Wireless Communication NOTES Final Unit - 1
Wireless Communication NOTES Final Unit - 1
Wireless Communication NOTES Final Unit - 1
UNIT-1
Introduction to Wireless Telecommunication Systems and Networks
Learning Objectives
Discuss the structure and operation of the PSTN, PDN and the SS7 Network.
Explain the difference between 1G, 2G, and 2.5G cellular systems.
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Limitations:
o Very low frequency transmitter
o
Remedies: The above limitations are overcome by using next generation wireless transmitters
o It is a RF high powered poulsen spark gap transmitter.
o
The sinking of the titanic on the night of April 14th ,1912 send the last message
through ships wireless operator
World war -1 was also major driver of the development of radio technology by the US
military
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2. Interoffice call: Call between two subscribers connected to the different switches but within
the same area, shown in figure 1.4. Interoffice connection might use T-1 carriers with copper
wire, OFC or SONET transport technology. This type of connection for long distance
communication with high data rates and multiplexed signal.
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o In - band signaling mean that the same facilities used to create an actual physical circuit for
the call to be sent over.
o A big disadvantage of this type of system is that a voice trunk (an inter-office facility) or
possibly many trunks had to be seized in order to do the signaling necessary to set up the
call.
o As the PSTN evolved into digital network, for economic reasons and for both efficiency and
security, an entirely separate network was created for the purpose of routing long distance
calls (calls between different exchanges or switches).
o
This system of using separate facility to channel to perform the call routing function is known
as out of band signaling.
o The network elements of the SS7 system: SS7 is packet network shown in figure 1.5. It
consists of three main elements, they are:
1. Service Switching Point (SSP): It communicates with the voice switch via primitives and
creates signal units for communication over SS7 network. It converts signaling from voice switch
into SS7 format. It may send messages for data base queries through SS7 network. Voice
connection is established through look-up of routing tables and sending SS7 messages to
adjacent switches to request circuit connection.
Prof. Suresha V, Dept. Of E&C E. K V G C E, Sullia, D.K-574 327
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2. Signal Transfer Point (STP) : It connect to service switching points (SSP) at the local exchange
and the interface with the local exchange switch or mobile switching center in the case of a
PLMN. SS7 messages travel from one SSP to another through the services of a Signal Transfer
Point (STP). It acts as a router for SS7 messages. It exchanges information in form of packets
related to either call connections or database queries. Other tasks of the STP include: Traffic
measurements for performance monitoring of the SS7 and telecommunication network and
Usage measurements for billing purposes. Three levels of STP
1. National STP: It exists in one network, no capability to convert messages into other
formats.
2. International STP: It provides SS7 based interconnection between national networks.
3. Gateway STP: It provides protocol conversion between a national and international
network or with other non-SS7 networks
3. Service Control Point (SCP): It is a computer used as a front-end to a database. SCP serves as
interface to a telephone companys database. It stores
o Subscribers services, Routing of special service numbers
o Calling card validation and fraud protection, advanced intelligent network features for
service creation.
Prof. Suresha V, Dept. Of E&C E. K V G C E, Sullia, D.K-574 327
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o The Public Data Network (PDN): PDN has been evolving for connectivity needs of business,
industry and government for the transport of high speed data over WANs. PDN includes
many different types of networks like SONET, ISDN, ATM, etc. The connection between
these networks might be through leased lines, fiber facilities or wireless radio links. Fig1.6 is
the one possible view of the PDN.
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Fig 1.7 Modern two way hybrid fiber coaxial cable TV system with fiber nodes
o The bandwidth of cable systems has been expanded to 870 MHz.
o Use of the frequency spectrum between 5 and 42 MHz allows for upstream data
transmission over the network
o Use the standardized cable modem (CM).
o Use the Data-Over-Cable-Service Interface Specification (DOCSIS) protocol has led to
multiple-vendor interoperability of cable modems located at the subscriber premise and
cable modem termination systems (CMTS) located at the cable service providers' network
centers or "head ends.
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The Internet: The Internet is the world's largest computer network. The structure of the
Internet is shown conceptually in Figure 1.8.
o Internet consists of thousands of computer networks interconnected by dedicated specialpurpose switches called routers.
o The routers are interconnected by a wide area network (WAN) backbone.
o This WAN backbone actually consists of several networks operated by National Service
Providers (NSP) (namely Sprint Link, UNet Technologies, internet MCI, etc.)
o These backbone networks consist mainly of high-speed, fiber-optic, long haul transport
systems that are interconnected at a limited number of hubs that also allow for the
connection of regional ISPs.
o These national service provider (NSP) networks are interconnected to each other at
switching centers known as network access points (NAPs).
o Regional ISPs may tap into the backbone at either the NSP hubs or the NAPs.
o If an individual wants to connect to the Internet, he or she must usually go through an ISP.
o The user might connect to the ISP through the PSTN over a low-speed dial-up connection
using a modem that communicates with a "modem pool at the ISP, or through high-speed
cable-modem or ADSL (adaptive digital subscriber line) service. These services are usually
connected through the PDN to the ISP.
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Layers Description**
Layer 7: Application Layer:
o It is closest to end user and it interfaces the users to the network.
o The end user can interact with network through software application that is running on the
computer.
o Some application layer implementations include: File Transfer Protocol (FTP) for file transfer
services, Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) for electronic mail, Domain Name System
(DNS) for name server options, and Telnet for terminal services.
Layer 6-Presentation Layer:
o It provides a variety of conversion and coding functions that are applied to application layer
information/data. Some of the types of the coding and conversion that are performed are
Common data representation formats (standard multimedia formats), Conversion of
character representation formats (e.g., EBCDIC and ASCII converted to a syntax acceptable to
both machines),
o Perform common data compression schemes (e.g., GIF JPEJ, and TIFF), and
o Perform common data encryption schemes.
Prof. Suresha V, Dept. Of E&C E. K V G C E, Sullia, D.K-574 327
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AMPS channels***
o AMPS spectrum divided into A and B bands both consists of 333 channels.
o AMPS channels are divided in to two sets of channels:
1. Traffic channels (TCH): It used for subscribers call.
2. Control channels (CCH): it used for system control functions.
o In A bands: The Channels 1-312 were Traffic channels (TCH). Channels 313-333 were
Control channels(CCH)
o In B bands: Channels 334-354 were Control channels (CCH). Channels 355-666 Traffic
channels (TCH).
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o Two types of channels used by cellular system for their operations. They are control and
voice channels. These channels again divided into
(1). Voice : Forward Voice Channel (FVC)-It is from BS to MS
Reverse Voice Channel (RVC) -It is from MS to BS
(2). Control: Forward Control Channel (FCC) It is from BS to MS
Reverse Control Channel (RCC) - It is from MS to BS
Figure below depicts the flow of information over voice and control channels
Fig 1.10: AMPS forward and Revere control and voice channels
o The AMPS Base Station (BS) uses the dedicated control channels send a variety of control
information to idle Mobile Stations (MS) within its cells.
o MS uses the RCC to communicate with the BS while in the idle mode.
o When the MS is engaged in a voice call, control and signaling information may be also be
transmitted over the traffic channel being used by the mobile and BS.
o
Use of supervisory audio tones (SATs) transmits radio link status signaling information
over active voice channels.
o Three SAT frequencies are used: 5970 Hz, 6000 Hz, and 6030 Hz.
o These SAT tones give the base and mobile station ability to keep informed about each
others transmitting capabilities and to confirm the success or failure of certain mobile
operations.
Prof. Suresha V, Dept. Of E&C E. K V G C E, Sullia, D.K-574 327
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o The base station periodically adds a SAT signal to the forward voice channel (FVC), thus
transmitting it to the mobile station.
o The mobile station acting like a transponder. Transmits the same frequency tone on the
reverse voice channel (RVC) back to the base station.
o Additionally a signaling tone (ST) of 10 kHz can be transmitted over a voice channel to
confirm orders and to signal various requests.
o
To perform handoff operation by make use of both the SAT and ST signals.
o MS may transmit two types of messages over the reverse voice channel: Order
confirmation message or called address message.
The FOCC transmits three data streams in time division multiplexed (TDM) format.
These three data streams are known as:
1. Stream A: message to mobile phones with the LSB of MIN equal to 0
2. Stream B: message to mobile phones with the LSB of MIN equal to 1
3. Busy idle stream: Indicates the current status of the reverse control channel.
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o The use of stream A and B doubles the capacity of the control channel. Both control
channels operate at a 10 kbps data rate.
o FOCC Message format: Each FOCC message consists of one or more words. The types of
messages to be transmitted over the FOCC are:
1. Overhead messages: It is used to allow MS to perform initialization task , to update
MS with latest system parameters
2. Mobile station control messages: Two types of MS control messages can be sent by
the BS. The BS may either page the MS or send it to an order message that initiates a
particular operation
3. Control filler messages: It consists of one space filler word that is sent whenever
there is no other message to b sent on the FOCC.
o Some of these order messages are:
1. Alert order message: It is used to inform the mobile phone that there is an incoming
phone call.
2. Audit order message: It is used by the base station to determine if the mobile is still
active in the system.
3. Change power order message: it is used to alter the mobiles RF output power.
4. Intercept order message: It is used to inform the user that a procedural error has
been made in placing a call.
5. Maintenance order message: It is used to check the operation of MS.
6. Send called address order message: Used to inform the mobile station that it must
send a message to the base station with dialed-digit information.
7. Stop alert order message: used to inform a mobile station that it must stop alerting
(ringing) the user.
8. Release order message: It is used to disconnect the call.
AMPS Security And Identification : Three ID numbers are used by the AMPS system:
1. Electronic Serial Number (ESN): The ESN is provided by the mobile phones manufacturer
and is not able to be easily altered.
2. System Identification Number (SID): SIDs is 15-bit binary numbers that are uniquely
assigned to cellular systems. These numbers are exchanged by the base and mobile station
to determine the status of the mobile-at home or roaming.
3. Mobile Identification Number (MIN): The MIN is a 34-bit binary number derived from the
mobile stations 10-digit telephone number 24 bits are derived from the 7-digit local number.
10 bits are derived from the 3-digit area code.
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If the mobile station cannot complete this task within 3 seconds, it will go to the
next strongest control channel signal and attempt to complete the task within a 3 sec
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If unable to complete this task, the mobile will now return to step1 and enable itself
to use the other providers system.
o Step5: If the mobile station can complete steps 1-4, it moves on to the next task.
o Step6: It requires the MS to scan the paging channels (a control channel) of the system and
then lock onto the strongest paging channel.
o Within three seconds the mobile must receive an overhead message and verify certain
overhead information.
If this portion of the task cannot be completed, the mobile will go to the next
strongest paging cannel and attempt to complete the task within a 3 sec.
During this task the mobile will compare its home system ID (SID) to that of the
system ID delivered to it in the overhead message.
If the two system IDs are not the same, the mobile station knows that it is in a
roaming status and sets parameters to allow roaming operations to take place
between itself and the system that is attached to.
This action is necessary for the home system to be able to update the location of the
mobile phone.
If step 6 cannot be completed successfully. The MS returns to step1 and starts over.
o Step7: If steps 1 to 6 are complete, the mobile will identify or register itself with the network
by sending its ESN, MIN and SID numbers over the RECC.
o Step8: These ID numbers will be compared against a database at the MSC to validate the
mobile stations ability to have roaming status.
o Finally: The base station sends a control message to the mobile to verify that the
initialization process has been completed after step 1 to 8 have been successfully executed
the mobile goes into an idle mode.
MS idle mode: Which it continually performs four ongoing tasks. The mobile phone must
execute each of the following four tasks every 46.3 milliseconds:
o Idle Mode Task #1: Respond to overhead information. The mobile must continue to receive
overhead messages and compare the received SID with the last received SID value. If the
most recently received SID is different, the MS enters the initialization procedure again. If
the SID value is the same, the mobile phone updates the received, if any, in the overhead
message.
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o Idle Mode Task #2: Page matchup. The MS must monitor mobile station control messages
for page messages. If paged, the mobile will enter the system Access Task with a page
response.
o Idle Mode Task #3: Order the MS must monitor mobile station control messages for orders.
If an order is received, the mobile must respond to it.
o Idle Mode Task #4: Call initialization. When the mobile subscriber desires to initiate a call,
the system Access Task must be entered with an origination indication.
o Mobile-to-Land Calls***( Dec 2012)
Figure below shows the steps needed to complete the tasks
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Task description:
o Step #1: MS enters the System Access Task mode and then attempts to seize the RECC once
it becomes idle.
o Step #2: MS starts to transmit a service request message to the BS over the RECC. This
message will include MIN, ESN, and the phone number of the dialed party. After transmitting
a service request message to the BS the mobile station goes into an Await Message mode.
o Step #3: If the BS grants to service request it will send an initial voice Channel designation
message. The BS has also passed this information on to the network side (i.e., MSC). The
mobile will switch to the initial voice channel number provided by the BS . Other information
is also included in the base station message the power level for the mobile and as SCC that
will designate what SAT tone to use on the traffic channel.
o Step #4: At this point, both the base and MSs have switched their communications to the
voice channels.
o Step #5: The BS sends a mobile control message over the FVC with the SAT Signal.
o Step#6: the MS responds to this message over the RVC with the SAT signal, which confirms
the radio link.
o Step #7: The MS now awaits completion of the call with the resultant signal coming from the
network (MSC).
o Step #8: Finally, the conversation takes place between the users.
o Step #9: To disconnect or complete the call, either the BS sends a release order message or
the mobile sends a signaling tone (ST) for 1.8 seconds at which point the base and mobile
station drop the voice channel radio link.
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Handoff operations
o A handoff operation occurs in a cellular system when a MS moves to another cell.
o Consider that BS A is handling an active call from a MS within its area of coverage.
o However the MS is in transit and is moving from BS A and towards BS Bs coverage area.
o BS A constantly monitors the received signal power from MS. When the signal from MS goes
below a predetermined threshold level, BS A sends a handoff measurement request to the
MSC. The MSC requests that all the BSs that are able to receive the transmissions from the
specified MSs monitor its power level. It is determined that BS B is receiving the strongest
signal from the mobile.
o The MSC assigns a traffic channel (TCH) to BS B. Base station B responds and handover order
is sent from the MSC to BS A.
o BS A sends a handoff control signal to the MS with the necessary new channel information
and then mobile switches to new voice channel with its newly prescribed output power and
new SCC code.
o The mobile receives Base station Bs SAT and returns it. If everything goes well, the handoff is
successful.
Prof. Suresha V, Dept. Of E&C E. K V G C E, Sullia, D.K-574 327
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Other IG systems: Other first generation cellular other than AMPS are as follows
1. TACS (Total Access Communication System) cellular system)
2. NMT (Nordic Mobile Telephone) cellular system )
3. NTT (Nippon Telegraph and telephone ) Cellular system
1. TACS (Total Access Communication System) cellular system
Channel spacing of 25 kHz thus yielding a total of 1000 channels in the allotted spectrum.
It was first deployed in the Nordic countries of Denmark, Finland, Norway, and Sweden.
The first NMT systems operated in the 450 MHz band with channel spacing of 25 kHz.
An up banded NMT cellular system operating in the 900-MHz band in the year 1986 with a
narrower channel spacing of 12.5 kHz.
NMT cellular systems have since been deployed in approximately fifty countries worldwide.
The system was not well received due to its high cost
The JTACS/NTACS (Japanese TACS/narrowband TACS) cellular system operated in the 800MHz and 900-MHz bands with 25-kHz and 12.5-kHz channel spacing, respectively.
These systems, developed by Motorola, were derived from the original TACS system.
Digital AMPS
o It is an attempt to increase the capacity of the original AMPS cellular system.
o It allows for the continued use of the AMPS bandwidth and many of the AMPS procedures.
o D-AMPS cellular system is that second-generation system using TDMA technology is able to
use the same traffic channels as the first-generation AMPS system.
o D-AMPS/AMPS environment, a certain percentage of channels would be reserved for analog
traffic and the rest allocated to TDMA traffic.
o D-AMPS were published as interim Standard 54-B or simply IS-54-B.
o IS-54-B defined dual mode operation within the same 800-MHz cellular network all the
frequency specifications remained identical to the AMPS specification.
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The basic system uses frequencies in the 900-MHz band (GSM 900),
1900-MHz band was added in the United States for PCS service (GSM 1900).
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o For CDMA systems, control information is carried by dedicated channel elements and traffic
is placed on any available traffic channel element.
o Channel elements (CEs) are individual transmitters that are all transmitting on the same
frequency simultaneously.
o CDMA has experienced very rapid growth and presently 13% of the worlds cellular
telephones use this technology
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Work in various different operating environments (low through high mobility, urban to
suburban to global locations, etc.).
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It is also employing combinations of W-CDMA technology and either TTD or FDD based
CDMA technologies depending upon spectrum availability.
o The users TDD or FDD CDMA technology in conjunction with W-CDMA is to support the
different symmetrical and asymmetrical services.
o The NTT DoCoMo system uses a present Standard form of W-CDMA technology.
Prof. Suresha V, Dept. Of E&C E. K V G C E, Sullia, D.K-574 327
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2. CDMA2000 : (Dec-2012)
o It is a 3G CDMA system
o This is the enhanced wideband version of CDMA.
o It is supported by the TIA and the CDMA Development group(CDG).
o The major features of cdma2000 are
1. Backward compatibility with CDMA IS-95B (a 2.5G technology)
2. Support for data rate of up to 2 Mbps.
3. support for multimedia services (i.e., Quality of Services QoS)
4. Support for advanced radio technologies.
o A unique feature of CDMA 2000 is that it supports several radio link bandwidths
depending upon required data rate.
1. Support data service at rates up to 144 Kbps in a mobile environment.
2. 1x EV-DO can support peak data rates of 2.4Mbps on the down link but only 153kbps
on the uplink thus application such as MP3 transfers and video and conferencing are
possible.
3. 1x EV-DV supports integrated voice simultaneous high-speed data packet multimedia
services at speed up to 3Mbps over an all-IP architecture radio access and core
network.
3. UWC-136/EDGE
o UWC-136 is the 3G proposal for the evolution of NA-TDMA cellular systems.
o It is developed by the United Wireless Communication Consortium (UWCC) that consists
of NA-TDMA manufacturers and service providers.
o It appears at this time that most NA-TDMA operators have opted to follow the GSM/EDG
route to 3G cellular.
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IEEE 802
2. Regional Organization:
o Regional standards organizations receive developed standards from implementation
groups.
o The regional organizations are task with approving the standard.
o Members of the regional organization will vote on the standard.
o Some of the more well-known regional organizations are
1. European telecommunications standards institute(ETSI)
2. Telecommunications Technology Committee(TTC)
3. Association of Radio Industries and Businesses(ARIB) in Japan
4. Telecommunications Technology Associations(TTA) in Korea
5. China Communications Standards Association(CCSA) in China
6. Committee T1-Telecommunications (ANSI-T1) in United States
7. EIA/TIA (Electronics Industries Alliance/Telecommunications Industry Association).
3. National organization
o The most well known national standards organization that exists in the United States is
the American National Standards Institute or ANSI.
o The TIA and EIA develop North American wireless standards and forward them to ANSI
for final approval as a national standard.
4. Global Organizations
o Global standards organizations receive recommendations from regional organizations.
o These worldwide organizations give the final approval for an international standard.
o There are three global standards organizations:
1. The international telecommunications union (ITU)
2. The international standards organization(ISO)
3. The international electrotechnical commission (IEC).
Prepared By:
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