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    Institution of Structural Engineers Part 3 Exam: Paul Martin

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    1. Load buildup requires clear organization so loads can be found easily later when designing structural elements. Sources of load information include material densities from standards, trade literature for building systems, and live loads from codes. 2. Loads should be combined sensibly by converting to a uniform load per square meter. Continuity effects shift the point of zero shear by around 10% in end spans and are negligible in internal spans. 3. Effects like moments, shears, and deflections are calculated for purposes like slab, beam, column, foundation design. Ductility allows for redistribution of effects if present, but care is needed with non-ductile elements. Simple calculations and moment distribution are common analysis methods.

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    Institution of Structural Engineers Part 3 Exam: Paul Martin

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    paramsandhu
    182 views20 pages
    1. Load buildup requires clear organization so loads can be found easily later when designing structural elements. Sources of load information include material densities from standards, trade literature for building systems, and live loads from codes. 2. Loads should be combined sensibly by converting to a uniform load per square meter. Continuity effects shift the point of zero shear by around 10% in end spans and are negligible in internal spans. 3. Effects like moments, shears, and deflections are calculated for purposes like slab, beam, column, foundation design. Ductility allows for redistribution of effects if present, but care is needed with non-ductile elements. Simple calculations and moment distribution are common analysis methods.

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    loads and forces in Istructe exams

    Original Title

    02 Loads and Forces

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    1. Load buildup requires clear organization so loads can be found easily later when designing structural elements. Sources of load information include material densities from standards, trade literature for building systems, and live loads from codes. 2. Loads should be combined sensibly by converting to a uniform load per square meter. Continuity effects shift the point of zero shear by around 10% in end spans and are negligible in internal spans. 3. Effects like moments, shears, and deflections are calculated for purposes like slab, beam, column, foundation design. Ductility allows for redistribution of effects if present, but care is needed with non-ductile elements. Simple calculations and moment distribution are common analysis methods.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    182 views20 pages

    Institution of Structural Engineers Part 3 Exam: Paul Martin

    Uploaded by

    paramsandhu
    1. Load buildup requires clear organization so loads can be found easily later when designing structural elements. Sources of load information include material densities from standards, trade literature for building systems, and live loads from codes. 2. Loads should be combined sensibly by converting to a uniform load per square meter. Continuity effects shift the point of zero shear by around 10% in end spans and are negligible in internal spans. 3. Effects like moments, shears, and deflections are calculated for purposes like slab, beam, column, foundation design. Ductility allows for redistribution of effects if present, but care is needed with non-ductile elements. Simple calculations and moment distribution are common analysis methods.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
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    The key takeaways are the importance of organizing load calculations neatly and having a clear purpose, as well as understanding basic material densities and live load values.

    The main sources of information for load buildup are basic material densities from standards, trade literature for systems load values, and live load values from standards.

    The main steps involved in combining loads sensibly are converting all loads to the same units, usually uniform distributed loads per square meter, and keeping dead and live loads separate.

    Institution of Structural Engineers

    Part 3 Exam

    Paul Martin

    Loads and Forces

    Load Buildup
    Basics
    1.

    Have clear purpose,


    so you only do it once

    2.

    Organise it neatly
    so you find loads easily later when in a panic

    Load Buildup
    Sources of information
    1.

    Basic Material densities:

    BS 648

    Get a feel for approx densities


    Steel:

    78 kN/m3

    Concrete:

    24 kN/m3

    Clay Brick:

    20 kN/m3

    Block:

    10 kN/m3 Standard:

    Light:

    Glass:

    27 kN/m3

    Plaster:

    14 kN/m3

    Plasterboard:

    9 kN/m3

    Softwood:

    5 kN/m3

    18 kN/m3

    Load Buildup
    Sources of information
    2.

    Systems:

    Trade Literature

    Again, Get a feel:

    kN/m2 on elev.

    Curtain Walling:

    0.5

    Windows:

    0.3

    Steel wall framing:

    0.3

    Cladding and rails:

    0.5

    Load Buildup
    Sources of information
    3.

    Live Loads:

    BS 6399

    Keep on getting the feel:


    1 person

    75 kg =

    1 person + 1 desk =

    0.75 kN

    0.75 kN+ say 0.5 kN in say 1.25 m x 1.0 m


    =1.0 kN/m2
    1 Car

    1000 kg =

    10kN

    Car park loading = 2.5 kN/m2 = 1 car/4m2

    Combining loads sensibly


    Convert all loads into same units
    Normally udl - kN/m2 on plan.
    e.g.1

    Beams: (weight/m) / spacing

    = udl

    Beams in two directions:


    (sum of both weights/m)
    Average spacing
    e.g.2

    Sloping roofs:

    = udl

    Convert to udl on plan

    DONT START ADDING BEAM REACTIONS!!

    Purpose
    1.

    Slab design
    No beam self-weight

    2.

    Beam design

    3.

    Column design

    4.

    Transfer structures and Foundations


    design

    Purpose
    1.

    Keep loads un-factored for ground


    bearing check

    2.

    Keep Dead and Live loads separate.


    E.g.

    to apply live load reduction factor


    Reduce live load even further for
    settlement check?

    3.

    Apply load factors only when


    calculating effects

    Continuity effect
    How much is the
    shift in point of
    zero shear?
    End spans:~10%
    Internal span:
    Negligible

    Continuity effect

    Worst case:
    Propped cantilever:
    Changes reactions by
    12.5%

    Calculation of Effects
    1.

    Moments

    2.

    Shear Forces

    3.

    Axial forces

    4.

    Deflections

    5.

    Torsion moments
    (only if you really cant avoid them!)

    Calculation of Effects
    1.

    Avoid fancy analysis

    2.

    Use either:
    Simple design aids
    Steel Designers Manual
    Reynolds

    Statically determinate calcs.


    Simple moment distribution

    Statically determinate hand calcs.


    1.

    Find one reaction

    2.

    Find point of zero shear [max


    moment] (remembering load =
    slope of shear force diagram)

    3.

    Find max moment.

    Which will be the critical effect?

    1.

    Long, lightly loaded spans:

    Deflection

    Roofs, slabs, footbridges

    2.

    Medium spans:

    Bending

    Floor beams

    3.

    Short, heavily loaded spans:


    Foundations, transfer beams

    Shear

    Ductility
    1.

    Use it when you have it


    Can redistribute effects
    Can rely more on estimated effects
    (But beware of equilibrium)

    2.

    Beware when you dont have it!!


    Non-plastic (class 1) steel sections
    Brittle connections

    Simple hand
    calcs
    Overall moments
    and shears are
    independent of
    the internal shape

    Moment
    Distribution
    At its simplest
    (and most
    common?): to find
    column moment in
    braced concrete
    frame

    Moment
    Distribution

    Sway frames

    Assume
    points of
    contraflexure
    at column
    mid-height

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