Apendice B - Transport Phenomena - Bird 2ed
Apendice B - Transport Phenomena - Bird 2ed
Apendice B - Transport Phenomena - Bird 2ed
B
The Fluxes and the Equations
of Change
Newton's law of viscosity
Fourier's law of heat conduction
Fick's (first) law of binary diffusion
The equation of continuity
The equation of motion in terms of
-p(Vv
w,
(B.l-6)
in which
(B.l-7)
" When the fluid is assumed to have constant density, the term containing (V .v) may be omitted. For
monatomic gases at low density, the dilatational viscosity K is zero.
843
844
Appendix B
in which
" When the fluid is assumed to have constant density, the term containing (V .v) may be omitted. For
monatomic gases at low density, the dilatational viscosity K is zero.
+ ($p- K)(V
(B.l-15)"
V)
(B.l-16)"
vr + v, cot 0
r
+ (ip - K)(V
V)
(B.l-17)"
(B.1-18)
T + ~
=
.I)"(
+
rr4 = -p vr sm
dr
1 6 d+
in which
1 d
(V mv) = --(r2vr)
r2
dr
+--r
sin 8 d0
(B.1-19)
(B.l-20)
8%
(u,sin 8 ) + --1--r sin 8 d 4
(B.1-21)
" When the fluid is assumed to have constant density, the term containing (V v) may be omitted. For
monatomic gases at low density, the dilatational viscosity K is zero.
sB.2
q+ = -ka
1
dT
r sin 8 d4
845
846
Appendix B
-P%ABVWAI
" To get the molar fluxes with respect to the molar average velocity, replace j,, p, and w, by J:, c, and x,.
" When the fluid is assumed to have constant mass density p, the equation simplifies to (V .v) = 0.
sB.5
847
" These equations have been written without making the assumption that 7 is symmetric. This means, for
example, that when the usual assumption is made that the stress tensor is symmetric, 7 , and ry,may be
interchanged.
V ~ V ,
"+rv@)
a v , +dv0
v-+
9 - + v+
'dr
rd0
"dz
=---
[: r:
+ -I d
- --
r de
+ a2d ~~0 +
-
These equations have been written without making the assumption that 7 is symmetric. This means, for example, that when the usual
= 0.
assumption is made that the stress tensor is symmetric, rrO-
at + '
av, v , dv,
v , dvr
+ -- + -dr
r d8 r sin 8 d 4
--)r v$
+
dp
dr
--
La
1 - Toe + 74,
(r2rrJ + (rOrsin 0 ) +
r sin 8 88
r sm 8 d 4 r4r
r
1
d
(r3rr,) + -- (% sin e) + -r sin e d e r$"
r sin 8 d e
v,vr + v,v, cot 8
+
r
(rer - ~
r sin 8 d8
1
d
(q, sin 8 ) + ----'"
r sin 8
~ -0 ~ )4
4cot
1
dP
r sin 8 dg5
(r,, - rr+)+ 740 Cot 6
r
+ P&
+ P84
These equations have been written without malung the assumption that 7 is symmetric. This means, for example, that when the usual
assumption is made that the stress tensor is symmetric, T , ~ r8,= 0.
848
Appendix B
-V p + pV2v + pg]
dv,
dv,
p(-+vx-+
dt
dx
dv,
dy
@)
+ V, dz
+p
+ pgx
(B.6-1)
+ pgz
(B.6-3)
r2 dr2
dv,
( dt
dv,
dr
v, dv
r do
p -fur-+-A+--
r2 sin B d o
v+ dv,
r sin B ad
+ v p , - v:r
cot 6
1
d2v, 2 dv
r 2 s i n 2 6 d ~ ' r2do
1 dP
r sin 0 d+
1
d2v++-r2sin28d~' r2sin6M
(v, sin 6 )
(d:
dv+
dr
v dv,
r d6
p -+v,-+Ap+--
v, dv,
r sin 6 d+
r
(v, sin 6)
r2sin6d9
dv7 +
%] + pg+
r2sin6d9
(8.64)
The quantity in the brackets in Eq. B.6-7 is not what one would expect from Eq. (M) for [V .Vv] in Table A.7-3, because we have added
to Eq. (M) the expression for (2/r)(V v), which is zero for fluids with constant p. This gives a much simpler equation.
T h e Equation of Energy in T e r m s of q
5B.8
849
(B.7-1 )
-
(B.7-2)
T:([
@,=2
1
2 [ld(l'vd
+ -3 y2dr
I
r sin 6
) (
+ --+-
~ V ~ + V . + V ~ E O ~ ~
d4
r sin 8 d6
--
d ~ ) = [ l d
dz
--
r ar
1dqo +
(rq,) + r d6
dz
dln p
(B.8-2>"
" The viscous dissipation term, -(T:VV), is given in Appendix A, Tables A.7-1,2,3. This term may usually be neglected, except for
systems with very large velocity gradients. The term containing (d In p / d In 'I)
is ,
zero for fluid with constant p.
850
Appendix B
" This form of the energy equation is also valid under the less stringent assumptions k = constant and (d In p / d In T),,Dp/Dt = 0. The
assumption p = constant is given in the table heading because it is the assumption more often made.
The function @,, is given in sB.7. The term p @ ,is usually negligible, except in systems with large velocity gradients.
.j,) + r,]
-- -
Urn
r sm 8
a+
[La
dr
r2
(r2j,r)
" To obtain the corresponding equations in terms of J,* make the following replacements:
Replace
+ r sin 0 - ('"'
sin 0)
+ Y sln 0
aia'i.m]+r,
d+
(8.10-3)
sB.11
w,
851
" To obtain the corresponding equations in terms of x,, make the following replacements:
Replace
0,
re
by
X,
V*
R, - x,
1 Rp
p=1