Most
Oral
Lincomycin
Budgerigar
Amazon parrots
Raptors
Most
Oral
Oral
Oral
Water
1 drop BID
75 mg/kg BID
100 mg/kg SID
1/8 - 1/4 tsp/pint of water
Leuprolide
Psittaciformes
IM
See formulary
Lorelco
Psittaciformes
Oral
Mannitol
Most
IV
Mebendazole
Anseriformes
Raptors, Psittaciformes
Oral
Oral
Medroxyprogesterone acetate
Pigeons
Most
Oral (feed)
IM, SC
Methylprednisolone acetate
Most
IM
0.5-1 mg/kg
Metoclopramide
Most
0.5 mg/kg
Metronidazole
Psittaciformes
Oral
IM
Miconazole
Psittaciformes
IV, topical
20 mg/kg TID
Mineral oil
Most
Oral
473
CHAPTER 18
FORMULARY
DRUG
Monensin
SPECIES
Galliformes, cranes
ROUTE
Oral (feed)
DOSAGE
90 g/ton of feed
Morphine
Galliformes
IM, SC
2.5-3 mg/kg
Naloxone
Most
IV
2 mg 14-21 hours
Natamycin
Most
Ophthalmic
Neomycin
Most
Water
Neomycin ointment
All
Topical
Niclosamide
Most
Finches, see text
Gavage
Gavage
Nitrofurazone
Most Psittaciformes
Lories, Lorikeets,
Passeriformes
Water
Water
1 tsp/gallon of water
0.5 tsp/gallon water
Nortriptyline HCl
Psittaciformes
Oral
Nystatin
Most
Most
Oral (gavage)
Oral (feed)
Oxytetracycline*
Pheasants
Owls
Psittaciformes
Cockatoos
IM
IM
IM
IM, SC
Oxytocin
Most
IM
2-PAM
Most
IM
Pancreatic enzymes
Most
Oral (feed)
Phenobarbital
Most
Oral
Phenylbutazone
Psittaciformes
Raptors
Oral
Piperacillin*
Most
Amazon parrots
IM, IV
IM
Piperazine
Galliformes
Anseriformes
Oral
Potassium chloride
Most
IV
0.1-0.3 mg/kg
Praziquantel
Most
Oral
IM
Prednisolone
Most
IM or IV
Primaquine
Penguins
Oral
Procaine penicillin G
Galliformes
IM
Propranolol
Most
IM
IV
0.2 mg/kg
0.04 mg/kg slowly
Pyrantel pamoate
Most
Oral
Pyrethrins
Most
Topical
See formulary
Pyrimethamine
Most
Oral
Quinacrine
Psittaciformes
Oral
Rifampin
Most
Oral
Sodium bicarbonate
Most
IV
Sodium sulfate
Large birds
Oral
STA solution
Most
Topical
As needed
Stanozolol
Most
IM
Streptomycin
IM
Sucralfate
Psittaciformes
Oral
25 mg/kg TID
Sulfachlorpyridazine
Most
Water
0.25 - 1 tsp/gallon
Testosterone
Most
IM
Tetracycline
Most
Water
Oral
0.25 - 1 tsp/gallon
200-250 mg/kg BID
table continued on next page
474
SECTION THREE
SPECIES
ROUTE
TREATMENT REGIMENS
DRUG
Thiabendazole
Most
Thiamine
Ticarcillin
Most
IM, IV
Tobramycin
Pheasants, cranes,
Psittaciformes
IM
Trimethoprim and
Sulfamethoxazole*
Psittaciformes
Toucans, mynahs
Psittaciformes
Oral
Oral (for coccidia)
IM
TSH
Psittaciformes
IM
Tylosin*
Most
Quail, pigeons, emus
Cranes
Most
Cockatiels, Psittaciformes
Most
IM
IM
IM
Water
Eye spray
Nebulization
Oral
DOSAGE
For ascarids; 250-500 mg/kg, repeat 10-14
days
For Syngamus; 100 mg/kg, SID for 7 to 10 days
1-2 mg/kg, daily
Most
IM
Vitamin B complex
Most
IM
Most
Oral
Most
IM
Vitamin K1
Most
IM
Most
Topical
See formulary
* Pharmacological data are available to support doses in avian species other than poultry.
Bactrim -Trimethoprim/Sulfadiazine
BAL - Dimercarprol
Banamine - Flunixin Meglumine
Baytril - Enrofloxacin
Benadryl - Diphenhydramine HCl
Bismuth subsulicylate - Pepto-Bismol
Biosol - Neomycin
Butazolidin - Phenylbutazone
Butorphanol Tartrate - Torbutrol, Torbugesic
Calcium EDTA - Calcium Disodium Versenate
Calcium Disodium Versenate - Calcium EDTA
Caprillic Acid - Kaprycidin A
Carafate - Sucralfate
Carbaryl - Sevin
Cardindazole - Spartix
Cardoxin - Digoxin
Cart Sol - Prednisolone Sodium Succinate
Caustic Powder - Copper Sulfate
Cefotaxime - Claforan
Cefoxitin - Mefoxitin
Ceftriaxone - Rocephin
Cephalexin - Keflex Pediatric Suspension
Cephalothin - Keflin
Cephrandine - Veloself
Cephulac - Lactulose
Cheque - Mibolerone
Chlorhexidine - Nolvasan
Chlorine - Household Bleach
Chloroquine Phosphate - Aralen Phosphate
Chlorsulon - Curatrem
Chlortetracycline - CTC
Cimetidine - Tagamet
Clindamycin - Antirobe
Cipro - Ciprofloxacin
Ciprofloxacin - Cipro
Claforan - Cefotaxime
Clazuril - Appertex
Clinafarm - Enilconazole
Clomipramine HCl - Anafranil
Coban - Monensin Sodium
Copper Sulfate - Caustic Powder
Corid - Amprolium
CTC - Chlortetracycline
Cuprimine - D-Penicillamine
Curatrem - Chlorsulon
Cyanocobalamin - Vitamin B12
D-Penicillamine - Cuprimine
Daraprim - Pyrimethamine
Depo-Medrol - Methylprednisolone Acetate
Dermathycin - TSH
Dexamethasone - Azium
Diazepam - Valium
Diethylstilbestrol Diphosphate - Stilphostrol
Diflucan - Fluconazole
Digoxin - Cardoxin, Lanoxin
Dihydrostreptomycin - Azimycin
Dimercarprol - BAL
Dimethylsulfoxide - Domoso
Dimetridazole - Emtryl
Dinoprost Tromethamine - Lutalyse
475
CHAPTER 18
FORMULARY
Propranolol - Inderol
Psyllium - Hemicellulose
Pyrantel Pamoate - Strongid T
Pyrimethamine - Daraprim
Quinacrine HCl - Atabrine
Reglan - Metoclopramide HCl
Renografin 76 - Iodine
Rifadin - Rifampin
Rifampin - Rifadin
Rocephin - Ceftriaxone
Seletoc - Vitamin E and Selenium
Sevin - Carbaryl
Sinequan - Doxepin HCl
Sodium Sulfate - GoLYTELY
Spartix - Cardindazole
Spectam - Spectinomycin
Spectinomycin - Spectam
Sporanox - Itraconazole
Stanozolol - Winstrol V
Stilphostrol - Diethylstilbestrol Diphosphate
Strongid T - Pyrantel Pamoate
Sucralfate - Carafate
Sulfachlorpyridazine - Vestisulid
Synanthic - Oxfenbendazole
Tagamet - Cimetidine
Telmin - Mebendazole
Telmintic - Mebendazole
Thiabendazole - Equizole
Thiamine - Vitamin B1
Thyroxine L - Levothyroxine Sodium
Ticar - Ticarcillin
Ticarcillin - Ticar
Tobramycin - Nebicin
Torbutrol - Butorphanol tartrate
Torbugesic - Butorphanol tartrate
Toxiban - Activated charcoal/kaolin
Tramisol - Levamisole
Trimethoprim/Sulfadiazine - Bactrim
TRIS - EDTA
TSH - Dermathycin
Valium - Diazepam
Veloself - Cephrandine
Vestisulid - Sulfachlorpyridazine
Viokase V - Pancreatic Enzymes
Vitamin B12 - Cyanocobalamin
Vitamin E and Selenium - Seletoc
Vitamin C -Ascorbic Acid
Vitamin B1 - Thiamine
Vitamins, Multiple - Injacom + B
Winstrol V - Stanozolol
Yeast Cell Derivatives - Preparation H
Zovirax - Acyclovir
Zyloprim - Allopurinol
Zythromax - Azithromycin
476
SECTION THREE
TREATMENT REGIMENS
0.1
0.4
0.5
0.1
0.0002
0.2
0.0004
0.8
1.0
0.0002
0.25
0.00025
0.5
0.0005
1.0
0.00025
1.5
0.002
0.001
3.0
4.0
0.005 0.004
0.002
0.0001
0.00005
0.0002
0.0001
0.0003
0.00015
0.0005
0.0004
0.0002
0.00075
0.0006
0.0003
0.0008
0.0004
0.001
5.0
0.001
6.0
0.0012
8.0
0.01
0.004
0.002
10.0
0.0016
0.0008
0.002
0.001
15.0
0.00013
0.00027
0.001
0.00133
25.0
0.005
0.0025
30.0
0.006
0.003
0.025
0.01
0.005
35.0
0.0004
0.0001
0.00015
0.00025
0.00022
0.0005
0.0004
0.00053
0.002
0.05 0.04
25.0
0.0002
0.0015
0.2
23.0
0.000066 0.00005
0.004
20.0
20.0
0.00002
0.0005
2.0
15.0
0.0002
0.00035
0.00065
0.0006
0.001
0.001
0.0015
0.0035
40.0
0.008
0.004
0.002
50.0
0.01
0.005
0.0025
0.015
0.0075
0.00375
100.0
0.02
0.01
0.005
150.0
0.03
0.015
0.0075
0.006
0.02
0.01
0.008
0.0022
0.002
60.0
75.0
0.003
80.0
0.0044
0.004
175.0
200.0
The quantity of drug to administer for agents listed in Table 18.1 can be quickly and easily calculated by knowing the birds weight in grams, the drug concentration
and the drug dose. A birds weight in grams is multiplied by the factor that corresponds to a drugs concentration and its respective dose. For example, the dose for
enrofloxacin administered orally is 15 mg/kg. This drug is available in an injectable solution (23 mg/ml) that can be administered orally. The factor that corresponds to
23 mg/ml and 15 mg/kg is 0.00065. The drug dose for a 100 gram bird would be 0.00065 X 100 = 0.065 mls. The drug dose for a 600 gram bird would be 0.00065 X
600 = 0.39 mls.
477
CHAPTER 18
FORMULARY
30.0
40.0
50.0
75.0
150.0
200.0
0.000007
0.000005
250.0
400.0
0.1
0.2
0.25
0.5
0.00001
1.0
0.000025
0.00002
0.000013
0.00001
0.00005
0.00004
0.00002
0.00012
0.0001
0.00005
1.5
2.0
0.000019
0.00001
3.0
4.0
Drug Dose (mg/kg)
5.0
0.000038
0.00017
6.0
0.00016
10.0
0.0005
0.00025
0.0002
0.00037
0.0003
0.000077
0.00013
0.00023
25.0
0.00083
30.0
0.001
0.00063
0.0005
0.000053
0.0001
0.00033
0.0001
0.0002
0.00025
0.00017
0.0003
35.0
0.0008
0.0016
0.0013
0.001
0.0004
0.00067
0.0005
0.00033
60.0
0.0015
0.0026
100.0
0.00008
0.00005
0.00013
0.0001
0.00006
0.00015
0.00012
0.0002
0.00016
0.0001
0.00025
0.0002
0.00013
0.005
0.001
0.00075
0.0005
0.00038
0.0003
0.002
0.0016
0.0025
0.002
0.00133
0.001
0.00067
0.0005
0.0004
0.0375
0.003
0.002
0.0015
0.001
0.00075
0.0006
0.00037
0.0007
0.00044
0.0008
0.0005
175.0
200.0
0.00006
0.0001
0.0003
75.0
150.0
0.00004
0.000075
0.00035
40.0
80.0
0.00004
0.00005
0.00015
20.0
50.0
0.000025
0.000058
8.0
15.0
0.000026
0.0008
0.0035
0.0067
0.005
0.004
0.0027
0.002
0.0013
0.001
0.00025
TABLE 18.3
A. H. Robins Co.
P.O. Box 26609
Richmond, VA 23261-6609
Phone 804-257-2000
Emergency 215-688-4400
Apothecon
(see E. R. Squibb and Sons Inc.)
Becton Dickinson
Microbiology Systems
P.O. Box 243
Cockeysville, MD 21030
800-638-8663
Bio-Botanica, Inc.
75 Commerce Drive
Hanppauge, NY 11788
516-231-5522
Bio-Ceutic
2621 North Belt Highway
St. Joseph, MO 64506
Phone 816-233-2804
Order 800-325-9167
Butler Company
5000 Bradenton Avenue
Publin, OH 43017-0753
614-761-9095
CIBA Pharmaceuticals
Div. of CIBA-GEIGY
581 Main Street
Woodbridge, NJ 07095
Dista
Division of Eli Lilly
Lilly Research Laboratories
Lilly Corporate Center
Indianapolis, IN 46285
317-276-3714
Ecological Formulations
106113 Shary Circle
Concord, CA 94518
510-827-2636
Eli Lilly
(see Dista)
Elkin-Sinn Inc.
2 Esterbrook Lane
Cherry Hill, NJ 08003-4099
215-688-4400
EVSCO Pharmaceuticals
P.O. Box 209
Buena, NJ 08310
609-691-2577
G. D. Searle Co.
Box 5110
Chicago, IL 60680
800-323-1603
Haver/Diamond Scientific
12707 West 63rd Street
P.O. Box 390
Shawnee, KS 66201
Hoechst-Roussel Pharmaceuticals
Route 202-206
P.O. Box 2500
Somerville, NJ 00876-1258
Phone 800-445-4474
Service 800-451-4455
Immunovet Inc.
5910-G Breckenridge Pkwy.
Tampa, FL 33610
813-621-9447
Lannett Co.
9000 State Road
Philadelphia, PA 19136
215-333-9000
Lederle Laboratories
Pearl River, NY 10965
914-735-2815
Lextron Inc
630 O Street
P.O. Box BB
Greeley, CO 80632
303-353-2600
MSD-Agvet
P.O. Box 2000, WBF475
Rahway, NJ 07065-0912
201-855-3800
Parke Davis
201 Tabor Road
Morris Plain, NJ 07950
Phone 201-540-2000
Info 800-223-0432
Pioneer
4601 Westown Parkway, STE 120
West Des Moines, IA 50265
800-247-5782
Pitman-Moore Inc.
421 East Hawley Street
Mundelein, IL 60060
Phone 708-949-3300
Order 800-525-9480
Roerig Division
Pfizer Incorporated
235 East 42nd Street
New York, NY 10017
Phone 212-573-2187
Service 800-533-4535
SmithKline Beecham
Pharmaceuticals
One Franklin Plaza
P.O. Box 7929
Philadelphia, PA 19101
215-751-4000
Sterwin Laboratories
P.O. Box 537
Millsboro, DE 19966-0537
Phone 302-934-0537
Order 800-633-0462
Stuart Pharmaceuticals
Wilmington, DE 19897
302-886-2231
Tap Pharmaceuticals
2355 Waukegan Road
Deerfield, IL 60015
708-317-5700
3M Pharmaceuticals
225-15-07 3M Center
St. Paul, MN 55144
Service 800-423-5197
Upjohn Company
7000 Portage Road
Kalamazoo, MI 49001
Phone 616-329-8244
616-385-6736
Vedco Inc
Route 6, Box 35A
St. Joseph, MO 64504
816-238-8840
Wallace Laboratories
Post Office Box 1001
Cranbury, NJ 08512
609-655-6000
Westwood-Squibb Pharmaceuticals
100 Forest Avenue
Buffalo, NY 14213
716-887-3400
Wildlife Laboratories
1401 Duff Dr., Suite 600
Ft. Collins, CO 80524
303-484-6267
Wyeth-Ayerst Laboratories
Post Office Box 8299
Philadelphia, PA 19101
215-688-4400
C H A P T E R S
19 GASTROENTEROLOGY
IV
J.T. Lumeij
20 HEPATOLOGY
SECTION FOUR
J.T. Lumeij
21 NEPHROLOGY
J.T. Lumeij
22 PNEUMONOLOGY
Thomas N. Tully, Jr.
Greg J. Harrison
INTERNAL
MEDICINE
23 ENDOCRINOLOGY
J.T. Lumeij
24 DERMATOLOGY
John E. Cooper
Greg J. Harrison
25 ONCOLOGY
Kenneth S. Latimer
26 OPHTHALMOLOGY
David Williams
27 CARDIOLOGY
J.T. Lumeij
Branson W. Ritchie
28 NEUROLOGY
R. Avery Bennett
29 THERIOGENOLOGY
Kim L. Joyner
30 NEONATOLOGY
Keven Flammer
Susan L. Clubb
IV