Software Defined Radio For Rfid Application
Software Defined Radio For Rfid Application
Software Defined Radio For Rfid Application
I. INTRODUCTION
Whether we realize it or not, radio frequency identification
(RFID) is an integral part of our life. RFID increases
productivity and convenience. RFID is used for hundreds, if
not thousands, of applications such as preventing theft of
automobiles and merchandise; collecting tolls without
stopping; managing traffic; gaining entrance to buildings;
automating parking; controlling access of vehicles to gated
communities, corporate campuses and airports; dispensing
goods; providing ski lift access; tracking library books;
buying hamburgers; and the growing opportunity to track a
wealth of assets in supply chain management. RFID
technology is also being pressed into service for use in U.S.
Homeland Security with applications such as securing border
crossings and intermodal container shipments while
expediting low-risk activities.
The world becomes wireless. Radio Frequency
Identification (RFID) is the hottest technology in wireless
applications area. Its unique advantages such as data
transmission with extreme low power or even without power
in tag can be the biggest beneficial for goods management. In
This work was supported under grant: UKM-GUP-NBT-08-03-123.
Muhammad Islam is with the Dept. of Electrical, Electronic and Systems
Engineering, National University of Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor,
Malaysia (e-mail: [email protected])
M A Hannan is with the Dept. of Electrical, Electronic and Systems
Engineering, National University of Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor,
Malaysia (e-mail:[email protected])
S A Samad is with the Dept. of Electrical, Electronic and Systems
Engineering, National University of Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor,
Malaysia (e-mail:[email protected])
A Hussain is with the Dept. of Electrical, Electronic and Systems
Engineering, National University of Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor,
Malaysia (e-mail: [email protected])
ISBN:978-988-17012-6-8
WCECS 2009
Proceedings of the World Congress on Engineering and Computer Science 2009 Vol I
WCECS 2009, October 20-22, 2009, San Francisco, USA
Source
Noise / Interference
Filter
Tag
QAM Demodulation
RX
B. Reader (Transceiver)
This device is used to read and/or write data to RFID tags.
Antenna could be build inside the reader. The antenna is the
channel between the tag and the transceiver, which control
the systems data access and communication.
These components communicate via radio signals that
carry data either uni-directionally or bi-directionally
(Figure 1).
CH
A. Tag (transponder)
A device that transmits data to reader which is located on
the object to be identifies.
TX
QAM Modulation
II. METHODOLOGY
SINK
Wireless
ISBN:978-988-17012-6-8
A. Source
This module is used to generate data bits to be transmitted.
There are two ways. One is read data from given source, like
pictures or voice record. The other method is to generate
random data bits by itself
B. TX
The transmission module, where the data bits are encode
and modulate before they are sent to transmit.
C. CH
It represents the channel module. It consists of two parts:
the channel from TX to RX and the feedback channel from
WCECS 2009
Proceedings of the World Congress on Engineering and Computer Science 2009 Vol I
WCECS 2009, October 20-22, 2009, San Francisco, USA
8
6
D. RX
This module is similar to TX, but the data bits are decoded,
filter and demodulated after antennas receive them
E. SINK
Sink, is the place where the simulation results, are
computed and presented in both tabular and graphical format.
4
2
er
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Q
0
-2
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-6
-8
F. Digital Modulation
In digital modulation, the information signals, whether
audio, video, or data are all digital. As a result, the digital
information modulates an analog sinusoidal waveform
carrier. The sinusoid has just three features that can be
modified to carry the information: amplitude, frequency, and
phase. Thus bandpass modulation can be defined as the
process whereby the amplitude, frequency, or phase of the
carrier, or a combination of them, is varied in accordance
with the digital information to be transmitted. If the
amplitude, frequency, or phase of the carrier is altered by the
digital information, then the modulation is called amplitude
shift keying (ASK), frequency shift keying (FSK), or phase
shift keying (PSK), respectively.
I+
jQ
Quadrature ( Q )
In-Phase ( I )
ISBN:978-988-17012-6-8
-5
0
In-Phase
III. RESULTS
By taking advantage of the SDR simulation, we add the
RFID application in this paper in order to study its
transmission performances. The simulation is done in
Matlab. The modulation used in transmission from source to
sink is QAM. Just like in other applications, the input data are
generated by SOURCE, and then fed into modulator. The
data is then fed into Additive White Gaussian Noise
(AWGN) for RFID application. In communications, the
AWGN channel model is one in which the only impairment
is the linear addition of wideband or white noise with a
constant spectral density (expressed as watts per hertz of
bandwidth) and a Gaussian distribution of amplitude. The
model does not account for the phenomena of fading,
frequency selectivity, interference, nonlinearity or
dispersion. However, it produces simple, tractable
mathematical. Models which are useful for gaining insight
into the underlying behavior of a system before these other
phenomena are considered. Based on the normal positions
between reader and tag in RFID application, we choose
simulate in AWGN channel. Before demodulating the data
from TX, the filter is used to filter the data coming and
process data back to the original. Then the data is send to the
output of RX.
We initially assume ideal conditions including no
feedback delay or error, perfect channel estimation, and
perfect channel quality estimation. We will then relax the
first two restrictions to examine their impact. Finally, we
collect all the data in SINK.
In our initial simulation work we have assumed ideal
conditions. Specifically, we have simulated the performance
of QAM modulation in AGWN channel for different BER
performance of carrier frequency of 32 KHz, 64 KHz and
128 KHz. They gave us error of 1.34%, 0.60% and 0.105%
respectively. Figures 5, 6 and 7 show the simulated and
theoretical BER performance of the QAM under ideal
conditions. As the error is lowest, thus, the preferable carrier
frequency is 128 KHz for QAM modulation.
WCECS 2009
Proceedings of the World Congress on Engineering and Computer Science 2009 Vol I
WCECS 2009, October 20-22, 2009, San Francisco, USA
IV. CONCLUSION
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ISBN:978-988-17012-6-8
WCECS 2009