Evaluation of The Antimicrobial, Antioxidant and Phytochemical Activities of Methanolic and Aqueous Extract of Cissus Aralioides Leaves On Some Selected Pathogenic Microorganisms
Evaluation of The Antimicrobial, Antioxidant and Phytochemical Activities of Methanolic and Aqueous Extract of Cissus Aralioides Leaves On Some Selected Pathogenic Microorganisms
Evaluation of The Antimicrobial, Antioxidant and Phytochemical Activities of Methanolic and Aqueous Extract of Cissus Aralioides Leaves On Some Selected Pathogenic Microorganisms
e-ISSN: 2278-3008, p-ISSN:2319-7676. Volume 10, Issue 2 Ver. III (Mar -Apr. 2015), PP 32-36
www.iosrjournals.org
1,3
Abstract: Plants used for traditional medicine contain a wide range of substances which can be used to treat
various infectious diseases. Hence, methanol and aqueous extracts of Cissus aralioides leaves were analyzed for
antioxidant, antimicrobial and phytochemical properties. The plant extract showed significant (P<0.05)
antioxidant activities in both methanol and aqueous extracts. The antioxidant activity of both methanolic and
aqueous extract of C. aralioides increased as the concentration increased with methanolic extracts showing
higher antioxidant activity but both still lower than the standard (ascorbic acid).The methanolic and aqueous
extracts of the test plant also showed presence of phytochemical constituents saponins, glycosides, flavonoids,
alkaloids, tannins and sterol terpenes. The antimicrobial activity of the plant extract was evaluated against
Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica, Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans using the agar disc
diffusion method. The highest antimicrobial potentials was observed for the methanol extract of C. aralioides
against Salmonella enterica with a mean zone of inhibition diameter of 18.5mm mean while the aqueous extract
had a mean zone of inhibition diameter of 15mm. The rest of the three test organisms were resistant to both the
methanol and aqueous extracts. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) observed was 50 mg/ml and
25mg/ml for the methanol and aqueous extracts respectively. This indicates that C. aralioides are efficacious
and can be used in the management of the disease cause by Salmonella enterica. This study demonstrate that C.
aralioides has antioxidant and antimicrobial activities, which could be attributed to its phytochemical
composition. The study suggests that methanol and water are both good extracting solvent for C. aralioides.
Key words: Antimicrobial, antioxidant, methanolic, aqueous, Cissus aralioides, pathogenic, microorganisms
I. Introduction
In the last decade, there has been a global upsurge in the use of traditional medicine, complementary
and alternative medicines in both developed and developing countries (e.g. Nigeria). Traditional Medicine is a
group of diverse medicinal and health care systems, practices and products including acupuncture, herbalism,
traditional Chinese medicine, naturopathy, Ayurveda, hypnosis, and homeopathy in addition to a range of other
practices that are not generally considered to be part of conventional medicine and are not integrated into the
dominant health care system in most countries (WHO, 2005). Today, traditional complementary and alternative
medicines play an important role in health care and health sector reform globally. This is due to the fact that
80% of families in the developing world today still depend on traditional herbal remedies for the treatment of
disease. This reason is that they are affordable and easily accessible to all (Bizimenyera et al., 2007; Adefuye
and Ndip, 2013). Thus there have been increased research interests to verify the activity of the medicinal plants
as claimed by the herbalist. The researches in medicinal plants have led to the isolation, characterization and
formulation of some drugs in orthodox medicine. Examples of such drugs include vincristine, vinblastine,
aspirin, morphine etc (Adefuye and Ndip, 2013). Cissus aralioides is one of the commonly used medicinal plants
in South-Eastern Nigeria by native doctors.
Cissus aralioides is commonly called eriri agwo in Nigeria (Igbo) and Kindamina in Cameroun,
and belong to the family Vitaceae. It is a lofty climber which is woody at the base with stout green succulent
stems constricted at the nodes and sometimes sub-succulent leaves. Flowers are greenish or whitish,
comparatively large and horizontal. The fruit is 2 cm long and mostly red in colour. The whole plant is
covered with irritating hairs and the leaves contain an acid and slightly acrid red sap. They are commonly found
in deciduous forests and fringing jungle across the regions of Tropical Africa (Burkill, 2000; Ezeja et al., 2015).
In African traditional medicine, different parts of Cissus aralioides are used in the treatment of different ailment
either alone or in combination with other medicinal plants. The disease conditions that have been managed
traditionally with C. aralioides include arthritis, rheumatism, dropsy, gout, swellings, edema, febrifuges, painkillers, pulmonary troubles, venereal diseases etc. Cissus aralioides leaves and roots are also used as
DOI: 10.9790/3008-10233236
www.iosrjournals.org
32 | Page
DOI: 10.9790/3008-10233236
www.iosrjournals.org
33 | Page
III. Results
The results of the antimicrobial, antioxidant and phytochemical activities of the methanolic and
aqueous extracts of the C. aralioides are shown in Tables 1 3 and Fig. 1 respectively.
The phytochemical activities of the C. aralioides are shown in Table 1. The phytochemical parameters
present were saponins, glycosides, flavonoids, tannin and sterols/terpenes. The flavonoids were moderately
present in both the methanol and aqueous extracts. The glycosides were also moderately present in methanol
extract and slightly present in aqueous extract. The saponins, alkaloids, tannin sterols/terpenes were all slightly
present in aqueous and methanol extracts.
The mean zone of inhibition diameter is shown in Table 2. At 100 mg/ml, the methanol extract had a
mean zone of inhibition diameter of 18.5mm on Salmonella enterica, the aqueous extract had 15 mm zone of
inhibition on Salmonella enterica. However, the methanol and aqueous extracts of C. aralioides had no activity
over Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans.
The MIC and MBC are shown in Table 3. The MIC of aqueous and methanol and aqueous extract on
Salmonella enterica was 25 mm and 50 mm respectively. At the MIC values, Salmonella enterica showed no
growth on sub culturing. Thus the MIC and MBC was the same value.
The antioxidant activity of the methanolic and aqueous extracts of the C. aralioides is shown in Fig. 1.
There is significant antioxidant activity in both the methanol and aqueous extracts of C. The methanol extracts
had a higher antioxidant activity compared with the aqueous extract but the antioxidant activity of the methanol
and aqueous extracts were lower than the standard.
IV. Discussion
The aqueous and methanolic extracts of Cissus aralioides leaves were subjected to phytochemical
screening and the results showed that the extracts contained saponins, glycosides, flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins
and sterol/terpenes.
The plant extract used in this study also showed significant antioxidant activity; with the methanol
extract having higher antioxidant effect compared to the aqueous extract. This could be due to the difference in
solubility of the components in the extracting solvents. The antioxidant activities may be due to the presence of
some of the phytoconstituents. However, the antioxidant effects of the test extracts were lower when compared
with the standard.
The antimicrobial activities of the aqueous and methanol extracts of Cissus aralioides were also
investigated. The aqueous and methanol extracts of Cissus aralioides inhibited Salmonella enterica. This
confirms that the plant has antimicrobial activity against Salmonella enterica. It inhibited the organism with the
average zone of 18.5 mm methanol extract and 15 mm aqueous extract. The results of antimicrobial activity of
the aqueous and methanol extract of Cissus aralioides showed no inhibitory effect on the Staphylococcus aureus,
Escherichia coli and Candida albicans. The result of the antimicrobial activities of C. aralioides is not in
agreement with the report of Assob et al. (2011). However, Nwinyi et al. (2009) reported that inactivity of plant
extracts may be due to age of plant, extracting solvent, method of extraction and time of harvesting of plant
materials. Also, the lack of activity against E. coli, Candida albicans and Staphylococcus aureus may be due
antibiotic resistance and variation in the strains of the microorganisms used.
The antimicrobial activity of C. aralioides against S. enterica may be attributed to some of the
phytochemical composition of C. aralioides. Some of the phytoconstituents; tannins, flavonoids, terpenes and
alkaloids has been shown to possess antimicrobial activity. The results suggest that C. aralioides has bactericidal
activity against S. enterica. This could be due to the inhibition of cell wall or cell membrane synthesis or
inhibition of DNA replication. According to Rang et al. (2003), penicillin and cephalosporin prevent bacterial
cell wall synthesis and in doing so, are bactericidal in action.
The MBC of the methanol and water extract are 25 and 50 mg/ml respectively. This indicates that the
methanolic extract is more potent than the aqueous extract, but does not necessarily mean that the methanolic
DOI: 10.9790/3008-10233236
www.iosrjournals.org
34 | Page
V. Conclusion
The study has demonstrates that methanolic and aqueous extract of C. aralioides leaf have a potent
bactericidal activity against Salmonella enterica and also has a potent antioxidant activity. The methanolic
extract of C. aralioides was more potent than the aqueous extract of C. aralioides in both antioxidant and
bactericidal activity. Further work is required to isolate and characterize the active principle responsible for the
antibacterial and antioxidant activity.
References
[1].
Adefuye, A.O. and Ndip, R.N. (2013). Phytochemical analysis and antibacterial evaluation of the ethyl acetate extract of the stem
bark of Bridelia micrantha, Pharmacognosy Magazine; 9(33): 4550.
Aluka, P. (2010). Plant Database. Retrieved from www.aluka.org/action/showcom on August 7, 2014.
Assob, J.C., Kamga, H.L., Nsagha, D.S., Njunda, A.L., Nde, P.F., Asongalem, E.A., Njouendou, A.J., Sandjon, B. and Penlap, V.B.
(2011). Antimicrobial and toxicological activities of five medicine plant species from Cameroon Traditional Medicine, BMC
Complement. Altern. Med.; 11: 70-75.
Benedetti, S., Benvenah, F., Pagharami, S., Francegh, S., Stephano, S. and Canestrari, F. (2004). Antioxidant properties of a novel
phycocyania extract from the bluegreen alga, Aphanizomenonflos-aquae. Life Sci.; 75. 2353-2362.
Bizimenyera, E.S., Swan, G.E., Samdumu, F.B., McGraw, L.J. and Eloff, J.N. (2007). Safety profiles of Peltophorum africanum
Sond (Fabaceae) Extracts. South Afr. J. Sci.; 7: 66 78.
Borokini, T.I. and Omotayo, F.O. (2012). Comparative phytochemical analysis of selected medicinal plants in Nigeria. Intl. J.
Adv. Chem. Res.; 1(1): 011- 018.
Burkill, H.M. (2000). The useful plants of West Tropical Africa, Families vol. 5, Royal Botanical Gardens Kew, pp. 301- 302.
Cheesbrough, M. (2006). District laboratory practice in tropical countries, Part 2. Cambridge University Press,
United Kingdom, pp. 143-180.
Ezeja, M.I., Omeh, Y.N., Onoja, S.O. and Ukaonu, I.H. (2015). Anti-inflammatory and Antioxidant Activities of the Methanolic
Leaf Extract of Cissus aralioides. Amer. J. Pharmacol. Sci.; 3(1): 1-6.
Fawole, M.O. and Oso, B.A. (1998). Laboratory Manual of Microbiology. Spectrum Books Limited, Ibadan; p.126.
Nester, E.W., Anderson, D.G., Rogers, C.E. and Nester, M.T. (2008). Microbiology, A Human Perspective, International edition,
McGraw-Hill, New York, USA, pp. 508-641.
Rang, H. P., Dale, M. M., Ritter, J. M. and Moore, P. K. (2003). Pharmacology, Elsevier Science Ltd, New Delhi, pp. 368-378
[13] Sofowora, A. (1993). Medicinal plants and traditional medicine. Spectrum Books Limited, Ibadan, Nigeria; pp. 224-227.
Tamber, D.H. and Khante, B.S. (2010). Antimicrobial properties of traditionally used medicinal plants for enteric infections. Intl J.
Pharm. Sci. Res.; 1(9): 120-128.
WHO, (2005). National Policy on Traditional Medicine and Regulation of Herbal Medicine Report of a WHO global Survey.
WHO, Geneva; pp 1-156.
[2].
[3].
[4].
[5].
[6].
[7].
[8].
[9].
[10].
[11].
[12].
[13].
[14].
[15].
[16].
Table 1: Qualitative phytochemical characteristics of methanolic and aqueous extracts of Cissus aralioides
leaves
Saponins
+
+
Aqueous extracts
Methanol extracts
Key:
Glycosides
+
+
Flavonoid
+
+
alkaloid
+
+
Tannin
+
+
Sterol/Terpens
+
+
+ present
Table 2: The mean zone of inhibition diameter (mm) of Cissus aralioides leaves extract against the test
organisms.
Methanol extract (100mg/ml)
Aqueous extract (100mg/ml)
ciprofloxacin (50 g/ml)
Nystatin (1000/ml
Staphylococcus
aureus
0.00
0.00
13
NR
Escherichia coli
Salmonella enterica
0.00
0.00
30.5
NR
18.5
15
27.5
NR
Candida
albicans
0.00
0.00
NR
23.5
DOI: 10.9790/3008-10233236
MIC (mg/ml)
50
25
www.iosrjournals.org
MBC (mg/ml)
50
25
35 | Page
DOI: 10.9790/3008-10233236
www.iosrjournals.org
36 | Page