Lecture 01
Lecture 01
Lecture 01
Erwin Verwichte
Electricity: electrum, Greek for amber or pale gold. Coined by William Gilbert
(1540-1603) for physical force generated by rubbing amber.
Magnetism: magnetum, lodestone from Magnesia region in Thessaly (Greece) where
magnetised ore was obtained.
Plasma: plasm, Greek for form, shape, something molded. Coined by Irving Langmuir
(1927), connected high-speed electrons and ions in electrified fluid with blood cells in
plasma of blood vessels.
PX384 - Electrodynamics
PX384 Electrodynamics
Erwin Verwichte
Module webpage: http://go.warwick.ac.uk/physics/teach/syllabi/year3/px384
http://go.warwick.ac.uk/physics/teach/module_home/px384
Additional material:
plasma formularium (handout)
plasma calculator (online)
Leads from: Electromagnetic Theory and Optics (PX263)
Leads to: Advanced Electrodynamics (PX472), Relativity & Electrodynamics (PX421)
and Physics of Fusion Power (PX438)
Recommended reading:
Electromagnetism, I.S. Grant & W.R. Phillips, John Wiley & Sons, 2nd ed.(1990).
Plasma Physics, R. O. Dendy, Oxford Science Publications (1990).
PX384 - Electrodynamics
PX384: Electrodynamics
I. Introduction
Revision of Maxwells equations
PX384 - Electrodynamics
I. Introduction
PX384 - Electrodynamics
. E =
o
Gauss Law
B
E =
t
. B = 0
Faradays Law
Solenoidal condition
E
B = o j + o o
t
PX384 - Electrodynamics
With
E
(r,t) [Vm-1]
B (r,t) [T]
(r,t) [Cm-3]
j (r,t) [Am-2]
( r , t ) = qs ns ( r , t )
s
j ( r , t ) = qs ns us ( r , t )
s
n (r,t) [m-3]
u (r,t) [ms-1]
q
[C]
o
o
co
[Fm-1]
[Hm-1]
[ms-1]
PX384 - Electrodynamics
Also
FLorentz = qE + q v B
+ . j = 0
t
Lorentz force
Charge conservation
j = E
j =E
Ohms Law
S
I
I
U
=
= E
S
L
L
I = U
S
j=
= Resistence
PX384 - Electrodynamics
.D = free
B
E =
t
. B = 0
D
H = jfree +
t
Gauss Law
Faradays Law
Solenoidal condition
PX384 - Electrodynamics
D = oE + P r oE
P = ( r 1) o E
Electric displacement
Electric polarisation
= free + polarised , . E = / o and .D = free
. P = . D o. E = free = polarised
with
-p
P=n p =n
atom ( r )
dV
atom
PX384 - Electrodynamics
With
D(r,t)
[Cm-2]
P(r,t) [Cm-2]
p(r,t) [Cm]
[1]
[1]
PX384 - Electrodynamics
10
Magnetic field
H = o1 B M r1o1 B
Magnetisation
M = (r1 1)o1 B
j
=
j
+
j
B
=
H
=
jfree
with
and
free
magn ,
o
M = H + o1 B = jfree + j = jmagn
The magnetisation is linked with
M the atomic magnetic dipole moment
M = n = n r jatom ( r ) dV
2 V
PX384 - Electrodynamics
11
With
H(r,t)
[Cm-1s-1]
M(r,t) [Cm-1s-1]
(r,t) [Am2]
[1]
[1]
PX384 - Electrodynamics
12
B(t)
[Calculation I.1]
C
1. Current Magnetic field
B (t ) = o NI o sin(t )
I(t)
S
E(t)
1
E (t ) = o NI 0 r cos(t )
2
PX384 - Electrodynamics
13
D
1
= o o NI 0 r 2 sin(t )
t
2
L
R
D
S t .dS /
1 R
S j .dS = 2 co
8 1011 = 5 1010
2co
6 108
As long as the driving frequency is less than 1 GHz, the displacement current
can be neglected.
14
Exercises
Ex I.1: Write the dimensions of all quantities in terms of the basic SI units of
mass (kg), distance (m), time (s) and electric charge (C).
Ex I.2: Identify the scientists that contributed to EM theory on the money
notes.
Ex I.3: For a solenoid to have a meaningful displacement current with a
current drive frequency that matches BBC Radio 4 FM transmission, what is
the minimum radius of its coils?
( )
PX384 - Electrodynamics
15