EI2353-Digital System Design
EI2353-Digital System Design
EI2353-Digital System Design
Branch/Sec
:EIE/A&B
Year/Semester: III/ VI
8.Which TTL family offers the lowest power and the fastest operation?(Nov/Dec 2011)
Totem pole TTL has the advantage of high speed and low power dissipation
9.How is saturation delay time reduced with schottky TTL? .(Nov/Dec 2012)
One way to reduce saturation delay time is with schottky TTL. The idea is to fabricate a schokky
diode along with each bipolar transistor of a TTL circuit. Because the schokky diode has a forward
voltage of only 0.4V, it prevents the transistor from saturating fully. This virtually eliminates
saturation delay time, which means better switching speed.
10.List the salient features of ECL family. .(Nov/Dec 2012)
1. It is a nonsaturating logic. That is, the transistors in this logic are always operated in the active
region of their output characteristics. They are never driven to either cut-off or saturation,
whichmeans that logic LOW and HIGH states correspond to different states of conduction of
variousbipolar transistors.
2. The logic swing, that is, the difference in the voltage levels corresponding to logic LOW and
HIGHstates, is kept small (typically 0.85 V), with the result that the output capacitance needs to
becharged and discharged by a relatively much smaller voltage differential.
3.The circuit currents are relatively high and the output impedance is low, with the result that
theoutput capacitance can be charged and discharged quickly.
11.Which logic family performs better in a high-noise environment : CMOS or TTL? Why?
(May/June 2013)
CMOS performs better in a high-noise environment because CMOS has extremely low power
consumption and high noise immunity. It can operate in devices operated in noisy environments, such
as industrial plants.
12.What is the main advantage of ECL over other IC technologies? In what type of application
should ECL not be considered? (May/June 2013)
ECL's major disadvantage is that each gate continuously draws current, which means it requires (and
dissipates) significantly more power than those of other logic families, especially when quiescent.
ECL has a poor speed-power product, does not provide a high level of integration, has fast edge rates
requiring design for transmission-line effects in most applications
13.Classify the logic family by operation?
The Bipolar logic family is classified into Saturated logic and Unsaturated logic.
The RTL, DTL, TTL, I2L, HTL logic comes under the saturated logic family.
The Schottky TTL, and ECL logic comes under the unsaturated logic family
14.Mention the classification of saturated bipolar logic families.
The bipolar logic family is classified as follows:
RTL- Resistor Transistor Logic
DTL- Diode Transistor logic
I2L- Integrated Injection Logic
TTL- Transistor Transistor Logic
ECL- Emitter Coupled Logic
15.Why NAND and NOR gates are preferred over AND and OR logic gates(May/June 2014)
They are called universal gates as they can be used to design all other logic circuit elements like
XOR,NOR,etc. also these gates can be realized through easy combination of diodes thus making them
easy to use base elements in any chip designing project. With a combination NAND and NOR gates
alone, it's possible to create all other logic gates like AND, OR, XOR etc and you can design any logic
circuit.
16. Which is faster TTL or ECL? Which requires more power to operate?(May/June 2014)
ECL is fastest among because the transistors are used in difference amplifier configuration, in which
they
are
never
driven
into
saturation
and
thereby
the
storage time is eliminated. ECL's major disadvantage is that each gate continuously draws current,
which means it requires (and dissipates) significantly more power than those of other logic families,
especially when quiescent. ECL has a poor speed-power product, does not provide a high level of
integration, has fast edge rates requiring design for transmission-line effects in most applications
17. How schottky transistors are formed and state its use?
A schottky diode is formed by the combination of metal and semiconductor. The presence of schottky
diode between the base and the collector prevents the transistor from going into saturation. The
resulting transistor is called as schottky transistor. The use of schottky transistor in TTL decreases the
propagation delay without a sacrifice of power dissipation.
18. Why totem pole outputs cannot be connected together.
Totem pole outputs cannot be connected together because such a connection might produce excessive
current and may result in damage to the devices.
19. State advantages and disadvantages of TTL
Adv: Easily compatible with other ICs, Low output impedance
Disadv: Wired output capability is possible only with tristate and open collector types
Special circuits in Circuit layout and system design are required.
20. What are the types of TTL logic?
PART B
1.Realize the following function using (i) PAL and (ii) PLA (8 + 8)
2. PLA has the capability to take dont care terms (Boolean overlaps) into account in which ROMs
are incapable.
3. ROM has all the combinations of product terms, and therefore, considered as the most general
purpose combinational logic device in contrast to PLA, which doesnt have all the combinations.
9.What is a FIFO Memory?(May/June 2014)
FIFO, or First In, First Out, is a method that relates to the organization and manipulation of
data according to time and prioritization. In essence, the queue processing technique is done as per a
first-come, first-served behaviour. The algorithm of the operating system scheduling gives every
process CPU time according to the order it comes. Each item is stored in a queue data structure. The
first data which is added to the queue will be the first data to be removed. Processing continues to
proceed sequentially in this same order. FIFO is used for synchronization purposes in computer and
CPU hardware. FIFO is generally implemented as a circular queue, and thus has a read pointer and a
write pointer. A synchronous FIFO uses the same clock for reading and writing. An asynchronous
FIFO, however, uses separate clocks for reading and writing.
10.What is RAM,SRAM , DRAM & MROM?
RAM: A type of memory device where the data can be accessed in any order (randomly), the
term usually refers to random access read/write memory.
SRAM:A RAM that can retain data indefinitely as long as electrical power is available to the
chip.
DRAM: A RAM that can not retain data for more than a few milliseconds without being
refreshed.
MROM:A type of memory where the stored data are permanently stored into the memory
device during the manufacturing process
11.What is flash memory?
A non volatile type of memory that can be programmed and erased in sectors, rather than at a
time.
12. What is ROM?
Read Only Memory is a memory is a memory device in which, permanent binary information is
stored. The binary information must be specified by the designer and is then embedded in the unit to
form the required interconnection pattern stays within the unit, even when the power is turned off and
on again.
13. What is access and cycle time.
The access time of memory is the time required to select a word and read it. The cycle time of
memory is the time required to complete a write operation.
14.Differentiate volatile and non-volatile memory?
Volatile memory
Non-Volatile memory
They are memory units which lose storedIt retains the stored information when power i
information when power is turned off.
turned off.
eg. DRAM
eg. Magnetic disc and ROM.
15.Mention some applications of EEPROM?
The EEPROM is used to store data permanently and can be quickly erased.This property of the
EEPROM makes it useful in
-Microcontrollers, USB storage devices, Home appliances, Calculators and digital diaries.
16. What are the advantages of RAM?
The advantages of RAM are
a. Non-destructive read out
b. Fast operating speed
c. Low power dissipation
d. Compatibility
e. Economy
17. Define address and word:
In a ROM, each bit combination of the input variable is called on address. Each bit
combination that comes out of the output lines is called a word.
18.Explain DRAM?
The dynamic RAM (DRAM) is an operating mod, which stores the binary information in the
form of electric charges on capacitors.
The capacitors are provided inside the chip by MOS transistors.
The stored charges on the capacitors tend to discharge with time and the
capacitors must be tending to discharge with time and the capacitors must be
D.C. excited plasma displays- Indicators, small, medium and large displays, small group viewing, flat
panel.Electro- luminescent displays- Indicators, small displays, flat panel.LED displays- Indicators,
small displays, flat panel.LC displays- Indicators, small displays, individual viewing, flat panel.
13.Mention some applications of PRBS generator.
For the evaluation of multichannel PCM systems, studies on biomedical phenonena, vibration testing,
aerodynamics, seismology.
14.Explain the meaning of an accuracy of plus or minus one count applied to the
Measurement in a frequency counter.Eg: Let the maximum count is 500.
Plus or minus one count means the display could read 499,500,501 after the measurement period.
15.Explain the DISPLAY ranges for the four-decimal-digit period measurement
instrument.
Eg: If the CLOCK pulses switched to the 1-micoseconds position , each count of COUNTER
represents 1micro-seconds.Therefore full scale of 99991micro-seconds.
16. An ADC3511 is connected with a reference voltage of +2V dc. What will be the duty
Cycle held in the counter for an analog input of 1.25V dc? (May/June 2013),(April/May 2011)
DUTY CYCLE=Vi/Vref = 1.25/2.00 = 0.625
17.What happen if the pulse width is decreased in the multiplexing display?
As the pulse width is decreased, the display brightness will also decrease.
18.What does the terms SPAN and offset mean with reference to ADC? (Nov/Dec 2012)
AV = DN * Step Size + Offset = (DN / 2n )* Span + Offset
DN = (AV - Offset) / Step Size = (AV - Offset) * 2n / Span
Offset: minimum analog value
Span (or Range): difference between maximum and minimum analog values Max - Min
19.What is the basic difference between time and frequency measurement? (Nov/Dec 2012)
Time is the marking of an event with respect to a reference origin. A time interval is a measurement of
duration. The time of an event might be measured by hours, minutes, seconds, and a calendar date,
while a time interval might be measured by the number of seconds between two events.
Frequency is the measure of the number of events that occur within a time interval, such as the number
of oscillations of a voltage waveform within one second
20.List the features of flash memory.(May/June 2014)
Flash memory is an electronic non-volatile computer storage medium that can be electrically
erased and reprogrammed. Flash memory is a type of electronically erasable programmable read-only
memory (EEPROM), memory chips that retain information without requiring power. (This is different
from flash RAM, which does need power to retain data.) Regular EEPROM erases content byte by
byte; most flash memory erases data in whole blocks, making it suitable for use with applications where
large amounts of data require frequent updates
Flashprovides nonvolatile storage.The contents of flash may be overwritten.
PART-B
1. Discuss in detail about the operation of a Digital Voltmeter with neat sketch (May/June 2012)
2. (i) With an example, explain the PRBS generator (8)
(ii)Write a note on time and frequency measurement.(8) (May/June 2012)
3. (i) With a neat block diagram explain the working of frequency counter(8)
(ii)Discuss on multiplexing displays using common-anode and common-cathode type LED sevensegment indicator(8) (Nov/Dec 2011)
4. With a neat diagram explain how will you construct four decimal digit time period measurement
instruments. (Apr/May 2011).
5. Discuss in detail on : (i) Multiplexing of Displays (8) (ii) Time measurement (8) (Nov/Dec 2012)
6. (i) With a neat circuit diagram explain the functionality of digital voltmeter. (8)
(ii)With the circuit diagram explain the operation of 4-bit PRBS generator. Give the PRBS output
for continous 16 clock cycles. (8) (Nov/Dec 2012)
7. With a neat functional diagram explain four decimal digit multiplxed display. (May/June 2013)
8. Explain in detail the design of digital voltmeter. Mention few factors that decide the resolution of
the digital voltmeter (May/June 2013)
9.(i) Explain the design aspects and digital logic implementation of PRBS Generator(8)
(ii) How are displays multiplexed and interfaced?(8)(May/June 2014)
10.Describe the digital logic implementation of electronic frequency counter and analyze its
performance measures(16) (May/June 2014)