Objective Type Questions

14.1. Rail section is generally designated

by its
(a) total w eight
(ib) total length
(c) w eight per metre length
(d) area of its cross-section.
14.2. The arrangem ents of rails w hich
permit trains to cross another track
and also to divert to the other track,
is called
(a) diamond crossing
(b) diam ond crossing w ith single
slip
(c) diamond crossing with double
slip
(d) cross over.
14.3. Wing rails are provided
(a) near tongue rails
(ib) near check rails
(c) near stock rails
(d) in crossing.
14.4. Minimum gradient in station yards
is generally limited to
(a) 1 in 1000
(b) 1 in 500
(c) 1 in 400
(d) zero.
14.5. A scissors cross over consists of one
diamond and
(a) one turnout
(b) two turnouts
(c) three turnouts
(d) four turnouts.
14.6. The tread of wheels is provided on
outward slope of
(a) 1 in 10
(b) 1 in 15
(c) 1 in 20
(d) 1 in 25.
14.7. An extra 75 cm ballast width is not
provided on outer side on a curve,
if its degree is

14.8.

14.9.

14.10.

14.11.

14.12.

14.13.

(a) 6
(b) 5
(c) 4
(d) 3.
On Indian railw ays, num ber of
crossing is defined as
(a) sine of angle of crossing
(b) cosine of angle of crossing
(c) tangent of angle of crossing
(d) cotangent of angle of crossins
The check rails are placed opposite
the crossing so that
(a) it is sym metrically placed oppo
site nose of crossing
(b) its one-third length is ahead
the nose of crossing
(c) its two-third length is ahead
the nose crossing
(id) its three-fourth length is aheac
of the nose of crossing.
Check rails are provided on inner
side of inner rails if sharpness of a
B.G. curve, is more than
(a) 3
(b) 5
(c) 6
(d) 8 .
The grade com p ensation of B.G.
tracks on Indian Railways, is
(a) 0.02%
(b) 0.03%
(c) 0.04%
(d) 0.05% .
A triangle of railway consists of
(a) three turnouts
(b) one turnout and two diamonds
(c) two turnouts and one split
(d) one turnout, one split and one
diamond.
The rail section w hich is not used
on Indian Broad Gauge tracks, is
(a) 35 R
(b) 40 R
(c) 45 R
(d) 55 R.

Railway Engineering 14.21

1.14. In India the rails are manufactured
by
(a) open hearth process
(b) duplex process
(c) both (a) and (b)
(d) neither (a) nor (b).
14.15. In Indian Railways, the ratio of axle
load and w eight of rail, is
(a) 312
(b) 412
(c) 512
(d) 600.
14.16. O n In d ia n R a ilw a y s , an g le of
crossing between gauge faces of Vee
is generally calculated by
(a) Cole's method
(b) Centre line method
(c) Isosceles triangle method
(id) Both (a) and (b).
14.17. W idth of the top portion of a flat
footed rail is
(a) 69.85 mm (b) 63.50 mm
(c) 66.77 m m (d) 136.52 mm.
14.18. Best wood for wooden sleepers is
(a) chir
(b) deodar
(c) shesham
(d) teak.
14.19. The type of sw itch generally used
for B.G. and M.G. tracks, is
(a) articulated (b) undercut
(c) overriding (d) straightcut.
14.20. Straggered rail joints are generally
provided
(a) on curves (b) on tangents
(c) on bridges (d) in tunnels.
14.21. M axim u m
cant
d e fic ie n c y
prescribed on Indian Broad Gauge
Railways, is
(ia) 40 mm
(b) 50 mm
(c) 75 mm
(d) 100 mm.
14.22. Heel of crossing is the line joining
(a) ends of splice rail and point rail
(b) ends of lead rails butting the
crossing
(c) ends of zing rails
(d) th ro a t an d a c tu a l n o se of
crossing.

14.23. Rail tops of a track are placed

(a) at an inward slope of 1 in 20
(b) at an outward slope of 1 in 20
(c) at an inward slope of 1 in 30
(d) at an outward slope of 1 in 30.
14.24. T he g ra d ie n t on w h ic h an
ad d itio n al en gin e is requ ired to
negotiate the gradient is called
(a) m omentum gradient
(b) pusher gradient
(c) ruling gradient
(d) sleep gradient.
14.25. The lengths of the standard crossing
in Indian Railways for Broad gauge
and Metre gauge tracks is same for
(a) 1 in
8%B.G.and 1 in 12 M.G.
(b) 1 in
12 B.G.and 1
in 16 M.G.
(c) 1 in
12B.G.and 1
in 8V4 M.G.
(id) 1 in
16B.G.and 1
in 12 M.G.
14.26. If S an d H are stre n g th and
hardness index of a timber at 12%
m oistu re co n ten t, the com posite
sleeper index, is
(a)

(c)

H + 10S
20
20S + H
10

(b)
(d)
v '

S + 10H
20

S + 20H
10

14.27. If G is gauge in metres, V is speed of

trains in km /hour and R is radius
of a curve in metres, the equilibrium
super elevation is
()

GV2
H
GV2

GV2
(*> 17 R

G2V2
(d)
v~' 125
14.28. The side of a rail diamond may be
obtained by dividing the gauge of
track by
(a) sine of acute crossing
(b) cosine of acute crossing
(c) tangent of acute crossing
(d) cotangent of acute crossing

(c) 127 R

14.22 Civil Engineering (Objective Type)

14.29. If w is width of sleepers, s is sleeper

spacing and d is depth of ballast
then
(a )s =

w + 2d

(b) s = 3d + w

(c) s - 4rf + w (d) s = sd + w.

14.30. If n is length of a rail in metres, the
number of sleepers per rail length
generally varies from
{a) n to (n + 2)
(b) (n + 2) to (n + 4)
(c) (n + 3) to (n + 6)
(d) (n + 4) to (n + 5).
14.31. The spread between the point and
splice rails at a distance of 4.25 m is
50 cm. The size of the crossing is
(a) 1 in 6
(b) 1 in 8%
(c) 1 in 12
(d) 1 in 16.
14.32. A rrangem ent m ade to d ivert the
trains from one track to another is
known as
(a) railway point
(ib) railway crossing
(c) turnout
(d) railw ay junction.
14.33. A ccording to R ailw ay Board, no
diamond crossing should be flatter
than
(a) 1 in 6 (b) 1 in 8V2
(c) 1 in 12 (d) 1 in 16.
14.34. If the stock rails are B.H. rails, the type
of switch generally provided is
(a) articulated (b) undercut
(c) overriding (d) straight cut.
14.35. In railw ay s a trian g le is m ainly
provided for
(a) diverting trains from the main
line to branch line
(b) crossing over betw een parallel
tracks
(c) changing direction of engines
through 180.
(d) shunting w agons in yards

14.36. The overall length of a turnout is the

distance betw een the end of stock
rail and
(a) heel of crossing
(b) actual nose of crossing
(c) throat of choosing
(1d) toe of crossing.
14.37. P ick up the in co rre c t statem en
from the following. Required tilt
1 in 20 is provided
(a) to the tops of rails
(b) at rail seats in bearing plates
(c) all rail seats in chairs
(d) all rail seats in metal sleepers.
14.38. W h e e ls o f a ro llin g sto ck are
provided flanges on
(a) outer side (b) inner side
(c) both sides (d) neither side.
14.39. C.T.C. stands for
(a) Critical track control
(b) Critical traffic channeliser
(c) Central track control
(d) Centralised traffic control.
14.40. The phenomenon on misalignme
of rails due to temperature change?
is known as
(a) Hogging
(b) Creeping
(c) Buckling
(d) Bulging.
14.41. In a diamond crossing, the number
of noses is
(a) 2
(b) 3
(c) 4
(d) 6 .
14.42. A station having lines in 4 directions
is called a
(a) Crossing station
(b) Flag station
(c) Junction station
(1d) D iam ond junction.
14.43. Any m ovement of the locomotive in
d iffe re n t p la n e s , e.g., v e rtical
lo n g itu d in a l, tra n sv e rse e tc ., is
known as
(a) Hunting motion

Railway Engineering 14.23

(b) Oscillating motion
(c) Rolling motion
(,d) Shuttling motion.
14.44. The v e rtic a l c o m p o n e n t o f the
centrifu gal forces due to balance
weight is called
(a) Thrust
(b) Hammer blow
(c) Dynam ic force
(d) Balancing force.
14.45. Sand is used as ballast in case of
(a) W ooden sleepers
(b) Cast iron sleepers
(c) Steel sleepers
(d) Reinforced concrete sleepers.
14.46 The m axim um cant deficiency on
metre gauge track is
(a) 3.1 cm
(b) 5.1 cm
(c) 6.6 cm
(d) 7.6 cm.
14.47 To reduce the intensity of pressure
p a rtic u la rly o f s o ft v a rie ty of
sle e p e rs, a re c ta n g u la r p la te is
introduced betw een the rails and
the sleepers. This plate is known as
(a) Bearing plate
(b) Saddle plate
(c) Fish plate
{d) Gang plate.
14.48. W h ich one o f th e fo llo w in g
resistance is independent of speed?
(a) Track irregularities
(b) Frictional resistance
(c) R e s is ta n c e due to sw a y in g ,
oscillations, etc.
(d) R e s is ta n c e d u e to v e rtic a l
m ovement of wheels on rails.
-.4 9 . Which type of crossing requires two
cross overs betw een two tracks?
(a) Level crossing
(b) Diamond crossing
(c) Scissors crossing
(d) None of the above.
14.50. The yard s in w h ich w agon s are

stored and new trains are formed

are called
(a) Goods yards
(b) M arshalling yards
(c) Junction yards
(d) Station yards.
14.51. Usually, the dead end of a siding or
an end of any track of term inal
stations is not kept bare but a form
of stop or barrier is provided at the
end o f th e track to p re v e n t the
vehicles from running off the track.
Such a stop is known as
(a) Dead stop (b) End stop
(c) Buffer stop (d) Terminal stop.
14.52. W h ich o f th e fo llo w in g cau ses
m axim um damage to the track ?
(a) Fast m oving but light w eight
vehicles
(b) Slow m oving but heavy trains
(c) A ccelerating train
(d) H e av y a x le load u n e v e n ly
distributed.
14.53. The force which resists the forward
m ovem ent and speed of train is
called
(a) Friction
(b) Tractive resistance
(c) Hauling resistance
(d) Track modulus.
14.54. In ra in y se a so n the d u st in the
ballast becom es mud and comes up
by suction from below the rail joint.
Such joint is called
(a) Blowing joint
(b) Mud joint
(c) W ater joint
(d) Pumping joint.
14.55. In case of broad gauge lines the
m axim um value of cant deficiency
is
(a) 150 m m (b) 100 mm
(c) 50 mm (d) 40 mm.
14.56. The maximum rising gradient which
is provided keeping the pow er of
locomotive in view, is called

14.24 Civil Engineering (Objective Type)

(a) Mom entum gradient

(b) Down gradient
(c) Pusher gradient
(d) Ruling gradient.
14.57. A signal of sm aller size than the
ordinary stop signal which is placed
below the stop signal on the same
post so as to be visible to approach
ing driver w hen the stop signal is
hidden by an obstacle, is known as
(a) W arner signal
(b) Co-acting signal
(c) Caution signal
(d) Shutting signal.
14.58. In w hich condition of rail surface,
the coefficient of friction w ill be the
least ?
(a) Very wet
(b) Very dry
(c) Greasy
(d) Average dampness.
14.59. The movable end of the tapered rail,
b y m ean s of w h ic h th e flan g e
wheels of the train are diverted from
one track to another, is known as
(a) Stud
(b) Heel
(c) Toe
(d) Flare.
14.60. The sinuous path taken by an engine
as against the alignment of the track
is known as
(a) Rolling motion
(,b) Nosing motion
(c) Hunting motion
(d) Shuttling motion.
14.61. The rails of a track are placed
(a) At an
inward slope of 1
(.b) At an
inward slope of 1
(c) At an
inward slope of 1
(d) At an
inward slope of 1
14.62. If V is the speed of train in km/hour
and R is the rad iu s o f cu rv e in
metres, than the equilibrium super
elevation for broad gauge, is

(a) e = 0.60
w
R

V2
(b)e = 0.80
w
R

,V
(c) e = 0.95

V2
(d) e = 1.35 .

14.63. When R is the radius of simple curve

in m etres, the length of transition
curve is given by
(a) 1.75-v/R

(b) 4.4VR

(c) 8.9VR
(d) 12.12VR.
14.64. T he re c ta n g u la r p its in w hich
wheels of the locomotives are tak
out for repairs, are known as
(a) Siding pits
(b) Inspection pits
(c) Drop pits
(d) Ash pits.
14.65. The gradient w hich requires one c:
m ore a d d itio n a l lo co m o tiv e
hauling the load over the gra
is called
(a) U p-gradient
(b) Sleep gradient
(c) Pusher gradient
(d) M om entum gradient.
14.66. The capacity of a railway
(a) the m axim um load that
take
(b) the m aximum deflection
the given load
(c) the maximum compressiv<
that the railway can w it
(d) the hourly capacity of the :
to handle the trains safetv.:
in 10
n u m ber o f train s that C;
in 15
safely run on a track per
in
20
14.67.
The bed plates fixed between
in 25.
stock rail and tongue rail to pr
the lateral bending of the tc
rail, are known as
(a) Studs (b) Flares
(c) Heels {d) Toes.

Railway Engineering 14.25

The sem aphore signals located in
such positions from w here trains
start for their next destination, are
known as
U i W arner signals
(r i Starter signals
i) Repeater signals
( i ) Router signals.
tify the incorrect statement
12 1Shpping of wheels bum s the top
of the rail
b ) Slipping produces flat spots on
the w heel treads
c * Slipping occurs due to overload
S lip p in g o ccu rs due to b ad
application of brakes.
Match the following :
Column I
(Colour painted
on signal lever)
A. Yellow
B. Green
C Blue
D Red

Column II
(Purpose)
1.
2.
3.
4.

Lever for warner

Levers for locks
Crossing gate
Levers for stop

B
D
A
C
1
2
3
4
2
4
1
3
1
2
4
3
4
1
2
3.
The sleepers are
I. W ooden sleepers
II. Steel sleepers
IH. Cast iron sleepers
IV- Concrete sleepers.
The sleepers in order of increasing
weight are
Ij i I, II, III and IV
(*) I, III, IV and II
(c) 0 , I, III and IV
\d) IV, I, II and III.
Fu el sto ra g e ch a m b e r of a
Locomotive is called
I ) boiler
(b) tender

(c) fire box (d) grate.

14.73. C oning of w heels is done w ith a
taper of about
(a) 1 in 100
(b) 1 in 60
(c) 1 in 40
(d) 1 in 20.
14.74. T he m a x im u m c a n t d e fic ie n c y
allowed in India in B.G. is
(a) 38 mms
(b) 51 mms
(c) 62 mms
(d) 76 mms.
14.75. Point is a group of
(a) Sw itches
(b) Stretcher bars
(c) Stock rails (d) Tongue rails.
14.76. The broad gauge B.G., metre gauge
M.G. and narrow gauge N.G. meet
at the station of
(a) Indore
(b) V ijayaw ada
(c) Bangalore city
(d) Ram pur.
14.77. Rails are made of
(a) M n-alloy steel
Ib) W -alloy steel
(c) H.C.S.
(d) Alnico.
14.78. The ratio of m axim um Cant e and
gauge G in India is about
(a) 1/100
(b) 1/50
(c) 1/10
(d) 1/25.
14.79. The tool used for taking out the
dogspikes from sleepers is
(a) Cant board (b) Jun crow
(c) Claw bar (d) Lighting jack.
14.80. Isolation and distribution of goods
wagons is done at
(a) Goods yard
(b) Skids
(c) M arshalling yard
(d) None of the above.
14.81. The value by w hich actual cant falls
short of equilibrium cant is known
as
(a) Cant deficiency
(b) C ant

14.26 Civil Engineering (Objective Type)

(c) Offset
(d) Shift.
14.82. When A is exposed area in m 2 and
V the w ind velocity in kmph, the
a p p ro x im ate w in d re sista n c e is
given by
(a) 0.017 A V 2
(1b) 0.0017 A V 2
(c) 0.00017 AV2
(d) 0.000017 A V 2.
14.83. W hich of the follow ing terms are
not related to rail failure?
(a) Transverse fissure
(b) Split head
(c) Bending
(d) Horizontal fissure.
14.84. The bending of rails is done by
(a) Jun crow (b) Beater
(c) Pickaxe
(d) Sledge hammer.
14.85. W hich of the following is not used
for prelim inary survey
(a) Stroboscope
(b) Plane table
(c) Dumpy level
(d) Theodolite.
14.86. A metre gauge rail track is to be laid
for 10 km s le n g th . T he sle e p e r
density is (n + 4). The quantity of
rails needed for the purpose w ill be
(a) 845
(b) 3380
(c) 2535
(d) 1690.
Note : Using the information given f o r
problem 14.86, reply problems 14.87 to 14.90.
14.87. T he n u m b e r o f b e a rin g p la te s
needed will be
(a) 3,380
(b) 6,760
(c) 26,860
(d) 13,430.
14.88. The required num ber of fish-plates
will be
(a) 3,380
(b) 13,430
(c) 6,760
(d) 26,860.
14.89. Number of sleepers needed w ill be
(a) 26,860
(b) 13,430
(c) 6,760
(d) 3,380.

14.90. The chart used for recording

conditions of track is known as
(a) D ynam om eter chart
(b) Vibro-chart
(c) H allade chart
(d) Rolling chart.
14.91. 'Crossing clearance' is the dist
between crossing rail and
(a) check rail (b) wing rail
(c) tongue rail (d) point.
14.92. Vignoles rails are also known as
(a) bull headed
(b) double headed
(c) flat footed rails
(d) rack rail.
14.93. Form of transition curve comm
adopted on Indian Railway is
(a) Fraud's cubic parabola
(b) Euler's spiral
(c) Both of the above
(d) C atenary.
14.94. T otal nu m ber of zones in whi
Indian Railw ays is distributed
administrative purposes
(a) 5
(b) 7
(c) 11
(d) 9.
14.95. The m axim u m allo w ab le supe.
elevation on B.G. in India is
(a) 76 mms
(b) 102 mms
(c) 124 mms j (d) 165 mms.
14.96. The gap moved by two tongue r
is known as
(a) toe of switch
(b) lead
(c) throw of sw itch
(.d) heel of switch.
14.97. TACV (Track Air Cushion Vehi
suspended on cushion of air has
in the shape of
(a) dovetail
(b) inverted T
(c) V
(d) Flats.
14.98. The ratio of w heel diam eter D
gauge width B is about

Railway Engineering 14.27

'i n g
rvkTl 45

dl5tTi_-

- f J t rHlSr

(a) 0.40
(b) 0.55
(c) 0.75
(d) 0.90.
VSrhen angle of sw itch is 1.42, the
heel d iv e rg e n ce is 120 m m , the
length of tongue rail will be
(rt) 7.26 m
(b) 2.42
(c) 9.68 m
(d) 4.84.
R isin g g ra d ie n t fo llo w e d b y a
following gradient is known as
(a) ruling gradient
(b) momentum gradient
(c) pusher gradient
id) angular gradient.
L lfll The typ e o f ra il c ro s sin g le a st
preferred is
{a) diamond crossing
(b) square crossing
(c) acute crossing
(d) double crossing.
Goliath is the name of a
{a) weigh-bridge
(b) crane
(c) w ater-colum n
(d) engine shed.
The train 'P la ce on W h eels' run
between
(a) D elhi and Agra via Rajasthan
(t1) D elhi and Amritsar
(c) Jaipur and Agra
(d) Jaipur and Gwalior.
- : : 4 On B.G. in India maximum allowed
crossing num ber is
(a) 1 in 6
(b) 16
(c) 6
(d) 1 in 16.
The primary function of ballast is to
(a) m aintain the gauge
(b) provide elasticity
(c) prevent growth of vegetation
(d) to reduce creep.
106 Which of the following is a part of
a sw itch in a railw ay track?
(a) Lead rail
(b) Splice rail
(c) Heel block (d) Wing rail.
.

14.107. Which sleeper w ill absorb the rolling

vibration most?
(a) W ooden
(b) C&st iron
(c) Steel
(d) Concrete.
14.108. M etal sle e p e rs are su p e rio r to
wooden sleepers w ith respect to
(a) cost
(b) life
(c) track circuiting
(d) fastening.
14.109. Carbon content of rail steel is
(a) 0.055 to 0.068 per cent
{b) 0.155 to 0.168 per cent
(c) 0.55 to 0.68 per cent
(d) 1.55 to 1.68 per cent.
14.110. A monoblock sleeper has
(a) square section
(b) rectangular section
(c) trapezoidal section
(id) sem i-circular section.
14.111. In a hump type m arshalling yard
the steepest falling gradient is
(a) 1 in 500
(b) 1 in 250
(c) 1 in 125
(d) 1 in 50.
14.112. Switch is
(ia) a tongue rail
(b) a stock rail
(c) com bination of both tongue and
stock rail
(d) to n g u e
and
sto ck
rail
com bination but separated by
flange way.
14.113. A hump yard is a type of
(a) passenger.yard
(b) m arshalling yard
(c) retarder
(d) goods yard.
14.114. W hich one of the follow in g rail
failure is caused by loose fish bolts
at expansion joints?
(a) Crushed head
(b) Angular break
(c) Split head
(d) Transverse fissures.

14.28 Civil Engineering (Objective Type)

14.115. A rail section is generally specified

by
(a) cross-sectional area
(.b) m oment of inertia
(c) w eight per metre
(d) contours of cross-section.
14.116. Pandrol is
(a) a rolling bar
(b) a method of elastic fastening
(c) rag bolt
(d) rail crack detecting device.
14.117. W hich of the following is a part of
switch in the railw ay track?
(n) Lead rail
(b) Splice rail
(c) Hing block (d) W ing rail.
14.118. The switch provided near the dead
end of sid in g, w hich derails the
vehicle, is called
(a) trap sw itch
(b) scotch block
(c) roundhouse
(d) bufferstop.
14.119. W hich of the follow ing statem ent
about bridge sleepers is false?
{a) T hey are th ic k e r th an the
standard sleepers
(b) They are provided with bearing
plates
*(c) They are invariably adazed
(d) T hey are th ic k e r th an the
standard sleepers.
14.120. Maximum permissible gradient for
a station yard is
(a) 1 in 1000
(b) 1 in 400
(c) 1 in 500
(d) 1 in 300.
14.121. Wear of a rail is maximum in
(a) tangent track
(ib) sharp curve
(c)* tunnels
(d) coastal area.
14.122. Cant excess causes
(a) discomfort to riders
(b) more wear for rolling stock

(c) greater lateral stress

(d) more pressure on the inner r
14.123. W hen a p air of track converges
provision is made of
(a) absolute block system
(b) fouling mark
(c) automatic signal
(d) routing signal.
14.124. Steel truss bridges for railway trac
are generally suitable for a simp1
span of
(a) less than 50 m
(b) 100 m to 200 m
(c) 200 m to 500 m
(d) any length.
14.125. Approximate permissible speed
km ph on a c ro s sin g can
calculated from the crossing number
N, as
(a) 1.2 N
(fe) 2.4 N
(c) 3.6 N
(d) 4.8 N.
14.126. The resistance to the movement
trains is due to
(/z) speed of the train
(b) gradient and curve
(c) friction and wave action
(d) all of the above.
14.127. Rails are bent to correct curvature
if the degree of curve is more than
(a) 5
(b) 2
(c) 3
(d) 4.
14.128. An engine may be shifted from one
track to a parallel track in restricted
space by
(a) triangle
(b) cross over
(c) turn buckle (d) traverser.
14.129. Adzing of wooden sleepers is done
to provide a cant of
(a) 1 in 40
(b) 1 in 30
(c) 1 in 25
(d) 1 in 20.
14.130. The treadle bar is provided
(a) in the m iddle of the track a little
in front of toes of the tongue rail

Railway Engineering 14.29

F
m er ra_
^verges

B131.

avtrack.i siinr-tf
L152.

=peed x

can be
number

J3 3 .

m ea t rr
L134.

5.
n on-

1-4 I

(b) near and parallel to inner side 14.137. Flange way clearence is the distance
(a) betw een the adjoining faces of
of one of the rails
the running rail and the check
(c) at right angle to the rail
(d) near and parallel to inner side
rail near the crossing
of both the rails.
(b) between the gauge faces of the
An excess percentage of carbon in
stock rail and the tongue rail
steel, makes the rail
(c) through w hich the tongue rail
(a) tougher
moves latterly at the toe of the
(b) resistant to wear
sw itch
(c) resistant to vertical deformation
(d) b e tw e e n o u te r fa ce s of the
(d) brittle.
running rail.
Disc signals are provided for the 14.138. Consider the following operations
purpose of
1. Earth w ork
(a) shunting
2. Plate laying
(b) dead slow movement
3. Ballasting.
(c) indicating busy platform
The correct sequence of activities
(d) a possible danger ahead.
constituting the track construction is
D u rin g n a rro w in g d ow n o f a
(a) 1, 2 and 3 (b) 2, 3 and 1
double track for a short distance, the
(c) 3, 1 and 2 (d) 1, 3 and 2.
arrangement adopted is of
14.139. W h ich one o f the fo llo w in g
(a) Gauntlet track
statement is correct w ith regard to
(b) Herring bone grid
the radius of curvature of an ideal
(c) Double junction track
transition
curve?
(d) Tandem turnout.
(a)
It
is
inversely
proportional to the
The longitudinal movement of the
main circular curve
rails in a track technically known as
(b)
It
is inversely proportional to its
(a) buckling
distance
front point of tangency
(b) hogging
(c)
It
is
co
n
stan t throughou t the
(c) creeping
length of the curve
(d) none of the above.
(d) It is directly proportional to the
The su p er e le v a tio n 'e' to be
lo n g itu d in a l se c tio n of the
provided on rails is determined by
curved portion of the road.
GV
GV2
(b)e =
(a) e =
14.140. Rails are titled inwards while fixing
g*
on the sle e p e rs. C o n sid e r the
following statements about this :
GV2
GV3
(d )e =
(c)e
1. Wear and tear of rails is reduced
' '
8^
2. In tern al b en d in g stresses are
W hile aligning a hill road w ith a
reduced
rulling gradient of 6%, a horizontal
3. Corrugation in rails is reduced
cu rv e o f ra d iu s 75 m etres is
4. Gauge is maintained.
e n c o u n te re d . T he co m p e n sa te d
Out of these statements
gradient of the curve w ill be
(a) 1 and 2 are correct
(,7)1.4%
(b) 5%
(b) 1 and 3 are correct
(c) 1.0 %
(d ) 7 % .

I'i
A ,

14.30 Civil Engineering (Objective Type)

(c) 1 and 4 are correct

weight of the rail
1
(a)
(d) all are correct.
axial load of locomotive 110
14.141. The organisations w hich provide
weight of the rail
_
1
consultancy services on all aspects
(b)
axial load of locomotive 410
of ra ilw a y s fro m c o n c e p t to
completion, in India is
weight of the rail
_
1
(c) axial load of locomotive 510
(a) AREA
(b) IRCON
(c) RITES
(d) CRRI.
weight of the rail
_
1
14.142. A duplicate sign al provided at a
(d)
axial load of locomotive 610
lower level on the same post of a
14.147.
The
c r itic a l
h e ig h t o f ai
single near a bridge is called
u n su p p o rte d v e r tic a l cu t in
(a) co-acting signal
cohesive soil is given for a railwav
(b) repeating signal
track as
(c) calling-on signal
(d) none of the above.
() tan(45+<|>/2)
14.143. In a ra ilw a y track , the v e rtic a l
Y
pressure w ill be almost uniform at
a depth equal to x times the centre
() tan (45+ <|>/2)
to centre spacing of sleepers. The
value of x w ill be
(c) tan (4 5 - <j>/2)
(a) 1.0
(b) 2.0
Y
(c) 3.0
(d) 0.5.
14.144. For la y in g th e ra ilw a y track ,
{ d ) j ta n (4 5 - * / 2 ).
materials required are
A. Rails
B. Fish Plates
where c = cohesion and
C. Fish bolts
D. Bearing plates.
y = unit height of soil
The quantities required for one km 14.148. C h arles V ign olo in verted w hich
of B.G. track w ill be
type of rail section, that is still being
A
B
C
D
used?
(a) 154
308
308
154
(a) Double Headed Rail (DHR)
(b) 154
308
616
154
(b) Bull Headed Rail (BHR)
(c) 77
154
308
77
(c) Flat Footed Rail (FFR)
(d) 168
336
672
168.
(d) Rectangular section.
14.145. Which of the following mechanical 14.149. Pick out the incorrect statement
device(s) is/are used to ensure that
(a) For railw ay tracks, total curve
route cannot be changed while the
re s is ta n c e
and
g rad ien t
train is on th e p o in t even after
resistance should not exceed the
putting back the signal?
resistan ce due to perm issible
(a) Lock bar
(b) Point lock
ruling gradient
(c) Detectors
(d) Stretcher bar.
(b) A 4-6-2 locom otive indicates 4
14.146. On * In d ia n
R a ilw a y s,
the
front w heels, 6 central wheels
approximate w eight of a rail section
and 2 rear wheels
is determined from the formula
(c) The gauge of railway track is the
clear m inim um perpendicular

Railway Engineering 14.31

d is ta n c e b e tw e e n ce n tre to
centre distance of rails
(d) The tractive effort of an engine
balances the air resistance, static
friction and the pull on draw
bar.
Consider the following statements
1. The tongue rail is connected with
the stock rail at the toe of switch
2. The distance between the main
and the checks rails is called
buffer
3. Interlocking improves safety of
train m ovement
Of these, the correct statements are
(a) 1 only (b) 2 and 3
(c) 1 and 3(d) 3 only.
14 151. Which one of the following relates
to the P e rc u s s io n th eo ry for
explaining the causes of creep?
(a) Pushing the rails forward and
backw ard during starting and
slowing
(b) Import of wheels at the rail end
ahead at joints
(c) Pushing the rail of the track due
to the thrust on driving wheels
(d) Form ation of v ertical reverse
cu rv es b eh in d and ahead of
wheels.
14 152. W hich one of the fo llo w in g in
correctly represents the function of
sleepers in the layout of rail tracks?
(a) Sleepers hold the rails at proper
gauge on straight tracks
(b) Sleep ers tran sfer the load of
moving train to ballast
(c) sle e p e rs act as a n o n -ela stic
m ed iu m b e tw e e n ra ils and
ballast
(d) S le e p e rs h o ld ra ils at p re
specified tilt along the track.
14.153. In the design of railway if a is the

switch angle and R-the radius of a

curve at a tu rnou t, w hich of the
follow ing expression w ould give
correctly, the length of the tongue
rail?
(a) R sin a
(b) R sin a/2
(c) R tan a
(d) R tan a/2.
14.154. Adzing of wooden sleepers is done
to provide a cant of
(a) 1 in 40
(b) 1 in 30
(c) 1 in 25
(d) 1 in 20.
14.155. Match List I w ith List II and select
the co rrect answ er b y u sing the
codes given below the list :
List I
(Length o f transition curve)
A. L = 72 e

List II
(Condition)

1. Arbitrary gradient
in 720
B. L = 0.036 e x Vmax 2. Rate of change of
super elevation

C.

L = 4.4VR

D.

v3
L =3.28

3. Radial
acceleration
of 0.3048 m/s2
4. Railway code

w h ere e = a c tu a l c a n t of su p er
elevation in cm; Vmax = maximum
speed in kmph; R = radius of curve
in metres, and v = 0.278 V where v
is in mps.
Codes :

D
B
C
A
4
2
3
1
(a)
2
1
4
3
(b)
4
2
1
3
(c)
4
3
2
1
(d)
14.156. Consider the following factors in the
movement of a train
1 . gauge
2 . gradient
3. curve
4. speed.
The resistance in the movement of
the train is due to
(a) 1, 2 3
(b) 1, 2, 4

14.32 Civil Engineering (Objective Type)

(c) 1, 3, 4
(d) 2, 3, 4.
14.157. W hen se m a p h o re and w arn ar
signals are installed on the sam e
post, than the stop in d ication is
given when
(a) semaphore arm is lowered but
w arner arm is horizontal
(b) b o th sem ap h o re and w arner
arms are lowered
(c) both arms are horizontal
(d) none of the above
14.158. Sleeper density (M + 7) means
(a) num ber of sleepers required per
km length is 1007.
(b) num ber of sleepers between any
two station = distance in km +
7
(c) n u m b er o f s le e p e rs p er rail
length = length of rail in metres
+ 7
(d) spacing of sleepers = 107 cm c/c.
14.159. The pit where wheels of locomotive
can be removed is called
(a) ash pit
(b) drop pit
(c) exam ination pit
(d) loco shed.
14.160. The w idth of top portion of a flat
footed rail, is
(a) 66.67 m m (b) 69.80 mm
(c) 73.25 m m (d) 75.87 mm.
14.161. In coning of wheels, the wheels are
given a slope of
(a) 1 in 20
(b) 1 in 25
(c) 1 in 30
(d) 1 in 40
14.162. To hold the adjoining ends of rails
in correct horizontal and vertical
planes, the rail fastenings used are
(a) fish plates (b) spikes
(c) anchors
(d) bearing plates.
14.163. Stock rails are fitted
(a) near tongue rails
(b) near check rails

(c) against tongue rails

(d) against check rails.
14.164. The rail seat is given a slope of
(a) 1 in 10
(b) 1 in 20
(c) 1 in 30
(d) 1 in 40.
14.165 For broad gauge track, in Ind'
Railways the standard length of
is
(a) 10.06 m
(b) 10.97 m
(c) 11.89 m
(d) 12.8 m.
14.166. For m etre gauge track, in Ind'
Railways the standard length of
is
(a) 10.06 m m (b) 10.97 mm
(c) 11.89 m m (d) 12.8 mm.
14.167. Sleepers wrhich satisfy all of
requirements and are only suitab
for track circuiting are
(a) wooden sleepers
(b) steel sleepers
(c) cast iron sleepers
{d) R.C.C. sleepers.
14.168. The size of ballast used on Ind; railways for w ooden sleepers is
(a) 2.5 cm
(b) 3.8 cm
(c) 4.3 cm
(d) 5 cm.
14.169. Creeping of rails can be checked
using
(a) chairs
(b) bearing plates
(c) anchors
(d) spikes.
14.170. The system of signalling used o
single line working is
(a) absolute block system
(b) space interval system
(c) time interval system
(d) pilot guard system.
14.171. No signals are provided in case o
(a) ruling gradient
(b) m omentum gradient
(c) pusher gradient
(d) station yards gradient.
14.172. The track from w hich train diverts
is known as
(a) turn out

Railway Engineering 14.33

(a) 1 in 10
(b) 1 in 20
ir> main line
(c) 1 in 30
(d) 1 in 40.
(c) crossing track
14.180. Fish bolts are made of
(d) point.
(a) cast iron
O n In d ia n ra ilw a y s , the grade
(b) low carbon steel
com pensation provided on broad
(c) high carbon steel
?auge curves is
(d) stainless steel.
(a) 0.02 percent per degree
14.181.
The
m inim um com posite sleeper
m o .03 percent per degree
index
for wooden sleepers used over
(c) 0.04 percent per degree
cross-overs
is
(d) 0.05 percent per degree.
{a)
1
3
5
2
(b) 1455
I~4. The sleep ers in the form of two
(c) 1555
(d) 1652.
bowls placed under each rail and
14.182. The m inim um com posite sleeper
connected together by a tee-bar, are
index for wooden sleepers used over
known as
bridge girders, is
VaN,Y i5 T
^ 1455
Vb^b o x sleepers
^1555
V ^ W I.
(c) plate sleepers
14.183. A track is \ai& o^et
duplex sleepers.
(a) sleepers
(b) formation
~5. The distance between two adjoining
(c) rails
(d)\'>a\\as't.
axles fixed in a rigid frame is known 14.184. The relation between the radius of
as
cu rv e (R) and its d eg ree of
(a) gauge
curvature (D) is given by
(b) wheel base distance
(a) R = 1245
(b) R = 1546.8
(c) creep
D
D
(d) both (a) and (b).
1835.6
1746.5
(c) R =
(d) R =
JL~6. In India, for broad gauge track, the
D
D
maximum height of a loaded goods
14.185. In case the block system fails, then
wagon is fixed as
the system used is
(ii) 3.40 m
(b) 4.72 m
(a) space interval system
(c) 5.32 m
(d) 5.87 m.
(b) time interval system
JET". A warner signal, which is first seen
(c) pilot guard system
bv the driver is known as
(d) any one of the above.
(d) disc signal (b) home signal
14.186. Which of the following statement is
:'c) outer signal (d) routing signal.
correct ?
In In d ia , th e ru lin g g ra d ien t
(a) At every change of gauge, the
p ro v id e d in p la in s for one
passengers have to change their
locomotive tram, is
train
(a) 1 in 150 to 1 in 200
(b) The timings of trains at gauge(b) 1 in 200 to 1 in 250
c h a n g e p o in ts sh o u ld n o t
(c) \ in 250 to 1 in 300
coincide
(d) 1 in 300 to 1 in 350.
(c) D uring w ar tim es, change in
179. Adzing is done in the sleepers to
gauge is convenient to the army
give a slope of
for quick movement

14.34 Civil Engineering (Objective Type)

(d) If the intensity of-traffic becomes

(b) crossings
more, it requires smaller gauge.
(c) junction
14.187. Between two rails, a gap provided
(d) none of the above.
for free expansion of the rails due 14.195. A three-throw requires
to rise in temperature is
(a) two sets of sw itches and
(a) 15 to 3 mm
crossings
(b) 3 m m to 6 mm
(b) three sets of switches and
(c) 6 mm to 9 mm
crossings
(d) 9 mm to 12 mm.
(c) two sets of sw itches and
14.188. To prevent the change in gauge and
crossings
creep, the steel sleepers are fixed by
(d) three sets of switches and ti
clips, bolts and
crossings.
(a) one key
(b) two keys
14.196. When train passes on curves whi
(c) three keys (d) four keys.
have no super-elevation, it will gi
14.189. The total effective area of the pot
thrust on the
sleepers is
(a) inner rail
(a) 0.26 m 2
(b) 0.36 m 2
(b) outer rail
(c) 0.46 m 2
(d) 0.56 m 2.
(c) inner side of inner rail
14.190. The versine (h) for the curve is given
(d) inner side of outer rail.
by
14.197.
The
overall depth of a dog spike is
(a) h = l2/ r
(b) h = I2H r
(a)
12.06
cm
(b) 15.95 cm
(c) h = l2/\r
(d) h = I2/Sr.
(c)
17.59
cm
(d)
18.06 cm
where, I = length of rail on curve
14.198.
The
type
of
turn-out
in which bo
portion, and r = radius of curve.
the turn-ou t rails are m ovable is
14.191. The q u a n tity of sto n e b a lla s t
known as
required per metre tangent length
(a) W harton safety switches
for broad gauge is
(b) split switches
(a) 0.767 m 3
(b) 1.11 m 3
(c) stub switches
(c) 1.51 m 3
(d) 2.11 m 3.
(d) none of the above.
14.192. O n In d ia n ra ilw a y s , the g rad e
com pensation provided on m etre 14.199. W hich of the following statement is
w rong?
gauge curves is
(a) The coning of wheels is provided
(a) 0.02 percent per degree
(b) 0.03 percent per degree
for smooth running of trains
(c) 0.04 percent per degree
(b) The coning of wheel prevents the
(d) 0.05 percent per degree.
wear of the inner faces of rails
14.193. A curve is represented by the degree
(c) If the axle m oves laterally
of the curvatu re subtend ed by a
towards one rail, the diameter of
chord of
wheel rim increases on that rail
(a) 15 m
(b) 20.8 m
(d) On curves, the outer wheel has
(c) 30.48 m
(d) 40.8 m.
to travel lesser distance than the
14.194. A track assembly used for diverting
inner wheel.
train from one track to another is 14.200. Plate sleeper consists of a plate of
known as
dimensions
(a) trun-out
(a) 454 m m x 254 mm

Railway Engineering 14.35

r) 551 mm x 254 mm
(c) inward slope of 1 in 30
.'I 851 mm
x 254 mm
(d) outward slope of 1 in 30.
d) 951 m m
x 254 mm.
14.208. Gibb and cotters for connecting pot
In order to counteract the increased
s le e p e rs are so ca ste d th a t by
Lateral thrust on curves, an extra
in te rc h a n g in g th em gau ge is
shoulder provided on the outside of
slackened by
curves is
(a) 3.18 m m
(b) 6.18 mm
U) 5 cm
(b) 10 cm
(c) 8.81 m m
(d) 13.8 mm.
sys,
Tcocnfceret
ro t
\jxAs>, \yA\2c?v
^ %
^sv\*A\s>
\o tora\ee\ one paw
of fish plates to the rails are
have recomm ended a gradient of
(a) tw o
(b) four
tj) 1 in 100
(b) 1 in
200
(c)
six
(d)
eight.
(c) 1 in
500 (d) 1
in 1000.
According to railway code formula, 14.210. T he m in im u m le n g th o f the
transition curve is equal to
the length of transition curve is equal
to
SV
SV
(*) ToT
(b) 153
2\ 1.4VR
(b) 2.4VR
121
(ci 3.4vR
(d) 4.4V R .
where, R = Radius of simple curve
metres.
The gradient w here extra engine is
required to push the train is known
as
j >ruling gradient
r momentum gradient
c pusher gradient
i station yards gradient.
Tr-je station w here lines from three
or more directions m eet is called
j .} crossing station
1* flag station
- ;unction station
terminal station.
At the tim e o f c o n s tru c tio n of
railw ay in In d ia , a fte r lon g
controversy, the gauge adopted as
2 standard gauge was
U 1.435 m (b) 1.524 m
hn 1.676 m (d) 1.843 m.
T : reduce the wearing of rails, the
are placed at an
!) inward slope of 1 in 20
t ?utvvard slope of 1 in 20

14.211.

14.212.

14.213.

14.214.

SV
SV
(c) 175
w here, S = Superelevation in mm,
an d
V = Maximum permissible
speed in km/hr.
T he sw itc h a n g le is th e an g le
subtended between the gauge faces
of the
{a) tongue rail and check rail
(b) stock rail and check rail
(c) stock rail and tongue rail
(,d) none of the above.
M inimum packing space provided
between two sleepers is
(a) 25 to 30 cm
(b) 30 to 35 cm
(c) 35 to 40 cm
(d) 40 to 45 cm.
For a new em bankm ents in black
cotto n soil, the m aterial used as
blanket is
(a) sand
(b) moorum
(c) coal ash
(d) broken stone.
The m axim um gradient in which a
ra ilw a y tra ck m ay be laid ir. a

14.36 Civil Engineering (Objective Type)

particular section is known as

14.219. W hich of the following statements
(a) pusher gradient
is w rong ?
(b) ruling gradient
(a) The length of gap at crossing
(c) m omentum gradient
b e tw e e n tw o n o se s of a
(d) all of the above.
diam ond crossing increases as
14.215. The device provided to prevent the
the crossing angle decreases
vehicles from m oving beyond the
(b) The sand hum p is a device to
end of rails at terminals is called
check the m ovement of a vehicle
(a) turn-tables (b) buffer stops
(c) The next signal after outer signal
(c) triangles
(d) scotch blocks.
to w ard s s ta tio n is a rou ting
14.216. Which of the following statement is
signal
correct ?
(d) A stop signal placed at the end
(a) Bearing plates are used in the
of a platform is called a starter
case of hard sleepers
signal.
(b) Chairs are used for flat-footed
14.220. The maximum permissible speed (
rails instead of bearing plates
of trains for good order track or.
(c) Spacing of sleepers near the rail
transition curves is given by
joint is closer
(a) V -1 4 - V R -7 0
(d) S p a c in g o f sle e p e rs in the
middle of the rail is closer.
(b) V = 2 .4 V R - 7 0
14.217. W hich of the following statement is
(c) V = 3 .4 V R - 7 0
correct ?
(a) The coal ash is used in the initial
(d) V = 4 .4 V R - 7 0 .
stages if new con stru ction of
w h e re , R = R a d iu s o f cu rv e u
steel sleepers are used
metres.
(b) The broken stone has very poor 14.221. W hich of the following statement is
interlocking action
correct ?
(c) The gravel ballast has very poor
(a) The tongue rail should be longer
drainage property
than the stock rail
(d) The sand ballast causes wear of
(b) T he to n g u e ra il sh o u ld be
rail-seats and keys.
smaller than rigid wheel base of
14.218. The su p er e le v a tio n (S) to be
the vehicle
provided on rails is determined by
(c) Track sp acing is the distance
V2G
VG
b etw een the ru nning edge of
(b) s =
(a) S =
stock and sw itch rails at the
8R
sw itch heel
v 4g
v 3g
(d) S:
(d) Facing points are such places in
(c) S =
f*
' '
SR
the track where trains first pass
where V = Speed of train
o v er s w itc h e s and the over
G = Gauge
crossings.
R = Radius of curve, and
14.222. M atch th e c o rre c t an sw er from
g = Acceleration due to
Group B for the statements given in
gravity.
group A

14.15. tc
14-22. (
l O . <4>

1-436. U )
14-43. r

L4 ~L

Railway Engineering 14.37

Group A

Group B

The grade A.
1 in 100 to 1 in
compensation
150
provided on
broad gauge
curves is
The rulingB. 1 in 1000
gradient
provided in
hilly tracks is
The gradient C. 0.02
recommended
percent/degree
for station
yards is
The grade
D. 0.04
compensation
percent/degree
on narrow
gauge curves is

14.223. M atch th e c o rre c t a n sw er from

Group B for the statements given in
Group A.
Group A

Group B

I.

Distance between A.
gauge
two adjoining axles
is called
n. Clear horizontal B. rail wear
distance between
inner faces of rails
near tops is called
IH Longitudinal move- C. wheel base
ment of rails in a
distance
track is called
IV. Flow of rail metal D. rail creep
due to abnormally
heavy loads is called
Codes :

I
D
D
A
A

II
B
A
B
D

III
A
B
C
B

IV
C

(a)
(b)
(c)
id)

D
C.

I
A
B
C
C

II
B
D
A
A

III
C
C
B
D

IV
D
A
D
B

A N SW ERS
H . 1 (c)
jL ^ (d)

14.2. (c)
14.9. (c)

14.3. (d)

14.4. (d)

14.5. (d)

14.6. (c)

14.7. (d)

14.10. (d)

14.11. (c)

14.12. (c)

14.13. (b)

14.14. (c)

M. 15. (c)

14.17. (c)
14.24. (b)

14.18. (d)

14.19. (c)

14.20

(a)

14.21. (d)

(a)

14.16, ()
14.23. (a)

14.25. (a)

14.26. (b)

14.27

(c)

14.28. (a)

(a)

14.30. (c)

14.31. (b)

14.32. (c)

14.33. (b)

14.34. (d)

14.35. (c)

M .56. ()
- 4 4_?. (b)

14.37. (a)

14.38. (b)

1 4 .3 9 .(d)

14.40. (c)

14.41. (d)

14.42. (d)

14.44. (b)

14.45. (b)

14.46. (c)

14.47. (a)

14.48. (b)

14.49. (c)

M. 50. 00

14.51. (c)

14.52. (d)

14.53. (b)

14.54. (d)

14.55. (b)

14.56. (d)

(b)

14.58. (c)

14.59. (c)

14.60. (b)

14.61. (c)

14.62. (d)

14.63. (b)

14. *4. (c)

14.65. (c)

14.66. (d)

14.67. (a)

14.68. (b)

14.69. (b)

14.70. (c)

M. 71. ()
1-4 "S. (c)

14.72. (b)

14.73. (d)

1 4 .7 4 .(d)

14.75. (a)

14.76. (c)

14.77. (a)

14.79. (c)

14.80. (c)

14.81. (a)

14.82. (d)

14.83. (c)

14.84. (a)

14.86. (d)

14.87. (c)

14.88. (a)

14.89. (b)

14.90. (c)

14.91. \b)

14.93. (a)

14.94. (d)

14.95. (d)

14.96. (c)

14.97. (b)

14.98. (ct

U . ?5. ()
i *2_ (C)

14.38 Civil Engineering (Objective Type)

14.99. (d) 14.100. (b) 14.101. (b) 14.102. (b) 14.103. (a) 14.104. id) 14.105.
14.106. (c)

14.107. (a) 14.108. (b) 14.109. (c) 14.110. (c) 14.111. (d) 14.112.

14.113. (b) 14.114. (a) 14.115. (c) 14.116. (b) 14.117. (c) 14.118. (ia) 14.119.
14.120. (b) 14.121. (b) 14.122. (d) 14.123. (b) 14.124. (a) 14.125. (b) 14.126.
14.127. (d) 14.128. (d) 14.129. (d) 14.130. (b) 14.131. (d) 14.132. (a) 14.133.
14.134. (c)

14.135. (b) 14.136. (b) 14.137. (a) 14.138. (a) 14.139. (b) 14.140.

14.141. (b) 14.142. (a) 14.143. (a) 14.144. (c)

14.148. (c)

14.149. (c)

14.150. (d) 14.151. (a) 14.152. (c) 14.153. (d) 14.154.

14.155. (,d) 14.156. (d) 14.157. (c) 14.158. (c)

14.162. (a) 14.163. (c)
14.169. (c)

14.145. (a) 14.146. (c) 14.147.

14.164. (b) 14.165. (c)

14.159. (b) 14.160. (a) 14.161.

14.166. (d) 14.167. (a) 14.168.

14.170. (b) 14.171. (b) 14.172. (b) 14.173. (c) 14.174. (a) 14.175.

14.176. (b) 14.177. (c)

14.178. {a) 14.179. (b) 14.180. (c)

14.181. (a) 14.182.

14.183. (b) 14.184. (c) 14.185. (b) 14.186. (a) 14.187. (a) 14.188. (d) 14.189.
14.190. (d) 14.191. (b) 14.192. (b) 14.193. (c) 14.194. (a) 14.195. (c) 14.196.
14.197. (a) 14.198. (a) 14.199. (d) 14.200. (c) 14.201. (c) 14.202. (d) 14.203.
14.204. (c) 14.205. (c) 14.206. (c) 14.207. (a) 14.208. (a) 14.209. (b) 14.210.
14.211. (c) 14.212. (b) 14.213. (b) 14.214. (b) 14.215. (b) 14.216. (d) 14.217.
14.218. (b) 14.219. (c)

14.220. (d) 14.221. (d) 14.222. (b) 14.223. (d)

J

a
r

- -f