2011

Power Transformer Connections,

Determination of Transformer Connections &
their Analog Phase Shift

Avinash.E
ERL INDIA
1|Page

Introduction
Power transformer is one of the most important links in a power system. Its
development stems from the early days of electromagnetic induction, when it
was discovered that varying magnetic flux in an iron core linking two coils
produces an induced voltage. From the basic discovery has evolved the power
transformer we know today using advanced insulation materials and having
complex windings on a laminated core using special magnetic steels cold rolled
to ensure grain orientation for low loss and high operating density.
Depending on the method chosen for the primary and the secondary, a phaseshift can take place between the corresponding phases in the primary and
secondary voltages of a transformer.
Clock face numbers are used to represent phase shifts, the highest voltage
winding being used as the reference. A 360 shift corresponds to a full 12 h of a
clock with each 30 shift being represented by 1 h. For example, 30
corresponds to 1 oclock position, 150 shift corresponds to 5 oclock position and
330 (or 30) shift corresponds to 11 oclock position. The vector grouping and
phase shift can then be expressed using a simple code. The primary winding
connection is represented by capital letter while small letter represents the
secondary connection. The N means the primary neutral has been brought out.
For example:
YNd1= Primary winding connected in star with neutral brought out.
Secondary winding connected in delta.
Phase shift of secondary 30 from 12 to 1 oclock compared to primary phase
angle.
With the development of poly phase systems with more complex transformer
winding connections and also possible phase displacement between primary and
secondary windings, standardisation was necessary to ensure universal
compatibility,
There are a number of possible transformer connections but the more common
connections are divided into four main groups.
0

Group 1: 0
E.g: Yy0
Dd0

Phase displacement

Group 2: 180 Phase displacement

E.g: Yy6
Dd6

Group 3: 30 Phase displacement

E.g: Yd1
Dy1

Group 4: 330 Phase displacement

E.g: Yd11
Dy11

Determination of Transformer Connections

The Connections of a transformer mainly depends on the phase shift that is to
be obtained. The connections of the transformer for different possible
combinations are explained as follows:
The following points should be noted:
A. The line connections are normally made to the end of the winding which
carries the subscript 2 i.e. A 2, B2, C2 and a2, b2, c2.
B. The line terminal designation (both letter and subscript) are the same as
those of the phase winding to which the line terminal is connected .

YY 0 (Zero Degree Phase Shift):

In this combination both the primary and the secondary of the transformer are
connected in Y (Star), the phase shift between primary and secondary is 0
(Zero) Degrees.
1. Draw the primary and secondary phase to neutral vectors showing the
required phase displacement.

2. It is now possible to indicate the winding subscript numbers bearing in

mind that if the direction of induced voltage in the high voltage winding
at a given instant is from A1 to A2 (or vice versa ) then the direction of the
induced voltage in the low voltage winding at the same instant will also
be from a1 to a2 .

3. It can be now seen from the above figure that in order to form the star
connections on both the sides A1, B1, C1 and a1, b1, c1 should be
connected together as shown in the following figure.

YY 2 (60 Degree Phase Shift):

In this combination both the primary and the secondary of the transformer are
connected in Y (Star), the phase shift between primary and secondary is 60
(Sixty) Degrees i.e. secondary is lagging primary by 60 degrees (+60) or primary
is leading secondary by 60 degrees (-60).
1. Draw the primary and secondary phase to neutral vectors showing the
required phase displacement.

2. It is now possible to indicate the winding subscript numbers bearing in

mind that if the direction of induced voltage in the high voltage winding
at a given instant is from A1 to A2 (or vice versa ) then the direction of the
induced voltage in the low voltage winding at the same instant will also
be from a1 to a2 .

3. It can be now seen from the above figure that a = -C, b = -A, c = -B, in
order to form the star connections on both the sides A1, B1, C1 and a2,
b2, c2 should be connected together as shown in the following figure.

YY 4 (120 Degree Phase Shift):

In this combination both the primary and the secondary of the transformer are
connected in Y (Star), the phase shift between primary and secondary is 120
Degrees i.e. secondary is lagging primary by 120 degrees (+120) or primary is
leading secondary by 120 degrees (-120).
1. Draw the primary and secondary phase to neutral vectors showing the
required phase displacement.

2. It is now possible to indicate the winding subscript numbers bearing in

mind that if the direction of induced voltage in the high voltage winding
at a given instant is from A1 to A2 (or vice versa ) then the direction of the
induced voltage in the low voltage winding at the same instant will also
be from a1 to a2 .

3. It can be now seen from the above figure that a = B, b = C, c = A, in

order to form the star connections on both the sides A1, B1, C1 and a1,
b1, c1 should be connected together as shown in the following figure.

YY 6 (180 Degree Phase Shift):

In this combination both the primary and the secondary of the transformer are
connected in Y (Star), the phase shift between primary and secondary is 180
Degrees i.e. secondary is lagging primary by 180 degrees (+180) or primary is
leading secondary by 180 degrees (-180).
1. Draw the primary and secondary phase to neutral vectors showing the
required phase displacement.

2. It is now possible to indicate the winding subscript numbers bearing in

mind that if the direction of induced voltage in the high voltage winding
at a given instant is from A1 to A2 (or vice versa ) then the direction of the
induced voltage in the low voltage winding at the same instant will also
be from a1 to a2 .

3. It can be now seen from the above figure that a = -A, b = -B, c = -C, in
order to form the star connections on both the sides A1, B1, C1 and a2,
b2, c2 should be connected together as shown in the following figure.

YY 8 (240 or 120 Degree Phase Shift):

In this combination both the primary and the secondary of the transformer are
connected in Y (Star), the phase shift between primary and secondary is 240
Degrees i.e. secondary is lagging primary by 240 degrees (+240) or primary is
lagging secondary by 120 degrees (+120).
1. Draw the primary and secondary phase to neutral vectors showing the
required phase displacement.

2. It is now possible to indicate the winding subscript numbers bearing in

mind that if the direction of induced voltage in the high voltage winding
at a given instant is from A1 to A2 (or vice versa ) then the direction of the
induced voltage in the low voltage winding at the same instant will also
be from a1 to a2 .

3. It can be now seen from the above figure that a = C, b = A, c = B, in

order to form the star connections on both the sides A1, B1, C1 and a1,
b1, c1 should be connected together as shown in the following figure.

YY 10 (300 or 60 Degree Phase Shift):

In this combination both the primary and the secondary of the transformer are
connected in Y (Star), the phase shift between primary and secondary is 300
Degrees i.e. secondary is lagging primary by 300 degrees (+300) or primary is
lagging secondary by 60 degrees (+60).
1. Draw the primary and secondary phase to neutral vectors showing the
required phase displacement.

2. It is now possible to indicate the winding subscript numbers bearing in

mind that if the direction of induced voltage in the high voltage winding
at a given instant is from A1 to A2 (or vice versa ) then the direction of the
induced voltage in the low voltage winding at the same instant will also
be from a1 to a2 .

3. It can be now seen from the above figure that a = -B, b = -C, c = -A, in
order to form the star connections on both the sides A1, B1, C1 and a1,
b1, c1 should be connected together as shown in the following figure.

YD 1 (30 Degree Phase Shift):

In this combination the primary of the transformer are connected in Y (Star)
and the secondary in D (Delta), the phase shift between primary and
secondary is 30 Degrees i.e. secondary is lagging primary by 30 degrees (+30)
or primary is leading secondary by 30 degrees (-30).
1. Draw the primary and secondary phase to neutral vectors showing the
required phase displacement.

2. It is now possible to indicate the winding subscript numbers bearing in

mind that if the direction of induced voltage in the high voltage winding
at a given instant is from A1 to A2 (or vice versa ) then the direction of the
induced voltage in the low voltage winding at the same instant will also
be from a1 to a2 .

3. It can be now seen from the above figure that by connecting c1, a2 = a;
a1, b2 = b; b1, c2 = c phase as shown in the following figure.

YD 3 (90 Degree Phase Shift):

In this combination the primary of the transformer are connected in Y (Star)
and the secondary in D (Delta), the phase shift between primary and
secondary is 90 Degrees i.e. secondary is lagging primary by 90 degrees (+90)
or primary is leading secondary by 90 degrees (-90).
1. Draw the primary and secondary phase to neutral vectors showing the
required phase displacement.

2. It is now possible to indicate the winding subscript numbers bearing in

mind that if the direction of induced voltage in the high voltage winding
at a given instant is from A1 to A2 (or vice versa ) then the direction of the
induced voltage in the low voltage winding at the same instant will also
be from a1 to a2 .

3. It can be now seen from the above figure that by connecting c1, b2 = a;
a1, c2 = b; b1, a2 = c phase as shown in the following figure.

YD 5 (150 Degree Phase Shift):

In this combination the primary of the transformer are connected in Y (Star)
and the secondary in D (Delta), the phase shift between primary and
secondary is 150 Degrees i.e. secondary is lagging primary by 150 degrees
(+150) or primary is leading secondary by 150 degrees (-150).
1. Draw the primary and secondary phase to neutral vectors showing the
required phase displacement.

2. It is now possible to indicate the winding subscript numbers bearing in

mind that if the direction of induced voltage in the high voltage winding
at a given instant is from A1 to A2 (or vice versa ) then the direction of the
induced voltage in the low voltage winding at the same instant will also
be from a1 to a2 .

3. It can be now seen from the above figure that by connecting a1, b2 = a;
b1, c2 = b; c1, a2 = c phase as shown in the following figure.

YD 7 (150 or 210 Degree Phase Shift):

In this combination the primary of the transformer are connected in Y (Star)
and the secondary in D (Delta), the phase shift between primary and
secondary is 150 or 210 Degrees i.e. secondary is lagging primary by 210
degrees (+210) or primary is leading secondary by 210 degrees (-210), or
primary is lagging secondary by 150 degrees (+150).
1. Draw the primary and secondary phase to neutral vectors showing the
required phase displacement.

2. It is now possible to indicate the winding subscript numbers bearing in

mind that if the direction of induced voltage in the high voltage winding
at a given instant is from A1 to A2 (or vice versa ) then the direction of the
induced voltage in the low voltage winding at the same instant will also
be from a1 to a2 .

3. It can be now seen from the above figure that by connecting a1, c2 = a;
b1, a2 = b; c1, b2 = c phase as shown in the following figure.

YD 9 (270 or 90 Degree Phase Shift):

In this combination the primary of the transformer are connected in Y (Star)
and the secondary in D (Delta), the phase shift between primary and
secondary is 90 or 270 Degrees i.e. secondary is lagging primary by 270
degrees (+270) or primary is leading secondary by 270 degrees (-270), or
primary is lagging secondary by 90 degrees (+90).
1. Draw the primary and secondary phase to neutral vectors showing the
required phase displacement.

2. It is now possible to indicate the winding subscript numbers bearing in

mind that if the direction of induced voltage in the high voltage winding
at a given instant is from A1 to A2 (or vice versa ) then the direction of the
induced voltage in the low voltage winding at the same instant will also
be from a1 to a2 .

3. It can be now seen from the above figure that by connecting b1, c2 = a;
c1, a2 = b; a1, b2 = c phase as shown in the following figure.

YD 11 (330 or 30 Degree Phase Shift):

In this combination the primary of the transformer are connected in Y (Star)
and the secondary in D (Delta), the phase shift between primary and
secondary is 30 or 330 Degrees i.e. secondary is lagging primary by 330
degrees (+330) or primary is leading secondary by 330 degrees (-330), or
primary is lagging secondary by 30 degrees (+30).
1. Draw the primary and secondary phase to neutral vectors showing the
required phase displacement.

2. It is now possible to indicate the winding subscript numbers bearing in

mind that if the direction of induced voltage in the high voltage winding
at a given instant is from A1 to A2 (or vice versa ) then the direction of the
induced voltage in the low voltage winding at the same instant will also
be from a1 to a2 .

3. It can be now seen from the above figure that by connecting b1, c2 = a;
c1, a2 = b; a1, b2 = c phase as shown in the following figure.

Determination of Analog phase Shift with Zero Sequence Correction

For deriving the equations of "Analog Phase Shift" with "Zero Sequence
Correction" for different transformer configurations we have to see how the
respective primary phase is connected in the secondary.
Analog Phase Shift of YY0:
In the case of "YY0" configuration, the phase shift is Zero degrees (0) and hence
"A = a, B = b, C = c" which is represented in the following figure.
Therefore the equations are as follows:
IA = (Ia - I0) {where I0 = (Ia + Ib + Ic)/ 3}
IA = Ia - (Ia + Ib + Ic) / 3
IA = (2Ia - Ib Ic) / 3
Similarly
IB = (Ib - I0) {where I0 = (Ia + Ib + Ic)/ 3}
IB = Ib - (Ia + Ib + Ic) / 3
IB = (2Ib - Ia Ic) / 3
And
IC = (Ic - I0) {where I0 = (Ia - Ib - Ic)/ 3}
IC = Ic - (Ia + Ib + Ic) / 3
IC = (2Ic - Ia Ib) / 3
Analog Phase Shift of YY2:
In the case of "YY2" configuration, the phase shift is Sixty degrees (60) and
hence "A = -b, B = -c, C = -a" which is represented in the following figure.
Therefore the equations are as follows:
IA = -(Ib - I0) {where I0 = (Ia + Ib + Ic)/ 3}
IA = -(Ib - (Ia + Ib + Ic) / 3)
IA = (Ia - 2Ib + Ic) / 3
Similarly
IB = -(Ic - I0) {where I0 = (Ia + Ib + Ic)/ 3}
IB = -(Ic - (Ia + Ib + Ic) / 3)
IB = (Ia + Ib 2Ic)/ 3
And
IC = -(Ia - I0) {where I0 = (Ia - Ib - Ic)/ 3}
IC = -(Ia - (Ia + Ib + Ic) / 3)
IC = (Ib + Ic - 2Ia) / 3

Analog Phase Shift of YY4:

In the case of "YY4" configuration, the phase shift is 120 degrees and hence "A
= c, B = a, C = b" which is represented in the following figure.
Therefore the equations are as follows:
IA = (Ic - I0) {where I0 = (Ia + Ib + Ic)/ 3}
IA = (Ic - (Ia + Ib + Ic) / 3)
IA = (2Ic - Ia - Ib) / 3
Similarly
IB = (Ia - I0) {where I0 = (Ia + Ib + Ic)/ 3}
IB = (Ia - (Ia + Ib + Ic) / 3)
IB = (2Ia - Ib - Ic) / 3
And
IC = (Ib - I0) {where I0 = (Ia + Ib + Ic)/ 3}
IC = (Ib - (Ia + Ib + Ic) / 3)
IC = (2Ib - Ia - Ic) / 3

Analog Phase Shift of YY6:

In the case of "YY6" configuration, the phase shift is 180 degrees and hence "A
= -a, B = -b, C = -c" which is represented
in the following figure.
Therefore the equations are as follows:
IA = -(Ia - I0) {where I0 = (Ia + Ib + Ic)/ 3}
IA = -(Ia - (Ia + Ib + Ic) / 3)
IA = (Ic - 2Ia + Ib ) / 3
Similarly
IB = -(Ib - I0) {where I0 = (Ia + Ib + Ic)/ 3}
IB = -(Ib - (Ia + Ib + Ic) / 3)
IB = (Ia - 2Ib + Ic ) / 3
And
IC = -(Ic - I0) {where I0 = (Ia + Ib + Ic)/ 3}
IC = -(Ic - (Ia + Ib + Ic) / 3)
IC = (Ia - 2Ic +Ib ) / 3

Analog Phase Shift of YY8:

In the case of "YY8" configuration, the phase shift is 240 degrees and hence "A
= b, B = c, C = a" which is represented in the following figure.
Therefore the equations are as follows:
IA = (Ib - I0) {where I0 = (Ia + Ib + Ic)/ 3}
IA = (Ib - (Ia + Ib + Ic) / 3)
IA = (2Ib - Ic - Ia ) / 3
Similarly
IB = (Ic - I0) {where I0 = (Ia + Ib + Ic)/ 3}
IB = (Ic - (Ia + Ib + Ic) / 3)
IB = (2Ic - Ia - Ib ) / 3
And
IC = (Ia - I0) {where I0 = (Ia + Ib + Ic)/ 3}
IC = (Ia - (Ia + Ib + Ic) / 3)
IC = (2Ia - Ib - Ic ) / 3

Analog Phase Shift of YY10:

In the case of "YY10" configuration, the phase shift is 300 degrees and hence "A
= b, B = c, C = a" which is represented in
the following figure.
Therefore the equations are as follows:
IA = (Ib - I0) {where I0 = (Ia + Ib + Ic)/ 3}
IA = (Ib - (Ia + Ib + Ic) / 3)
IA = (2Ib - Ic - Ia ) / 3
Similarly
IB = (Ic - I0) {where I0 = (Ia + Ib + Ic)/ 3}
IB = (Ic - (Ia + Ib + Ic) / 3)
IB = (2Ic - Ia - Ib ) / 3
And
IC = (Ia - I0) {where I0 = (Ia + Ib + Ic)/ 3}
IC = (Ia - (Ia + Ib + Ic) / 3)
IC = (2Ia - Ib - Ic ) / 3

Analog Phase Shift of YD1:

In the case of "YD1" configuration, the phase shift is 30 degrees which is
represented in the following figure.

Therefore the equations can be derived at the respective nodes i.e. phases by
using Kirchhoffs current Law which are as follows:
Ia = (IA IC) / 3

{The mag is divided by 3 due to Y to D transformation}

Similarly
Ib = (IB IA) / 3
Ic = (IC IB) / 3
Analog Phase Shift of YD3:
In the case of "YD3" configuration, the phase shift is 90 degrees which is
represented in the following figure.

Therefore the equations can be derived at the respective nodes i.e. phases by
using Kirchhoffs current Law which are as follows:
Ia = (IB IC) / 3
Similarly
Ib = (IC IA) / 3
Ic = (IA IB) / 3

{The mag is divided by 3 due to Y to D transformation}

Analog Phase Shift of YD5:

In the case of "YD5" configuration, the phase shift is 150 degrees which is
represented in the following figure.

Therefore the equations can be derived at the respective nodes i.e. phases by
using Kirchhoffs current Law which are as follows:
Ia = (IB IA) / 3

{The mag is divided by 3 due to Y to D transformation}

Similarly
Ib = (IC IB) / 3
Ic = (IA IC) / 3
Analog Phase Shift of YD7:
In the case of "YD7" configuration, the phase shift is 210 degrees which is
represented in the following figure.

Therefore the equations can be derived at the respective nodes i.e. phases by
using Kirchhoffs current Law which are as follows:
Ia = (IC IA) / 3
Similarly
Ib = (IA IB) / 3
Ic = (IB IC) / 3

{The mag is divided by 3 due to Y to D transformation}

Analog Phase Shift of YD9:

In the case of "YD9" configuration, the phase shift is 270 degrees which is
represented in the following figure.

Therefore the equations can be derived at the respective nodes i.e. phases by
using Kirchhoffs current Law which are as follows:
Ia = (IC IB) / 3

{The mag is divided by 3 due to Y to D transformation}

Similarly
Ib = (IA IC) / 3
Ic = (IB IA) / 3
Analog Phase Shift of YD11:
In the case of "YD11" configuration, the phase shift is 330 degrees which is
represented in the following figure.

Therefore the equations can be derived at the respective nodes i.e. phases by
using Kirchhoffs current Law which are as follows:
Ia = (IA IB) / 3
Similarly
Ib = (IB IC) / 3
Ic = (IC IA) / 3

{The mag is divided by 3 due to Y to D transformation}