Tiu chun vit nam

tcvn 4453 : 1995

Tiu chun bt buc p dng tng phn

Kt cu b tng v b tng ct thp ton khi r Quy phm

thi cng v nghim thu.
check and acceptance
1.
1.1.

1.3.

2.

Tiu chun ny p dng cho vic thi cng b tng do cc t chc xy dng thc hin.
Cc cng trnh c cng tc thi cng b tng do n|c ngoi u t| hoc lin doanh
gp vn, nu khng c cc ch dn k thut ring cng p dng tiu chun ny.
cht l|ng thi cng cc kt cu b tng v b tng ct thp ton khi nhm m bo
cht l|ng, an ton v v sinh mi tr|ng ca khu vc xy dng cng trnh.
Tiu chun ny ch p dng cho vic thi cng cc kt cu b tng v b tng ct thp
ch hn hp b tng
ton khi bng b tng nng thng th|
1800kg/m3 r 2500kg/m3) |c trn ngay ti cng tr|ng hoc b tng ch trn sn
(b tng th|ng phm) vn chuyn t cc trm trn b tng tp trung.
a) Cc kt cu lm bng cc loi b tng t ong, b tng ct liu rng, b tng siu
nng v b tng chu ha cht;
b) Cc kt cu thi cng bng ph|ng php b tng trong n|c, b tng va dng;
c) Cc kt cu b tng ng sut tr|c;
d) Cc kt cu c bit khc quy nh ring theo thit k;
Cc tiu chun trch dn
TCVN 5574 : 1991: Tiu chun thit k b tng ct thp
TCVN 2737 : 1990: Tiu chun thit k - Ti trng v tc ng.
TCVN 4033 : 1985: Xi mng pooclng r puzolan.
TCVN 4316 : 1986: Xi mng pooclng r x l xo.
TCVN 2682 : 1992: Xi mng pooclng.
TCVN 1770 : 1986: Ct xy dng r Yu cu k thut.
TCVN 4506 : 1987: N|c cho b tng v va r Yu cu k thut.
TCVN 5592 : 1991: B tng nng r Yu cu bo d|ng m t nhin.
TCVN 3106 : 1993: B tng nng r Ph|ng php th st.
TCVN 3118 : 1993: B tng nng r Ph|ng php xc nh c|ng nn.
TCVN 5718 : 1993: Mi bng v sn b tng ct thp trong cng trnh xy dng Yu cu chng thm n|c.
1

Tiu chun vit nam

3.

tcvn 4453 : 1995

TCVN 1651 : 1985: Thp ct b tng.

Cp pha v gio.

3.1.1.

3.1.3.

3.2.

3.2.2.

Cp pha v gio cn |c thit k v thi cng m bo cng, n nh, d

tho lp, khng gy kh khn cho vic t ct thp, v m b tng.
b tng, ng thi bo v |c b tng mi d|i tc ng ca thi tit.
Cp pha v gio cn |c gia cng, lp dng sao cho m bo ng hnh dng
v kch th|c ca kt cu theo quy nh thit k.
loi cp pha gio tiu chun |c s dng theo ch dn ca n v ch to.
Vt liu lm cp pha v gio.
do. gio c th s dng tre, lung v b|ng.
Chn vt liu no lm cp pha gio u phi da trn iu kin c th v hiu
qu kinh t.
G lm cp pha gio |c s dng ph hp vi tiu
1075 : 1971 v cc tiu chun hin hnh, ng thi c th s dng c loi g bt
cp phn.

chuyn nhiu ln i vi cc loi kt cu khc nhau.

3.3. Thit k cp pha v gio.
3.3.1. Cp pha v gio phi |c thit k m bo cc yu cu ca mc 3.1, s liu
3.3.2.

Cp pha vm v dm vi khu ln hn 4m phi |c thit k c vng thi

cng. Tr s vng |c tnh theo cng thc:

3L
1000

Trong : L l khu , tnh bng m.

3.3.3. Cc b phn chu lc ca gio nn hn ch s l|ng cc thanh ni. Cc mi ni
khng nn b tr trn cng mt mt ct ngang v v tr chu lc ln.
Cc thanh ging cn |c tnh ton v b tr thch hp n nh ton b h
gio cp pha.
3.4. Lp dng cp pha v gio.
B mt cp pha tip xc vi b tng cn |c chng dnh;
b) Cp pha thnh bn ca cc kt cu t|ng, sn, dm v ct nn lp dng sao
a)

v gio cn l|u li chng (nh| cp pha y dm, sn v ct chng);

Tiu chun vit nam

c)

3.4.3.

tcvn 4453 : 1995

Tr chng ca gio phi t vng chc trn nn cng, khng b tr|t v

khng b bin dng khi chu ti trng v tc ng trong qu trnh thi cng.

thun li cho vic kim tra tim trc v cao ca cc kt cu.

Khi n nh cp pha bng dy chng v mc neo th phi tnh ton, xc nh s
l|ng v v tr gi n nh h thng cp pha khi chu ti trng v tc ng trong

3.4.4.

Trong qu trnh lp dng cp pha cn cu to mt s l thch hp pha d|i

khi c ra mt nn n|c v rc bn c ch thot ra ngoi. Tr|c khi b tng,
cc l ny |c bt kn li.
3.5. Kim tra v nghim thu cng tc lp dng cp pha v gio.
3.5.1. Cp pha v gio khi lp dng xong |c kim tra theo cc yu cu bng 1,
cc sai lch khng |c v|t qu cc tr s ghi trong bng 2.
Bng 1 r Cc yu cu kim tra cp pha, gio.

Cp pha lp dng

Kt cu cp pha

chiu di thch hp
Bng mt

ni
kn, kht gia cc tm cp Bng mt
pha, gia cp pha v mt nn
Chi tit chn ngm v t sn

Chng dnh cp pha

k
m bo theo quy nh ca
iu 3.3.3.
3mm
Cp pha |c ghp kn, kht,
m bo khng mt n|c xi

Xc nh kch th|c, v tr v m bo kch th|c, v tr

s l|ng bng cc ph|ng tin v s l|ng theo quy nh
thch hp
Bng mt
Lp chng dnh ph kn cc
mt cp pha tip xc vi b
tng.

cc cht bn khc bn trong

cp pha
nghing, cao v kch Bng mt, my trc c v cc Khng v|t qu cc tr s
m ca cp pha g
gio lp dng
Kt cu gio

Bng mt

Cp pha g |c t|i
n|c tr|c khi b tng

Bng mt, dng tay lc mnh gio |c lp dng m

cc ct chng, cc nm tng bo kch th|c, s l|ng v
ct chng
v tr theo thit k
3

Tiu chun vit nam

tcvn 4453 : 1995

Ct chng gio

Bng mt, dng tay lc mnh Ct chng, |c k, m v

cc ct chng, cc nm tng t ln trn nn cng, m

cng v n nh

Bng mt, i chiu vi thit Ct chng |c ging cho

k gio
v ging ngang s l|ng,
kch th|c v v tr theo thit
k.

3.5.2.

Vic nghim thu cng tc lp dng cp pha gio |c tin hnh ti hin tr|ng,
kt hp vi vic nh gi xem
quy nh bng 1 v cc
sai lch khng v|t qu cc tr s ghi trong bng 2.

Tn sai lch

Mc cho php, mm

1. Khong cch gia cc ct chng cp pha, cu kin chu

un v khong cch gia cc tr ging n nh, neo v ct
chng so vi khong cch thit k.
a) Trn mi mt di
b) Trn ton b khu
chng so vi chiu thng ng hoc nghing thit k
a) Trn mi mt di
b) Trn ton b chiu cao ca kt cu:
- Mng
- T|ng v ct tm sn ton khi c chiu cao d|i 5m
- T|ng v ct tm sn ton khi c chiu cao trn 5m

25
75

5
20
10
15

- Dm v vm
3. Sai lch trc cp pha so vi thit k

b) T|ng v ct
c) Dm x v vm

8
10

4. Sai lch trc cp pha tr|t, cp pha leo v cp pha di ng

so vi trc cng trnh

10

3.6.

Tho d cp pha gio

4

Tiu chun vit nam

3.6.1.

3.6.2.

tcvn 4453 : 1995

Cp pha gio ch |c tho d khi b tng t c|ng cn thit k kt cu

chu |c trng l|ng bn thn v cc ti trng tc ng khc trong giai on thi
hoc va chm mnh lm h| hi n kt cu b tng
Cc b phn cp pha gio khng cn chu lc sau khi b tng ng rn (nh|
cp pha thnh bn ca dm, ct t|ng) c th |c tho d b tng t c|ng
2

3.6.3.

i vi cp pha gio chu lc ca cc kt cu (y dm, sn, ct chng), nu

khng c cc ch dn c bit ca thit k th |c tho d khi b tng t cc gi
tr c|ng ghi trong bng 3.

3.6.4.
3.6.5.

khi c|ng b tng t mc thit k v c i t|ng trng chng lt.

Khi tho d cp pha gio cc tm sn b tng ton khi ca nh nhiu
a) Gi li ton b gio v ct chng tm sn nm k d|i tm sn sp b
tng;
b) Tho d tng b phn ct chng cp pha ca tm sn pha d|i na v gi li

3.6.6.

i vi cc cng trnh xy dng trong khu vc c ng t v i vi cc cng

trnh c bit, tr s c|ng b tng cn t tho d cp pha chu lc do thit

3.6.7.

Vic cht ti tng phn ln kt cu sau khi tho d cp pha gio cn |c tnh
ton theo c|ng b tng t, loi kt cu v cc c tr|ng v ti trng
trnh cc vt nt v cc h| hng khc i vi kt cu.
thc hin khi b tng t c|ng thit k.

chu lc (%R28) khi ch|a cht ti

Loi kt cu

thiu cn t tho c|ng tho cp pha

d cp pha, %R28
cc ma v vng kh
hu - bo d|ng b tng
TCVN 5592 : 1991, ngy

Bn, dm, vm c khu nh hn 2m

50

Bn, dm, vm c khu ln hn 8m

90

23

Ch thch:
1) Cc tr s ghi trong bng ch|a xt n nh h|ng ca ph gia.
5

Tiu chun vit nam

2)

tcvn 4453 : 1995

i vi cc kt cu c khu nh hn 2m, c|ng ti thiu ca b tng t tho

d cp pha l 50% R28 nh|ng khng |c nh hn 80N/cm2.

4.1. Yu cu chung.
4.1.1. Ct thp dng trong thit k b tng ct thp phi m bo cc yu cu ca thit
k, ng thi ph hp vi tiu chun thit k TCVN 5574 : 1991 oKt cu b tng
4.1.2.

i vi thp nhp khu cn c cc chng ch k thut km theo v cn ly mu th

nghim kim tra theo TCVN 197: 1985 oKim loi r Ph|ng php th kop v

4.1.3.

Ct thp c th gia cng ti hin tr|ng hoc ti nh my nh|ng nn m bo mc

c gii ph hp vi khi l|ng thp t|ng ng cn gia cng.
Khng nn s dng trong cng mt cng trnh nhiu loi thp c hnh dng v

4.1.4.
4.1.5.

Ct thp tr|c khi gia cng v tr|c khi b tng cn m bo:

a) B mt sch, khng dnh bn t, du m, khng c vy st v cc lp g;

khc khng v|t qu gii hn cho php l 2% |ng knh. Nu v|t qu gii
hn ny th loi thp |c s dng theo din tch tit din thc t cn li;
c) Ct thp cn |c ko, un v nn thng.
4.2. Ct v un ct thp.
4.2.1. Ct v un ct thp ch |c thc hin bng cc ph|ng php c hc.
4.2.2. Ct thp phi |c ct un ph hp vi hnh dng, kch th|c ca thit k. Sn
thanh thp cng loi ct v un, c mi l ly 5 thnh bt k kim tra. Tr s
sai lch khng v|t qu cc tr s bng 4.
Bng 4 r Kch th|c sai lch ca ct thp gia cng
Cc sai lch

Mc cho php, mm

1. Sai lch v kch th|c theo chiu di ca ct thp chu lc

a) Mi mt di
b) Ton b chiu di
2. Sai lch v v tr im un
3. Sai lch v chiu di ct thp trong kt cu b tng khi ln:
a) Khi chiu di nh hn 10m

+d

4. Sai lch v gc un ca ct thp

5. Sai lch v kch th|c mc un

30
+a

5
20
20

Trong : d) |ng knh ct thp;

6

Tiu chun vit nam

4.3.

tcvn 4453 : 1995

a) Chiu dy lp b tng bo v ct thp.

Hn ct thp
bo cht l|ng mi hn theo yu cu thit k.
Khi chn ph|ng php v cng ngh hn phi tun theo tiu chun TCXD 71 :
1977 oCh dn hn ct thp v chi tit t sn trong kt cu b tng ct thpp. Vic

4.3.2.
4.3.3.

dn ca c s ch to.
Khi hn i u cc thanh ct thp cn nng bng my hn t ng hoc bn t
Hn im tip xc th|ng |c dng ch to khung v l|i ct thp c |ng
knh nh hn 10mm i vi thp ko ngui v |ng knh nh hn 12mm i vi
thp cn nng.
ch dn c bit th thc hin theo quy nh sau:
a) i vi thp trn trn hn tt c cc im giao nhau;

4.3.5.

cc im cn li gia cch mt hn mt theo th t xen k;

c) i vi khung ct thp dm, hn tt c cc im giao nhau.
Hn h quang |c dng trong cc tr|ng hp sau:
a) Hn ni di cc thanh ct thp cn nng c |ng knh ln hn 8mm;
b) Hn tt c cc chi tit t sn, cc b phn cu to v lin kt cc mi ni
trong lp ghp.
a) B mt nhn, khng chy, khng t qung, khng thu hp cc b v khng c
bt;

4.3.7.

Lin kt hn |c tin hnh kim tra theo tng chng loi v tng l. Mi l gm
100 mi hn hoc 100 ct thp loi khung, loi l|i hn. Nhng l sn phm
ny |c kim tra theo nguyn tc sau:
a)
nh|ng khng t hn 5
mu th ko v 3 mu th un;
b) Tr s cc sai lch so vi thit k khng v|t qu cc gi tr trong bng 6 i
Bng 5 r Sai lch cho php i vi sn phm ct thp.
Tn sai lch

Mc cho
php

theo di ca cc thanh gia cng ring l.

Tiu chun vit nam

tcvn 4453 : 1995

a) Khi |ng knh thnh ct thp khng qu 16mm

Bng 5 - kt thc
- Theo di ca sn phm
- Theo chiu rng (hoc chiu cao) ca sn phm

10mm
5mm
3mm

b) Khi |ng knh thnh ct thp 18mm r 40mm

- Theo chiu di ca sn phm
- Theo chiu cao (hoc chiu rng) ca sn phm
- Khi kch th|c ca sn phm theo chiu rng hoc chiu cao khng ln hn 1m

10mm
10mm
5mm

- Theo chiu di ca sn phm

- Theo chiu cao ca sn phm

50mm
20mm

s v kch th|c ca l|i hn v v khong cch gia cc b phn ca khung

khng ging
khung khng gian vi |ng knh ca thanh l:
- Nh hn 40mm
- Bng v ln hn 40mm
knh ca cc thanh:
- Nh hn 12mm
- T 12mm n 24mm
- T 20mm n 50mm
- Ln hn 50mm
5. Sai lch v v tr ch un ca thanh
7. Sai lch v vng cc khung ct thp chu lc so vi thit k

10mm

0,5d
1d

10mm
15mm
20mm
25mm
2d
5%

Bng 6 r Sai lch cho php i vi mi hn

1
1. S x dch ca |ng ni tm ca 2 thanh np trn i vi trc ca
thanh |c ni (khi c thanh np v |ng hn v mt bn)
2. Sai lch v chiu di ca cc thanh m v thanh np
3. X dch thanh np so vi trc ca mi hn c khun

2
0,1d v bn ca mi
hn
0,5d
0,1d
8

Tiu chun vit nam

tcvn 4453 : 1995

4. X dch thanh np so vi trc ca mi hn theo h|ng dc (tr cc

mi hn c thanh np t lch)

0,5d

6. X dch tim ca cc thanh mi ni

Bng 6 r Kt thc
a) Khi hn c khun
b) Khi hn c cc thanh np trn
c) Khi hn i u
7. Sai s v chiu di ca cc mi hn cnh
8. Sai s v chiu rng ca cc mi hn cnh
9. Chiu rng chn mi hn khng bm vo thp gc khi hn bng
40mm

0,10d
0,10d
0,10d
0,5d
0,15d

0,1d

10.Chiu su vt lm cho tia h quang thp tm v thp hnh khi hn

11. S l|ng l rng v x ngm vo trong mi hn
- Trn b mt mi hn trong di khong 2d
Khi d nh hn hoc bng 16mm
Khi d ln hn 16mm
12. |ng knh trung bnh l rng v x ngm vo mi hn
- Trn mt mi hn
- Trong tit din mi hn
Khi d t 16mm tr xung

3 ch
2 ch
3 ch
1,5mm
1,0mm

4.4. Ni buc ct thp:

4.4.1. Vic ni buc (ni chng ln nhau) i vi cc loi thp |c thc hin theo quy
nh ca thit k. Khng ni cc v tr chu lc ln v ch un cong. Trong mt

4.4.2.

thp chu lc i vi thp trn trn v khng qu 50% i vi thp c g.

Vic ni buc ct thp phi tha mn cc yu cu sau:
khng |c nh hn 250mm i vi thp chu ko v khng nh hn 200mm
i vi thp chu nn. Cc kt cu khc chiu di ni buc khng nh hn cc
tr s bng 6;
thp c g khng un mc;
9

Tiu chun vit nam

tcvn 4453 : 1995

c) Dy buc dng loi dy thp mm c |ng knh 1mm;

d) Trong cc mi ni cn buc t nht l 3 v tr ( gia v hai u).
Trong mi tr|ng hp vic thay i ct thp phi |c s ng ca thit k.
Tr|ng hp s dng ct thp x l ngui thay th ct thp cn nng th nht thit
phi |c s ng ca c quan thit k v ch u t|.
4.6. Vn chuyn v lp dng ct thp.
4.6.1. Vic vn chuyn ct thp gia cng m bo cc yu cu sau:
a) Khng lm h| hng v bin dng sn phm ct thp;
b) Ct thp tng thanh nn buc thnh tng l theo chn loi v s l|ng trnh
nhm ln khi s dng;
c) Cc khung, l|i ct thp ln nn c bin php phn chia thnh tng b phn

Chiu di ni buc

Ct thp c g cn nng
Ct thp ko ngui

4.6.2.

Dm hoc
t|ng

Kt cu khc

u ct thp
c mc

u ct
thp khng
c mc

40d
45d

30d
35d

20d

20d
30d

Cng tc lp dng ct thp cn tha mn cc yu cu sau:

b) C bin php n nh v tr ct thp khng bin dng trong qu trnh b
tng;
c) Khi t ct thp v ct pha ta vo nhau to thnh mt t hp cng th cp pha

4.6.3.

4.6.4.

nh ca thit k.
Cc con k cn t ti cc v tr thch hp tu theo mt ct thp nh|ng khng
ln hn 1m mt im k. Con k c chiu
|c lm bng cc loi vt liu khng n mn ct thp, khng ph hu b tng.
Sai lch chiu dy lp b tng bo v so vi thit k khng v|t qu 3mm i vi
lp b tng bo v c chiu dy a nh hn 15mm v 5mm i vi lp b tng bo
Vic lin kt cc thanh ct thp khi lp dng cn |c thc hin theo cc yu cu
sau:
10

Tiu chun vit nam

tcvn 4453 : 1995

a) S l|ng mi ni buc hay hn dnh khng nh hn 50% s im giao nhau,

theo th t xen k;

4.6.5.

hn dnh 100%.
Vic ni cc thanh ct thp n vo khung v l|i ct thp phi |c thc hin
theo ng quy nh ca thit k. Khi ni buc khung v l|i ct thp theo ph|ng
nh|ng khng nh hn 25mm.

Mc b tng
Mc

Ct thp c g cn
Ct thp trn cn nng
Ct thp ko ngui v rt
ngui

150

Mc

200

Vng chu
ko

Vng chu
nn

Vng chu ko

Vng chu
nn

20d
35d
40d

20d
25d
30d

25d
30d
35d

15d
20d
25d

Ch thch: d- |ng knh ca ct thp chu lc.

4.6.6.

Chuyn v ca tng thanh thp khi ch to hoc khi lp dng khung l|i ct thp
thn thanh . Sai lch cho php i vi ct thp lp dng |c quy nh
bng 9.

Tn sai lch
1. Sai s v khong cch gia cc thanh chu lc t ring bit:
a) i vi kt cu khi ln.
c) i vi bn, t|ng v mng d|i cc kt cu khung
2. Sai s v khong cch gia cc hng ct thp khi b tr nhiu hng
theo chiu cao:
thit b k thut.
b) Dm khung v bn c chiu dy ln hn 100mm.
3. Sai s v khong cch gia cc ct thp ai ca dm, ct, khung v
dn ct thp.

Mc cho php, mm

30
20

20
5
10
11

Tiu chun vit nam

tcvn 4453 : 1995

4. Sai lch cc b v chiu dy v lp bo v.

a) Cc kt cu khi ln (chiu dy ln hn 1m)
c) Ct dm v vm
d) T|ng v bn chiu dy ln hn 100mm.

10
5

10mm.
5. Sai lch v khong cch gia cc thanh phn b trong mt hng.
a) i vi bn t|ng v mng d|i kt cu khung.

6. Sai lch v v tr cc ct thp ai so vi chiu ng hoc chiu ngang

(khng kt cc tr|ng hp khi cc ct thp ai t nghing vi thit k
quy nh).

25
40
10

Bng 9 - Kt thc
1
7. Sai lch v v tr tim ca cc thanh t cc u khung hn ni ti
hin
tr|ng vi cc khung khc khi |ng knh ca thanh:
a) Nh hn 40mm.
8. Sai lch v v tr cc mi hn ca cc thanh theo chiu di ca cu
kin.
a) Cc khung v cc kt cu t|ng mng.
9. Sai lch ca v tr cc b phn ct thp theo trong kt cu khi ln
(khung, khi, dn) so vi thit k:
b) Theo chiu cao.

4.7.1.

25

50
30

Kim tra cng tc ct thp bao gm cc phn vic sau:

a) S ph hp ca cc loi ct thp |a vo s dng so vi thit k;
tr|c khi gia cng. Tr s sai lch cho php i vi ct thp gia cng ghi
bng 4;
c) Cng tc hn: bc th, thit b, que hn, cng ngh hn v cht l|ng mi hn.
ct thp gia cng hn theo bng 5
v cht l|ng mi hn theo bng 6.
d) S ph hp v vic thay i ct thp so vi thit k.
-

S ph hp ca ph|ng tin vn chuyn i vi sn phm gia cng.

12

Tiu chun vit nam

-

Chng loi, v tr, kch th|c v s l|ng ct thp lp dng so vi thit k;

Tr s sai lch cho php i vi cng tc lp dng ct thp |c quy nh

S ph hp ca cc loi thp ch v chi tit t sn so vi thit k;

S ph hp ca cc loi vt liu lm con k, mt cc im k v sai lch
chiu dy lp b tng bo v so vi thit k. Chiu dy lp b tng bo v ct

4.7.2.

tcvn 4453 : 1995

Trnh t, yu cu v ph|ng php kim tra cng tc ct thp thc hin theo quy
nh bng 10.

4.7.3.
ca iu 4.7.1. v bng 10 nh gi cht l|ng cng tc ct thp so vi thit k
tr|c khi b tng.

4.7.4.

Khi nghim thu phi c h s bao gm:

a) Cc bn v thit k c ghi y s thay i v ct thp trong qu trnh thi
cng v km bin bn v quyt nh thay i;
b) Cc kt qu kim tra mu th v cht l|ng thp, mi hn v cht l|ng gia
c) Cc bin bn thay i ct thp trn cng tr|ng so vi thit k;
d) Cc bin bn nghim thu k thut trong qu trnh gia cng v lp dng ct
e) Nht k thi cng.
Bng 10 - Kim tra cng tc ct thp.

Yu cu kim
tra
1
Ct thp

Ph|ng php

Kt qu

Tn s

kim tra

kim tra

kim tra

2
3
Theo phiu giao hng, C chng ch v ct thp |c Mi
chng ch v quan st cung cp ng yu cu
hng
g ct thp

th|c kp c kh
ng |ng knh yu cu
Th mu theo TCVN m bo yu cu theo thit k
197 : 1985, TCVN
198 : 1985.
Mt ngoi ct Bng mt
B mt sch, khng b gim tit
thp
din cc b

hng
Tr|c
hng
Tr|c
hng

4
ln

nhn

khi

giao

khi

giao

13

Tiu chun vit nam

tcvn 4453 : 1995

Ct v un
Bng mt
m bo quy trnh k thut
Khi gia cng
Ct thp o bng th|c c Sai lch khng v|t qu cc tr Mi l, 100 thanh

Thit b hn

m bo cc thng s k thut

kim tra
Tr|c khi hn v
theo nh k 3

Bc th: Hn mu th

t tiu chun bc th hn theo Tr|c khi thc

quy nh
hin cng tc hn.
Bng mt, o bng Mi hn m bo yu cu theo Sau khi hn v khi
Th nghim mu

m bo cht l|ng. Nu mt
mu khng t phi kim tra li
vi s l|ng mu gp i
Kim tra bng siu m Mi hn m bo cht l|ng
theo TCVN 1548 : theo yu cu
1985

Mi l 100 mi
hn, ly 3 mu
kim tra c|ng
Khi cn thit hoc
khi nghi ng

1
2
3
4
Thp ch v Xc nh v tr, kch m bo cc yu cu theo quy Tr|c khi b
chi tit t sn th|c v s l|ng nh ca thit k
tng
thch hp
Ni buc ct Bng mt, o bng Chiu di ni chng, m bo Trong v sau khi
thp
th|c
theo yu cu ca bng 7 v bng lp dng
Lp dng ct Bng mt, o bng - Lp dng ng quy trnh k Khi lp dng v
thp
th|c c chiu di thut.
khi nghim thu
thch hp
kch th|c ng theo thit k.
- Sai lch khng v|t qu cc tr
s ghi bng 9
th|c
4.6.3.
thp.
Chiu dy lp Bng mt, o bng m bo tr s sai lch theo Khi lp dng v
b tng bo v th|c
iu 4.6.3 hoc theo quy nh khi nghim thu
Thay i ct Kim tra bng tnh Ct thp thay i ph hp vi Tr|c khi gia
thp
ton
cc quy nh ca thit k
cng ct thp.

5. Vt liu sn xut b tng.

5.1. Yu cu chung
5.1.1. Cc vt liu sn xut b tng phi m bo yu cu k thut theo cc tiu chun

14

Tiu chun vit nam

5.1.2.

5.1.3.

tcvn 4453 : 1995

Trong qu trnh l|u kho, vn chuyn v ch to b tng, vt liu phi |c |c

bo qun, trnh nhim bn hoc b ln ln c ht v chng loi. Khi gp cc
l|ng.
Cc loi vt liu khng hon ton ph hp tiu chun hoc khng cp trong tiu
chun ny, ch s dng sn xut b tng, nu c lun c khoa hc v cng

|c s ng ca ch u t|.
5.2. Xi mng
5.2.1. Xi mng s dng phi tha mn cc quy nh ca cc tiu chun:
- Xi mng poclng TCVN 2682 : 1985.
- Xi mng poc r lng Pufzlan TCVN 4033 : 1985.
- Xi mng poclng - x ht l cao TCVN 4316 : 1986.
Cc loi xi mng c bit nh| xi mng bn sunft, xi mng t ta nhite. dng
theo ch dn ca thit k.
5.2.2. Chng loi v mc xi mng s dng phi ph hp vi thit k v iu kin, tnh
5.2.3.

5.2.4.

5.2.5.

Vic s dng xi mng nhp khu nht thit phi c chng ch k thut ca n|c
sn xut. Khi cn thit phi th nghim kim tra xc nh cht l|ng theo tiu
chun Vit Nam hin hnh.
hin tr|ng nht thit phi tin hnh trong cc tr|ng
hp.
a) Khi thit k thnh phn b tng;
c) L xi mng |c bo qun trn 3 thng k t ngy sn xut.
Vic vn chuyn v bo qun xi mng phi tun theo tiu chun TCVN 2682 ;

5.3. Ct.
5.3.1. Ct dng lm b tng nng phi tha mn cc yu cu ca tiu chun TCVN
1770 : 1986 oCt xy dng r Yu cy k thutp.
Ch thch: i vi cc loi ct c ht nh (m un ln d|i 2), khi s dng phi tun
theo tiu chun 20 TCVN 127 : 1986 oCt mn lm b tng v va xy dngp.
-

5.4.

Th nghim kim tra cht l|ng ct |c tin hnh theo cc tiu chun t
TCVN 337 : 1986 n TC
Nu dng ct vng bin hoc vng n|c l th nht thit kim tra hm l|ng
Cl- v SO4--. Nu dng ct m, ct i th cn phi kim tra c hm l|ng Silic
v nh hnh.

dng v cn c bin php chng gi bay m|a tri v ln tp cht.

Ct liu ln.
dm p t si thin nhin. Khi s dng cc loi ct liu ln ny phi m bo
15

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tcvn 4453 : 1995

cht l|ng theo quy nh ca tiu chun TCVN 1771 : 1986 o dm, si dm, si
dng trong xy dngp.
thnh nhm c kch th|c ht ph hp vi nhng quy nh sau:
a) i vi bn, kch th|c ht ln nht khng |c ln hn 1/2 chiu dy bn;
b) i vi cc kt cu b tng ct thp, kch th|c ht ln nht khng |c ln
c) i vi cng trnh thi cng cp pha tr|t, kch th|c ht ln nht khng qu
1/10 kch th|c cnh nh nht theo mt ct ngang ca kt cu;
3

dm v si khng v|t qu 120mm. Khi dng my trn c th tch nh hn

0,8m2, kch th|c ln nht khng v|t qu 80mm;
e) Khi vn chuyn b tng bng my bm b tng, kch th|c ht ln nht khng
dm;
f) Khi b tng bng ng vi voi, kch th|c ht ln nht khng ln hn 1/3
5.5.

N|c
N|c dng trn v bo d|ng b tng phi m bo yu cu ca tiu chun
TCVN 4506 : 1987 oN|c cho b tng v va r Yu cu k thutp.
o d|ng b tng. Khng dng
n|c thi ca cc nh my, n|c bn t h thng thot n|c sinh hot, n|c ao h
cha nhiu bn, n|c ln du m trn v bo d|ng b tng.

5.6.1.

tit kim xi mng hoc ci thin cc c tnh k thut ca hn hp b tng v

b tng, c th dng cc loi ph gia thch hp trong qu trnh ch to b tng.
Vic s dng ph gia phi m bo:
a) To ra hn hp b tng c tnh nng ph hp vi cng ngh thi cng;
b) Khng gy nh h|ng n tin thi cng v khng tc hi ti yu cu s
dng ca cng trnh sau ny;

5.6.2.

Cc loi ph gia s dng phi c chng ch k thut |c cc c quan qun l Nh

n|c cng nhn. Vic s dng ph gia cn tun theo ch dn ca ni sn xut.
Cc cht n vo b tng phi m bo khng nh h|ng n tui th ca b tng v
khng gy n mn ct thp.
Khi s dng cc cht n phi thng qua th nghim c c s kinh t k thut,
Ch thch:
1) Cht n l nhng cht khong mn c th thm vo b tng ci thin mt s

tnh

2) C hai loi cht n: cht n dng tr v cht n c hot tnh (bt x qung tro nhit
in, bn puzlane).
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6. Thi cng b tng

6.1. Chn thnh phn b tng (bt buc p dng).

6.1.2.

trnh hoc tng b phn cng trnh, trn c s quy nh mc b tng ca thit k
thnh phn b tng |c chn nh| sau:
a) i vi b tng mc 100 c th s dng bng tnh sn ghi ph lc C;
b) i vi b tng mc 150 tr ln th thnh phn vt liu trong b tng phi |c
thit k thng qua phng th nghim (tnh ton v c mu th nghim).
Thit k thnh phn b tng
thc hin. Khi thit k thnh phn b tng phi m bo cc nguyn tc:
a) S dng ng cc vt liu s dng thi cng;
cng trnh, hm l|ng ct thp, ph|ng php vn chuyn, iu kin thi tit.
Khi chn st ca hn hp b tng thit k cn tnh ti s tn tht st
trong thi gian l|u gi v vn chuyn. st ca hn hp b tng ti v tr

Bng 11 - st v cng ca hn hp b tng ti v tr

Loi v tnh cht ca kt cu

st
m my m tay

bng
- Mt |ng v |ng bng, nn nh, kt cu khi ln khng
hoc t ct thp (t|ng chn, mng block e.)
- Kt cu khi ln c tit din ln hoc trung bnh
- Kt cu b tng ct thp c mt ct thp dy c, t|ng
mng, phu sil, ct, dm v bn tit din be cc kt cu
- Cc kt cu bng b tng bm

6.1.3.

6.1.4.
6.2.

Ch s
cng
S

0 r 20

20 r 40

35 r 25

50 r 80

80 r 120

12 r 10

120 - 200

Hiu chnh thnh phn b tng ti hin tr|ng.

Vic hiu chnh thnh phn b tng ti hin tr|ng |c tin hnh theo nguyn tc
khng lm thay i t l N/X ca thnh phn b tng thit k.
Khi ct liu m cn gim bt l|ng n|c trn, gi nguyn st yu cu.
ng thi thm n|c v xi mng gi nguyn t l N/X.
Tu thuc quy m v mc ca cng trnh m xc nh cc loi h s th nghim
Ch to hn hp b tng
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6.2.1.

Xi mng, ct, dm hoc si v cc cht ph gia lng ch to hn hp b tng

|c cn theo khi l|ng. N|c v cht ph gia cn ong theo th tch. Sai s cho

6.2.2.

Ct ra xong, kh ro mi tin hnh cn ong nhm gim l|ng n|c ngm

trong ct.
chnh xc ca thit b cn ong phi kim tra tr|c mi t b tng. Trong

6.2.3.
6.2.4.

Hn hp b tng cn |c trn bng my. Ch khi no khi l|ng t mi trn bng

tay.
Bng 12 r Sai lch cho php khi cn ong thnh phn ca b tng

theo khi l|ng

Xi mng v ph gia dng bt
Ct, dm, hoc si

1
3

trong ct liu m.

6.2.5.

Trnh t vt liu vo my trn cn theo quy nh sau:

a) Tr|c ht 15% - 20% l|ng n|c, sau xi mng v ct liu cng mt
n tc phn n|c cn li;
b) Khi dng ph gia th vic trn ph gia phi thc hin theo ch dn ca ng|i
sn xut ph gia.
dng trn. Trong tr|ng hp khng c cc thng s k thut chun xc th thi
gian t nht trn u mt m b tng my trn c th ly theo cc tr s ghi
bng 13.
Bng 13 - Thi gian trn hn hp b tng (pht)

6.2.7.

(mm)

D|i 500

T 500 n 1000

Trn 1000

Nh hn 10

2,0

2,5

3,0

trn 50

1,0

1,5

2,0

Trong qu trnh trn trnh hn hp bm dnh vo thng trn, c sau 2 gii lm

vic cn vo thng trn ton b ct liu ln v n|c ca mt m trn v quay
18

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tcvn 4453 : 1995

my trn khong 5 pht, sau cho ct v xi mng vo trn tip theo thi gian
quy nh.
Tr|c khi trn cn t|i m sn trn chng ht n|c t hn hp b tng. Th t
trn hn hp bng th cng nh| sau: Trn u ct v xi mng, sau cho v trn
u thnh hn hp kh, cui cng cho n|c v trn u cho n khi |c hn hp
6.3. Vn chuyn hn hp b tng.
6.3.1. Vic vn chuyn hn hp b tng t ni trn n ni cn m bo cc yu cu:
tng, b chy n|c xi mng v b mt n|c do gi nng.
b) S dng thit b, nhn lc hn hp v ph|ng tin vn chuyn cn b tr ph
hp vi khi l|ng, tc trn, v m b tng;
xc nh bng th nghim trn c s iu kin thi tit, loi xi mng v loi
ph gia s dng. Nu khng c cc s liu th nghim c th tham kho cc tr
s ghi bng 14.
Bng 14 - Thi gian l|u hn hp b tng khng c ph gia

6.3.2.
6.3.3.
6.3.4.

6.3.5.

Nhit (0C)

Thi gian vn chuyn cho php, pht

Ln hn 30
20 r 30

30
45

5 r 10

90

Vn chuyn hn hp b tng bng th cng ch p dng vi c ly khng xa qu

200m. Nu hn hp b tng b phn tng cn trn li tr|c khi vo cp pha.
Khi dng thng treo vn chuyn hn hp b tng th hn hp b tng vo
thng treo khng v|t qu 90 r 95% dung tch ca thng.
Vn chuyn hn hp b tng bng t hoc thit b chuyn dng cn m bo cc
quy nh ca iu 6.3.1. v cc yu cu sau:
;
b) Nu vn chuyn bng thit b chuyn dng va i va trn th cng ngh vn
chuyn |c xc nh theo cc thng s k thut ca thit b s dng.
Khi dng my bm b tng vn chuyn phi m bo cc yu cu sau:
a) Thnh phn v st ca hn hp b tng cn |c th nghim v bm th
nhm m bo cht l|ng b tng v iu kin thi cng, ng thi ph hp vi
b) Khi thi cng trong thi tit nng, mt ngoi ng cn che ph hoc sn trng
hn ch bc x mt tri lm nng b tng.
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6.3.6.

tcvn 4453 : 1995

Khi vn chuyn hn hp b tng bng bng chuyn phi m bo cc yu cu d|i

y:
chuyn cao su. Bng chuyn dng phng ch s dng khi chiu di |ng vn
chuyn d|i 200m;
b) Gc nghing ca bng chuyn khng v|t qu cc tr s bng 15. Mt bng
c) Tc vn chuyn ca bng chuyn khng v|t qu 1m/s. Tc vn chuyn
ca cc bng chuyn trong h thng khng chnh lch nhau qu 0,1m/s;
b tng |c ri u v lin tc trn bng chuyn. Chiu dy ca lp b tng
trn bng chuyn ph thuc vo sc chu ti cho php ca tng loi bng
chuyn;
chuyn vo cp pha cn thc hin qua ng phu h|ng hn hp b tng
ri thng ng.
Bng 15 r Gc nghing gii hn ca bng chuyn ().
st

Khi vn chuyn b tng

(mm)

ln cao

Nh hn 40
40 r 80

15
15

Khi vn chuyn b tng

12
10

6.4. v m b tng
6.4.1. Vic b tng phi m bo cc yu cu:
v ct thp.
b) Khng dng m di dch chuyn ngang b tng trong cp pha;

6.4.2.

quy nh ca thit k.
trnh s phn tng, chiu cao ri t do ca hn hp b tng khi khng v|t
qu 1,5m.
ng vi voi. Nu chiu cao ri trn 10m phi dng ng vi voi c thit b chn
ng.

6.4.4.

0,25m trn 1m chiu cao, trong mi tr|ng hp phi m bo on ng d|i cng

thng ng.
Khi dng mng nghing th mng phi kn v nhn. Chiu rng ca mng khng
m bo hn hp b tng khng b tc, khng tr|t nhanh sinh ra hin t|ng
phn tng. Cui mng cn t phu thng ng h|ng hn hp b tng ri
20

Tiu chun vit nam

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thng ng vo v tr v th|ng xuyn v sinh sch va xi mng trong lng

mng nghing.
a) Gim st cht ch hin trng cp pha gio v ct thp trong qu trnh thi
cng x l kp thi nu c s c xy ra;
b) Mc y hn hp b tng vo cp pha phi ph hp vi s liu tnh ton
c) nhng v tr m cu to ct thp v cp pha khng cho php m my mi
m th cng;
hp ngng b tng qu thi gian quy nh (bng 18) phi i n khi b
tng t 25 daN/cm2 mi |c b tng, tr|c khi li b tng phi x l
lm nhm mt. b tng vo ban m v khi c s|ng m phi m bo
6.4.6.

Chiu dy mi lp b tng phi cn c vo nng lc trn, c| li vn chuyn, kh

nng m, tnh cht ca kt cu v iu kin thi tit quyt nh, nh|ng khng
v|t qu cc tr s ghi trong bng 16.
Bng 16 - Chiu dy lp b tng
Ph|ng php m

m di
m mt: (m bn)
- Kt cu khng c ct thp v kt cu c ct thp
n
- Kt cu c ct thp kp
m th cng

Chiu dy cho php mi lp b tng,

cm
1,25 chiu di phn cng tc ca m

20
12
20

Khi b tng mng cn m bo cc quy nh ca iu 6.4.1. B tng mng ch

|c ln lp m sch trn nn t cng.
Ct c chiu cao nh hn 5m v t|ng c chiu cao hn 3m th nn lin tc.
Ct c kch th|c cnh nh hn 40cm, t|ng c chiu dy nh hn 15cm v cc
ct c tit din bt k nh|ng c ai ct thp chng cho th nn b tng lin tc
Ct cao hn 5m v t|ng cao hn 3m nn chia lm nhiu t b tng, nh|ng
phi bo m v tr v cu to mch ngng thi cng hp l.
Kt cu khung nn b tng lin tc, ch khi cn thit mi cu to mch ngng,
nh|ng phi theo quy nh ca iu 6.6.4.
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6.4.10. b tng dm, bn.

Khi cn lin tc b tng dm, bn ton khi vi ct hay t|ng, tr|c ht
ngt ban u, mi tip tc b tng dm v bn. Tr|ng hp khng cn b
tng lin tc th mch ngng thi cng ct v t|ng t cch mt d|i ca dm v
bn t 2cm r 3cm.
cc kt cu t|ng t c kch th|c ln (chiu cao ln hn 80cm) c th ring
tng phn nh|ng phi b tr mch ngng thi cng thch hp theo quy nh ca iu
6.6.5.
6.4.11.
Cc kt cu vm phi b tng ng thi t hai bn chn vm n nh vm,
khng bn thp bn cao. Nu c mch ngng thi cng th mt phng ca mch
Vm c khu d|i 10m nn b tng lin tc t chn vm n nh vm.
Vm c khu ln hn 10m th c 2m r 3m c mt mch ngng vung gc vi
trc cong ca vm, rng 0,6m r 0,8m. Cc mch ngng ny |c chn lp bng b
6.4.12. b tng t|ng trn c xy vm ca t|ng hm phi m bo cc quy nh
sau:
40c th dng li, b tng c thi gian co ngt v sau thi cng vm.
b) Phn b tng tip gip gia t|ng v chn vm cn |c x l m bo yu
cu theo quy nh ca thit k.
6.4.13.
ng bng sn bay phi m bo cc yu cu
sau:
a) b tng lin tc ht ton b chiu dy mi lp b tng;
nh th khe co gin nhit m |c t theo hai chiu vung gc cch nhau 4m
r 6m, chiu rng khe 1cm r 2cm v c chiu cao bng chiu dy kt cu;
c) Thi gian ngng b tng gia hai lp phi ph hp vi iu 6.8.2.
6.4.14. m b tng.
Vic m b tng phi m bo cc yu cu sau:
a) C th dng cc loi m khc nhau, nh|ng phi m bo sao cho sau khi m
b) Thi gian m ti mi v tr phi m bo cho b tng |c m k. Du hin
nhn bit b tng |c m k l va xi mng ni ln b mt v b kh
c) Khi s dng m di, b|c di chuyn ca m khng v|t qu 1,5 bn knh
tc dng ca m v phi cm su vo lp b tng tr|c 10cm;
d) Khi cn m li b tng th thi im m thch hp l 1,5 gi - 2 gi sau khi
mt ln nh| sn mi, sn bi, mt |ng t e. khng m li cho b tng
khi ln.
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6.5. Bo d|ng b tng (bt buc p dng)

6.5.1. Sau khi b tng phi |c bo d|ng trong iu kin c m v nhit cn

6.5.2.

b tng.
Bn d|ng m
Bo d|ng m l qu trnh gi cho b tng c m cn thit ninh kt v
TCVN 5592 : 1991 oB tng nng r yu cu bo d|ng m t nhin)p.
Thi gian bo d|ng m cn thit khng |c nh hn cc tr s ghi trong bng
nh| rung ng, lc xung kch, ti trng v cc tc ng c kh nng gy h| hi
khc.

Vng kh hu
tng

Vng A

Vng B

Kh
M|a
Kh
M|a

Vng C

IV r IX
X r III
II r VII
VIII r I
XII r IV
V r XI

50 r 55
40 r 50
55 r 60
35 r 40
70
30

3
4
4
2
6
1

Rth BD r C|ng bo d|ng ti hn;

Tct BD - thi gian bo cn thit
Vng B (Pha ng Tr|ng Sn v t Din Chu n Thun Hi)
Vng C (Ty Nguyn v Nam B)
6.6.1.

Yu cu chung
Mch ngng thi cng phi t v tr m lc ct v mmen un t|ng i nh,

6.6.2.

Mch ngng thi cng nm ngang:

- Mch ngng thi cng nm ngang nn t v tr bng chiu cao cp pha.
- Tr|c khi b tng mi, b mt b tng c cn |c x l, lm nhm, lm
o lp b tng mi bm cht vo lp b
tng c, m bo tnh lin khi ca kt cu.
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Tiu chun vit nam

6.6.3.

tcvn 4453 : 1995

Mch ngng thng ng.

Mch ngng thi cng theo chiu thng ng hoc theo chiu nghing nn cu to
Tr|c khi lp b tng mi cn t|i n|c lm m b mt b tng c, lm nhm
b mt, ra sch v trong khi phi m k m bo tnh lin khi ca kt
cu.
Mch ngng ct nn t cc v tr sau:
a) mt trn ca mng
b)

6.6.5.
6.6.6.

6.6.8.

6.7.1.

mt d|i ca dm, x hay d|i cng xn dm cn trc.

c) mt trn ca dm cn trc.
Dm c kch th|c ln v lin khi vi bn th mch ngng thi cng b tr cch
Khi b tng sn phng th mch ngng thi cng c th t bt k v tr no
nh|ng phi song song vi cnh ngn nht ca sn.
ngng thi cng b tr trong khong 1/3 on gia ca nhp dm.
Khi b tng theo h|ng song song vi dm chnh th mch ngng thi cng b
tr trong hai khong gia ca nhp dm v sn (mi khong di 1/4 nhp).
cha, cng trnh thu li, cu v cc b
phn phc tp ca cng trnh, mch ngng thi cng phi thc hin theo quy nh
ca thit k.
Cc mi v sn c lp b tng chng thm n|c u phi |c thi cng ng theo
yu cu ca TCVN 5718 : 1993 oMi bng v sn b tng ct thp trong cng
trnh xy dng r Yu cu chng thm n|cp.

thng gc. i vi mi khng c lp chng nng, khe co gin phi t cch nhau
6m r 9m. i vi mi c lp chng nng m bo yu cu k thut, khong cch
khe co gin khng v|t qu 18m.
6.8. Thi cng b tng khi ln
6.8.1. Cc kt cu b tng v b tng ct thp |c gi l khi ln khi kch th|c cnh
nh nht khng d|i 2,5m v chiu dy ln hn 0,8m.
chnh lch nhit gia mt ngoi v trong lng khi b tng trong qu trnh
ng rn.
Ch thch: Cc bin php khng ch nhit phi thc hin theo cc ch dn ca thit
k. Tr|ng hp thit k khng ch dn c th hn ch bt ng sut nhit bng cc bin
php sau:

a) Dng ph gia ha do gim l|ng xi mng

c) Dng ph gia chm ng kt;
24

Tiu chun vit nam

tcvn 4453 : 1995

d) Lm lnh ct liu v trn b tng bng n|c nhit thp;

e) t cc |ng ng dn nhit t trong lng b tng ra ngoi bng n|c lnh;
g) Che ph quanh khi b tng bng vt liu cch nhit gi ng u nhit
trong khi b tng;

6.8.2.

chia khi cn xc nh c th c tnh n iu kin thi cng, vt liu b

tng, iu kin thi tit v c im kt cu.
Khi thi cng b tng khi ln phi thc hin nhng quy nh sau:
khi phi |c nh xm m bo tnh lin khi;
b) Vic b tng khp kn cc khi chn |c thc hin sau khi cc khi
chc thi cng;
c) i vi mng chu ti trng ng nn b tng lin tc, khng c mch
ngng thi cng. Tr|ng hp cn c mch ngng ph hp vi iu kin thi
d) B tng phi lin tc thnh nhiu lp c chiu dy u nhau, ph hp vi
c tr|ng ca my m s dng v theo mt ph|ng nht nh cho tt c
cc lp.
hin khi c thit k thi cng v cc ch dn v cng ngh b tng bc
thang;
phi qua th nghim, cn c vo nhit mi tr|ng, iu kin thi tit, tnh
cht ca xi mng s dng v cc nhn t khc quyt nh.
Ch thch:

2)

khng c iu kin th nghim.

Nu thi gian tm ngng v|t qu thi gian quy nh trong bng 18 th phi x l b
mt b tng.

Bng 18 - Thi gian ngng cho php khi b tng khng c ph gia (pht)
Nhit trong khi
khi b tng, C

Poclng

Xi mng Poclng r X xi
mng Puzolan

Ln hn 30

60

90

10 r 20

135

180

Xi mng

Khi x l cn thc hin nh| sau:

25

Tiu chun vit nam

-

tcvn 4453 : 1995

C|ng ca lp b tng bn d|i ch|a t n 25daN/cm2 th khng |c lm

cng tc chun b trn mt lp b tng khc;

6.8.4.

st lm nhm mt b tng;
Tr|c khi b tng lp trn, mt b tng x l phi v sinh sch, ht kh n|c
v ri mt lp va xi mng ct vng dy 2cm r 3cm.
xem xt kh nng khng ch vt nt v nhit. Trnh tho cp pha khi c s chnh
lch nhit gia khi b tng v nhit mi tr|ng. Khng tho cp pha khi c
lung gi lnh. Khi nhit trong lng b tng v nhit mi tr|ng chnh lch
nhau qu 15 C r 20
pha.
Nhng kt cu khi ln khng c ct thp hoc c t ct thp c th n thm
l|ng theo yu cu thit k.
Khi thi cng b tng c n thm hc cn m bo cc quy nh sau:
a) Kch th|c cnh nh nht ca kt cu khi ln |c n hc phi ln hn
Kch th|c ln nht ca hc khng |c ln hn 1/3 kch th|c nh nht
ca khi . c dng thoi dt khng |c s dng. C|ng ca hc
b) hc |c xp th|a cch u trong khi b tng theo mi pha vi khong
cch khng nh hn 30cm. B tng nm trong vng chu ko khng |c n
thm hc;

6.8.5.

hc thch hp, sao cho hc c nhit t|ng |ng vi nhit ca hn

hp b tng ngay sau khi trn.
Bo d|ng b tng khi ln
Nhim v ch yu ca vic bo d|ng b tng khi ln l khng ch s chnh lch
nhit gia b mt b tng v trong lng khi b tng nhm hn ch vt nt v
nhit. Vic bo d|ng ny phi cn c vo iu kin thc t m p dng cc bin
a) Dn nhit t trong lng khi b tng ra ngoi bng |ng ng vi n|c c
nhit thp hoc bng khng kh lnh;
b) Bao ph b mt b tng gi cho nhit ca khi b tng |c ng u t

6.9.

6.9.2.

c) Khng tho d cp pha tr|c by ngy.

Thi cng b tng trong thi tit nng v trong ma m|a.
cao hn 300C. Cn p dng cc bin php phng nga v x l thch hp i vi
vt liu, qu trnh trn, , m v bo d|ng b tng khng lm tn hi n
cht l|ng b tng do nhit cao ca mi tr|ng gy ra.
Nhit ca hn hp b tng t my trn nn khng ch khng ln hn 300C v
khi khng ln hn 350C.
26

Tiu chun vit nam

6.9.3.

tcvn 4453 : 1995

Vic khng ch nhit hn hp b tng c th cn c vo iu kin thc t p

dng nh| sau:
trn v bo d|ng b tng;
b) Thit b, ph|ng tin thi cng, bi ct , ni trn v ni b tng cn |c
che nng;
c)
d) Dng ph gia ha do c c tnh ph hp vi mi tr|ng nhit cao;
e) b tng vo ban m hoc sng sm v khng nn thi cng b tng vo
0

6.9.4.
6.9.5.

Khi thi cng b tng khi ln trong thi tit nng phi m bo cc quy nh ca
phn 6.8.
cn m bo cc
a) Phi c cc bin php tiu thot n|c cho bi ct, , |ng vn chuyn, ni
trn v ni b tng;
b) Tng c|ng cng tc th nghim xc nh m ca ct liu kp thi iu
thnh phn chn;
c) Cn c mi che chn trn khi khi tin hnh thi cng b tng d|i tri m|a.

6.10.1. Qu trnh thi cng b tng bng cp pha tr|t |c thc hin theo nhng quy nh
sau:
b tng to chn tr|c khi tr|t vi chiu cao 70cm r 80cm, chia lm hai lp
-

Lp th nht |c vo cp pha vi chiu cao 35cm r 40cm;

Lp th hai |c tip theo, khi lp th nht |c v m xong trn

Sau b|c nng u tin, qu trnh v tr|t |c thc hin lin tc. Lc ny mi
lp b tng |c vi chiu cao ph hp vi cc bin php thi cng.
6.10.2. Vic nng cp pha theo chu k |c thc hin theo tc tr|t xc nh trong
nh|ng phi m bo khi tr|t l b tng th c|ng b
tng t t 15N/cm2 r 25N/cm2.
6.10.3. Kim tra thng bng ca sn thao tc, sai s tim trc v thng ng ca cp
m bo yu cu k thut.
6.10.4. B mt b tng cn |c gi m theo ch bo d|ng ca TCVN 5592 : 1991.
6.11. Hon thin b mt b tng.
6.11.1. Trong mi tr|ng hp, b mt b tng phi |c hon thin tha mn yu cu v
cht l|ng, phng v ng u v mu sc theo quy nh ca thit k.
Vic hon thin b mt b tng |c chia lm 2 cp:
b) Hon thin cp cao.
27

Tiu chun vit nam

tcvn 4453 : 1995

6.11.2. Hon thin thng th|ng:

Sau khi tho cp pha, b mt b tng phi |c sa cha cc khuyt tt v hon
mt b tng khi o p st bng th|c 2m khng v|t qu 7mm.
6.11.3. Hon thin cp cao i hi phng nhn khi kim tra bng th|c 2m, g gh
khng v|t qu 5mm v phi m bo ng u v mu sc.
1) Trng thi b mt b tng |c hon thin y l nhng kt cu m b mt b tng
khng tri hoc khng bao ph b mt.
php khc nhau tu theo mc khuyt tt v tnh cht kt cu. Khi sa cha cc
khuyt tt nh| r, x|c, h thp, nt e. c th thc hin theo cc ph|ng php
truyn thng (trt, v, phun va xi mng, c ty v xoa nhn b mte.). Khi to
b mt.
3) Cc b mt hon thin cp cao th|ng |c thc hin theo ph|ng php xoa mi
bng my hoc bng th cng tu theo quy m, din tch b mt kt cu v theo quy

7. Kim tra v nghim thu.

7.1. Kim tra
7.1.1.
cp pha gio, ct thp, ch to hn hp b tng v dung sai ca cc kt cu
trong cng trnh.
7.1.2. Kim tra cp pha gio |c thc hin theo cc yu cu ghi bng 1.
7.1.4.

Kim tra cht l|ng b tng bao gm vic kim tra vt liu, thit b, quy trnh sn
xut, cc tnh cht ca hn hp b tng ng cng. Cc yu cu kim tra ny

7.1.5.

st ca hn hp b tng |c kim tra ti hin tr|ng theo cc quy nh sau:

a) i vi b tng trn ti hin tr|ng cn kim tra ngay sau khi trn m b tng
u tin.
b)
n b tng (b t
kim tra mi ln giao hng ti ni b tng.
c) Khi trn b tng trong iu kin thi tit v m vt liu n nh th kim tra
d) Khi c s thay i chng loi v m vt liu cng nh| khi thay i thnh

phn cp phi b tng th phi kim tra ngay m trn u tin, sau kim tra
thm t nht mt ln trong mt ca.

7.1.7.

m theo TCVN 3105 : 1993.

Cc mu th nghim xc nh c|ng b tng |c ly theo tng t, mi t gm
3105 : 1993. Kch th|c vin mu chun 150mm x 150mm. S l|ng t mu |c
quy nh theo khi l|ng nh| sau:
28

Tiu chun vit nam

tcvn 4453 : 1995

a) i vi b tng khi ln c 500m3 ly mt t mu khi khi l|ng b tng

trong mt khi ln hn 1000m3 v c 250m3 ly mt t mu khi khi l|ng
t khi d|i 1000m3;
b) i vi cc mng ln, c 100m3 b tng ly mt t mu nh|ng khng t hn
mt t mu cho mt khi mng;
c) i vi b tng mng b my c khi ln hn 50m3 ly mt t mu nh|ng
d) i vi khung v cc kt cu mng (ct, dm, bn, vme) c 20m3 b tng
ly mt t mue;
kt cu n chic c khi
vn ly mt t mu;
f) i vi b tng nn, mt |ng (|ng t, |ng bnge) c 200m3 b tng
ly mt t mu nh|ng nu khi l|ng b tng t hn 200m3 vn phi ly mt t

7.1.8.

g) kim tra tnh chng thm n|c ca b tng, c 500m3 ly mt t mu

nh|ng nu khi l|ng b tng t hn vn phi ly mt t mu.
trnh sau khi kim tra tu
c ti hin tr|ng |c coi l t yu cu thit k khi gi tr trung bnh ca tng
t mu khng |c nh hn mc thit k v khng c mu no trong cc t mu
c c|ng d|i 85% mc thit k.
Bng 19 r Cc yu cu kim tra cht l|ng b tng

tra

tra

1. Vt liu
Xem phiu giao hng
Xi mng

ph hp vi n t Mi ln giao hng
hng
Th nghim xc nh Ph hp vi TCVN Theo iu 4.2.4.
2682 : 1992
theo TCVN 4029 :
1985
Xc nh bn Ph hp vi TCVN - Ln giao hng u
bn ca ct liu theo TCVN 1770 : 1986 - Khi c nghi ng
tiu chun hin hnh
(ct)
- Khi thay i ct liu
Xem phiu giao hng Ph hp vi n t Mi ln giao hng

Ph gia v cht n

N|c

Th nghim mu b
tng c ph gia (hoc
cht n)
Th nghim phn tch
ha hc

Ph hp vi yu cu k Khi c nghi ng
thut
N|c khng c cc cht Khi khng dng n|c
c hi, ph hp vi sinh hot cng cng.
29

Tiu chun vit nam

tcvn 4453 : 1995

TCVN 4506 : 1987

My trn n chic
H thng trm trn

Cc thng s k thut

Thit b cn ong
xi mng
Thit b cn ong Cc thng s k thut

Khi c nghi ng, khi

thay i ngun n|c

Khng c s c khi vn Tr|c khi s dng sau

hnh
theo nh k

m bo chnh xc Tr|c khi s dng, sau

Thit b cn ng
phu gia cht n
Thit b v dng c
Thit b dng c kim tra thch hp
th st
Thit b vn chuyn Cc thng s k thut
v my m b
tng

theo quy nh
Khng c s c khi s Tr|c khi s dng sau
dng
theo nh k.

3. Hn hp b tng trn trn cng tr|ng

TCVN 3106 : 1993

theo quy nh ca iu
7.1.5.
ng nht ca So snh cc mu th nh gi s ng Khi c nghi ng

chng
n|c

nh

khc nhau
tng
thm Th nghim theo So snh vi chng Theo quy nh ca
TCVN 3116 : 1993
thm n|c quy nh
thit k

3118 : 1993
ko quy nh
iu 7.1.7.
C|ng ko khi Th mu theo TCVN So snh vi c|ng - Khi cn thit
un
3119 : 1993
ko quy nh
4. Hn hp b tng trn sn s dng trn cng tr|ng
Hn hp b tng

Bng mt

So snh vi trng thi Mi ln giao hng

thng th|ng

3118 : 1993
nn quy nh
iu 7.1.7.
C|ng ko khi Th mu theo TCVN So snh vi c|ng - Khi cn thit
un
3119 : 1993
ko quy nh
5. Qu trnh trn, to hnh v bo d|ng
- T l pha trn vt Bng thit b o l|ng - m bo t l trn
liu
(ti ni trn)
theo quy nh.
- t l N/X
Ln trn u tin sau
Quy trnh trn
o l|ng vt liu, thi m bo chnh xc theo thi gian thch
30

Tiu chun vit nam

tcvn 4453 : 1995

theo bng 12, m bo hp

thi gian trn theo quy
nh.
Vn chuyn hn nh gi st v Hn hp b tng khng Mi ln vn chuyn
hp b tng
ng nht (ti ni b phn tng, m bo
b tng)
st quy nh
gian trn

thut theo 6.4.

B tng |c m cht
theo iu 6.4.14
Mi ln m b tng

Bng mt
m b tng

nh
Bng 19 r (Kt thc)
1
Bo d|ng b tng

2
Bng mt

3
4
Ph hp vi TCVN Mi kt cu
5592 : 1991
Tho d cp pha Thi gian v c|ng Ph hp vi iu 3.6.2 Mi kt cu

Cc khuyt tt

pha gio
Bng mt

B mt kt cu
ng nht

Bng mt
Theo 20 TCN 17 :
1989
Dng sng bt ny va
C|ng nn ca siu m theo 20 TCN
171 : 1989
b tng

|c sa cha m bo Mi kt cu
theo yu cu k thut
Khng c cc khuyt tt Mi kt cu
Xc nh ng nht - Khi c nghi ng
So snh vi c|ng - Khi th mu khng
nn quy nh
t c|ng

cu

o thch hp

bng 20

- S l|ng mu th
khng theo quy
nh

7.2. Nghim th:

7.2.1. Cng tc nghim thu |c tin hnh ti hin tr|ng v phi c y cc h s
sau:
b) Cht l|ng b tng (thng qua kt qu th mu v quan st bng mt ti hin
tr|ng);
vi thit k;
d) Bn v hon cng ca tng loi kt cu;
31

Tiu chun vit nam

tcvn 4453 : 1995

e) Cc bn v cho php thay i cc chi tit v cc b phn trong thit k;

f) Cc kt qu kim tra c|ng b tng trn cc mu th v cc kt qu kim
g) Cc bin bn nghim thu ct thp, cp pha tr|c khi b tng;
h) Cc bin bn nghim thu nn mng;

7.2.2.

j) S nht k thi cng.

Dung sai cho php.
thp ton khi so vi thit k, khng v|t qu cc tr s ghi trong bng 20. Cc sai
lch ny |c xc nh theo cc ph|ng php o c bng cc thit b v dng c
chuyn dng.
Bng 20 r Cc sai lch cho php khi thi cng cc kt cu b tng
v b tng ct thp ton khi.
Tn cc sai lch

Mc cho php, mm

1. lch ca cc mt phng v cc |ng ct nhau ca cc mt

phng so vi |ng thng ng hoc so vi nghing thit
a) Trn 1m chiu cao kt cu;
b) Trn ton b chiu cao kt cu;
- T|ng trong cp pha c nh v ct lin vi sn
- Kt cu khung ct
- Cc kt cu thi cng bng cp pha tr|t hoc cp pha leo

5
20
15
10
1/500 chiu cao cng trnh
100mm.

1. lch ca mt b tng so vi mt phng ngang;

a)
Tnh cho 1m mt phng v bt c h|ng no
2. Sai lch trc ca mt phng b tng trn cng, so vi thit k
khi kim tra bng th|c di 2m p st mt b tng.
3.
4. Sai lch tit din ngang ca cc b phn kt cu
5. Sai lch v tr v cao ca cc chi tit lm gi ta cho cc
kt cu thp hoc kt cu b tng ct thp lp ghp

8
8
5

32

Tiu chun vit nam

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Ph lc A
S liu thit k cp pha gio cho cc kt cu b tng

A.1.

Khi thit k cp pha gio phi tnh ton vi cc tr s ti trng tiu chun sau y:
a) Khi l|ng th thc ca cp pha gio xc nh theo bn v thit k. Khi
l|ng th tch ca g kh phn loi theo TCVN 1072 : 1971 nh| sau:
3

- Nhm IV t 550kg/m3 n 610kg/m3

- Nhm V t 500kg/m3 n 540kg/m2.
3
- Nhm VI
b) Khi l|ng n v th tch ca b tng nng thng th|ng tnh bng 2500kg/m3.
- i vi cc loi b tng khc tnh theo khi l|ng thc t.
c) Khi l|ng ca ct thp, ly theo thit k, tr|ng hp khng c khi l|ng c th
d) Ti trng do ng|i v dng c thi cng:
- Khi tnh ton cp pha sn v vm th ly 250daN/m2.
;
2

- Khi tnh ton ct chng cc kt cu ly 100daN/m .

Ch thch:
dng c thi cng l 130daN do xe ci tin ch y b tng l 350daN;
2. Nu chiu rng ca cc kt cu cp pha ghp li vi nhau nh hn 15mm th lc tp
trung ni trn |c phn u cho hai tm k nhau.

e- Ti trng do m ru
.
A.1.2. Ti trng ngang.
a) Ti trng gi ly theo TCVN 2336 : 1990 i vi thi cng ly 50% ti trng gi
b) p lc ngang ca b tng mi vo cp pha xc nh theo bng A.1.
c) Ti trng do chn ng pht sinh khi b tng vo cp pha ca kt cu xc

Bng A.1 r p lc ngang ca hn hp b tng mi

Ph|ng php m

1. m di
2. m ngoi

Cng thc tnh ton p lc

ngang ti a, daN/m2
P=.H
P = (0,27V + 0,78)k1.k2
P= .H

Gii hn s dng cng thc

H
V
V

0,5 khi H
4,5 khi H

4
2R1
33

Tiu chun vit nam

tcvn 4453 : 1995

P = (0,27V + 0,78)k1.k2

4,5 khi H

2m

Cc k hiu trong bng ny:

P r p lc ngang ti a ca hn hp b tng tnh bng daN/m2;
H - chiu co mi lp hn hp b tng tnh bng m;
V - tc hn hp b tng tnh bng m/h;
1

v m ngoi R1 = 1,0m;
k1 - h s tnh n nh h|ng st ca hn hp b tng.
-

i vi b tng c st 4cm r 6cm th k1 = 1,0.

- i vi b tng c st 8cm r 12cm th k1 = 1,2;
k2 - h s k n nh h|ng nhit ca hn hp b tng
- Vi nhit 80C, k2 = 1,15;
- Vi nhit 80C r 110C, k2 = 1,1;
- Vi nhit 120C r 170C, k2 = 1,0;
- Vi nhit 180C r 270C, k2 = 0,95;
- Vi nhit 280C r 320C, k2 = 0,9;
- Vi nhit t trn 330C, k2 = 0,85;
-

Bng A.2 - Ti trng ng khi b tng vo cp pha

(daN/m2)
bng my v ng vi voi hoc trc

400

trc tip t cc thng c:

Dung tch nh hn 0,2m3
Dung tch 0,2m3 r 0,8m3
Dung tch ln hn 0,8m3

200
400
600

A.2.

Khi tnh ton cc b phn ca cp pha theo kh nng chu lc, cc ti trng tiu
chun nu trong A.1 phi |c nhn vi h s v|t ti quy nh trong bng A.3.

34

Tiu chun vit nam

tcvn 4453 : 1995

Bng A.3

1.
2.

Khi l|ng th tch ca cp pha gio

Khi l|ng th tch ca b tng v ct thp

1,1
1,2

4.
5.
6.
pha

Ti trng o m chn ng
p lc ngang ca b tng

1,3
1,3
1,3

Khi xt n ti trng tm thi ca cc ti trng hu ch v ti trng gi, tt c cc

Khi tnh ton cc b phn ca cp pha gio v mt bin dng, cc ti trng

khng |c nhn vi h s qu ti.

cc tr s sau:
a) i vi cp pha ca b mt l ra ngoi ca cc kt cu: 1/400 nhp ca b phn
cp pha;
pha;
c) vng n hi hoc ln ca g chng ct pha: 1/1000 nhp t do ca kt cu
A.4.

Tnh ton n nh chng lt ca cp pha v gio phi xt n tc ng ng thi

ca ti trng gi v khi l|ng bn thn. Nu cp pha |c lp lin vi ct thp th
phi tnh c khi l|ng ct thp, h s v|t ti i vi ti trng gi ly bng 1,2 v
Ngoi ra, h s an ton v n nh chng lt khng |c nh hn 1,25.

Ct thp ca cc kt cu b tng ct thp

B.1.1.

B.1.2.

Ct thp trong cc kt cu b tng ct thp |c phn loi nh| sau:

a) Theo cng ngh ch to: Thp cn nng v thp cn ngui;
thp trong kt cu b tng ng sut tr|c;
c) Theo hnh dng: Ct thp trn v ct thp c g;
Tnh cht c hc ca ct thp |c c tr|ng bng tr s gii hn chy, c|ng

35

Tiu chun vit nam

B.1.3.

tcvn 4453 : 1995

Mt s loi thp dng trong kt cu b tng ct thp sn xut trong n|c v n|c
ngoi bng sau:
Bng B.1 r Tnh cht c hc ca thp Vit Nam
theo tiu chun TCVN 1651 : 1985.

Nhm
thp

ct |ng knh Gii

hn C|ng dn di Th nghim un
ct thp, mm chy
cc
hn t|ng i, ngui c- dy
2
daN/cm
daN/cm2
%
trc
un
dthp
Khng nh hn

CI
CII
CIII
CIV

6-10
10-40
6-40
10-32

2200
3000
4000
6000

3800
5000
6000
9000

3800
5000
6000
9000

C = 0,5d 1800
C = 3d 1800
C = 3d 900
C = 5d 450

Bng B.2 r Tnh cht c l ca thp Lin X (c) theo GOST 5781 : 1975

Nhm ct

|ng

Gii hn
chy
daN/cm2

thp, mm

C|ng
cc hn
daN/cm2

dn di
tr|ng i
%

Khng nh hn

AI

6-22

2400

3800

3800

AIII
AIV

6-40
10-32

4000
6000

6000
9000

6000
9000

Th nghim un ngui
|ng
knh un

Gc un

C = 0,5d

1800

C = 3d
C = 5d

900
450

Ch thch: i vi ct thp c |ng knh ln hn 40mm, |c php gim tiu chun v

dn di t|ng i. Khi |ng knh tng ln 1mm, dn di t|ng i |c gim 0,25%

B.2. X l ct thp.
B.2.1. tit kim ct thp dng ct thp x l ngui trong cc kt cu b tng ct thp.
ngui, dng loi ct thp trn cn nng.
b) Ct thp rt ngui phi c b mt trn khng g, sai lch |ng knh khng
qu 0,1mm.

36

Tiu chun vit nam

tcvn 4453 : 1995

Bng B.3 - Gii hn n hi ca mt s loi thp n|c ngoi.

Tiu chun
NF (Php)
A35-015
BS (Anh)
4449
4461
Din (c)
448

ASTM (M)
A615
A616
A617
CEB (Euro r
80)

Mc
Fe E 215
(215)

Fe E 235
(235)

Fe E400
(400)

Gr 250
(250)

Gr.460/425
(<16:460)
16:425
BST 420/500 RU
v RK (III U v
IIIK) (420)

BST 500/550
GR.PK,RK
(IVG,IVR,IVP)

Bc 60
(414)

Nhn: 448
HA: 517

s 400 (400)

s 500 (500)

BST 220/340
GU
(IG) (220)

Bc 40
(276)
S 220 (220)

Fe E 500
(500)

485

Trong :
( ) - Gii hn n hi tnh bng MPa;
B.2.3. |ng knh thp x l ngui nn p dng nh| sau:
a) |ng knh ct thp ko ngui 6mm r 22mm;

Ph lc C
3

D|i y l bng tnh sn cho 1m3 b tng M100 lp d ton, sn xut v thi
cng cng trnh. S liu trong bng ch|a tnh n hao ht trong qu trnh vn
Hn hp b tng nhn |c c st 3cm r 4cm trn c s vt liu;
a) Ct liu nh theo TCVN 1770 : 1986 oCt xy dng r yu cu k thutp
c) Xi mng theo TCVN 4506 : 1987 oN|c cho b tng v va r yu cu k thutp,
thnh phn b tng trong bng |c tnh vi xi mng PC300.

37

Tiu chun vit nam

tcvn 4453 : 1995

Bng C - Bng tnh sn thnh phn vt liu cho 1m3

b tng nng mc 100

Ct liu v quy cch

Mc xi

Xi

Ct

si

N|c

(kg)
Ct liu nh M1 = 2,1 r 3,5
Ct liu ln c ht Dmax = 10mm
Ct liu nh M1 2,1, = 3,5
Ct liu ln c ht Dmax = 20mm
Ct liu nh M1 = 2,1 r 3,5
Ct liu nh M1 = 2,1 r 3,5
Ct liu ln c ht Dmax = 70mm

PC 30

265

615

1260

195

PC 30

245

665

1190

185

PC 30

219

725

1270

170

Ph lc D
H s tnh i kt th nn v c|ng cc vin mu b tng c

Hnh dng v kch th|c mu, mm

H s tnh i

100 x 100 x 100

150 x 150 x 150
200 x 200 x 200
300 x 300 x 300
Mu tr

0,91
1,00
1,05
1,1,0

71,4 x 143 v 100 x 200

1,1,6

200 x 400

1,24

38

Tiu chun vit nam

tcvn 4453 : 1995

Ph lc E
Bng chuyn i mt s n v o l|ng hp php
i l|ng

n v hp php

Chuyn i n v

Tn gi

k hiu

Lc

Niu tn
caniutn

N
daN

9,81N = 1daN
1 daN = 10N

- ng sut, c|ng
vt liu, m un n
hi.

caniutn trn
centimet vung

daN/cm2

9,81N/cm2 1daN/cm2

- p sut

Pa

1N/m2 = 0,1daN/cm2
9,81N/m2 1daN/m2
1N/m2 = 0,1daN/m2
1daN/m2 = 10N/m2
1Pa = 1N/m2
1bar = 105 Pa
1at = 0,98 1bar
9,81 NM 1daNm
9,81N/m = 1daN/m

Niu tn/mt vung

N/m2

caniutn trn mt
vung
Pascal

daN/m2

tmtphe
Mmem un, m
men xon

cnniutn mt

at
daNm, KNm

Ti trng phn b
trn mt di

caniutn trn mt

daN/m

39