En1992 2 Manual
En1992 2 Manual
En1992 2 Manual
according to EN 1992-2
The description of program functions within this documentation should not be considered a warranty of product features.
All warranty and liability claims arising from the use of this documentation are excluded.
InfoGraph is a registered trademark of InfoGraph GmbH, Aachen, Germany. The manufacturer and product names
mentioned below are trademarks of their respective owners.
This documentation is copyright protected. Reproduction, duplication, translation or electronic storage of this document or
parts thereof is subject to the written permission of InfoGraphGmbH.
2015 InfoGraphGmbH, Aachen, Germany. All rights reserved.
Title image: Federal motorway A 44, bridge construction near Hessisch Lichtenau.
Courtesy of MEHLHORN und VIER Ingenieurgesellschaft mbH, Kassel, Germany.
Contents
Contents
Basics
Input
Type of Structure
Definition of an Action
Section Inputs
Analysis Settings
Single Design
10
20
21
Prestressed Structures
Internal Prestressing
External Prestressing, Mixed Construction
Scattering of Prestressing
Creep and Shrinkage
Relaxation of Prestressing Steel
22
22
27
27
28
29
30
30
30
31
33
34
34
35
38
39
39
42
42
42
43
44
44
45
45
47
48
49
51
Results
52
Examples
Road Bridge in Solid Construction
Bridge Abutment
54
54
63
73
References
82
Basics
load models to the actions in accordance with EN1991-2:2003. The program will take into account the preset safety factors
and combination coefficients defined in EN1990/A1:2010 (Eurocode0) for the desired design situations to automatically
calculate the decisive design internal forces for either the entire system or a group of selected elements.
The actions and check selection dialogs can be opened from the analysis settings. Detailed check specifications and
For beams and design objects, all checks are carried out at the polygon section. For general notes on using design objects,
In the EN1992-2 Bridge Checks folder of the database and the national variants folders, a single design can also be
The EN1992-2 guidelines are primarily cited for the following comments. Reference to the relevant national settings is only
Input
Type of Structure
DIN EN 1992-2:
The dialog for selecting the structure type is opened from the database or the Settings in the Analysis menu. You can
a)
b)
These loads should be applied in both the longitudinal and lateral directions of the bridge in the least favorable position. In
the lateral direction, the load positions are determined by dividing the roadway into computational lanes. Since the decisive
lane division is not always known in advance, you can define different load position variants.
Load model 1 can be edited from the EN1992-2 Bridge Checks / Load model1 folder in the database. Select New from the
context menu of load model 1 to create a new variant of load positions and open the corresponding input dialog.
The adjusted base values of the tandem system (aQiQik) and the load ordinates of the UDL loads (aqiqik) can be set by
During FEM calculation, all load portions of load model 1 are treated as area loads and are calculated in separate load cases
Off
Exit the load model 1 screen.
TS New
Enter a new position of the tandem system (see also tandem system). The positions of the tandem system are mutually
exclusive.
UDL New
Consecutive input of rectangular or triangular load areas of the UDL load. The partial areas of the UDL load can act
simultaneously. The input for UDL2 (lane 2) is preset. You can select a different lane or remaining area from the context
menu of the load area.
UDL Gen
Generate new load areas of the UDL load. The rectangular generation area is separated into the same number of load areas
on the opposite edges.
Input
Distance
of wagons
Load area
Wheel contact area
Driving direction
Load distribution height
Lane 2
Centrifugal load
Lane 3
Input dialog and schematic diagram of the tandem system in load model 1 according to EN1991-2.
Distance of wagons
Distance of the centroid of the wheel-ground contact area (see figure).
Lanes
Lane arrangement from left to right.
Centrifugal load
Load amount Qt of this tandem system position. It acts perpendicular to the direction of traffic. Its eccentric location is not
considered.
Load distribution height
Yields the load areas of the tandem system in conjunction with the wheel-ground contact area (see figure).
Point
1. Reference point of the tandem system
2. Point of the local x axis (direction of traffic)
3. Point in the local xy plane
The design values of the load are calculated based on the internal forces of individual load cases and load case
combinations. For this the existing load cases and load case combinations must be assigned to actions. These actions are
then used to establish the decisive action combinations.
The following dialog is opened from the database or the Settings in the Analysis menu.
Actions
List of defined actions. The following actions can be defined:
G1 to G9: Permanent actions
P: Prestressing
T: Temperature
W: Wind
A: Accidental action
E: Earthquake
In accordance with EN1990/A1, Table A.2.4(B), Note2, the actions DS1 and DS2 and also the actions Q, T and W are only
taken into account in the design situations if they have an unfavorable effect.
DIN EN 1992-2:
The actions QTS , QUDL, Ql and Qt are only available when selecting the Road traffic route.
Action combinations
List of defined action combinations.
Input
Calculate
Calculate the defined action combinations. Once calculated, the extremal results (internal forces, support reactions) can be
accessed for all combinations in the database. This allows you to evaluate the results without having to execute the
checking module.
Each time you execute the checking module, all results will be automatically recalculated using the currently valid actions
and then stored in the database for the elements to be checked.
The following table demonstrates how the combinations are used in the various checks.
Situation
Permanent & temp.
Accidental
Earthquake
Characteristic (rare)
Frequent
Fatigue
Situation
Characteristic (rare)
Frequent
Quasi-continuous
EN 1992-1-1
6.1
6.2
6.3
EN 1992-2
3.1.6
6.1(110)
6.8.6(2)
6.8.7(1)
6.8.4
6.8.4
EN 1992-1-1
NN.3.2
NN.2.1
NN.3.1
EN 1992-2
7.2(102)
7.2(5)
7.2(5)
7.3.1
7.3.1
7.2(2)
7.3.1
7.4
DIN EN 1992-2:
For the decompression check and the control of the permitted edge stresses and crack widths, special action combinations
according to Tab. 7.101DE, footnote a and b (road bridges), and Tab. 7.102DE, footnote a and b (railroad bridges), are
available.
OENORM EN 1992-2:
For the decompression check and the control of the crack widths, special action combinations according to Tab. 2AT,
Definition of an Action
The load cases are assigned to the actions after an action is selected or a new one is entered. Depending on the action type,
you have access to a variety of dialogs of which one example is shown below. The available dialog options are explained at
the end.
Load cases
Select load cases or load case combinations to add them to the current action.
Multi-select
Load cases and combinations can be added to the actions more than once.
Label
User-defined label for the action.
Exclusive variants
An exclusive variant consists of both inclusive and exclusive portions. The variants are mutually exclusive.
The buttons
or
Input
Depending on which check is selected, different action combinations are necessary. You can enter them using the following
dialog.
Situations
List of design or check situations. Each situation can be valid for either the construction stage or the final state. For
Prestressed components with subsequent bond the tendons can be set ungrouted. The QK action indicates variable actions
based on the table of combination values. The buttons
on a situation it can be modified subsequently.
or
DINEN1992-2: In accordance with 2.3.1.3(4) a partial safety factor for settlements gG,Set = 1.0 can be assumed for
concrete bridges. When applying the recalculation guideline for road bridges at level2, the safety and combination factors
according to table 10.8 and section 12.3.2 of the guideline have to be implemented.
Combination Values
Table of the combination coefficients for the variable actions. The nationally valid values are suggested analogously to
or
EN1990/A1, Table A.2.1 (road bridges). The buttons
calculation only the variants listed here are taken into account.
Section Inputs
The section inputs contain all of the specific settings made for checks in the ultimate limit and serviceability states. An
overview of the design specifications can be accessed in the EN1992-2 Bridge Checks folder of the database and in the
folders of the national variants.
Checks
The following dialog is used to define which ultimate limit state and serviceability checks are available for the section. The
analysis settings allow to override this selection for the entire structure.
subsequent bond
without bond
external
mixed construction
Exposure class
The check conditions for the decompression and crack width check are grouped by exposure class in EN1992-2, Table
7.101N. A component can be assigned to an exposure class based on the information provided in EN1992-1-1, Table 4.1.
DINEN1992-2: For the check conditions Table 7.101DE (road bridges) and Table 7.102DE (railroad bridges) are decisive.
The selection can be made in the Type of Structure dialog.
OENORM B1992-2: Table2AT is decisive for the check conditions.
Robustness
This check determines the minimum reinforcement against failure without warning (robustness reinforcement) based on
EN1992-2, Chapter 6.1(109), Equation (6.101a).
Steel tensile stresses
For components with internal prestressing, both the prestressing steel stresses an the reinforcing steel stresses are checked.
Minimum crack reinforcement, crack width
The crack width check is carried out according to EN1992-1-1, Chapter 7.3.4. In this check the final longitudinal
reinforcement is set as the maximum value from the bending reinforcement, robustness reinforcement and minimum crack
reinforcement as per 7.3.2. The latter will be increased automatically if necessary to maintain the crack width.
10
Input
Base Values
The base values apply for all checks in the ultimate limit and serviceability states.
Design mode
Standard: Standard design mode for bending with normal force throughout the load area. Reinforcement will be
calculated in the tensile section to the greatest degree possible.
Symmetrical: Design for symmetrical reinforcement. As opposed to the standard mode, all of the reinforcement layers
will be increased if a reinforcement increase is necessary. The predefined relationships between the reinforcement layers
will not be affected.
Compression member: For compression members, a symmetrical design is carried out taking into account the minimum
reinforcement according to EN1992-1-1, Section 9.5.2(2).
Reduction factor of prestr. for robustness
The regulations of Chapter 6.1(110) are decisive for the arrangement of the robustness reinforcement. Thus for the
determination of the tensile zone the statically determined effect of prestressing is not taken into account. Because this
cannot be determined for area elements the prestress can alternatively be reduced by a reduction factor. The specification of
an appropriate value is subject to the discretion of the user.
Effective height
Effective static height for the shear design of area elements [m].
Angle cotTheta
cotQ defines the concrete strut angle according to EN1992-1-1, Chapter 6.2.3(2), Equation (6.7N). The program will
suggest a value of 1 (45 strut angle). You can choose to ignore the suggestion and pick any value within the permissible
national limits. Entering a higher number will normally result in a lower necessary lateral force reinforcement Asw, a lower
absorbable lateral force VRd,max and a larger displacement a1 according to Chapter 9.2.1.3, Equation (9.2).
DINEN1992-2:
The strut angle is limited to 1.0cotQ1.75 according to Eq. (6.107aDE). When applying Chapter 12.4.3.3 of the
recalculation guideline for road bridges, the value range 4/7cotQ 3 can be used under consideration of the
requirements mentioned there. Four calculation methods can be chosen for the check:
Standard: The input value is limited to the range permitted in accordance with DINEN1992-1-1, Eq. (6.7aDE) for lateral
force, torsion and combined loads (method with load-dependent strut angle).
Constant: The check is carried out using the chosen value for cotQ without further limitations (cf. interpretation No.
24 of NABau for DIN1045-1).
Std./45: For lateral force cotQ is limited according to DINEN1992-1-1, Eq. (6.7aDE). For torsion a constant strut
angle of 45 is assumed for simplification according to Chapter 6.3.2(2).
Std./30: For lateral force cotQ is limited according to Eq. (12.11) of the recalculation guideline. For torsion a constant
strut angle of 30 is assumed according to Chapter 12.4.3.4(2).
The actual effective angle of the concrete struts is logged for each check location.
11
The concrete strut angle is defined by tanQ and should be limited according to equations (3AT) and (4AT).
z=dcv,l30mm. Note that cv,l is the laying measure of the longitudinal reinforcement in the concrete compressive
zone. For cv,l the program will suggest the smallest axis distance of the longitudinal reinforcement to the section edge d1.
Separate check for x and y direction
For two-axes stressed slabs, the lateral force check can be performed separately in the x and y stress directions as described
in Chapter 6.2.1(10) of DIN EN1992-1-1. The user is responsible for properly aligning the reinforcement directions.
12
Input
Shear Section
For polygon sections, additional section dimensions are required for the lateral force and torsion design. These are explained
in the following.
Width
Section width for calculating the lateral force load-bearing capacity for Qz [m].
Height
Section height for calculating the lateral force load-bearing capacity for Qy [m].
Effective height
Effective static height for calculating the lateral force load-bearing capacity for Qz [m].
Effective width
Effective static width for calculating the lateral force load-bearing capacity for Qy [m].
Nominal width, nominal height
The nominal width or height of internally prestressed components as per EN1992-1-1, Chapter 6.2.3(6), for including the
duct diameter in the calculation of the design value of the lateral load-bearing capacity VRd,max.
Factor kb, Factor kd
Factor for calculating the inner lever arm z from the effective width bn or effective height d in the lateral loadbearing
capacity check for Qy or Qz.
Core section Ak=z1*z2
Dimensions of the core section for calculating the torsion reinforcement [m].
tef
The effective wall thickness of the torsion section according to EN1992-1-1, Figure 6.11 [m].
Box section
EN1992-1-1, Chapter 6.3.2, Section (5), is not applicable for box sections. Hence only the minimum reinforcement is
necessary if the condition expressed in Equation (6.31) is met.
DINEN1992-1-1: The calculation of the torsional resistance according to equation (6.30) proceeds on the assumption that
reinforcement exists at the inner and outer side of the walls. The concrete strut resistance is calculated with Equation (6.29)
instead of (NA.6.29.1). The principal compressive stresses according to DINEN1992-2, Section 6.3.2 (NA.106) are
additionally checked.
OENORMB1992-1-1: The concrete strut resistance is calculated with Equation (6.29) instead of (2AT).
InfoGraph GmbH, February 2015
13
0.9 * dp
For the Qz check the lever arm is determined with the effective heights dp of the tendons. Thereby dp is assumed to be
the average value weighted by the tendon areas at the check location (cf. Rossner/Graubner 2005, p. 252).
The decisive lever arm is limited to the range 0.1d z max( d 2cv,l; d cv,l 30 mm) according to DINEN1992-1-1,
Chapter 6.2.3(1), and documented in the detailed listing.
Stresses
perm. sigma.c
The concrete compressive stress sc must be limited to 0.60fck under the characteristic action combination in the
construction stages and final states according to EN1992-1-1, Chapter 7.2(2). This limit can be increased by 10% according
to EN1992-2, Chapter 7.2(102), if the concrete compressive zone is helically reinforced. If stress in the concrete under
quasi-continuous combination does not exceed the limit 0.45fck, linear creep can be assumed according to 7.2(3). If this is
not the case, non-linear creep must be taken into account.
OENORM B1992-2: An increase of the stress limit is not permitted, even if the compressive zone is helically reinforced.
perm. sigma.c(t)
Permissible concrete stress sc(t) at time t when prestressing is introduced according to EN1992-1-1, Chapter 5.10.2.2(5),
Eq. (5.42). If the compressive stress exceeds the value 0.45fck(t), the nonlinearity of the creep should be taken into account
according to EN1992-1-1. The program assumes that prestressing is introduced in design situation 'G1+P'.
fck(t)
Concrete compressive strength at time t when prestressing is introduced according to EN1992-1-1, Chapter 5.10.2.2(5)
[MN/m].
14
Input
Reinforcing steel stresses
According to EN1992-1-1, Chapter 7.2(5), the tensile stresses in the reinforcement may not exceed the value 0.8fyk under
the characteristic action combination. For stresses resulting from indirect action, the limits can be assumed as 1.0fyk.
Prestressing steel stresses
For internally prestressed components, the prestressing steel stresses are checked against the limit 0.75fpk under the
DIN EN1992-1-1: The check is carried out for the quasi-continuous combination based on the limit 0.65fpk. In addition, the
stresses are checked against the minimum of 0.9fp0,1k and 0.8fpk under the characteristic combination.
Decompression, Stress
Decisive stress for the decompression check for area elements (s1, sx, sy).
DINEN1992-2:
Crack Width
These specifications apply to the minimum crack reinforcement calculation and the crack width check.
15
Standard
The standard properties are used for the unspecified edges and directions.
Top, bottem, x, y
<Add>
<Delete>
wmax
Limit for the calculated crack width according to EN1992-2, Chapter 7.3.1, Table 7.101N [mm]. The program will suggest a
tabular value according to the national requirements based on the selected exposure class and the prestressing of the
component. This value can be modified after the input field is enabled.
DIN EN 1992-2:
When applying the recalculation guideline for road bridges, the reduced requirements according to Chapter 12.6 of the
max. ds
Largest existing bar diameter of the reinforcing steel reinforcement for evaluating Equations (7.6N), (7.7N) and (7.11) in
EN1992-1-1, Chapter 7.3 of the standard [mm].
sr,max
When calculating the crack width, the crack spacing sr,max is by default determined using Equation (7.11) of EN1992-1-1.
Alternatively, the user can specify an upper limit to take into account any special conditions of Equation (7.14) or Sections
(4) and (5) of Chapter 7.3.4, for example.
Coefficient Xi1
The bond coefficient x1 according to EN1992-1-1, Chapter 7.3.2, Equation (7.5), defines the extent to which prestressing
steel as per 7.3.2(3) can be taken into account for the minimum crack reinforcement. It is also used in calculating the
effective reinforcement level according to Chapter 7.3.4, Equation (7.10), and thus enters into the direct calculation of the
crack width. Data input is blocked for area elements since prestressing steel is normally not taken into account here.
OENORM B1992-1-1:
The bond coefficient x1 is used to take into account the different bonding behavior of concrete and prestressing steel for
Based on DIN EN1992-1-1,Chapter 7.3.2 (5), the minimum reinforcement for the crack width limitation in the case of
thicker components under centrical restraint can be determined according to Equation (NA7.5.1). Therewith a reduction
Coefficient k
Coefficient for taking into account nonlinear distributed concrete tensile stresses in the section in EN1992-1-1, Chapter
7.3.2, Equation (7.1).
DINEN1992-1-1:
In case of restraint within the component, k can be multiplied by 0.8 whereby the minimum of the height and the width of
the section or section part shall be used for h. For tensile stresses due to restraint generated outside of the component, k
=1.0 applies.
Factor for fctm
This factor is used to specify the effective concrete tensile strength fct,eff based on the average value of tensile strength fctm.
This is done separately for the minimum reinforcement calculation according to Equation (7.1) and the crack width
calculation according to EN1992-1-1, Equation (7.9) of the standard. The tensile strength, which depends on the age of the
concrete, is defined in Equation (3.4) of Chapter 3.1.2.
16
Input
DINEN1992-1-1:
If it is not certain wether crack formation will occur within the first 28 days, a tensile strength of 3.0 MN/m for normal
concrete and 2.5 MN/m for lightweight concrete should be assumed for Eq. (7.1). The program meets this requirement if
1.0 is entered for the reduction factor.
Action combination
The action combination (AC) for the crack width check normally results from the selected exposition class. Alternatively a
deviating combination can be chosen.
Load duration; kt
This selection defines the factor kt in Equation (7.9) for crack width calculation.
DINEN1992-2: For bridges always the factor kt = 0.4 is to be assumed.
Fatigue
dSigma.Rsk,s, dSigma.Rsk,b
The permissible characteristic stress range DsRsk(N*) of the longitudinal reinforcement and shear reinforcement at N* load
cycles according to the S-N curves specified in EN1992-1-1, Chapter 6.8.4 [MN/m]. The national decisive value found in
Table 6.3N, Row 1 (beam sections) resp. Row 2 (area sections), is suggested in the dialog. For the shear reinforcement, the
mandrel diameter is assumed to be four bar diameters.
dSigma.Rsk,p
The permissible characteristic stress range DsRsk(N*) of the prestressing steel at N* load cycles according to the S-N curves
specified in EN1992-1-1, Chapter 6.8.4 [MN/m]. The value found in Table 6.4N, Row 4, is suggested in the dialog.
DINEN1992-1-1, OENORMB1992-1-1: The value for prestressing steel of class 1 is suggested.
Lambda.s, Lambda.b, Lambda.p
Correction coefficient ls for determining the damage-equivalent stress range Dss,equ from the stress range Dss of the steel
according to EN1992-2, Chapter NN.2.1(102) and NN.3.1(101) for longitudinal reinforcement, shear reinforcement and
prestressing steel.
Lambda.c
Correction coefficient lc for determining the damage-equivalent concrete stress according to EN1992-2, Chapter NN.3.2
(102) for railroad bridges.
17
f cd,fat = k1 cc (t 0 ) f cd 1- ck
250
(6.76)
with
cc (t 0 ) = e
s (1- 28 / t0 )
s
t0
k1
= 0.85
DIN EN 1992-1-1:
k1
= 1.0
fcd,fat for s = 0.2, t0 = 28 and fcd according to Eq. (3.15) is suggested in the dialog.
k0
DIN EN 1992-2, OENORMB1992-2:
The statically determined share of prestressing must be reduced in the case of beams and design objects. A base value of
0.9 (DIN) or 0.95 (OENORM) as specified in Chapter 6.8.3(1)P is suggested in the dialog. For prestressing tendon couplers a
further reduction of the base value is required.
Simplified check
The simplified check according to EN1992-1-1, Chapter 6.8.6(2) bases on the frequent action combination including the
traffic loads at serviceability limit state. The method for concrete is defined in Chapter 6.8.7(2), the permissible stress ranges
for steel are suggested according to Chapter 6.8.6(1) in the dialog. For shear reinforcement this value is reduced analogous
to Table 6.3N.
Limit design variants
For area elements, the variants for determining the stress range can be limited to the corresponding sets of design internal
forces. For more information see chapter 'Fatigue Checks / Special Characteristic for Shell Structures'.
Factor for Qfat
Increase factor for the cyclic fatigue action defined as Qfat which is taken into account during the calculation of the damage
equivalent stress range Dss.equ of the reinforcing and prestressing steel. With it, e.g. the rules for the fatigue check for road
bridges according to NN.2.1(101) can be applied.
18
Input
Scattering Coefficients
The coefficients used to take into account the scattering of prestressing force are defined in EN1992-1-1 depending on the
prestressing type. In the dialog, values are suggested according to Chapter 5.10.9(1)P for subsequent bond. The defined
scattering coefficients are taken into account for the effects from internal prestressing in the following checks:
Decompression and concrete compressive stress check
Regarding the effects from external prestressing, the scattering coefficients correspond to rsup = rinf =1.
DINEN1992-2: When applying the recalculation guideline for road bridges the values rinf =1.0 and rinf =0.95 have to be
used at level2 according to Chapter 12.5.3(1).
19
Analysis Settings
The EN1992-2 dialog page can be opened using the Settings function in the Analysis menu.
Check selection
When selecting checks, the following cases are to be distinguished:
The check is performed according to the settings in the section dialog (see section inputs).
Fatigue
Crack width
An overview of the checks can be accessed using the Design Settings function in the EN1992-2 Bridge Checks folder of the
database.
Type of structure...
DIN EN 1992-2: Open the dialog for selecting the structure type.
Actions...
Open the dialog for describing actions.
Partial safety factors...
Open the dialog for modifying partial safety factors.
Listing
No: No log is generated by the checking program.
20
Input
Detailed: Additional output of the decisive combination internal forces at the check locations.
Standard > permissible: Standard log limited to check locations where the permissible limit values are exceeded.
Detailed > permissible: Detailed log limited to check locations where the permissible limit values are exceeded.
Single Design
The single design function allows you to analyze individual sections independently of the global system using predefined
internal forces. Enter the information listed below in the Single Design table in the EN1992-2 Bridge Checks folder of the
database or the folders of the national variants.
Section
Number of the section to be designed. Both polygon and composite sections can be designed.
Combination
Design situation according to EN1992-1-1, Table 2.1.
0: Permanent and temporary design situation
1: Accidental design situation
Nsd,Mysd,Mzsd
Internal forces being designed. The internal forces refer to the centroid in polygon sections or the section zero point in
composite sections.
Mode
Standard: Standard design mode for bending with normal force throughout the load area. Reinforcement will be
calculated in the tensile section to the greatest degree possible.
Symmetrical: Design for symmetrical reinforcement. As opposed to the standard mode, all of the reinforcement layers
will be increased if a reinforcement increase is necessary. The predefined relationships between the reinforcement layers
will not be affected.
Compression member: For compression members a symmetrical design is carried out taking into account the minimum
reinforcement according to EN1992-1-1, Chapter 9.5.2(2).
Strains: Determine strain state for existing reinforcing steel layers.
StrainsSLS: Determine strain state in the serviceability limit state for existing reinforcing steel layers. A linear strain
stress curve of the concrete is used in the compression zone to determine the strain state.
StrainsSLS2: Determine strain state in the serviceability limit state for existing reinforcing steel layers. A nonlinear strain
stress curve of the concrete is used as shown in EN1992-1-1, Figure 3.2. Note that a horizontal progression is assumed
for strains exceeding ec1.
Load bearing capacity: Calculation of the load bearing capacity in the ultimate limit state.
The calculation is carried out from the opened input table via the Single Design or Print Preview menu item.
OENORM B 1992-1-1:
In the modes SLS and SLS2 the stress increase of the prestressing steel layers is determined according to Eq. (14AT) with the
21
Prestressed Structures
Internal Prestressing
For internal prestressing, the tendon groups as well as the prestressing system and procedures are entered using the
Prestressing function of the Structure menu. To include them in the FEM calculation, you then need to define a load case of
the Prestressing load type. For more information, refer to the Prestressed Concrete section of the manual.
Prestressing with bond and prestressing without bond are differentiated in the section inputs and the specifications for the
Creep and shrinkage load case.
Prestressing System
The prestressing system combines typical properties that are then assigned to the tendon groups using a number.
Number,Label
Number and name of the prestressing system. The option <Database> enables to load or to store properties by use of the
file Igraph.dat.
Certification
DIN1045-1
DIN4227
EC2
OENORM
SIA262
By selection of the certification, the prestressing force Pm0 is determined according to the standard.
Area Ap
Section area Ap of a tendon [mm].
s,02
Yield strength or 0.2 limit of the prestressing steel according to DIN4227 [MN/m].
fp0,1k
Characteristic value of the 0.1% strain limit of the prestressing steel per DIN1045-1, OENORM, SIA262 and EC2 [MN/m].
E-Modulus
E-modulus of the prestressing steel [MN/m].
z
Tensile strength of the prestressing steel according to DIN4227 [MN/m].
22
Prestressed Structures
fpk
Characteristic value of the tensile strength of the prestressing steel per DIN1045-1, OENORM, SIA262 and EC2 [MN/m].
Pm0
The permissible prestressing force of a tendon [kN] that corresponds to the selected certification is displayed where the
minimum of the two possible values is decisive. After releasing the input field, a different prestressing force can be defined.
Certification as per DIN1045-1:
Prestressing Procedure
The prestressing procedure differentiates between the start and end of the tendon group. The size of the maximum
prestressing force is determined by factors regarding the permissible prestressing. In general, this is Pm0 (see Prestressing
system). Using the factor specified for the release, the maximum prestressing force remaining in the tendon group is defined
with respect to Pm0. The prestressing force that remains at the prestressing anchor is calculated from this by the program.
Each prestressing anchor can be prestressed and released twice. The prestressing procedures are numbered.
23
The differences between tensioning with Pm0 and Pmax are described in the following examples.
The user is responsible for checking the permissibility of the maximum force during the stressing process.
24
Prestressed Structures
The permissible prestressing forces ar defined by:
3520.8
3481.0
3441.6
3385.5
3301.5
3171.2
3064.1
2990.1
2944.6
2911.3
2878.4
0.00
5.00
10.00
15.00
20.00
25.00
30.00
35.00
40.00
45.00
50.00
55.00
2847.9
3561.1 [kN]
3561.1
60.00
xv
[m]
Prestressing force curve after the 1st tensioning with a factor of 1.05
3267.0
3304.3
3342.1
3385.4
3301.5
3171.2
3064.1
2990.1
2944.6
2911.3
2878.4
0.00
5.00
10.00
15.00
20.00
25.00
30.00
35.00
40.00
45.00
50.00
55.00
2847.9
3230.0 [kN]
3389.3
60.00
xv
[m]
Prestressing force curve after the 1st release with a factor of 1.0
Potential slippage was not taken into account here to illustrate the effects described above. Slippage would result in an
additional variation of the prestressing force curve. A second prestressing and release procedure would have similar effects.
The same holds true for prestressing and release at the tendon end.
Friction coefficient according to the general certification from the building authorities.
F+kx
F = sum of planned deviation angle over the length x,
k = unintentional deviation angle per unit of length ( in the dialog),
x = the distance between the prestressed anchor and the fixed anchor in the case of one-sided prestressing or the
Allowance value for ensuring an overstressing reserve with 1.5 k 2 for tendons with supplemental bond and
k = 1 for all other cases.
The program uses the specified allowance value k to determine the maximum permissible value Pmax. The influence length
x is assumed to be the tendon length for one-sided prestressing or simply half of the tendon length for two-sided
25
Pm0
= 3391.5 kN,
Ap = 2660.0 mm, a = 0.21, Angle ' = 0.30 /m
Tensioning with Pmax (DIN Report, DIN 1045-1, DIN EN 1992-1-1). Kappa = 1.5.
Pre. anchor
:
Start
End
3357.5
3319.5
3281.9
3228.5
3148.3
3037.9
3148.3
3228.5
3281.9
3319.5
3357.5
0.00
5.00
10.00
15.00
20.00
25.00
30.00
35.00
40.00
45.00
50.00
55.00
3387.1
3387.1 [kN]
3391.2
60.00
xv
[m]
Prestressed Structures
Scattering of Prestressing
For checks in the ultimate limit state, the following applies for the design value of the prestressing force according to
EN1992-1-1, Chapter 5.10.8(1):
Pd,t(x) = gPPm,t(x)
with
Pm,t(x) Mean value of prestressing force at time t and location x including prestressing losses from friction, slippage, creep,
shrinkage and relaxation.
gP
In the serviceability limit state, two characteristic values for the prestressing force are defined in Chapter 5.10.9(1):
Pk,sup
Pk,inf
= rinfPm,t(x)
The scattering coefficients for internal prestressing are defined separately for construction stages and final states. They are
used in the following checks:
Decompression and concrete compressive stress check.
Regarding the effects from external prestressing, the scattering coefficients correspond to rsup = rinf =1.
For internal prestressing, the recommended country-specific values are:
-
OENORM B1992-1-1:
-
27
The program determines concrete creep and shrinkage based on a time-dependent stress-strain law developed by Trost.
s b (t) =
Eb
e b (t) - j e b,0 - e b,S
1+r j
sb(t)
Eb
eb(t)
eb,0
eb,s
Under consideration of these relationships, a time-dependent global stiffness matrix and the associated load vectors are
constructed which, in turn, yield the internal forces and deformations of the concrete. The resulting stress changes in the
prestressing steel are also determined provided they are selected in the load case. Any influence from the relaxation of the
prestressing steel will be ignored in this case. According to Zilch/Rogge (2002, p.256), this influence can be calculated
separately (see following section) and combined with the changes from creep and shrinkage for all time-dependent
prestressing losses:
Dsp,csr=Dspr+EpDecpt
with
Dspr
Decpt
Ep
28
Prestressed Structures
must be taken into account in addition to the stress loss from concrete creep and shrinkage. The relaxation of the steel
depends on the deformation of the concrete caused by creep and shrinkage. According to 5.10.6(1) (b), this interaction can
be taken into account in a general and approximate manner by specifying a reduction coefficient of 0.8.
The stress change Dspr can be determined for the initial stress in the tendons as a result of prestressing and quasi
continuous actions according to 5.10.6(2). More details are provided in Chapter 3.3.2 of the standard.
The stress losses are defined in the CSR actions of the EN1992-2 actions dialog.
DINEN1992-1-1: The stress change Dspr can be determined using the specifications of the prestressing steel certification
for the ratio of initial stress to characteristic tensile strength (sp0/fpk). sp0 = spg0 may be used as the initial stress, with spg0
referring to the initial prestressing steel stress from prestressing and the permanent action.
29
Design Combinations
In accordance with EN1990 (Eurocode0), Chapter 6.4.3, the following combinations are taken into account in the ultimate
limit states:
g G,j Gk, j "+" g P P "+" g Q,1 Qk,1 "+" g Q,i y 0,i Qk,i
j1
i>1
Gk, j "+" P "+" Ad "+" (y1,1 or y 2,1 ) Qk,1 "+" y 2,i Qk,i
j1
i>1
i1
For the check against fatigue two alternative action combinations can be used:
Frequent combination for simplified checks according to EN1992-1-1, Chapter6.8.6 (2) in conjunction with EN1990,
Chapter6.5.3.
(6.15b)
i>1
Fatigue combination for checks with damage equivalent stress ranges according to EN1992-1-1, Chapter6.8.3.
k,
j
1,1
k,1
2,i
k,i
fat
i>1
j1
In this equation Qk,1 and Qk,i are non-cyclic, non-permanent actions whereas Qfat defines the relevant fatigue load.
For each combination you can define different design situations for the construction stages and final states. When
conducting the check, the extreme value deriving from all combinations and situations is decisive.
Stress-Strain Curves
The following characteristics are used for section design:
Concrete: Parabola-rectangle diagram according to EN1992-1-1, Figure 3.3. Note that the design value for concrete
compressive strength fcd in EN1992-2, Equation (3.15) is defined as fcd = acc fck / gc with acc = 0.85.
DINEN1992-1-1: acc = 0.85 for normal concrete and acc = 0.75 for lightweight concrete.
OENORMB1992-2: acc = 1.0 for normal concrete up to strength class C50/60, thereover acc = 0.9 is assumed. For
lightweight concrete acc = 0.85 is assumed.
Reinforcing steel: Stress-strain curve according to EN1992-1-1, Figure 3.8, with rising upper branch, where the
maximum stress is assumed to be k fyk / gs with k = 1.05 as per Table C.1, class A.
Prestressing steel: Stress-strain curve according to EN1992-1-1, Figure 3.10, with horizontal upper branch according to
Chapter 3.3.6(7) of the standard.
The check against fatigue uses the stress-strain curve according to EN1992-1-1, Fig. 3.2, to determine the compressive
concrete stresses.
30
minNx,
maxNx,
minMy,
maxMy,
minMz,
maxMz,
corresp.My,
corresp.My,
corresp.Mz
corresp.Mz
minQy
maxQy
minQy,
maxQy,
corresp.Mx
corresp.Mx
corresp.Mz,
corresp.Mz,
corresp.Nx
corresp.Nx
minQz
maxQz
minQz,
maxQz,
corresp.Mx
corresp.Mx
corresp.Nx,
corresp.Nx,
corresp.My
corresp.My
minMx
maxMx
minMx,
maxMx,
corresp.Qy
minMx,
maxMx,
corresp.Qz
corresp.Qy
corresp.Qz
minmx
- |corresp.mxy|;
maxmx
+ |corresp.mxy|
minmy
- |corresp.mxy|;
maxmy
+ |corresp.mxy|
corresp.mx
|minmxy|;
corresp.mx
|maxmxy|
corresp.my
|minmxy|;
corresp.my
|maxmxy|
Plain stress
minnx
- |corresp.nxy|;
maxnx
+ |corresp.nxy|
elements
minny
- |corresp.nxy|;
maxny
+ |corresp.nxy|
corresp.nx
|minnxy|;
corresp.nx
|maxnxy|
corresp.ny
|minnxy|;
corresp.ny
|maxnxy|
minmx
- |corresp.mxy|,
corresp.nx
|corresp.nxy|
maxmx
+ |corresp.mxy|,
corresp.nx
|corresp.nxy|
minmy
- |corresp.mxy|,
corresp.ny
|corresp.nxy|
maxmy
+ |corresp.mxy|,
corresp.ny
|corresp.nxy|
corresp.mx
|minmxy|,
corresp.nx
|corresp.nxy|
corresp.mx
|maxmxy|,
corresp.nx
|corresp.nxy|
corresp.my
|minmxy|,
corresp.ny
|corresp.nxy|
corresp.my
|maxmxy|,
corresp.ny
|corresp.nxy|
minnx
- |corresp.nxy|,
corresp.mx
|corresp.mxy|
maxnx
+ |corresp.nxy|,
corresp.mx
|corresp.mxy|
Shells
31
minny
- |corresp.nxy|,
corresp.my
|corresp.mxy|
maxny
+ |corresp.nxy|,
corresp.my
|corresp.mxy|
corresp.nx
|minnxy|,
corresp.mx
|corresp.mxy|
corresp.nx
|maxnxy|,
corresp.mx
|corresp.mxy|
corresp.ny
|minnxy|,
corresp.my
|corresp.mxy|
corresp.ny
|maxnxy|,
corresp.my
|corresp.mxy|
tan d =
2 mxy
2
(mx - m y ) + (mx - m y ) 2 + 4 mxy
Coordinate systems
Design moments:
mh =
mx =
1
sin
1
sin
[m sin (d + y) + m
y
1
[m sin
y
1
2 cos
min q x2 + corresp. q y2
min q y2 + corresp. q x2
,
,
max q x2 + corresp. q y2
max q y2 + corresp. q x2
DIN EN1992-1-1: For two-axes stressed slabs, the lateral force check can be performed separately in the x and y stress
directions as described in Chapter 6.2.1(10). If lateral force reinforcement becomes necessary, it must be added from both
directions. Consequently, the design is carried out for the following variants:
minqx,
maxqx
minqy,
maxqy
32
Design for Bending With or Without Normal Force or Normal Force Only
The design for longitudinal force and bending moment is performed according to EN1992-1-1, Chapter 6.1. The
reinforcement required for each internal force combination at the reinforced concrete section is determined iteratively based
on the formulation of equilibrium conditions as well as the limit strain curve depicted in the illustration below. The final
result is derived from the extreme value of all calculated reinforcements.
Strain areas for the design with eud = 0.9euk and euk = 0.025 as per Table C.1.
DIN EN 1992-1-1: eud = 0.025
You can control the result of the design by specifying the reinforcement geometry and choosing one of three design
modes. For sections subject to a compressive normal force, the minimum eccentricity defined in Chapter 6.1(4) is taken into
account. Concrete compression according to Chapter 6.1(5) cannot be checked.
Standard Mode
This is the standard design mode for bending with longitudinal force throughout the entire load area. Reinforcement will be
calculated in the tensile section to the greatest degree possible. The procedure in strain areas 4 and 5 is the same as with
symmetrical design.
DIN EN 1992-1-1
The referenced compressive zone height xd/d is limited according to Chapter 5.4 (NA.5) and NA.11.5.2(1) as follows:
xd/d
Symmetrical Mode
In contrast to the standard design, the reinforcement will be applied at all predefined locations in all strain areas, if
necessary. The specified relationships between the reinforcement layers will not be affected.
Compression member Mode
The design is performed symmetrically. In addition, the minimum reinforcement required by EN1992-1-1, Chapter 9.5.2(2),
will be calculated:
As,min = 0.10 | NEd | / fyd or 0.002 Ac, depending on which value is greater
(9.12N)
with
NEd
fyd
DINEN1992-2:
(9.12DE)
OENORM B1992-1-1:
(30AT)
33
(6.101a)
with
Mrep
Crack moment without allowance for prestressing force and under the assumption that the edge tensile stress
corresponds to fctm. According to EN1992-1-1, Chapter 9.2.1.1(4), the 1.15-fold crack moment is used for
components with unbonded tendons or with external prestressing.
zs
According to EN1992-2, Chapter 6.1(110), the minimum reinforcement should be added in areas where tensile stresses in
the concrete occur under the characteristic action combination. This process should take into account the statically
undetermined prestressing effect and ignore the statically determined effect.
The program determines all stresses at the gross section. The statically determined prestressing effect can only be subtracted
for beams and design objects. For area elements the prestress is alternatively reduced by a user-defined reduction factor.
The lever arm zs of the internal forces is assumed as 0.9d for the sake of simplicity. The calculated reinforcement is evenly
distributed to the reinforcement layers in the tensile zone. In the design mode symmetrical reinforcement is also applied to
the remaining layers. This will not affect the predefined relationships between the individual reinforcement layers. For
sections with mode compression member the robustness reinforcement is not checked because minimum reinforcement is
already determined during the design for bending with longitudinal force.
DINEN1992-2: The crack moment is determined considering an edge tensile stress of fctk,0.05 without raising as per NCI for
Chapter 9.2.1.1(4).
Surface Reinforcement
To prevent concrete spalling, a surface reinforcement may be necessary according to EN1992-1-1, Chapter 9.2.4. For more
information, refer to Annex J. The reinforcement determined in this manner can be incorporated into the program by
DINEN1992-2: Annex J is normative. In case of prestressed members always a surface reinforcement according to Table
NA.J.4.1 is to be installed.
OENORM B1992-1-1: The guidelines set forth in Annex J are not normative.
34
can be selected by the user within the permissible national limits of Equation (6.7N) of EN1992-1-1.
The value for cotQ
DINEN1992-2: In the calculation, the specified value for cotQ is limited to the range permitted in accordance with
Equation (6.107aDE) (method with load-dependent strut angle), unless the check with a constant value is selected in
the section dialog. The actual effective angle of the concrete struts is logged for each check location.
The minimum reinforcement according to EN1992-1-1, Chapter 9.2.2(5) is included in the calculated stirrup
reinforcement. For areas, the minimum reinforcement as per Chapter 6.2.1(4) will only be determined if the lateral
force reinforcement is necessary for computation. For beams no minimum reinforcement is calculated for the direction
with M=Q=0.
Slab and shell elements are designed for lateral force qr=(qx+qy). Depending on which has a negative effect,
either the principal compressive force or principal tensile force is used for the associated longitudinal force.
DINEN1992-2: If selected, the check will be carried out separately for the reinforcement directions x and y in
accordance with Chapter 6.2.1(10). If lateral force reinforcement is necessary, it must be added from both directions.
There is no reduction of the action from loads near supports as specified in EN1992-1-1, Chapter 6.2.1(8).
For beams and design objects, the decisive values of the equivalent rectangle are determined by the user independently
of the normal section geometry. The coefficients for calculating the inner lever arm z based on the effective width and
effective height must also be specified. For area elements, the calculation is generally performed with the lever arm
z=0.9d.
DINEN1992-2: Alternatively, the lever arm from bending design or a weighted lever arm according to Equation (12.12)
of the recalculation guideline for road bridges can be used. According to DINEN1992-1-1, Chapter 6.2.3(1), the inner
lever arm is limited to the maximum value derived from z = d - cv,l - 30 mm and z = d 2cv,l. Note that cv,l refers to
the extent to which longitudinal reinforcement is laid in the concrete compressive zone.
For beam sections with internal prestressing, the design value of lateral load-bearing capacity VRd,max according to
EN1992-1-1, Chapter 6.2.3(6) is determined using the nominal value bw,nom of the section width.
The necessity of a lateral force reinforcement is analyzed according to EN1992-1-1, Chapter 6.2.2(1). The special
conditions listed in Sections (2) through (7) are not used in this case.
The interaction between lateral force and lateral bending in the webs of hollow box sections according to EN1992-2,
Chapter 6.2.106 is not considered. The same applies to the special case of straight tendons as per Fig. 6.101.
(6.2a)
with at least
(6.2b)
(11.6.2)
where
rl
Asl
is the area of the tensile reinforcement that extends at least (lbd + d) beyond the analyzed section
(see Figure 6.3).
bw
is the smallest section width in the tensile zone of the section [mm].
scp
NEd
Ac
35
CRd,c
ClRd,c
k1
= 0.15
vmin
vl,min
(6.3N)
DIN EN1992-1-1:
CRd,c
= ClRd,c = 0.15 / gc
k1
= 0.12
vmin
vl,min
with
(6.7N)
DIN EN1992-2:
(6.107aDE)
with
(6.7bDE)
= 0.5
scp
The design value of the concrete longitudinal stress at the level of the centroid of the
section with scp = NEd / Ac in N/mm.
NEd
The design value of the longitudinal force in the section caused by external actions
(NEd > 0 as longitudinal compressive force).
For lightweight concrete the input value VRd,cc from Eq.(6.7bDE) is to be multiplied by h1 according to Eq.(11.1). When
applying the recalculation guideline for road bridges, cotq is limited to 4/7 and 3 according to Chapter 12.4.3.3, Eq.
(12.11), of the guideline.
OENORM B1992-1-1:
(3AT)
(4AT)
may be selected.
For components with lateral force reinforcement perpendicular to the component axis, the lateral force resistance VRd is the
smaller value from
VRd,s = (Asw / s) z fywd cot q
(6.8)
and
(6.9)
where
Asw
36
fywd
is the design value for the yield strength of the lateral force reinforcement.
n 1
acw
is a coefficient for taking into account the stress state in the compression chord.
n1
=n
with
acw
(6.6N)
(fck in N/mm)
=1
= (1 + scp / fcd)
(6.11aN)
= 1.25
(6.11bN)
(6.11cN)
where
scp
is the average compressive stress in the concrete (indicated as a positive value) as a result of the design value for
the normal force.
DIN EN1992-2:
n1
= h1 0.75
h1
= 1.0 for normal concrete and as per Eq.(11.1) for lightweight concrete.
acw
= 1.0
The maximum effective section area of the lateral force reinforcement Asw,max for cot q = 1 is derived from:
(Asw,max fywd) / (bw s) acw n1 fcd
(6.12)
The additional tensile force in the longitudinal reinforcement due to lateral force according to Eq. (6.18) is
(6.18)
rw = Asw / (s bw sina)
(9.4)
where
rw
is the reinforcement level of the lateral force reinforcement. In general, this level may not be smaller than rw,min.
Asw
s
bw
is the distance of the lateral force reinforcement as measured along the component axis.
is the angle between the lateral force reinforcement and the component axis.
(9.5N)
DIN EN1992-1-1:
(9.5aDE)
With respect to slabs, the value can vary between zero and the above value as described in Chapter 9.3.2(2).
For structured sections with prestressed tension chord, the following applies:
(9.5bDE)
OENORM B1992-1-1:
(24AT)
37
tensile reinforcement and the longitudinal reinforcement based on Equation (6.28) and the concrete strut check under
The equivalent section on which this design is based is defined by the user independently of the normal section geometry.
The check of box sections according to EN1992-2, Figure 6.104 is not implemented.
DIN EN 1992-2:
For hollow box girders, an additional check is carried out as per 4.3.3.2.2 (2) to ensure that the principal compressive stress
s2 from bending, longitudinal force and torsion in state I does not exceed the value fcd=afck/gc. For this purpose the
longitudinal compressive stress sEd is calculated with a distance of tef/2 from the cross-section edge and the shear stress
from torsion is assumed as tEd = TEd / (2 Ak tef).
Strut angle
According to 6.3.2(2), the rules set forth in Chapter 6.2.3(2) for lateral force shall also apply for the strut angle.
DIN EN1992-2:
For combined stress from torsion and proportional lateral force, VEd in Equation (6.7aDE) must include the shear force of
the wall VEd,T+V based on Equation (NA.6.27.1) and bw in Equation (6.7bDE) must include the effective thickness of wall tef.
The check for both lateral force and torsion must be carried out using the selected angle Q. The reinforcements determined
in this manner are to be added together.
(NA.6.27.1)
Alternatively a strut angle of 45 according to Chapter 6.3.2(102) or 30 in accordance with the recalculation guideline
Chapter 12.4.3.4(2) for torsion or a constant value cotQ for lateral force and torsion (cf. interpretation No. 24 of NABau for
DIN1045-1) can be chosen in the section dialog.
Torsion reinforcement
The necessary reinforcement is to be determined according to Chapter 6.3.2(3):
(6.28)
Asl
Asw
is the section area of the torsion reinforcement perpendicular to the component axis.
uk
s
Ak
is the distance of the torsion reinforcement as measured along the component axis.
is the area enclosed by the center lines of the walls.
For approximately rectangular full sections, only the minimum reinforcement defined in Section (5) is necessary if the
condition expressed by Equation (6.31) is met:
(6.31)
where
TRd,c
is the torsion crack moment which, according to Zilch (2006, p. 290), is defined as TRd,c = fctd WT.
VRd,c
DIN EN1992-1-1:
The condition (6.31) is supplemented with the following equations:
V b
TEd Ed w
4.5
(NA.6.31.1)
4.5TEd
VEd 1+
VRd,c
VEd bw
(NA.6.31.2)
38
(6.29)
where
TEd
VEd
TRd,max
with acw according to Equation (6.9) and n according to Eq.(6.6N) for normal concrete and according to
Eq.(11.6.6N) for lightweight concrete.
DIN EN1992-1-1:
(NA.6.29.1)
In Equation (6.30) n=h10.75 is used for box sections and n=h10.525min(1.0; 1.1-fck/500) in all other cases
according to the NPD for 6.2.2(6) with h1=1.0 for normal concrete and as per Eq.(11.1) for lightweight concrete.
OENORM B1992-1-1:
(9AT)
Punching Shear
The punching shear check is based on EN1992-1-1, Chapter 6.4. For more information on this, refer to section EN1992-1
1 of the manual. This check is accessed from the Structure menu.
According to Chapter 6.8.3(1)P, the 0.9-fold statically determined portion of the prestressing force is to be used in the
check. For construction joints with tendon couplers, this value is to be reduced by the factor 0.75. The decisive reduction
39
gF,fatDss,equ(N*) DsRsk(N*)/gs,fat
with
gF,fat
gs,fat
DsRsk(N*) Permitted characteristic stress range at N* load cycles based on the S-N curves specified in Tab. 6.4N for
prestressing steel or Tab. 6.3N for reinforcing steel.
Dss,equ(N*) Damage equivalent stress range with Dss,equ = ls Dss according to EN1992-2, Eq. (NN.101) and Eq. (NN.106).
ls
Dss
Calculation method
The maximum from the robustness, crack and bending reinforcement is taken as the existing bending reinforcement. If as a
result the load from the fatigue combination in state II cannot be absorbed, the design will be repeated using the existing
reinforcement and the check internal forces.
The maximum stress range per steel layer that results from the strain state in state II or the truss model is determined
separately for each check situation. For longitudinal reinforcement the varying bond behavior of reinforcing and prestressing
steel is taken into account by increasing the steel stress by the coefficient h from Eq. (6.64). If for longitudinal and shear
reinforcement the resulting stress range exceeds the permitted stress range, the necessary reinforcement will be iteratively
increased until the check succeeds for all situations. In the Symmetrical and Compression member design modes the
longitudinal reinforcement is applied at all predefined locations. This will not affect the predefined relationships between
the individual reinforcement layers.
The permitted stress ranges and the coefficients h and l are specified by the user in the Section dialog. The decisive
reinforcement used for the check, which may have been increased, is recorded in the check log and saved for graphical
representation.
s c,max
f cd , fat
0.5 + 0.45
(6.77)
ck
with
sc,max
sc,min
fcd,fat
the maximum compressive stress at a fibre under the frequent load combination (compression measured
positive).
the minumum compressive stress at the same fibre where sc,max occurs (sc,min = 0 if sc,min is a tensile stress).
the design fatigue strength of concrete according to Eq. (6.76). This value is entered by the user in the Section
dialog.
fcd,fat
k1
40
= k1 cc(t0) fcd (1 - fck/250) with cc(t0) as per Eq. (3.2) and fcd as per Eq. (3.15)
= 0.85
(6.76)
k1
= 1.0
14 (1 Ecd,max,equ) / (1 Requ) 6
where
Requ
Ecd,min,equ
Ecd,max,equ
scd,min,equ
is the lower stress of the damage equivalent stress range for N=106 cycles.
scd,max,equ
is the upper stress of the damage equivalent stress range for N=106 cycles.
fcd,fat
(NN.112)
The upper and lower stress of the damage equivalent stress range shall be calculated with the equation (NN.113).
scd,max,equ
scd,min,equ
(NN.113)
with
sc,perm
sc,max71
Minimum and maximum compressive stress under the fatigue combination with load model71 and the
dynamic coefficientF.
sc,min,71
lc
Correction coefficient for the calculation of the stresses caused by load model71.
41
Design Combinations
In accordance with EN1990 (Eurocode0), Chapter 6.5.3, the following combinations are taken into account in the
serviceability limit states:
(6.14b)
i>1
(6.15b)
i>1
(6.16b)
i1
DIN EN 1992-2:
Additionally, the design combinations according to Tab. 7.101DE for road bridges and Tab. 7.102DE for railroad bridges are
OENORM EN 1992-2:
Additionally, the design combinations according to Tab. 2AT are taken into account.
For each combination you can define different design situations for the construction stages and final states. If necessary, the
combination required by the check will automatically be determined from the section specifications. Each check is carried
Stress Analysis
For uncracked concrete sections, the program assumes that concrete and steel under tensile and compressive stress behave
elastically. As for cracked concrete sections, the concrete compressive stresses are determined using the stress-strain curve
according to EN1992-1-1, Figure 3.2. Note here that a horizontal curve is assumed for strains of ec1 or higher.
Area elements
For area elements the concrete stresses are calculated at the gross section. The steel stress check is carried out for
reinforcing steel by determining the strain state at the cracked concrete section and for the prestressing steel at the
uncracked concrete section.
Beams and design objects
The action combination stresses that can be determined without checks are always calculated at the gross section.
42
If the stresses according to chapter 7.2 are calculated at the cracked section the different bonding behavior of concrete and
prestressing steel is to be taken into account. The increase of tension force DFtp in the prestressing steel is to be calculated
as follows:
DFtp= x1Ape(yp)Ep
(14AT)
where
x1
is the bond coefficient according to Eq. (7.5); the value can be entered in the crack width check dialog;
Ap
e(yp)
Ep
For beams and design objects this rule is taken into account by the program for situations after grouting. For area elements
it is not used because prestressing steel is only checked at the uncracked section.
0.45fc(t), the nonlinearity of the creep must be taken into account. fc(t) indicates the average value of the concrete
compressive strength at time t when the prestressing is entered.
The program assumes the time of introducing the prestressing to coincide with situation G1+P. If a situation G1+P is
defined in the combination selected above, the concrete stress is checked against the limit value 0.45fc(t) or 0.60fc(t) for
this situation depending on the user's specification. The value for fc(t) is also defined in the dialog.
OENORMB1992-2: An increase of the stress limit is not permitted, even if the compressive zone is helically reinforced.
43
and at the uncracked concrete section for area elements. This check is based on the limit 0.75fpk under the characteristic
action combination.
For situations before prestressing and for tendons without bond, the stress spm0(x) is checked according to EN1992-1-1,
DINEN1992-1-1: The check is carried out for the quasi-continuous combination with the limit 0.65fpk. In addition, the
stresses are checked against the minimum of 0.9fp0,1k and 0.8fpk under the characteristic combination.
Decompression Check
This check is to be carried out for prestressed components with bond of exposure classes XC2-XC4, XD1-XD3 and XS1-XS3
as per Table 7.1N in Chapter 7.3.1. According to this, all parts of the tendon with bond or the duct must be located in the
overcompressed concrete at a depth of at least 100mm. The decisive action combination is determined based on the
exposure class.
For beams and design objects, the analysis is carried out for stresses resulting from bending and normal force. A cracked
section is assumed in this analysis in case the tensile stress under the decisive action combination exceeds fctm. In addition,
For area sections, an uncracked section is assumed. The 2D concrete stress applied in the direction of the tendon is decisive
The result is indicated as the 'compression depth' which refers to the shortest distance between the tendon or duct and the
tensile zone or section edge. This value is negative if the tendon is in the tensile zone.
DIN EN 1992-2:
The check conditions result either from the table 7.101DE (road bridges) or 7.102DE (railroad bridges) depending on the
selected type of structure and are independent from the exposure class. In accordance with 7.3.1(105) in the final state
tensile stresses are not permitted to occur at the edge that is directly adjacent to the tendon. For construction stages edge
stresses of 0.85fctk;0.05 or the limitation stresses specified in Table 7.103DE are permitted depending on the type of
member.
OENORM B1992-2:
Table 2AT is decisive with the action combination according to the exposure class and the supplements of note c. In
accordance with Chapter 9.2.1 it is to prove that the concrete section within a distance of 200 mm from the tendon or duct
remains under compression. Simplifying the decompression limit state can be assumed, when the stress of the edge fiber
reaches zero in the precompressed tensile zone (i.e., at the section edge facing the tendon).
Beams and design objects: If the edge point next to the tendon is above the centroid, the stress on the upper side of
the section will be checked. If not, the lower side of the section will be checked.
Area elements: The check will be carried out for the upper or lower section edge if the tendon next to the check point
is located above or below the centroid level of the element in question. Tendons outside of the element are taken into
account at a distance of up to five times the section height.
If the tendon guide is ambiguous, the check will be carried out for both sides. For area elements, the principal tensile stress
s1 or one of the longitudinal tensile stresses sx or sy is decisive depending on the user's selection. The latter can be used
to limit the check to the direction of the prestressing if the internal force systems are appropriately aligned.
44
(7.1)
where
Act
is the area of the concrete tensile zone during initial crack formation in stateI. To determine the value, the
program scales the bending moment of the action combination until the maximum edge stress in stateI
corresponds to the value fct,eff.
ss
is the maximum permitted stress in the reinforcing steel reinforcement in relation to the limit diameter of the
reinforcing steel.
is the coefficient for factoring in nonlinearly distributed tensile stresses based on the user's input, which can vary
between 0.65 and 1.0 depending on the section height.
DINEN1992-1-1: In case of restraint within the component, these values can be multiplied by 0.8 and for tensile
stresses due to restraint generated outside of the component, k = 1.0 shall be assumed.
fct,eff
is the effective concrete tensile strength at the time of crack formation based on the user's input. The tensile
strength is assumed to be fctm or lower in case the crack formation is expected to occur within the first 28 days.
The tensile strength, which depends on the age of the concrete, is defined in Equation (3.4) of Chapter 3.1.2.
DINEN1992-1-1: If it is not certain whether crack formation will occur within the first 28 days, a tensile strength
of 3MN/m for normal concrete and 2.5 MN/m for lightweight concrete should be assumed.
kc
(7.2)
kc = 0.9Fcr/Act/fct,eff 0.5
sc
is the average concrete stress in the analyzed part of the section with
sc = NEd / (b h)
NEd
(7.3)
(7.4)
is the normal force in the analyzed part of the section (compressive force positive) under the decisive action
combination.
h*
45
k1
is the coefficient for taking into account the effects of normal force NEd on the stress distribution:
k1 = 1.5
k1 = 2 h* / (3h)
F cr
is the absolute value of the tensile force in the chord directly before crack formation. The tensile force is
generated through the integration of tensile stresses within area Act.
The largest existing bar diameter fs is specified in the Section dialog (where it is labeled with ds). It is used in the following
equations to determine the limit diameter fs* as an input value for Table 7.2N:
for bending
(7.6N)
(7.7N)
where
h
d
hcr
The limit diameter fs * and the permissible crack width wmax are used to determine the permissible reinforcing steel stress
ss for Equation (7.1) according to Table 7.2N. The values within the table are interpolated linear, beyond the table they are
extrapolated linear for wk and quadratic for ss.
If the crack width check is to be carried out at the same time, the program will determine whether the specified crack width
according to Chapter 7.3.4 is maintained by inserting the calculated minimum reinforcement. If necessary, the minimum
reinforcement is increased iteratively until the check limit is reached. The increased reinforcement is indicated by an
DIN EN1992-1-1:
The limit diameter fs* for Table 7.2DE is determined using the following equations:
for bending
(7.6DE)
(7.7DE)
Based on Chapter 7.3.2(NA.5), the minimum reinforcement for the crack width limitation in the case of thicker
components under centrical restraint can be determined according to Equation (NA.7.5.1). It is not necessary to insert more
reinforcing steel as results from Equation (7.1). The rules specified before will be used, if the option is selected by the user,
whereas the possibility of lower reinforcement for slowly hardening concrete according to Section (NA.6) will not be used.
OENORM B1992-1-1:
Table 7.2N is replaced by Table 8AT. The steel stress ss is determined according to Equation (19AT). The limit diameter is to
be modified as follows:
(21AT)
x1ApDsp
on the left side of Equation (7.1). In this formula
Ap
Ac,eff
is the effective area of the reinforcement according to Figure7.1. The section after the next describes how Ac,eff
is determined.
x1
is the adjusted ratio of bond strengths between reinforcing steel and prestressing steel according to Equation (7.5).
Dsp
46
According to Section (NA.104) no minimum reinforcement is required in sections where the absolute value of concrete
compressive stress under the characteristic combination on the section edge is greater than 1N/mm. This condition is also
OENORM B1992-2:
Determine strain state II under the check combination with the stress-strain curve shown in Figure 3.2. For beams and
design objects, all tendons with bond are considered on the resistance side.
Define the effective area of reinforcement Ac,eff shown in Figure 7.1 (see next section), determine the reinforcing steel
layers and prestressing steel layers within Ac,eff.
rp,eff
=(As+x1Ap
)/Ac,eff
x1
As, Ap
(7.10)
(7.9)
Where
ae
= Es/E
cm
ss
DIN EN 1992-1-1:
ss
= ss2 + 0.4fct,eff (1/rp,eff - 1/rtot)
fct,eff
kt
sr,max
(7.11)
Where
is the concrete cover with respect to the longitudinal reinforcement. The concrete cover is set to d1- f/2 in
47
k1
is the coefficient for consideration of the bond properties of the reinforcement. The coefficient is set to 0.8
k2
k3 , k4
in the program, which is the recommended value for good bond properties.
0.5 for bending and 1.0 for pure tension.
DIN EN1992-1-1:
k1 k2 = 1, k3 = 0 and k4 = 1 / 3.6
OENORM B1992-1-1:
k3 = 0 and k4 = 1 / (3.6k1k2 ) rp,eff ss / (3.6k1k2fct,eff )
(22AT)
(23AT)
If an upper limit for the crack spacing in Equation (7.11) was specified in the section dialog, this allows the special
features of Equations (7.13) and (7.14) and sections (4) and (5) of Chapter 7.3.4 to be taken into consideration.
Calculated value of the crack width
wk
= sr,max(esm-ecm)
(7.8)
The layer with the largest calculated crack width is shown in the log.
For sections completely under tension, the check is performed separately for each of the two effective tensile zones.
The maximum value is shown in the log.
If the minimum reinforcement check for limiting the crack width is not selected, the program will automatically determine a
crack reinforcement that is required to maintain the crack width. For that purpose a design is carried out using the decisive
check combination for calculating the crack width. The resulting calculated reinforcement is indicated by an exclamation
mark "!" in the check log.
The crack width is checked for the final longitudinal reinforcement (maximum from the robustness, crack and bending
reinforcement including a possible increase resulting from the fatigue check) and saved for graphical representation.
crack; when calculating the crack width, use the check combination based on the exposure class.
Define the centroid line of the reinforcement as a regression line through the reinforcing steel layers in the tensile zone.
In 2D frameworks and for area elements, a horizontal line through the centroid of the reinforcement layers under
tension is assumed.
Determine the truncated residual area Ar to the edge and the sum of section lengths ls. The average edge distance is
zone.
Shift the centroid line in parallel by 1.5d1. Assuming h- d = d1 , the height of Ac,eff is determined as per 7.3.2(3) by
hc,ef = 2.5(h- d) h/2. According to DINEN1992-1-1 and OENORMB1992-1-1, Section 7.3.2(3), this value is
limited to (h- x)/2 (x= compressive zone height in state I).
The resulting polygon is intersected with the tensile zone and then defines the effective area Ac,eff.
then assumed as d1=Ar/ ls, but not less than the smallest edge distance of the reinforcing steel layers in the tensile
If all the reinforcing steel layers of the section are under tension, then two zones will be determined; one for the layers
above the centroid and the other for layers below the centroid. The area of each zone is limited to Ac/2.
48
The following illustrations show the effective areas determined by the program for a few representative situations. The last
case (edge beam) deviates from the model assumptions in Book 466 to such a degree that it is questionable as to whether it
should be used.
A c,eff
A ct
d1
Ar
2.5 d1
ls
Effective area of the reinforcement at a rectangular section under uniaxial bending, normal force with double bending and
centrical tension
ls
ls
d1
1.5
ls
ls
Effective area of the reinforcement at an edge beam under uniaxial bending
For prestressed road bridges with thin flanges, the formation of shear cracks must be limited in accordance with Chapter
7.3.1 (NA.111). It is to be ensured that the diagonal principal tensile stresses affected by lateral force and torsion do not
exceed the values fctk;0,05. The check is to be carried out in stateI for the frequent combination.
For prestressed railway bridges, the principal tensile stresses as per Chapter 7.3.1 (NA.112), must be limited as well. Note,
however, that you can limit the check to the area of longitudinal compressive stresses as long as no tensile-stressed chords
are connected. You can choose this option in the section dialog. The user is responsible for verifying the usage
requirements.
49
s1 =
sx 1
+
s 2x + 4t 2xy + 4t 2xz
2 2
with
sx
Longitudinal stress from bending and longitudinal force in accordance with the rules for stress analysis indicated
above.
txy
Edge shear stress in the y direction from lateral force and torsion.
txz
Edge shear stress in the z direction from lateral force and torsion.
tan 2J1 =
-2t
sx
with
yx
zx
xy
y
z y
xz
y z
z
with
sx, sy
sz
= 0.
txy = tyx
Shear stress from torsional moment and shear force with a linear curve along the section height.
txz = tzx
Shear stress from lateral force qx with a parabolic curve along the section height and the maximum value
Shear stress from lateral force qy with a parabolic curve along the section height and the maximum value
50
Limiting Deformations
According to EN1992-1-1, Chapter 7.4.1, the deformations of a component or structure may not impair its proper
functioning or appearance.
The standard does not include a method for direct calculation of deformations in accordance with Chapter 7.4.3.
The InfoCAD program system allows you to perform a realistic check as part of a nonlinear system analysis for beam and
shell structures that takes geometric and physical nonlinearities into account. The resistance of the tendons within the bond
is currently not included in the calculation.
Editing is performed in the following steps:
Define the check situation using the Load Group function in the Load dialog by grouping the decisive individual load
cases. The variable loads must first be weighted with the combination coefficients y2 for the quasi-continuous
combination.
Select the check load cases in the Nonlinear Analysis / Serviceability dialog in the analysis settings for the FEM or
framework analysis.
Set the reinforcement determined in the ultimate limit state in the Start reinforcement selection field (maximum from
bending, robustness, crack check and fatigue).
Perform the FEM or framework analysis to determine the deformations in state II.
Check the system deformations displayed graphically or in tabular form.
For a detailed description of nonlinear system analysis, refer to the relevant chapter of the manual.
51
Results
The extremal values for internal forces, support reactions, deformations, soil pressures and stresses are saved for all check
situations. The resulting bending, robustness and crack reinforcement, the decisive maximum value and the stirrup and
torsion reinforcement are provided for the graphical representation as well.
The log shows the design internal forces and necessary reinforcements, checked stresses or crack widths at each result
location. If the permissible limit values are exceeded, they are reported as warnings and indicated at the check location. The
detailed log also lists the decisive combination internal forces of all design situations.
Tendon reactions
sp, Dsp
dp, dp,min
Depth of the tendons or ducts in the concrete compressive zone in the decompression check [mm].
sx
Longitudinal stresses in the decompression and concrete compressive stress checks [MN/m].
DINEN1992-2: Diagonal principal tensile stresses and related longitudinal and shear stresses [MN/m].
ss, Dss
sp, Dsp
scd, Dscd
Stresses and stress ranges in the fatigue check for concrete under longitudinal compression [MN/m].
Dssb,y, Dssb,z
Dssb,T, Dssl,T
Stress ranges for shear reinforcement from torsion and longitudinal torsion reinforcement [MN/m].
sr
sx, sy, s1
s2
DINEN1992-2: Diagonal principal tensile stresses and related longitudinal and shear stresses [MN/m].
ssx, Dssx
Stresses and stress ranges for reinforcing steel in the x direction [MN/m].
ssy, Dssy
Stresses and stress ranges for reinforcing steel in the y direction [MN/m].
sp, Dsp
scd,x, Dscd,x,
Stresses and stress ranges in the concrete fatigue check under longitudinal compression in the
scd,y, Dscd,y
Dss,b
Bending reinforcement
As
asx, asy
Asb.y, Asb.z
zy, zz
DFtdy, DFtdz
Additional tensile force [kN] in the longitudinal reinforcement as a result of lateral force Qy and Qz.
52
Results
Torsional reinforcement
Asb.T
Torsional stirrup reinforcement [cm/m] of beams and design objects from Mx.
Asl.T
Torsional longitudinal reinforcement [cm] of beams and design objects from Mx.
Design values
VRd,ct, vRd,ct
vRd,max
Absorbable design lateral force of concrete struts for area elements [kN/m].
VRd,max
Absorbable design lateral force of concrete struts for beams and design objects [kN].
TRd,max
wk.top
wk.bottom
53
Examples
Road Bridge in Solid Construction
In this example the features and capabilities of the EN1992-2 Bridge Checks program module are demonstrated based on a
simple bridge slab.
It was chosen inspired by part 1 of the book
Bauer, Thomas / Mller, Michael, Straenbrcken in Massivbauweise nach DIN-Fachbericht
(Road Bridges in Solid Construction According to DIN Technical Report)
Beispiele prffhiger Standsicherheitsnachweise (Examples of Verifiable Stability Safety Checks).
Stahlbeton- und Spannbetonberbau nach DIN-Fachbericht 101 und102
(Reinforced Concrete and Prestressed Concrete Superstructures According to DIN Technical Reports 101 and 102).
The bridge checks are divided into the following sections in the program:
Section-dependent check specifications
Load model 1
Combination of actions
Performing checks
The Task
The objective is to calculate a road bridge that is to be designed as a single-span, reinforced concrete slab.
54
Examples
Load model 1
Load model 1 consists of two parts:
(a) Twin axle (TS tandem system)
(b) Uniformly distributed area loads UDL
These loads should be applied in both the longitudinal and lateral directions of the bridge in the least favorable position. In
the lateral direction, the load positions are determined by dividing the roadway into computational lanes.
Since the decisive lane division is not always known in advance, you can define different load position variants.
This creates the 1st variant of the load model and opens an input dialog.
Click TS New to specify the centroid and the direction of traffic for the 1st tandem system.
The properties of the tandem system position are set in the dialog.
The Lane1 is defined left of the traffic direction and indicated by a dark hatching pattern. The area resulting from the load
55
Initially, all the load areas are accepted as UDL2 (lanes 2). Double-click the second UDL area and specify Lane 1 for this.
56
Examples
Combination of actions
To describe the actions and their combinations, click the Actions option in the database and then select Insert.
The actions to be considered are selected in the dialog. You can now assign
load cases to them.
Once the respective loads have been assigned to the actions, you can add
the combinations required for the checks.
57
To determine the extremal internal forces from the defined combinations, click Calculate.
The program combines the results of the load cases, combinations and load models that are used and then makes them
The calculation of combinations is optional here since it will be performed by the checking program in any case.
58
Examples
Performing checks
The EN1992-2 Bridge Checks checking program is started from the Analysis menu. Afterwards, the results can be obtained
from the data base.
Maximum value of the upper and lower longitudinal reinforcement from bending with normal force, crack check and
fatigue.
The summary log for a single element in the midspan is provided below:
Design according to EN 1992-2:2005
The design is applicable for reinforced and prestressed concrete bridges with
and without bond. The actions are combined according to EN 1990, Eq. (6.10),
using the specific partial safety and combination factors.
Se.
Expos.
class
XC4
Prestress
of component
Not prestressed
Reinforc.
M R B Q T
x x x x .
Fatig.
S P C
x . .
Crackwidth
x
Decomp.
.
Stress checks
Comp. S P
x
x .
(M)
(R)
(B)
(Q)
(T)
(S)
(P)
(C)
M,N
fyk
Theta
Slabs
Asl
Red.
Se. Concr.
1 C30/37-EN
Density
[kg/m]
.
Dsn.
M,N
ST
fyk
[MPa]
500
cot
Theta
1.75
Dsn.
Asl [cm]
like
Pic. 6.3
slabs given max
.
0.00
0.00
Red.
pre
str.
59
bw.nom
h.nom
kb, kd
z1, z2
tef
B.
Eff. width
bn [m] kb
.
.
Height[m]
h
h.nom
0.850
.
Eff.height
d [m] kd
0.780 0.90
z1
z2
tef B.
.
.
.
.
ds
Xi1
k
kt
Factor
sr,max
Coefficient for the duration of the load to calculate the crack width.
Reduction factor for fctm as per chapt. 7.3.2 (As,min) resp. 7.3.4 (wk).
Se. wmax ds
[mm] [mm]
1 0.30 28.0
Coeff.
sr,max
Xi1 k
kt
[mm]
.
1.00 0.4
.
fctm-Factor
As,min
wk
1.00 1.00
As,min
wk
Sigma.c
Sigma.s
(CC),(QC)
Se.
1
fck(t)
[MN/m]
.
per.sigma.c(t)
per.sigma.c
(CC, QC)
(CC)
(QC)
.
0.60 fck 0.45 fck
per.sigma.s
(CC)
0.80 fyk
Decompression
Stress
fcd,fat
dSigma.Rsk,s
dSigma.Rsk,b
dSigma.Rsk,p
Lambda.s,b,p
Lambda.c
Eta
Ch. SPC
(x)
(+)
Fac. Qfat
Check for (S) reinforcing steel, (P) prestressing steel, (C) concrete.
Se.
1
Ch.
SPC
x..
fcd,fat
[MN/m]
.
dSigma [MN/m]
Rsk,s Rsk,b Rsk,p
58.00 73.00
.
s
1.00
Lambda
b
p
1.00
.
Eta
c
.
Fac.
Qfat
1.00 *)
concrete section.
concrete Reinf.steel
(gamma.c)
(gamma.s)
1.50
1.15
1.20
1.00
1.50
1.15
Prestr.steel
(gamma.s)
1.15
1.00
1.15
Se.
Lay.
Qua.
1
2
500M
500M
60
E-Modul
[MN/m]
200000
200000
dt x
[m]
0.060
.
db x
asx
[m]
[cm/m]
.
0.00
0.060
0.00
dt y
[m]
0.080
.
db y
asy
[m]
[cm/m]
.
0.00
0.080
0.00
as
fix
Examples
DESIGN FOR AREA ELEMENTS
Design of longitudinal reinforcement
(M) Nominal reinf. for robustness as per EN 1992-2, 6.1 (109) (Charact. C.)
(R) Nominal/requ. reinforcement as per 7.3.2/4 for crack width limitation
Increase of reinforcement due to crack width check is marked by "!".
(B) Design of reinforement at ultimate limit state
In case of dominant bending, compression reinforcement is marked with "*"
For section areas acc. to 6.1.(5) the conrecte strain is not limited
The minimum reinforcement acc. to 9.2.1.1 and 9.3.1.1 is not determined
For compressive members the minimum reinf. acc. to 9.5.2 is considered
Element
Reiforcem. Reinf.
No. Se. Lo. Lay. Type
nsd
[kN/m]
124
1
1
1
M
0.00
R
0.00
B
0.00
2
M
0.00
R
0.00
B
0.00
124
1
2
1
M
0.00
R
0.00
B
0.00
2
M
0.00
R
0.00
B
0.00
124
1
3
1
M
0.00
R
0.00
B
0.00
2
M
0.00
R
0.00
B
0.00
124
1
4
1
M
0.00
R
0.00
B
0.00
2
M
0.00
R
0.00
B
0.00
for x-direction
msd req.asx
[kNm/m] [cm/m]
760.28
0.00
760.28
0.00
1618.06
0.00
1198.56
9.82
778.28
45.82!
1618.06
50.28
769.11
0.00
769.11
0.00
1616.60
0.00
1197.48
9.82
775.27
45.67!
1616.60
50.23
757.32
0.00
757.32
0.00
1591.50
0.00
1178.89
9.82
762.99
45.09!
1591.50
49.34
748.50
0.00
748.50
0.00
1592.99
0.00
1179.99
9.82
766.00
45.24!
1592.99
49.39
vRd
Angle
Asl
qr
Element
qx
No. Loc. [kN/m]
124 1
63.31
2
63.31
3
63.43
4
63.43
qy
[kN/m]
47.06
48.57
48.57
47.06
n
[kN/m]
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
qr
[kN/m]
78.89
79.79
79.89
78.98
qr/
vRd
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
Element
No. Lo. Lay.
124
124
124
124
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
Check in x-direction
as [cm/m] dSigma.s [MN/m]
giv.
req.
equ.
per.
0.00
.
.
50.43
50.28
.
29.09
50.43
0.00
.
.
50.43
50.23
.
32.04
50.43
0.00
.
.
50.43
49.34
.
32.07
50.43
0.00
.
.
50.43
49.39
.
29.00
50.43
Check in y-direction
as [cm/m] dSigma.s [MN/m]
giv.
req.
equ.
per.
22.08
.
13.98
50.43
10.08
.
1.23
50.43
22.08
.
15.43
50.43
10.08
.
1.36
50.43
22.08
.
11.82
50.43
10.08
.
16.88
50.43
22.08
.
8.20
50.43
10.08
.
20.89
50.43
Element
No. Se.
124
1
Loc.
1
2
3
4
asb [cm/m]
giv.
req.
0.00
.
0.00
.
0.00
.
0.00
.
dSigma.s [MN/m]
equ.
per.
.
63.48
.
63.48
.
63.48
.
63.48
61
wk
Calculated value of crack width as per 7.3.4 [mm]
wmax
Permissible crack width as per specification [mm]
nsd, msd Longitudinal force and moment for design [kN/m, kNm/m]
(CC) Charact. (rare), (TC) Frequent, (QC) Quasi-continuous combination
Element
Check in x-direction
No. Se. C. Loc.
nsd
msd
wk
[kN/m] [kNm/m] [mm]
124
1 QC 1
0.00
778.28 0.26
2
0.00
775.27 0.26
3
0.00
762.99 0.26
4
0.00
766.00 0.26
wmax
[mm]
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.30
Check in y-direction
nsd
msd
wk
[kN/m] [kNm/m] [mm]
0.00
-41.88 0.05
0.00
-35.95 0.04
0.00
-24.02 0.03
0.00
-29.92 0.04
wmax
[mm]
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.30
For the check, a cracked concrete section (II) is assumed if the tensile stress
from the decisive c. exceeds the value of fctm. Otherwise, a non-cracked section
(I) is used. If the strain is not absorbable on cracked section, (I*) is marked.
On cracked section, the stress min(Sigma.x, Sigma.y) is checked.
Sigma,min
Sigma.per
(t,b)
Element
Stress
min Sigma
No. Se. Loc.
[MN/m]
124
1
1 Sigma.x(II)
-16.30
Sigma.x(II)
-10.90
2 Sigma.x(II)
-16.29
Sigma.x(II)
-10.87
3 Sigma.x(II)
-16.17
Sigma.x(II)
-10.77
4 Sigma.x(II)
-16.17
Sigma.x(II)
-10.81
Sigma,per
[MN/m]
-18.00
-13.50
-18.00
-13.50
-18.00
-13.50
-18.00
-13.50
Side
t
b
x
.
x
.
x
.
x
.
x
.
x
.
x
.
x
.
Period
Situation
Final
Final
Final
Final
Final
Final
Final
Final
CC.1
QC.1
CC.1
QC.1
CC.1
QC.1
CC.1
QC.1
Sigma.s,per = 0.80 * fyk resp. 1.0 * fyk (CK) as per 7.2 (5)
Element
No. Se. Lo. Lay.
62
124
124
124
124
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
Check in x-direction
as Sigma.s
per.
[cm/m] [MN/m] [MN/m]
0.00
.
400.00
50.28 329.33
400.00
0.00
.
400.00
50.23 329.35
400.00
0.00
.
400.00
49.34 329.84
400.00
0.00
.
400.00
49.39 329.81
400.00
Check in y-direction
as Sigma.s
per.
[cm/m] [MN/m] [MN/m]
22.08
29.73
400.00
10.08
29.45
400.00
22.08
25.55
400.00
10.08
17.77
400.00
22.08
15.32
400.00
10.08
52.36
400.00
22.08
19.00
400.00
10.08
63.97
400.00
Examples
and Prestressed Concrete Superstructures According to DIN Technical Reports 101 and 102)
The construction is a prestressed beam in the longitudinal direction with subsequent bond in exposure class XC4. The lateral
direction is not analyzed in this example. The support is free floating in the longitudinal direction and fixed in the lateral
direction.
C40/50-EN
BSt 500/550, axis distance from edge 7.5 cm
Section
According to the draft specification the superstructure must be designed for load model 71 with a classification coefficient
of a=1.0 and for load model SW/2.
The main checks are carried out for the following times:
Time of prestressing
t0 = 10 days:
t1 = 100 days:
t = 100 years:
Lateral force
Because of their low influence on the selected checks, actions arising from centrifugal loads, lateral impacts, wind loads, the
'unloaded train' load model, starting and braking, derailment, actions on rails, traffic loads on service sidewalks and soil
pressure are ignored.
63
St 1500/1770
SUSPA EC 140
Section surface Ap
2660 mm
190000 MN/m
1500 MN/m
1770 MN/m
3391.5 kN
0.21
0.3 /m
6 mm
Duct diameter dh
97 mm
1.1 / 0.9
1.1 / 0.9
The tendon guide is shown in the next figure. 2 tendon groups with 6 bundled tendons each are arranged such that they
stretch across the entire girder length and are alternately prestressed at both girder ends. The prestressing systems,
prestressing procedures and prestressing curves for both tendon groups are also shown.
Superelevation = 3
xv 0.00
1.00
2.96
4.92
6.88
8.84
10.80
12.76
14.72
16.68
1 -28.6 -15.1
7.6
25.3
37.9
45.5
48.0
45.5
37.9
25.3
7.6
-15.1 -28.6
37.9
42.3
45.5
47.4
48.0
47.4
45.5
42.3
37.9
32.2 28.8
2 28.8
32.2
18.64 20.60
21.60
Pm0
= 3391.5 kN,
Ap = 2660.0 mm, a = 0.21, Angle ' = 0.30 /m
14.72
16.68
18.64
18739.0
12.76
18799.6
10.80
18941.2
8.84
19084.2
6.88
19095.1
18667.0
4.92
18951.4
18526.5
2.96
18808.6
18387.2
0.00 1.00
18249.4
18112.9
18043.8 [kN]
19155.6
20.60
21.60
xv
[m]
64
Examples
Force function of tendon group 2 (6 tendon(s), l = 21.60 m)
Prestressing system 1 - SUSPA EC 140. Certification according to EC2.
Pm0
= 3391.5 kN,
Ap = 2660.0 mm, a = 0.21, Angle ' = 0.30 /m
E-Modulus= 190000 MN/m, Ah = 7389.8 mm, n = 0.21, Slippage = 6.00 mm
Prestressing procedure 1 - Pm0
Pre. anchor
:
Start
14.72
16.68
18.64
18749.3
12.76
18782.9
10.80
18848.9
8.84
18915.2
6.88
18981.7
19182.7
4.92
19048.5
19250.1
2.96
19115.5
19317.8
0.00 1.00
19385.7
19453.9
19485.8 [kN]
19485.8
20.60
21.60
xv
[m]
Prestressing (P).
Load case 31
Load case 32
Load model 71
Load case 21: The dynamic coefficient F of 1.16 is already considered in the load ordinates.
65
G1
G2
P - Prestress, intern
3
Qvk LM 71,1
Qvk LM 71,2
Qvk LM 71,3
Qvk LM SW/2
Qvk LM 71,1
Qvk LM 71,2
Qvk LM 71,3
State
Actions
1) t0
2) t1
3) too
Constr. - Ungr. G1 + P
Final
G1 + G2 + P + CSR1 + QK
Final
G1 + G2 + P + CSR2 + QK
QK means changeable actions in accordance with the table of the combination coefficients.
66
Examples
Permanent and temporary combination, safety coefficients
Action
Gamma.sup
Gamma.inf
G1
G2
P, CSR1, CSR2
T
Q1
Q2
1.35
1.35
1
1.5
1.45
1.2
1
1
1
0
0
0
Q1
Q2
a) T
b) T
c) Q1
d) Q2
1
1
0.6
0.6
0.8
0
1
0
0
0.8
0
1
State
Actions
1) t0
2) t1
3) too
Constr. - Ungr. G1 + P
Final
G1 + G2 + P + CSR1 + QK
Final
G1 + G2 + P + CSR2 + QK
QK means changeable actions in accordance with the table of the combination coefficients.
Gamma.sup
Gamma.inf
G1
G2
P, CSR1, CSR2
T
Q1
Q2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
Q1
Q2
a) T
b) T
c) Q1
d) Q2
1
1
0.6
0.6
0.8
0
1
0
0
0.8
0
1
State
Actions
1) t0
2) t1
3) too
Constr. - Ungr. G1 + P
Final
G1 + G2 + P + CSR1 + QK
Final
G1 + G2 + P + CSR2 + QK
QK means changeable actions in accordance with the table of the combination coefficients.
Gamma.sup
Gamma.inf
G1
G2
P, CSR1, CSR2
T
Q1
Q2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
Q1
Q2
a) T
b) Q1
c) Q2
0.6
0.5
0.5
0
0.8
0
0
0
0.8
67
State
Actions
1) t0
2) too
Constr. - Ungr. G1 + P
Final
G1 + G2 + P + CSR2 + QK
QK means changeable actions in accordance with the table of the combination coefficients.
Gamma.sup
Gamma.inf
G1
G2
P, CSR1, CSR2
T
Q1
Q2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
Q1
Q2
a)
0.5
State
Actions
1) too
Final
G1 + G2 + P + CSR2 + QK + Qfat
QK means changeable actions in accordance with the table of the combination coefficients.
Gamma.sup
Gamma.inf
G1
G2
P, CSR1, CSR2
T
Q1
Q2
Qfat
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
Q1
Q2
a)
0.6
Below you will find an example of the curve of bending moment My for design situations in the ultimate limit states.
2. Permanent and temporary combination t1
68
Examples
Design according to EN 1992-2:2005
The design is applicable for reinforced and prestressed concrete bridges with
and without bond. The actions are combined according to EN 1990, Eq. (6.10),
using the specific partial safety and combination factors.
the internal forces of the bond section and the tendon groups with their
Design overview
Se.
Expos.
class
XC4
Prestress
of component
Subsequent bond
Reinforc.
M R B Q T
x x x x .
Fatig.
S P C
x x x
Crackwidth
x
Decomp.
x
Stress checks
Comp. S P
x
x x
(M)
(R)
(B)
(Q)
(T)
(S)
(P)
(C)
Dispersion of prestressing
All other checks are made using the mean value Pm,t of prestressing.
Se.
1
Prestressing of
component
Subsequent bond
Const.period
r.sup r.inf
1.10
0.90
Final state
r.sup r.inf
1.10
0.90
M,N
fyk
Theta
Slabs
Asl
Red.
Se. Concr.
1 C40/50-EN
Density
[kg/m]
.
Dsn.
M,N
ST
fyk
[MPa]
500
cot
Theta
1.75
Dsn.
Asl [cm]
like
Pic. 6.3
slabs given max
.
0.00
.
Red.
pre
str.
Shear sections
bw.nom
h.nom
kb, kd
z1, z2
tef
B.
Eff. width
bn [m] kb
4.345 0.90
Height[m]
h
h.nom
1.250 1.250
Eff.height
d [m] kd
1.175 0.90
ds
Xi1
k
kt
Factor
sr,max
Coefficient for the duration of the load to calculate the crack width.
Reduction factor for fctm as per chapt. 7.3.2 (As,min) resp. 7.3.4 (wk).
Se. wmax ds
[mm] [mm]
1 0.20 16.0
Coeff.
sr,max
Xi1 k
kt
[mm]
0.31 1.00 0.4
.
fctm-Factor
As,min
wk
1.00 1.00
As,min
wk
fck(t)
Sigma.c(t)
Sigma.c
Sigma.x
Sigma.s
(CC),(QC)
Se.
1
fck(t)
[MN/m]
36.00
per.sigma.c(t)
per.sigma.c
(CC, QC)
(CC)
(QC)
0.45 fck(t)
0.60 fck 0.45 fck
per.sigma.s
(CC)
0.80 fyk
Decompression
Stress
Sigma.x
69
fcd,fat
dSigma.Rsk,s
dSigma.Rsk,b
dSigma.Rsk,p
Lambda.s,b,p
Lambda.c
Eta
Ch. SPC
(x)
(+)
Fac. Qfat
Check for (S) reinforcing steel, (P) prestressing steel, (C) concrete.
Se.
1
Ch.
SPC
xxx
fcd,fat
[MN/m]
13.68
dSigma [MN/m]
Rsk,s Rsk,b Rsk,p
162.00 73.00 120.00
s
0.65
Lambda
b
p
0.65 0.70
Eta
c
0.90
2.00
Fac.
Qfat
1.00
Results
The following illustrations show the curve of the required longitudinal and shear reinforcement. With respect to design in
the ultimate limit state, the strain reserves of the tendons are enough to perform the check without additional bending
reinforcement. Hence only the robustness reinforcement are necessary.
Minimum reinforcement As for ensuring robustness (ductility) [cm] (upper reinforcement with dashed lines).
Necessary lateral force reinforcement Asbz to satisfy the fatigue check [cm/m]
Excerpts from the standard check log for beam 3 at location 1 (first cut, x = 0.2 m) and beam 8 at location 1 (midspan) are
provided below.
Design of longitudinal reinforcement
(M) Nominal reinf. for robustness as per EN 1992-2, 6.1 (109) (Charact. C.)
(R) Nominal/requ. reinforcement as per 7.3.2/4 for crack width limitation
Increase of reinforcement due to crack width check is marked by "!".
Ap'
Part of prestr. steel area Xi1*Ap which was used to reduce req.As
Xi1
Bond coefficient for prestressing steel as per Eq. (7.5)
(B) Design of reinforement at ultimate limit state
In case of dominant bending, compression reinforcement is marked with "*"
For section areas acc. to 6.1.(5) the conrecte strain is not limited
The minimum reinforcement acc. to 9.2.1.1 and 9.3.1.1 is not determined
For compressive members the minimum reinf. acc. to 9.5.2 is considered
Beam
No.
3
70
Se. Lo.
1
1
Reinforcement
Nx
My
Lay. Type
[kN]
[kNm]
1
M
-1.37
265.35
R
0.00
0.00
B
-32185.62 -2624.16
2
M
-1.37
265.35
R
0.00
0.00
B
-32185.62 -2624.16
3
M
64.14
788.22
R
0.00
0.00
B
-32137.62 -2019.75
4
M
64.14
788.22
R
0.00
0.00
B
-32137.62 -2019.75
1
M
0.00
7936.54
R
0.00
0.00
B
-37924.11 -10267.04
2
M
0.00
7936.54
R
0.00
0.00
B
-37924.11 -10267.04
3
M
12.00 21797.83
R
0.00
0.00
B
-35554.82 11048.54
4
M
12.00 21797.83
R
0.00
0.00
B
-35554.82 11048.54
Mz
[kNm]
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Ap'
[cm]
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
req.As
[cm]
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
40.35
0.00
0.00
40.35
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
40.35
0.00
0.00
40.35
0.00
0.00
Examples
Design of shear reinforcement
VRd, TRd
Angle
Asb,Asl.T
Asl
Beam
Qy/
No. Loc. VRd
3 1 0.00
8 1 0.00
Asb.y
Qz/
Angle[cm/m] VRd
1.75
0.00 0.11
1.75
0.00 0.01
Asb.z
Asl Q/VRd+
Angle[cm/m] [cm] Mx/TRd
1.75 44.73
.
.
1.75 44.73
.
.
Asb.T Asl.T
[cm/m] [cm]
.
.
.
.
Type S
Type P
dSigma.s,equ
dSigma.s,zul
(simplified)
Beam
No.
3
Steel
Se. Loc. Type No.
1
1
S
1
S
2
S
3
S
4
P
1
P
2
1
1
S
1
S
2
S
3
S
4
P
1
P
2
As [cm]
giv.
req.
0.00
.
0.00
.
40.35
.
40.35
.
159.60
.
159.60
.
0.00
.
0.00
.
40.35
.
40.35
.
159.60
.
159.60
.
dSigma.s [MN/m]
equ.
per.
.
140.87
.
140.87
1.31
140.87
1.31
140.87
0.17
104.35
0.35
104.35
.
140.87
.
140.87
31.64
140.87
31.65
140.87
12.54
104.35
12.54
104.35
Type BY, BZ
dSigma.s,equ
dSigma.s,per
(simplified)
Beam
No.
3
8
Rei.
Se. Loc. Type
1
1
BY
BZ
1
1
BY
BZ
Asb [cm/m]
giv.
req.
0.00
.
44.73
100.08
0.00
.
44.73
.
dSigma.s [MN/m]
[MN/m] [MN/m]
.
63.48
63.48
63.48
.
63.48
11.00
63.48
Sigma.cd,min
Sigma.cd,max
Sigma.cd,per
t, b
Beam
No.
3
8
Se. Loc.
1
1
1
1
Sigma.cd,min
[MN/m]
6.46
3.49
Sigma.cd,max
[MN/m]
6.64
8.00
Sigma.cd,per
[MN/m]
12.72
9.27
Se.pnt.
8
4
Side
t
b
.
x
x
.
wk
wmax
Sigma.c
Beam
No.
3
8
Reinf.
Nx
My
Se. C. Lo. Layer
[kN]
[kNm]
1 TC 1
. -41150.8 -3641.36
1 TC 1
. -34131.7 -8446.68
Mz
[kNm]
0.00
0.00
Sigma.x
[MN/m]
-3.75
0.89
wk
[mm]
0.00
-.-
wmax
[mm]
0.20
0.20
71
For the check, a cracked concrete section (II) is assumed if the tensile stress
from the decisive c. exceeds the value of fctm. Otherwise, a non-cracked section
(I) is used. If the strain is not absorbable on cracked section, (I*) is marked.
(TC),(QC)
dp
dp,min
Depth of the tendon or duct within the concrete compressive zone [mm]
Beam
No.
3
8
Se. Loc.
1
1 (I)
1
1 (I)
Sigma.x [MN/m]
top
bottom
-3.83
-9.24
2.41 -15.84
Compr.depth[mm] Tendon
dp
dp,min group
319.9
100
2
161.8
100
1
Period
Situation
Constr. QC.1
Constr. QC.1
For the check, a cracked concrete section (II) is assumed if the tensile stress
from the decisive c. exceeds the value of fctm. Otherwise, a non-cracked section
(I) is used. If the strain is not absorbable on cracked section, (I*) is marked.
Sigma.x,min
Sigma.x,per
(t,b)
Beam
No.
3
8
Sigma.x,min
Se. Loc.
[MN/m]
1
1 (I)
-9.24
(I)
-9.24
1
1 (I) -15.84
(I) -15.84
Sigma.x,per
[MN/m]
-16.20
-16.20
-16.20
-16.20
Se.Pnt.
7
7
7
7
Side
t
b
.
x
.
x
.
x
.
x
Period
Situation
Constr.
Constr.
Constr.
Constr.
CC.1
QC.1
CC.1
QC.1
For tendon groups without bond and/or for situations before grouting,
Beam
No.
3
72
Steel
Se. Lo. Type No.
1
1 S
1
S
2
S
3
S
4
P
1
P
2
1
1 S
1
S
2
S
3
S
4
P
1
P
2
As
[cm]
0.00
0.00
40.35
40.35
159.60
159.60
0.00
0.00
40.35
40.35
159.60
159.60
Sigma.s
[MN/m]
.
.
-30.88
-30.88
1134.89
1218.92
.
.
5.91
5.91
1178.49
1197.71
per.
[MN/m]
400.00
400.00
400.00
400.00
1275.00
1275.00
400.00
400.00
400.00
400.00
1275.00
1275.00
Situation
CC.3
CC.3
CC.3
CC.3
CC.1
CC.1
CC.1
CC.1
CC.3
CC.3
CC.1
CC.1
Examples
Bridge Abutment
This example demonstrates how the EN1992-2 applies to road bridge abutments. The construction consists of abutment
wings, a support block and a pile head plate with piles. The dimensions are shown in the following figures.
Static System
Material
Concrete
Reinforcing steel
Bedding
Section
Wing walls
d = 1.2 m (section 1)
Support block
d = 1.5 m (section 2)
d = 1.2 m (section 3)
Piles
= 1.0 m (section 4)
Exposure class
XC4
The depicted FEM system is generated with shell elements in conjunction with beam elements. A 3D drawing consisting of
edges and model surfaces formed the basis for creating the structure. It was important to position the model objects on the
center lines or centroid levels of the structural components since they are used to describe the elements.
73
74
Examples
Checks
The following checks are carried out as a part of this example:
Ultimate limit state
Bending with longitudinal force
Lateral force
Due to the intersection the checks are not carried out for the pile head plate. The required specifications are listed further
below.
Loads
Due to the scope of the project, the actions were limited to the decisive loads.
Load case 1
Load case 2
Load case 3
Load case 4
Load case 5
Load case 6
G: Dead load
G: Soil pressure
G: Superstructure
Q: UDL (uniformly distributed load)
Q: TS position 1
Q: TS position 2
No.
1
0.0000
0.0000
1.0000
75
The actions and action combinations defined for the checks are listed in the following.
EN 1992-2 actions
G1 - Permanent action
1
2
G: Dead load
G: Earth pressure
G2 - Superstructure
3
G: Superstructure
Q: TS position 1
Q: TS position 2
State
Actions
1)
2)
Constr.
Final
G1
G1 + G2 + QK
QK means changeable actions in accordance with the table of the combination coefficients.
Gamma.sup
Gamma.inf
G1
G2
QTS, QUDL
1.35
1.35
1.35
1
1
0
76
Examples
Permanent and temporary combination, combination coefficients
Variant
QTS
QUDL
a)
State
Actions
1)
Final
G1 + G2 + QK
QK means changeable actions in accordance with the table of the combination coefficients.
Gamma.sup
Gamma.inf
G1
G2
QTS, QUDL
1
1
1
1
1
0
QTS
QUDL
a)
State
Actions
1)
Final
G1 + G2 + QK
QK means changeable actions in accordance with the table of the combination coefficients.
Gamma.sup
Gamma.inf
G1
G2
QTS, QUDL
1
1
1
1
1
0
QTS
QUDL
a)
0.75
0.4
State
Actions
1)
Final
G1 + G2 + QK
QK means changeable actions in accordance with the table of the combination coefficients.
Gamma.sup
Gamma.inf
G1
G2
QTS, QUDL
1
1
1
1
1
0
Due to the low compressive forces and the high bending moments, the construction stage (G1) is decisive for load-bearing
safety in several areas.
The following shows an example of the support reactions Rz for the characteristic (rare) combination.
77
Support reactions Rz
Design overview EN 1992-2
Se.
Expos.
class
XC4
XC4
XC4
1
2
4
Prestress
of component
Not prestressed
Not prestressed
Not prestressed
Reinforc.
M R B Q T
x x x x .
x x x x .
. x x x .
Fatig.
S P C
. . .
. . .
. . .
Crackwidth
x
x
x
Decomp.
.
.
.
Stress
Comp.
x
x
x
checks
S P
x .
x .
x .
(M)
(R)
(B)
(Q)
(T)
(S)
(P)
(C)
M,N
Se. Concr.
1 C30/37-EN
2 C30/37-EN
4 C40/50-EN
Density
[kg/m]
.
.
.
Dsn.
M,N
SY
SY
CM
fyk
[MPa]
500
500
500
cot
Theta
1.75
1.75
1.75
Dsn.
like
slabs
.
.
.
Asl [cm]
Pic. 6.3
given max
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
.
Red.
pre
str.
Shear sections
78
Eff. width
bn [m] kb
.
.
.
.
0.627 0.90
Height[m]
h
h.nom
1.200
.
1.500
.
0.707
.
Eff.height
d [m] kd
1.120 0.90
1.420 0.90
0.627 0.90
Examples
Settings for the check of crack widths
ds
Xi1
k
kt
Factor
sr,max
Coefficient for the duration of the load to calculate the crack width.
Reduction factor for fctm as per chapt. 7.3.2 (As,min) resp. 7.3.4 (wk).
Se. wmax
[mm]
1 0.30
2 0.30
4 0.30
ds
[mm]
16.0
16.0
16.0
Coeff.
Xi1 k
.
0.65
.
0.65
.
0.65
kt
0.4
0.4
0.4
sr,max
[mm]
.
.
.
fctm-Factor
As,min
wk
0.71 1.00
0.71 1.00
0.71 1.00
As,min
wk
Sigma.c
Sigma.s
(CC),(QC)
Se.
1
2
4
fck(t)
[MN/m]
.
.
.
per.sigma.c(t)
per.sigma.c
(CC, QC)
(CC)
(QC)
.
0.60 fck
.
.
0.60 fck
.
.
0.60 fck
.
per.sigma.s
(CC)
0.80 fyk
0.80 fyk
0.80 fyk
Decompression
Stress
.
.
.
Results
The following figures show the curve of the required longitudinal reinforcement.
Support block
Required horizontal internal longitudinal reinforcement for the load-bearing capacity [cm/m]
79
Support block
80
Examples
81
References
Allgemeines Rundschreiben Straenbau (ARS) Nr. 22/2012
des Bundesministeriums fr Verkehr, Bau- und Stadtentwicklung (BMVBS)
(General Newsletter on Roadworks (ARS) No. 22/2012 from the Federal Ministry of Transport, Construction and Housing
(BMVBS)) from 26 November 2012. BMVBS, Bonn 2012.
DIN EN 1990/NA/A1:2012-08
Nationaler Anhang National festgelegte Parameter (National Annex Nationally Determined Parameters)
Eurocode: Grundlagen der Tragwerksplanung; nderung A1. (Eurocode: Basis of Structural Design; Amendment A1)
Publisher: DIN Deutsches Institut fr Normung e. V., Berlin.
Beuth Verlag, Berlin 2012.
DIN EN 1991-2/NA:2012-08
Nationaler Anhang National festgelegte Parameter (National Annex Nationally Determined Parameters)
Eurocode 1: Einwirkungen auf Tragwerke Teil 2: Verkehrslasten auf Brcken.
(Eurocode 1: Actions on Structures Part2: Traffic Loads on Bridges).
Publisher: DIN Deutsches Institut fr Normung e. V., Berlin.
Beuth Verlag, Berlin 2012.
DIN EN 1992-1-1/NA:2013-04
Nationaler Anhang National festgelegte Parameter (National Annex Nationally Determined Parameters)
Eurocode2: Bemessung und Konstruktion von Stahlbeton- und Spannbetontragwerken
Teil1-1: Allgemeine Bemessungsregeln und Regeln fr den Hochbau.
(Design of Concrete Structures - Part 1-1: General Rules and Rules for Buildings).
Publisher: DIN Deutsches Institut fr Normung e.V., Berlin.
Beuth Verlag, Berlin 2013.
DIN EN 1992-2/NA:2013-04
Nationaler Anhang National festgelegte Parameter (National Annex Nationally Determined Parameters)
Eurocode2: Bemessung und Konstruktion von Stahlbeton- und Spannbetontragwerken
Teil2: Betonbrcken - Bemessungs- und Konstruktionsregeln.
(Eurocode 2: Design of Concrete Structures Part2: Concrete Bridges Design and Detailing Rules).
Publisher: DIN Deutsches Institut fr Normung e.V., Berlin.
Beuth Verlag, Berlin 2013.
E DIN EN 1990/NA/A1:2011-07
Nationaler Anhang National festgelegte Parameter (National Annex Nationally Determined Parameters)
Eurocode: Grundlagen der Tragwerksplanung; nderung A1. (Eurocode: Basis of Structural Design; Amendment A1)
Publisher: DIN Deutsches Institut fr Normung e. V., Berlin.
Beuth Verlag, Berlin 2011.
Einfhrungserlass des Eisenbahnbundesamtes
zur Umstellung auf die Eurocodes (Order of Implementation from the Federal Office for Railroads Regarding the
Changeover to the Eurocodes) from 30 November 2012. Federal Office for Railroads, Bonn 2012.
EN 1990:2002/A1:2005/AC:2010
Eurocode: Basics of Structural Design
Publisher: CEN European Committee for Standardization, Brussels. Beuth Verlag, Berlin 2010.
EN 1991-1-1:2002
Eurocode 1: Actions on Structures
Part1-1: General Actions. Densities, Self-Weight, Imposed Loads for Buildings
Publisher: CEN European Committee for Standardization, Brussels. Beuth Verlag, Berlin 2002.
EN 1991-2:2003
Eurocode 1: Actions on Structures Part2: Traffic Loads on Bridges
Publisher: CEN European Committee for Standardization, Brussels. Beuth Verlag, Berlin 2004.
EN 1992-1-1:2004
Eurocode2: Design of Concrete Structures Part1-1: General Rules and Rules for Buildings
Publisher: CEN European Committee for Standardization, Brussels. Beuth Verlag, Berlin 2005.
EN 1992-2:2005/AC:2008
Eurocode 2: Design of Concrete Structures Part2: Concrete Bridges - Design and Detailing Rules
Publisher: CEN European Committee for Standardization, Brussels. Beuth Verlag, Berlin 2010.
EN 1998-1:2004
Eurocode 8: Design of Structures for Earthquake Resistance
Part1: General Rules, Seismic Actions and Rules for Buildings
Publisher: CEN European Committee for Standardization, Brussels. Beuth Verlag, Berlin 2006.
Heft 466 - Grundlagen und Bemessungshilfen fr die Rissbreitenbeschrnkung im Stahlbeton und Spannbeton.
(Book466 - Principles and Design Aids for Crack Width Limitation in Reinforced and Prestressed Concrete).
Publisher: Deutscher Ausschuss fr Stahlbeton, Berlin. Beuth Verlag, Berlin 1996.
82
References
Heft 600 - Erluterungen zu DIN EN 1992-1-1 und DIN EN 1992-1-1/NA (Eurocode 2).
(Book 600 - Notes to EN 1992-1-1 and EN 1992-1-1/NA (Eurocode 2) )
Publisher: Deutscher Ausschuss fr Stahlbeton, Berlin.
Beuth Verlag, Berlin 1996.
Maurer, R.; Zilch, K.; Hegger, J.; Zichner, T.; Dunkelberg, D.; Karakas, A.; Kolodziejcyk, A.
Erluterungen und Hintergrnde zur Nachrechnungsrichtlinie Betonbrcken
(Explanations and Backgrounds of the Recalculation Guideline Concrete Bridges).
Bauingenieur 01-2012, pp. 24-35. Springer-VDI-Verlag, Dsseldorf 2012.
OENORM B 1990-1:2013-01
Eurocode: Grundlagen der Tragwerksplanung
Nationale Festlegungen zu NORM EN1990 und nationale Ergnzungen.
(Basics of Structural Design National Specifications for OENORM and National Supplements)
Publisher: ON sterreichisches Normungsinstitut, Vienna. sterreichisches Normungsinstitut, Vienna 2013.
OENORM B 1990-2:2010-12
Eurocode: Grundlagen der Tragwerksplanung Teil 2: Brckenbau.
Nationale Festlegungen zu NORM EN1990/A1 und nationale Ergnzungen.
(Basics of Structural Design Part2: Bridge Construction
National Specifications for OENORM EN1990/A1 and National Supplements)
Publisher: ON sterreichisches Normungsinstitut, Vienna. sterreichisches Normungsinstitut, Vienna 2010.
OENORM B 1991-2:2011-04
Eurocode 1: Einwirkungen auf Tragwerke Teil 2: Verkehrslasten auf Brcken.
Nationale Festlegungen zu NORM EN1991-2 und nationale Ergnzungen.
(Actions on Structures Part2: Traffic Loads on Bridges
National Specifications for OENORM EN1991-2 and National Supplements)
Publisher: ON sterreichisches Normungsinstitut, Vienna. sterreichisches Normungsinstitut, Vienna 2011.
OENORM B 1992-1-1:2011-12
Eurocode2: Bemessung und Konstruktion von Stahlbeton und Spannbetontragwerken
Teil1-1: Allgemeine Bemessungsregeln und Regeln fr den Hochbau
Nationale Festlegungen zu NORMEN1991-1-1, nationale Erluterungen und nationale Ergnzungen.
(Design of Concrete Structures Part1-1: General Rules and Rules for Buildings
National Specifications for OENORM EN1992-1-1, National Comments and National Supplements)
Publisher: ON sterreichisches Normungsinstitut, Vienna. sterreichisches Normungsinstitut, Vienna 2011.
OENORM B 1992-2:2014-09
Eurocode2: Bemessung und Konstruktion von Stahlbeton und Spannbetontragwerken
Teil2: Betonbrcken Bemessungs- und Konstruktionsregeln
Nationale Festlegungen zu NORM EN1992-2, nationale Erluterungen und nationale Ergnzungen.
(Design of Concrete Structures Part2: Concrete Bridges Design and Detailing Rules
National Specifications for OENORM EN1992-2, National Comments and National Supplements)
Publisher: ON sterreichisches Normungsinstitut, Vienna. sterreichisches Normungsinstitut, Vienna 2014.
Richtlinie zur Nachrechnung von Straenbrcken im Bestand (Nachrechnungsrichtlinie)
(Guideline for the recalculation of existing road bridges (Recalculation Guideline)).
Publisher: Bundesministerium fr Verkehr, Bau und Stadtentwicklung (BMVBS).
Rossner, W.; Gaubner, C-A.
Spannbetonbauwerke.
Teil 3: Bemessungsbeispiele nach DIN1045-1 und DIN-Fachbericht 102
(Prestressed concrete buildings. Part 3: Design examples according to DIN1045-1 and DIN-Technical Report 102)
Ernst & Sohn Verlag, Berlin 2005.
Rossner, W.; Gaubner, C-A.
Spannbetonbauwerke.
Teil 4: Bemessungsbeispiele nach Eurocode 2
(Prestressed concrete buildings. Part 4: Design examples according to Eurocode 2)
Ernst & Sohn Verlag, Berlin 2012.
Zilch, K.; Rogge, A.
Bemessung der Stahlbeton- und Spannbetonbauteile nach DIN 1045-1.
(Design of Reinforced and Prestressed Concrete Components According to DIN1045-1)
Betonkalender 2002, V. 1, pp. 217-359. Ernst & Sohn Verlag, Berlin 2002.
Zilch, K.; Zehetmaier, G.
Bemessung im konstruktiven Betonbau nach DIN1045-1 und EN1992-1-1.
(Design in Concrete Structure Engineering According to DIN1045-1 and EN1992-1-1)
Springer-Verlag, Berlin 2006.
83
InfoGraph GmbH
Kackertstrae 10
E-Mail: [email protected]
http://www.infograph.eu