Chapter 22, Pharmacology
Chapter 22, Pharmacology
Chapter 22, Pharmacology
CONTENT
.............................
862
Drug Laws. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
862
Drug Standards.
863
Overview.
........................
Drug References.
.......................
864
Vocabulary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
865
Word Elements.
869
........................
DrugSources. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 871
DrugNames. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . 871
DrugActions/Interactions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 872
Routesof Administration for Medications. . . . 874
Drug Classification.
.....................
877
. . . . . . . . . 881
KEY
COMPETENCIES
Upon completing
this chapter and the review exercises at the end of the chapter, the learner should be able to:
1. Identify the laws and governing agencies that enforce the safe manufacture, distribution, and use of foods, drugs,
and cosmetics.
2. List five drug schedules used for categorizing controlled substances as identified in this chapter.
of medications.
original
9. Correctly spell and pronounce each new term introduced in this chapter using the Activity CD-ROM and Audio
CD, if available.
10. Identify at least 30 abbreviations related to pharmacology.
861
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CHAPTER22
OVERVIEW
Health care professionalsmust know the basics of pharmacologyand understand
the interactions of drugs within the body. A knowledge of the sources,forms,
routes of administration, classifications, indications, range of dosages,desired
effects, and side effects of drugs is essential.Additionally, health care professionals must know the laws regulating the distribution and useof medications.A concentrated study of pharmacology will provide the background necessaryfor
understandingthe needfor safe administration of medicationsas prescribedbythe
physician, and for acquiring a strong senseof responsibility concerning administering medications.
Drug Laws
To ensure the safe manufacture, distribution, and use of medications, drugs are subject to numerous state and federal laws. The Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FDCA)
was passed in 1938. This law regulates the quality, purity, potency, effectiveness, safety,
labeling, and packaging of food, drug, and cosmetic products. The government agency
responsible for administering and enforcing the FDCA within the United States is the
Food and Drug Administration
(FDA). The federal law concerned with the manufacture, distribution, and dispensing of controlled substances, those drugs that have the
potential of being abused and of causing physical or psychological dependence,
administering, and enforcing the Controlled Substances Act is the Drug Enforcement
Administration
(DEA). Physicians who administer controlled substances must enter
their DEA number on the prescription. Drugs that fall under the Controlled
Substances Act are known as controlled substances or schedule drugs. These drugs
are identified by a classification system that categorizes them by their potential for
abuse. The schedule is divided into five categories: Schedules I to V. The five schedules.
for controlled substances are listed in Table 22-1 with examples of specific medicines
appearing in each schedule.
PHARMACOLOGY. 863
DESCRIPTION
EXAMPLE DRUGS
Tylenolwith codeine,
butisol,
hycodan
II
III
physicalde
ordered by
telephone order. P
months. Theymay n
than five times in a 6-month period.
Librium,
valium,
darvon,
equaniL
v
by
there is no limit on
Some of these drugs may
Robitussin A-C,
donnagel-PG,
lomotil
*Limited special permission has been obtained in some states for MDs to prescribe marijuana for
treatment of side effects, such as nausea and vomiting, in patients receiving chemotherapy.
Drug Standards
The law requires that all preparations called by the same drug name must be of a uniform strength, quality, and purity. This assures the patient of getting the same quality,
purity, and strength of medication from the pharmacy each time it is prescribed and
anywhere in the United States that it is prescribed. These rules, or standards, have been
established to control the strength, quality, and purity of medications prepared by various
864
CHAPTER22
manufacturers. The United States Pharmacopeia/National
Formulary (USP/NF) is an
authorized publication of the United States Pharmacopeial Convention, Inc. It contains
formulas and information that provide the standard for preparation and dispensation of
drugs. The USP/NF is recognized by the U.S. government as the official listing of standardized drugs in the United States. The FDCA specifies that a drug is official when it is
listed in the USP/NF. This publication is updated every 5 years.
Drug References
There are several reference books available to physicians, nurses, and other health care
professionals who are responsible for the safe administration of medications. These references normally provide the following information about drugs listed within them:
composition, action, indications for use, contraindications for use, precautions, side
effects, adverse reactions, route of administration, dosage range, and what forms are
available.
The Hospital Formulary is a reference listing of all the drugs commonly stocked in the
hospital pharmacy. This reference provides information about the characteristics of
drugs and their clinical usage. This information is continuously revised to provide the
most up-to-date information available.
The Physicians' Desk Reference (PDR) is published yearly by Medical Economics
Company. See Figure 22-1.
Manufacturers pay to list information about their products in the PDR. The information provided by the manufacturers is the same basic information that is found in package inserts that accompany each container of medication. The FDA requires that the
-- -~
*
.-,
..
Figure
22-1
PHARMACOLOGY. 865
drug's generic name, indications, contraindications, adverse effects, dosage, and route of
administration be described in package inserts. Four additional references published by
the Medical Economics Company are as follows:
1. Physicians' Desk Reference for Nonprescription
Drugs
4. Indications Index
The Drug Facts and Comparisons is a reference for health care professionals. It is
issued yearly and is updated monthly. This loose-leaf binder reference provides information on drugs according to their therapeutic classifications. It contains the same
basic facts as the other drug references listed and is particularly helpful in comparing
the various drugs within each category to other products in reference to effectiveness,
content, and cost.
q
Vocabulary
The following vocabulary words are frequently used when discussing
pharmacology.
WORD
DEFINITION
adverse reaction
The body's reaction to a drug in an unexpected way that may endanger a patient's health and safety.
anaphylactic shock
(an-ah-fih-LAK-tic SHOCK)
bacteriostatic
.bacteri/o= bacteria
brand name
buccal medication
(BUCK-al med-ih-KAY-shun)
bucc/o = cheek
-al = pertaining to
chemical name
chemotherapy
(kee-moh- THAIR-ah-pee)
chem/o = chemical reaction
The treatment of diseases using drugs that have a specific deadly effect
on disease-causing microorganisms. These drugs are used in the treatment of certain infections and cancer.
-therapy = treatment
.
~
866
CHAPTER22
contraindication
(kon-trah-in-dih- KAY -shun)
controlled substances
Drugs that have a potential for abuse. These drugs are placed into five
categories ranging from Schedule I drugs, which are the most dangerous and most likelyto be abused, to Schedule V drugs, which are the
least dangerous and least likelyto be abused; also known as schedule
drugs.
cumulation
(KYOO-mew-Iay-shun)
desired effect
The effect that was intended; that is, if the drug lowered the blood
pressure as was intended, the desired effect was achieved.
drug
Any substance that, when taken into the body, may modify one or
more of its functions.
drug action
Drug action describes how a drug produces changes within the body.
drug effect
Drug effect describes the change that takes place in the body as a
result of the drug action.
Drug Enforcement
Administration
A reference book for health care professionals that provides information on drugs according to their therapeutic classifications. This reference compares the various drugs within each category with other
products.
druggist
Pharmacist.
first dose
Initial dose.
first-dose effect
An undesired effect of a medication that occurs within 30 to 90 minutes after administration of the first dose.
Food,Drug,and
Cosmetic Act
generic name
(jeh-NAIR-ik)
The name that is established when the drug is first manufactured. This
name is protected for use only by the original manufacturer for a
period of 17 years; after that time, the name of the drug becomes public property and can be used by any manufacturer.
Hospital Formulary
(FORM-yoo-lair-ee)
A reference book that lists all of the drugs commonly stocked in the
hospital pharmacy. This book provides information about the characteristics of drugs and their clinical usage.
PHARMACOLOGY.
867
hypotension
(high-poh- TEN-shun)
hypo- = under, below,
beneath, less than
normal
idiosyncrasy
(id -ee-oh -SIN -krah -see)
inhalation medication
(in-hah-LAY-shun)
initial dose
intradermal medication
(in-trah-DER-mal)
intra- = within
derm/o = skin
-al = pertaining to
intramuscular medication
Medication that is injected directly into the vein, entering the blood
stream immediately.
-ous = pertaining to
local effect
maintenance dose
The dose of a medication that will keep the concentration of the medication in the bloodstream at the desired level.
official name
Generic name.
package insert
An information leaflet placed inside the container or package of prescription drugs. The FDArequires that the drug generic name, indications, contraindications, adverse effects,dosage, and route of
administration be described in the leaflet.
parenteral medication
(par-EN-ter-al)
Medication that is injected into the body using a needle and syringe.
pharmacist
(FAR-mah-sist)
pharmac/o = drugs, medicine
-ist = specialist
pharmacodynamics
(far-mah-koh-dye-NAM
868
~,
'''~''''''C''~
h,~
CHAPTER22
pharmacology
(far- mah-KALL-oh -jee)
pharmac/o = drugs,medicine
-logy = the study of
pharmacy
(FAR-mah-see)
Drugstore.
potency
(POH-ten-see)
Strength.
potentiation
(poh-ten-she-AY -shun)
The effect that occurs when two drugs administered together produce
a more powerful response than the sum of their individual effects.
rectal medication
(REK-tal)
recti 0 = rectum
'
-al = pertainingto
route of administration
side effect
An additional effect on the body by a drug that was not part of the
goal for that medication. Nausea is a common side effect of many
drugs.
standards
Rules that have been established to control the strength, quality, and
purity of medications prepared by various manufacturers.
subcutaneous
medication
-ous = pertaining to
sublingual medication
(sub-LING-gwal)
sub- = under
lingu/o = tongue
-al = pertaining to
systemic effect
(sis-TEM-ik effect)
A generalized response to a drug by the body. The drug has a widespread influence on the body because it is absorbed into the bloodstream.
tachycardia
(tak -ee- KAR-dee-ah)
tachy- = rapid
cardi/o = heart
-ia
= noun
ending
PHARMACOLOGY. 869
therapeutic dose
(thair-ah-PEW-tik)
tolerance
(TALL-er-ans )
topical medication
(TOP-ih-kal)
toxicology
(tocks-ih- KALL-oh-jee)
toxic/o = poisons, toxins
-logy = the study of
trade name
Brand name.
vaginal medication
(VAJ-in-al)
vagin/o = vagina
-al = pertaining to
Word Elements
The following word elements pertain to pharmacology. As you review the
list, pronounce each word element aloud twice and check the box after you
"say it." Write the definition for the example word given for each word
element. You may use your medical dictionary.
WORD ELEMENT
PRONUNCIATION
alges/o
al-JEE-soh
analgesic
an-al-JEE-sik
anti-
AN-tih
antidepressant
an -tih -dee-PRESS-ant
arrhythm/o
antiarrhythmic
bilo
BYE-oh
antibiotic
bronch/o
bronchodilator
an-tih-BYE-ot-ik
"SAY IT"
MEANING
sensitivity to pain
against
rhythm
life
BRONG-koh
brong-koh-DYE-Iay-tor
airway
bucc/o
BUCK-oh
cheek
buccal
BUCK-al
-----
-----
ah-RITH-moh
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CHAPTER22
chem/o
KEE-moh
chemotherapy
kee-moh- THAIR-ah-pee
-----
coagul/o
anticoagulant
cutane/o
subcutaneous
oo
drug
~
""
koh-AG-yoo-Ioh
an-tih-koh -AG-yoo-Iant
clotting
---'--'---"-
_00
kyoo- TAY-nee-oh
"_.-
skin
sub-kyoo-TAY-nee-us
'__.'_00._-'
cyan/o
cyanosis
sigh-AN-oh
esthesi/o
anesthesia
ess-THEEZ-ee-oh
an-ess- THEEZ-ee-ah
sigh-ahcNOH-sis
--'-'
fung!o
antifungal
""
"
blue
feeling, sensation
-.----.-----.-----
'
'00
00'_-
FUNG-oh
fungus
an-tih-FUNG-al
"'-"
gloss/o
hypoglossal
hyperantihypertensive
GLOSS-oh
tongue
excessive, high
'-'.'-'
"--------
hypnohypnotic
HIP-noh
-ia
EE-ah
analgesia
an -al- JEE-see-ah
immun/o
immunosuppressant
IM-yoo-noh
im -yoo- noh-suh -PRESS-ant
intraintradermal
IN-trah
in-trah-der-mal
-ist
pharmacist
1ST
FAR-mah-sist
lingu/o
sublingual
LlNG-yoo-oh
sub-LlNG-gwal
lip/o
lipid
LlP-oh
LlP-id
-logy
pharmacology
LOH-jee
far-mah-KALL-oh-jee
------------..
"-"'-
hip-NOT-ik
sleep
---.-.---..--------------
condition; noun
ending
------
immune, protection
00.____-
within
-,-,---"---'-------
a specialist in a field
of study
---------
0._--_._---------
tongue
----.--.-.--.------.--..---
fat
---.--.----.----.--...---..--..--
the study of
.--.----.
museui/o
MUSS- kyoo-Ioh
intramuscular medication
in -trah -MUSS- kyoo-Iar
.--------------..-.-----.------..-....-----------....--NEE-oh
ne/o
an- tih-nee-oh- PLASS-tic
antineoplastic
----------.
muscle
new
".-----.-.-----.---
PHARMACOLOGY. 871
or/o
oral medication
OR-oh
OR-al
mouth
pharmac/o
pharmacy
FAR-mah-koh
FAR-mah-see
drugs, medicine
rect/o
rectal medication
REK-toh
REK-tal
rectum
skelet/o
skeletal muscle relaxant
SKELL-eh-toh
skeleton
sub~
SUB
under, below
subungual
sub-UNG-gwal
toxic/o
TOCKS-ih-koh
toxicology
tocks-ih-KALL-oh-jee
vaginlo
vaginal medication
VAJ-in-oh
VAJ-in-al
vento
intravenous
VEE-noh
in-trah-VEE-nus
------
pOlson
----
vagma
----------------
vem
Drug Sources
The origin of many of the drugs used today can be traced to ancient civilizations. Many
drugs were prepared from plants, leaves, herbs, roots, and barks, with plants being a primary source of medicinal substances. Examples of plant sources of medications are the
purple fox glove, which is a source for digitalis, a medication used to treat heart arrhythmias and congestive heart failure, and the poppy plant, which is a source of opium, and
is used in antidiarrheal medications and analgesics. Leaves and herbs were sources of
medicinal-type teas in the earlier generations.
As time evolved, animals and minerals became additional sources of drugs. An example
of an animal source for drugs commonly used today is insulin, which is extracted from
the pancreas of animals (hogs and cows). An example of a mineral source of drugs is sulphur, which is used in many bacteriostatic medications.
A more recent source of drugs has been pharmaceutical laboratories that produce synthetic drugs. Medications such as Demerol, a narcotic analgesic, and Lomotil, an
antidiarrheal, are examples of synthetic forms of medications. Insulin and sulphur drugs
are also produced synthetically in pharmaceutical laboratories. See Figure 22-2.
Drug Names
The chemical name of a drug describes the chemical structure of the drug. It is the formula that indicates the composition of the drug.
The generic name or official name of a drug is the name that was established when the
drug was first manufactured. The spelling of the generic name is written in lowercase
872
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Source
cinchona bark
purple foxglove
magnesium
gold
Classification
Drug name
Example
quinidine
antiarrhythmic
digitalis
cardiotonic
Milk of Magnesia
antacid, laxative
Solganal;
auranofin
anti-inflammatory
used to treat
rheumatoid
arthritis
pancreas of
cow, hog
insulin
thyroid gland
of animals
thyroid, USP
I hormone
meperidine
Demerol
analgesic
diphenoxylate
Lomotil
antidiarrheal
antidiabetic
hormone
letters. The original manufacturer of the drug is the only company that can use the
generic name for the drug for the first 17 years of its use; then the name of the drug
becomes public property and can be used by any manufacturer. Each drug has only one
generic name. The official (generic) name for each drug is listed in the USP/NF.
The brand name or trade name of a drug is the name under which the drug is sold by a
specific manufacturer. The name is owned by the drug company and no other company
may use that name. Each brand nam.e drug carries a registered trademark symbol (@)
after its name, showing that it is restricted to the particular manufacturer. A drug may
be known by several different brand names. The spelling of the brand name or trade
name alwaysbeginswith a capital letter.
-..---...-...----..----.-.-...--...--
Drug Actions/Interactions
When drugs are ingested or administered into the body, they are absorbed into the
bloodstream or into the body tissues. The drugs then combine with, or alter, the molecules in the body cells, changing the way the cells work. How the drugs produce these
changes within the body is known as drug action. The changes that take place in the
body as a result of the drug action is known as the drug effect. Some drugs act in the
body by either slowing down or speeding up the ordinary processes that the cells carry
out. Other drugs destroy certain cells or parts of cells, such as drugs that destroy diseaseproducing microorganisms and cancer cells. Yet other drugs act by replacing substances
that the body lacks or fails to produce, such as vitamins.
The effect of the drug in the body may be a desired effect, achieving the response by the
body that is intended; that is, the desired effect was to lower the blood sugar, and the
patient's blood sugar level did drop. A drug is usually prescribed for its desired effect. A
side effect, is an additional effect on the body by the drug that was not part of the goal
for that medication; nausea is a common side effect of many drugs. Even though side
effects are bothersome, they are not usually severe enough to warrant discontinuing the
medication. An adverse reaction is one in which the body reacts to a drug in an unexpected way that may endanger a patient's health and safety. A contraindication
is any
special symptom or circumstance that indicates that the use of a particular drug or procedure is dangerous, not advised, or has not been proven safe for administration.
Drugs may affect only a specific part of the body, having a local effect, or they may affect
the body as a whole, having a systemic effect. A local effect of a drug is one that is confined to a specific part of the body; for example, the dentist may administer a medication to numb only one tooth, thus, the medication has a local effect on that particular
area of the body.
A systemic effect of a drug is one that has a widespread influence on the body because it
is absorbed into the bloodstream. The remaining terms in this section describe the
action and interaction of drugs in the body after they have been absorbed into the
bloodstream; that is, those having a systemic effect on the body.
cumulation
(KYOO-mew-Lay-shun)
idiosyncrasy
(id-ee-oh-SIN-krah-see)
potentiation
(poh-ten-she-AY-shun)
tolerance
(TALL-er-ans)
874
CHAPTER22
patients will have an undesired effect after the initial or first dose of a medication, particularly with some medications given for treatment of hypertension; that is, a sharp drop in blood pressure and fainting within 30 to
90 minutes after the first dose of the medication. This response to the initial dose of a medication is known as first -dose effect.
The dose of a medication that achieves the desired effect is known as the
therapeutic dose. Some medications have to be given in increasing doses
until the desired level of concentration in the bloodstream is achieved. A
maintenance dose will keep the concentration of the medication in the
bloodstream at the desired level. Medications given to slow and strengthen
the heartbeat are often given in increments until the maintenance dose
level is achieved.
....
Routes of Administration
for Medications
Medications can be introduced into the body using several different methods, referred to as the route of administration. The route of administration determines how rapidly a drug is absorbed into the bloodstream, how
well the drug is absorbed, and how long the drug acts within the body. The
route of administration is usually based on the type of medication given,
the dosage form, and the desired effect. The following is a list of the major
routes of administration for medications. The list is not alphabetized, but
is presented in the order in which routes of administration of medications
are usually discussed in pharmacology textbooks.
oral
(OR-aL)
orjo
mouth
-aL = pertaining to
=
This drug is then slowlyabsorbed into the bloodstream through the lining
of the stomach and intestines. See Figure 22-3.
Advantage: easiest and safest method, most economical method.
Disadvantage: slow method of absorption, possibility of being destroyed
by the gastric juices.
PHARMACOLOGY. 875
buccal
(BUCK-al)
buee/o =
cheek
-aL = pertaining
to
rectal
(REK-tal)
reet/o = rectum
-aL = pertaining to
Rectalmedications are those that are inserted into the rectum and
are slowlyabsorbed into the mucousmembranelining of the rectum.
This medication is in the form of a suppository, which dissolves as the
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CHAPTER22
vaginal
(VAJ-in-al)
vaginjo = vagina
-al = pertaining to
.--------.---.---------------...
Vaginal medications are those that are inserted into the vagina.
This medication may be in the form of a suppository, cream, foam, or
tablet. The medication dissolves as the body temperature warms and melts
it. See Figure 22-58. Vaginal medications are usually given for their local
effect on the mucous membrane lining the vagina.
Advantage: easiest method for treating the specific area.
Disadvantage: no particular disadvantage, other than the fact that medications sometimes stain underwear.
topical
(TOP-ih-kal)
transdermal
trans- = across
dermjo = skin
-al = pertaining to
Parenteralmedications are those administered by injecting the medication into the body using a needle and syringe. See Figure 22-7.
par- = apartfrom
enterjo = intestine
-al = pertaining to
intradermal
(in-trah-der-mal)
intra- = within
dermjo = skin
-al = pertaining to
PHARMACOLOGY. 877
Intramuscular
Subcutaneous
Intravenous
gO-degree
angle
Intramuscular
(1M)
Intradermal
Subcutaneous
(SC)
Intravenous
(IV)
Intradermal
(10)
intramuscular
(in-trah-MUSS-kyoo-lar)
intra- = within
mU5culfo = muscle
-ar = pertaining to
intravenous
(in-trah-VEE-nus)
intra- = within
venjo = vein
-OU5= pertaining to
IntramuscuLar injections are used for administering antibiotics, medications that might be irritating to the layers of the skin, and medications
that require dosages larger than the amount allowed for a subcutaneous
injection.
subcutaneous
(5ub-kyoo- TAY-nee-us)
The medication is injected into the subcutaneous Layer,or fatty tissue, of the skin.
Subcutaneous injections are used for administering insulin, hormones,
and local anesthetics.
Drug Classification
Drugs are classified, or categorized, according to their primary or
main effect(s) in the body. Table 22-2 lists most of the major classifications of drugs, along with a basic description of each category and
a common example of a medicine from each classification. The
generic name is written in lowercase letters and the brand name
begins with a capital letter.
878
CHAPTER22
GENERAL-PURPOSE DEFINITION
COMMON EXAMPLE
analgesic
(an-al-JEE-sik)
an- = without
aLgesjo =
= pertaining
anesthetic
(an-ess-THET-ik)
an- = without
esthetjo = feeling nervous
sensation or
sense of
perception
-ic = pertaining to
antiarrhythmic
(an-tee-ah-RITH-mik)
anti- = against
arrhythmjo =
-ic = pertaining
antibiotic
(anti-infective)
phenoxymethyl-penicillin sodium
(Pen-Vee-K, Penicillin VK,
Veetids, V-Cillin K)
trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole (Bactrim, Bactrim OS)
(an-ti h-BYE-ot-ik)
anti- = against
bijo = life
-tic = pertaining to
anticoagulant
(an-ti h-koh-AG-yoo-lant)
anti- = against
coaguLjo = clotting
anticonvulsant
phenobarbital sodium
(Luminal Sodium)
diazepam (Valium)
(an- ti h-kon-VULL-sant)
antidepressant
hydrochloride
(an-ti h-dee-PRESS-ant)
antidiabetic
(an-tih-dye-ah-BET-ik)
antidiarrheal
(an-tih-dye-ah-REE-ul)
treats diarrhea
chlorpropamide (Oiabenese)
tolazamide (Tolinase)
insulin
diphenoxylate-atropi ne
sulfate (Lomotil)
loperamide hydrochloride
(Imodium)
PHARMACOLOGY. 879
-~-~~"-
antidiuretic
(an-tih-dye-yoo-REH-tic)
antiemetic
(an-tih-ee-MET -ik)
antifungal
(an-tih-FUNG-gal)
anti- = against
fungjo = fungus
-al = pertaining to
antihistamine
(an-tih-HISS-tah-meen)
ine hydrochloride
ed in allergic
maleate
antihypertensive
(an-tih-high-per-TEN-siv)
anti- = against
hyper- = excessive
Polymox)
(Vibramycin)
anti-infective (antibiotic)
(an-tih-in-FEK-tiv)
nabumetone (Relafen)
naproxen sodium (Anaprox,
Aleve)
anti-inflammatory
(an- tih- in-FLAM-ah-toh -ree)
fluorouracil (Adrucil)
methotrexate (Rheumatrex
antineoplastic
(an-ti h-nee-oh-PLASS- tik)
= against
Dose Pack)
nejo
plasjo
formation
-tic = pertaining to
antitussive
hydrobromide
DM,Robitussin
Vick's Formula 44,
44 Pediatric
(an-tih- TUSS-iv)
hydrochloride
Decongestant,
PE, Sudafed
antiulcer agent
(an-tih-ULL-ser)
antiviral agent
(an-tih-VYE-ral)
as
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CHAPTER22
beta blocker
(BAY-tahblock-er)
bronchodilator
(brong-ko h-DYE-lay-tor)
bronch/o = bronchus;
airway
(KAL-see-umCHAN-ell
BLOCK-er)
diuretic
(dye-yoor-RET -ik)
hormone
(HOR-mohn)
(Premarin)
hypnotic
(hip-NOT-ik)
hypno- = sleep
-tic = pertaining to
(Sandimmune)
(Imuran)
immunosuppressant
(im-yoo- no h-suh-PRESS-ant)
immun/o = immunity
laxative
(LACK-sah-tiv)
lipid-lowering agent
(LIP-id)
liP/o = fat
niacin (Nicobid)
lovastatin (Mevacor)
sedative
(SED-ah-tiv)
phenobarbital (Nembutal)
diazepam (Valium)
flurazepam hydrochloride
(Dalmane)
(SKELL-eh-tal muscle
rih-LAK-sant)
skeletjo = skeleton
-al = pertaining to
muscul!o = muscle
-e = nounending
vitamin
(VIGH-tah-min)
VitaminsA, 0, E, etc.
ascorbic acid (vitamin C)
cyanocobalamin (vitamin 812)
880
CHAPTER22
beta blocker
(BAY-tahblock-er)
bronchodilator
(brong-koh-DYE-lay-to r)
bronch/o = bronchus;
airway
e,
(KAL-see-umCHAN-ell
BLOCK-er)
(Vascor)
diuretic
(dye-yoor-RET-ik)
hormone
(HOR-mohn)
(Premarin)
hypnotic
(hip-NOT-ik)
hypno-
sleep
-tic = pertaining to
(Sandimmune)
(Imuran)
immunosuppressant
(im-yoo-noh-suh-PRESS-ant)
immun/o=
immunity
laxative
(LACK-sah-tiv)
lipid-lowering agent
(LIP-id)
lip/o = fat
niacin (Nicobid)
lovastatin (Mevacor)
sedative
phenobarbital (Nembutal)
diazepam (Valium)
flurazepam hydrochloride
(Oalmane)
(SED-ah-tiv)
Relieves
vitamin
(VIGH-tah-min)
and used
Vitamins A, 0, E, etc.
ascorbic acid (vitamin C)
cyanocobalamin (vitamin B12)
(SKELL-eh-tal muscle
rih-LAK-sant)
skelet/o = skeleton
-al = pertaining to
muscul/o = muscle
-e =
noun ending
as dietary supplement
PHARMACOLOGY.
881
ABBREVIATION
MEANING
ABBREVIATION
MEANING
aa
of each
h,hr
hour
a.c.
beforemeals
h.s.
hour of sleep
ad lib.
as desired
H2O
water
AM
mormng
AQ, aq
water
b.i.d.
twice a day
Celsius (Centigrade)
I:
intradermal
intramuscular
injection
inj.
I.U.
International Units
with
IV
intravenous
cap(s)
capsule, capsules
kg
kilogram
cc
cubic centimeter
LorI
liter
em
centimeter
Ib
pound
dc, D/C
discontinue
mg
milligram
DEA
mEq
milliequivalent
disp
dispense
mL or mI
milliliter
dr
dram
DS
double strength
n.p.o., NPO
nothing by mouth
elix
elixir
O2
oxygen
Fahrenheit
O.D.
right eye
FDA
oint., ung
ointment
FDCA
O.S.
left eye
gal
gallon
OTC
Gm., g, gm
gram
O.U.
both eyes
gr
grain
oz
ounce
gtt
drops
after
mInIm
882
CHAPTER22
p.c.
after meals
se. subq.sub-Q
subcutaneous
PDR
sig
PM
afternoon
sol
solution
p.o.
sos
if necessary
p.r.n.
as needed
ss
one-half
pt
pint
stat.
immediately
q.
every
supp.
suppository
q.a.m.
everymormng
T. Tbsp.
tablespoon
q.d.
everyday
t.tsp.
teaspoon
q.h.
every hour
tab.
tablet
t.i.d.
q.h.s.
q.i.d.
tinct.
tincture
TO
telephone order
q.o.d.
unit
q.s.
quantity sufficient
ung. oint.
ointment
qt
quart
USP/NF
rectal
Rx
take; treatment;
without
National
Formulary
VO
verbal order
times, multiplied by
prescription
'"
Audio CD available, listen to each term, pronounce it, and check the box
once you are comfortable saying the word. Check definitions by looking
the term up in the glossary/index.
TERM
PRONUNCIATION
adverse reaction
AD-vers reaction
analgesic
D
D
an-al-JEE-sik
D
D
an-ess- THEEZ-ee-ah
anaphylactic shock
anesthesia
anesthetic
an-ah-fih-LAK-tic
an-ess-THET-ik
DEFINITION
SHOCK
PHARMACOLOGY. 883
an-tee-ah-RITH-mik
an-tye-BYE-ot-ik
antidepressant
D
D
D
D
antidiabetic
an-tih-dye-ah-BET-ik
antidiarrheal
an-tih-dye-ah-REE-al
antiemetic
an-tih-ee-MET-ik
antifungal
an-tih-FUNG-gal
antihistamine
an-tih-HISS-tah-meen
antihypertensive
D
D
D
an-tih-high-per-
D
D
D
D
D
an-tih-nee-oh-PLASS-tik
D
D
D
brong-koh-DYE-lay-tor
antiarrhythmic
antibiotic
anticoagulant
anticonvulsant
anti-infective
anti-inflammatory
antineoplastic
antitussive
antiulcer
antiviral
beta blocker
bronchodilator
buccal medication
calcium channel blocker
an-tih-koh-AG-yoo-lant
an-tih-kon-VULL-sant
an-tih-dee-PRESS-ant
TEN-siv
an-tih-in-FEK-tiv
an-tih-in-FLAM-ah-toh-ree
an-tih- TUSS-iv
an-tih-ULL-ser
an-tih-VYE-ral
BAY-tah blocker
BUCK-al med-ih-KAY-shun
KAL-see-um CHAN-ell
BLOCK-er
chemical name
KEM-ih-cal name
chemotherapy
kee-moh-THAIR-ah-pee
contraindication
kon-trah-in-dih-KAY-shun
cumulation
KYOO-mew-lay-shun
cyanosis
D
D
diuretic
dye-yoor-RET-ik
generic
D jeh-NAIR-ik
hormone
D HOR-mohn
Hospital Formulary
hospital FORM-you-lair-ee
hypnotic
hip-NOT-ik
---J
sigh-ah-NOH-sis
884
CHAPTER22
hypoglossal
high-poh-GLOSS-al
hypotension
high-poh- TEN-shun
idiosyncrasy
id-ee-oh-SIN-krah-see
immunosuppressant
D
D
D
im-yoo-noh-suh-PRESS-ant
D
D
D
in~trah-MUSS-kyoo-lar
oral
D
D
parenteral
par-EN-ter-al
pharmacist
FAR-mah-sist
pharmacodynamics
far-mah-koh-dye-NAM-iks
pharmacology
D far-mah-KALL-oh-jee
pharmacopeia
D far-mah-koh-PEE-ah
pharmacy
D FAR-mah-see
potency
D POH-ten-see
potentiation
D poh-ten-she-AY-shun
rectal
D REK-tal
sedative
D SED-ah-tiv
D SKELL-eh-talmuscle
inhalation
intradermal
intramuscular
intravenous
laxative
lipid-lowering agent
in-hah-LAY-shun
in-trah-der-mal
in-trah-VEE-nus
LACK-sah-tiv
OR-al
rih-LAK-sant
subcutaneous
sub-kyoo-TAY-nee-us
sublingual
sub-LlNG-gwal
subungual
sub-UNG-gwal
systemic
D
D
therapeutic
thair-ah-PEW-tik
tolerance
TAHL-er-ans
topical
TOP-ih-kal
toxicology
tocks-ih-KAHL-oh-jee
vaginal
VAJ-in-al
vitamin
D VIGH-tah-min
sis-TEM-ik