Design of Steel Structures II
Design of Steel Structures II
Design of Steel Structures II
(3) Loads:
(i) Dead load - Dead loads acting on truss girder are as follows:
Weight of rails = 2 x 0.6 = 1.2 kN/m.
* Weight of sleepers = 0.25 x 0.25 x 7.5 / 0.4 = 2.34 kN/m.
Weight of fastenings (assumed) = 0.25 kN/m.
Weight of stringers (assumed) = 3.0 kN/m
Weight of cross girders (assumed) = 5.0 kN/m.
** Self-weight of truss by Fullers Formula = 13.0 kN/m
Total dead load per track = 24.8 kN/m
Therefore, Total dead load per girder = 24.8 / 2 = 12.4 kN/m
*[Assume 250 mm 250 mm 2m wooden sleepers @ 400 mm apart and weight
of 7.5 kN/m3]
1
x 50 x1.17
2
1
x10 x1.0
2
1
x 50 x 2.08
2
1
x 50 x 2
2
29.3 (Compression)
(Tensile)
5.0
52
50
(Compression)
(Tensile)
(b) Live loads and impact loads from IRS Bridge Rules - 1982:
Live loads and impact factors for each loaded length are found from IRS
Bridge Rules - 1982. For maximum forces in chord members, the whole of the
span should be loaded and Live load is determined corresponding to maximum
B.M. For other diagonal and vertical members, part of the span as indicated by
influence line diagrams, should be loaded and the live load is determined
corresponding to S.F. The impact factor is found corresponding to loaded length.
For maximum force in members L4L5 and U4U5:
Load length = 50 m
Live load for B.M. = 3895.2 kN
Impact factor = 0.15
8
6 l
0.15
8
6 50
0.293
3895.2 x 1 0.293
2 x 50
50.36 kN / m
8
6 l
0.15
0.293
4184.6 x 1 0.293
L1 U1:
Load length = 10 m
Live load for S.F. = 1227.8 kN
8
6 50
2 x 50
54.1kN / m
8
6 l
8
6 50
0.15
0.293
1227.8 x 1 0.65
2 x10
101.3kN / m
Panel L4L5:
Loaded length = 30 m
Tractive effort = 637.4 kN
Force per chord = 637.4/2 =
318.7 kN
Unfactored loads:
Area Load in kN/m
of ILD
DL
LL+IL
DL
LL+IL
Long.L
L0 U1
- 29.3 12.4
54.1
-363.3
-1585.1
L1 U1
+5.0
12.4
101.3
+ 62
+ 506.5
U4U5
- 52.0 12.4
50.36
-644.8
-2618.7
L4L5
+ 50.0 12.4
50.36
+620
+2518
Member
= 1.35;
LL
= 1.50;
LongL
= 1.50
Factored loads:
Factored Forces in members
Member (kN)
Total load (kN)
DL
LL+IL
Long.L
L0 U1
-490.4
- 2377.6
- 2868.0
L1 U1
+83.7
+ 759.8
+ 843.4
U4U5
-870.5
-3928
- 4798.5
L4L5
+ 837
+3777
+ 5092
- 478
A = 18442 mm2
rx = 146.5 mm
ry = 158.8 mm
x
= 5467/146.5 = 37.3
Then,
= 221.8 N/mm2
rx= 165.4 mm
ry = 210 mm
x
= 4250/165.4 = 25.7
Then,
= 239 N/mm2
A = 25386 mm2
rx = 144 mm
ry = 210 mm
= 5000/144 = 34.7
Then,
= 225 N/mm2
7.9 Summary
After brief introduction, the steel used in bridges and its properties were
discussed. The broad classification of bridges was mentioned and various loads
to be considered in designing railway and highway bridges in India were
discussed. Finally analysis of girder bridges was discussed using influence line
diagrams.
This chapter deals with the design of steel bridges using Limit States
approach. Various types of plate girder and truss girder bridges were covered.
Basic considerations that are to be taken into account while designing the plate
girder bridges are emphasised. Practical considerations in the design of truss
members and lateral bracing systems are discussed briefly. A worked example
on through type truss girder Railway Bridge is given in the appendix.
7.10 References
1. Owens. G.W., Knowles. P.R., Dowling. P.J. (1994): Steel Designers'
Manual, Fifth edition, Blackwell Scientific Publications.
5. IRC: 6 - 2000 Section II, Indian Standard for loads and stresses on
Highway Bridges.
8. IS: 1915 - 1961: The Indian Standard Code of Practice for Design of
Steel Bridges
9. BS: 5400 - Part 3: 1982: British Standard Code of Practice for Design
of Steel Bridges