30

How to Reference using

the Harvard System
The Harvard System (also called the Author - Date System) is the preferred referencing method for
most LSBU departments. However, check with your lecturers before using this system.
This help sheet covers the referencing of many different types of material, both printed and electronic.
If you look at other Harvard Referencing guides available on the web or in print form, you may notice
some slight variation between them. The important thing is to be consistent and to follow any
specific instructions youre given by your lecturers.

Contents
1. Why do we need to reference? ....................................................................................... 3
2. The two stages of the Harvard system ............................................................................ 3
2.1 In-text citation .......................................................................................................... 3
2.2 Reference list ........................................................................................................... 3
3. Citing references within the text ...................................................................................... 3
3.1 Work by a corporate author ...................................................................................... 3
3.2 Work with three or more authors .............................................................................. 4
3.3 Work with no author ................................................................................................. 4
3.4 Multiple references with the same author and publication year ................................ 4
3.5 Citing a direct quote ................................................................................................. 4
3.6 Secondary referencing ............................................................................................. 5
4. Format of the reference list ............................................................................................. 5
5. Format of references ....................................................................................................... 5
5.1 General style guidelines ........................................................................................... 5
5.2 Books....................................................................................................................... 6
5.2.1 Print book ......................................................................................................... 6
5.2.2 Edited book ....................................................................................................... 7
5.2.3 Chapter in an edited book ................................................................................. 7
5.2.4 Ebook from an LSBU subscription database ..................................................... 7
5.2.5 Ebook on an ebook reader e.g. Kindle ebook.................................................... 7
5.2.6 Ebook on the free web ...................................................................................... 7
5.3 Journals ................................................................................................................... 8
5.3.1 Print journal article ............................................................................................ 8
5.3.2 Online journal article from an LSBU subscription database ............................... 8
5.3.3 Online journal article from the free web ............................................................. 8
5.3.4 Online journal article with a DOI ........................................................................ 8
5.4 Newspapers ............................................................................................................. 9
5.4.1 Print newspaper article ..................................................................................... 9
5.4.2 Online newspaper article from an LSBU subscription database ........................ 9
5.4.3 Online newspaper article from the free web ...................................................... 9
5.5 Government documents ......................................................................................... 10
5.5.1 Command paper - including Green (consultation) and White (policy
statements) papers ................................................................................................... 10
5.5.2 Legal material case report............................................................................ 10
5.5.3 Act of Parliament (UK Statute) ........................................................................ 10
1

6.
7.
8.

5.5.4 Bill................................................................................................................... 11
5.5.5 Departmental report ........................................................................................ 11
5.5.6 House of Commons and House of Lords papers ............................................. 11
5.5.7 Online government documents ....................................................................... 12
5.6 Reports (including market research reports) .......................................................... 12
5.6.1 Print report ...................................................................................................... 12
5.6.2 Online report from an LSBU subscription database ........................................ 12
5.6.3 Online report from the free web ...................................................................... 12
5.7 Conference proceedings ........................................................................................ 13
5.7.1 Print conference paper .................................................................................... 13
5.7.2 Online conference paper from an LSBU subscription database ...................... 13
5.7.3 Online conference paper from the free web .................................................... 13
5.8 Dissertations and theses ........................................................................................ 13
5.8.1 Print thesis/dissertation ................................................................................... 13
5.8.2 Online thesis/dissertation ................................................................................ 14
5.9 Standards .............................................................................................................. 14
5.9.1 Print standards................................................................................................ 14
5.9.2 Online standards............................................................................................. 14
5.10 Films and TV.......................................................................................................... 14
5.10.1 DVDs ............................................................................................................. 14
5.10.2 TV or radio broadcasts .................................................................................. 15
5.10.3 TV or radio broadcasts on Box of Broadcasts ................................................ 15
5.10.4 Online video................................................................................................... 15
5.11 Live performances (theatre, ballet, etc.) ................................................................. 15
5.12 Illustrations/artworks/diagrams/figures ................................................................... 15
5.13 Interviews .............................................................................................................. 16
5.14 Lecture notes/handouts ......................................................................................... 16
5.15 Blackboard materials ............................................................................................. 16
5.16 Web pages ............................................................................................................ 17
5.16.1 Web page with author .................................................................................... 17
5.16.2 Web page with no author ............................................................................... 17
5.16.3 Web page with no date .................................................................................. 17
5.16.4 Web blogs ..................................................................................................... 17
5.16.5 Social media sites e.g. Facebook, Twitter ...................................................... 18
5.16.6 Discussion list messages ............................................................................... 18
5.16.7 Emails............................................................................................................ 18
Format of bibliography .................................................................................................. 18
Referencing tools .......................................................................................................... 18
Further help .................................................................................................................. 19

1.

Why do we need to reference?

Referencing is an essential academic skill. You need to reference in order to:
show evidence of your research
support your arguments and analysis
allow readers to identify and locate the sources youve used
acknowledge the work and ideas of others.
If you do not reference properly, you will lose marks and risk plagiarising the
work of others. Plagiarism is the act of passing off someone elses work as
your own and is a form of cheating. For further information, please read Help
Sheet 4 on plagiarism available on the MyLSBU library pages.
NOTE: You need to acknowledge others work, even if youre paraphrasing
or putting their work or ideas into your own words.

2.

The two stages of the Harvard system

2.1

In-text citation
When you refer to someones work in your essay, you need to include an intext citation. This is normally the surname(s) of the author(s) and the year
their work was published.
The citation normally comes at the end of a sentence in brackets:
Example: although other authors have denied this (Hartley, 2005).
Or, if you include the authors name as part of the sentence, put the year of
publication immediately after in brackets:
Example: Hartley (2005) declared that
If you use a direct quote, include the page number. See 3.5 for examples of
referencing direct quotes.

2.2

Reference list
Include a list of full references at the end of your essay under the title
Reference list. These references should be arranged alphabetically,
normally by author. See section 4 for instructions.
When you have completed your referencing you should find that the in-text
citations match the reference list at the end of your work.

3.

Citing references within the text

3.1

Work by a corporate author

If the work is written by a corporate author, include the name of the
corporation:
Example: (Nursing and Midwifery Council, 2008)

3.2

Work with three or more authors

For three authors or more, put et al. (an abbreviation of the latin et alia
meaning and others) after the name of the first author.
Example: Anderson et al. (2003) concluded that
Note: You must list all authors in the reference list.

3.3

Work with no author

If there is no author, use a brief form of the title:
Example: (A writers notebook, 1946)
If you want to cite a website which has no author or title, cite the websites
domain name. However, be wary of citing web pages that have little
information about the author and their credentials.

3.4

Multiple references with the same author and publication year

Documents with the same author and publication year can be distinguished
from each other by putting a letter after the year as shown below.
Example: (Williamson, 2001a), (Williamson, 2001b) etc.

3.5

Citing a direct quote

If you quote the exact words directly from a text you must use quotation
marks to indicate this. The author(s) and date must be stated, and if
possible the page number (or at least the chapter heading e.g. Chapter 6)
from which the quote is taken.
Example: Jackson (2004, p. 575) declared that This is the finest example
of postmodernism
If there are no page numbers, use the paragraph number instead
Example: (Smith, 2012, para 4).
If its a very long document such as an ebook on an ebook reader, include
chapter number as well as para number.
Example: (Smith 2008, ch.7 para 8).
For a long quote (over 40 words) it is clearer to indent the text and leave a
line space before and after the quote rather than using quotation marks.
Example:
Pears and Shields provide the following definition:
Plagiarism is a specific form of cheating and is generally defined as
presenting someone elses work or ideas as your own. These may
be in printed or electronic format and, in all cases, giving credit to
the original authors by citing and referencing your sources is the

only way to use other peoples work without plagiarising (Pears and
Shields, 2010, p. 1).
You can leave out any section of a quote as long as you make this clear by
inserting an ellipsis ().
Example: Flinders (2001, p. 71) comments that, When MPs had an
operational grievance they were encouraged to direct their question
directly to the agency.

3.6

Secondary referencing
If you want to cite a work which is referenced in another work, you should
try and track down the original. However, if this isnt possible, make it clear
in your text where you found the information and only include a reference
to the document youve read.
Example: Dunn (1988), as cited by Campbell and Muncer (1998), believed
or
Dunn (1988) revealed that (cited in Campbell and Muncer, 1998)
or
(Dunn, 1988, cited in Campbell and Muncer, 1998).
Your reference list will include the full details of the Campbell and Muncer
work, but no mention of Dunns.

4.

Format of the reference list

The reference list should only contain the details of sources youve cited in
your work.

Put all your references in one list under the heading Reference list. Do NOT
list resources by type.

List references in alphabetical order by the authors surnames/names of

corporate authors or by the first letter of the reference.

Works by the same author, published in the same year can be distinguished
from each other by putting a letter after the year of publication.
Example:
Smith, A. (2012a) A guide to avoiding plagiarism. London: LSBU
Smith, A. (2012b) A guide to Harvard referencing. London: LSBU

5.

Format of references

5.1

General style guidelines

Place a colon (:) after the short title, before a sub-title.

Example:
Rees, A. L. (2011) A history of experimental film and video: from the
canonical avante-garde to contemporary British practice. London: BFI.

Begin titles with a capital letter. The rest of the title should be in
lowercase, unless it contains a proper noun (the name of a place, person
or thing). The exceptions are journal and newspaper titles which should
have all major words capitalised.

If there are three or more authors, you can use et al. after the first author.
However, some LSBU departments prefer you to list ALL authors in full.
Please follow any specific referencing instructions your lecturers give
you.

If you cannot find a date at all, insert [no date] in the reference.
Example:
National Down Syndrome Society [no date] Associated medical
conditions. [Online]. Available from: http://www.ndss.org [Accessed 4
May 2010].

The title should be italicised or underlined (if handwritten). NOTE the title of
a chapter in an edited book and the title of an article in a journal are not
italicised or underlined.

The place of publication is a city or town, not the country. Only include the
first place acknowledged.

If you add information which does not actually appear in the original, this
must be in square brackets. Example: [no date], [no page numbers]

If referencing an online resource found on one of LSBU subscription

databases, e,g, ScienceDirect, include the name of the database and the
databases homepage URL or core URL:
[Online]. Available from: Name of database. Core URL [Accessed date].
The core URL for ScienceDirect, for example, is
http://www.sciencedirect.com

If referencing an online resource found on the free web, include the full URL:
[Online]. Available from: full URL [Accessed date].

5.2

Books

5.2.1

Print book
Format:
Authors surname, Initials. (Year of publication) Title of book. Edition if later
than the first. Place of publication: Publisher.
Example:
Higgs, P. and Jones, I. R. (2009) Medical sociology and old age: towards
sociology of health in later life. London: Routledge.
Finding the year of publication in a book:
If the year of publication is not clear look for the latest copyright date. This
is next to the copyright sign usually on the reverse of the title page. Do
not use a reprint date.

5.2.2

Edited book
Format:
Editors Surname, Initials. (ed.) or (eds.) (Year of publication) Book title.
Edition if later than the first. Place of Publication: Publisher.
Example:
Ezra, E. (ed.) (2004) European cinema. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
NOTE: if you are referencing a chapter or essay in an edited book see the
following guidelines in 5.2.3 below

5.2.3

Chapter in an edited book

Format:
Authors surname, Initials. (Year of publication) Title of the chapter, in:
Editors surname, Initials. (ed.) or (eds.) Title of the book. Place of
publication: Publisher, page range of chapter.
Example:
Gaskell, G. (2003) Attitudes, social representations and beyond, in: Deaux,
K. and Philogene, G. (eds.) Representations of the social. Oxford: Blackwell,
pp. 228-241.

5.2.4

Ebook from an LSBU subscription database

You need to include all the elements of a print book plus some additional
information:
Format:
Authors surname, Initials. (Year of publication) Title of book. Edition if later
than the first. Place of publication: Publisher. [Online]. Available from: Name
of ebook database. Core URL of ebook database [Accessed date].
Example:
White, R. and Downs, T. E. (2005) How computers work. 6th ed.
Indianapolis: Que. [Online]. Available from: Safari Tech Books Online.
http://0-proquest.safaribooksonline.com [Accessed 16 August 2012].

5.2.5

Ebook on an ebook reader e.g. Kindle ebook:

Authors surname, Initials. (Year of publication) Title of book. Edition if later
than the first. Place of publication: Publisher. [Name of ebook reader
edition].
Example:
James, H. (2012) The ambassadors. Cambridge: Cambridge World
Classics. [Kindle edition].

5.2.6

Ebook on the free web

Format:
Authors surname, Initials. (Year of publication) Title of ebook. Edition if later
than the first. Place of publication if available: Publisher if available. [Online].
Available from: full URL [Accessed date].

Example:
Austen, J. (1818) Persuasion. [Online]. Available from:
http://www.gutenberg.org/files/105/105-h/105-h.htm [Accessed 12 June
2012].

5.3

Journals

5.3.1

Print journal article

Details for referencing a journal article can normally be found on the first
page of the article.
Format:
Authors surname, Initials. (Year of publication) Title of the article, Title of the
Journal, volume number (issue number), page range of the article.
Example:
Smith, A. and Jack, K. (2005) Reflective practice: a meaningful task for
students, Nursing Standard, 19 (26), pp. 33-37.

5.3.2

Online journal article from an LSBU subscription database

Format:
Authors surname, Initials. (Year of publication) Title of the article, Title of the
Journal, volume number (issue number), page range of the article. [Online].
Available from: Name of database. Core URL of database [Accessed date].
Example:
Morrison, C. and Jutting, J. (2005) Womens discrimination in developing
countries: a new data set for better policies, World Development, 33 (7), pp.
1065-1081. [Online]. Available from: ScienceDirect.
http://www.sciencedirect.com [Accessed 31 July 2012].

5.3.3

Online journal article from the free web

Format:
Authors surname, Initials. (Year of publication) Title of the article, Title of the
Journal, volume number (issue number), page range of the article. [Online].
Available from: URL [Accessed date].
Example:
Westerberg, U. (2009) The significance of climate for the use of urban
outdoor spaces: some results from case studies in two Nordic cities,
Archnet-IJA: International Journal of Architectural Research, 3 (1), pp. 131144. [Online]. Available from:
http://archnet.org/gws/IJAR/9862/files_9361/3.1.10%20-u.%20westerbergpp131-144.pdf [Accessed 16 June 2012].

5.3.4

Online journal article with a DOI

If an online article has a DOI (digital object identifier) it will usually be
visible on the first page of the article. The DOI can be referenced
instead of the URL. However, check with your lecturer first before
referencing DOIs.
Format:

Authors surname, Initials. (Year of publication) Title of the article, Title of the
Journal, volume number (issue number), page range of the article. [Online].
DOI: doi number [Accessed date].
Example:
Serebryannikov, S. V. (2010) The Moscow power engineering institute
(Technical University): from 1930 to 2010, Thermal Engineering, 57 (12), pp.
12-30. [Online]. DOI: 10.1134/S0040601510120025 [Accessed 3 March
2011].

5.4

Newspapers

5.4.1

Print newspaper article

The format is similar to that of a journal article except that details of volume
and issue numbers are not required as you give the specific date the article
was published. You also need to indicate if your reference is from a
particular section of the paper.
Format:
Authors surname, Initials. (Year of publication) Title of article, Title of
Newspaper, (details of supplement if relevant), Day Month published, page
number(s).
Example:
Tobin, L. (2010) The crush starts here, The Guardian (Education
Supplement), 8 June, p. 1.
Format for newspaper article with no author:
Title of Newspaper (Year of publication) Title of article, Day Month
published, page number(s).
Example:
The Guardian (2012) Higher education in the EU, 14 July, p. 8.

5.4.2

Online newspaper article from an LSBU subscription database

Format
Authors surname, Initials. (Year of publication) Title of article, Title of
Newspaper, Day Month published, page number if available. [Online].
Available from: Name of database. Core URL [Accessed date].
Example:
Hipwell, D. (2012) Finalists line up for Olympic media site, The Times, 20
Jan, p. 46. [Online]. Available from: Proquest UK Newsstand. http://0search.proquest.com.lispac.lsbu.ac.uk/uknews [Accessed 14 June 2012].

5.4.3

Online newspaper article from the free web

Format:
Authors surname, Initials. (Year of publication) Title of article, Title of
Newspaper, Day Month published. [Online]. Available from: URL [Accessed
date].
Example:
Chan, S. P. (2012) Mansion House 2012 speeches: reaction, The
Telegraph, 14 June. [Online]. Available from:
9

http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/financialcrisis/9332963/Mansion-House2012-speeches-reaction.html [Accessed 14 June 2012].

5.5

Government documents
NOTE: In most of the examples below, the references begin with Great
Britain or Great Britain. Parliament. However, some versions of Harvard
just begin with the name of the government institution and this avoids
lengthy in-text citations. If you are referencing Government documents, its a
good idea to ask your lecturers how theyd like you to reference them.

5.5.1

Command paper - including Green (consultation) and White (policy

statements) papers
Format:
Country. Name of committee or Royal commission (Year of publication) Title
of paper. Place of publication: Publisher (Paper number).
Example:
Great Britain. Department for Education and Skills (2005) Higher standards,
better schools for all: more choice for parents and pupil. London: The
Stationery Office (Cm. 6677).
NOTE: The in-text citation would be (Great Britain. Department for Education
and Skills, 2005).

5.5.2

Legal material case report

Format:
Names of parties (year) volume number abbreviation for name of report and
first page of report.
NOTE: if there is no volume number, enclose the year in square brackets.
Example with volume number:
BBC v Sugar (2012) 162 N.L.J. 294
In-text citation: The case of BBC v Sugar (2012)
Example without volume number:
Danks v Qinetiq Holdings Ltd [2012] Pens. L.R. 131
In-text citation: The case of Danks v Qinetiq [2012]
For more information about referencing law resources please see Helpsheet 29:
How to do your referencing: the OSCOLA system (Law resources) available on
the MyLSBU Library pages.

5.5.3

Act of Parliament (UK Statute)

Format:
Great Britain. Name of Act (c. chapter number). Place of publication:
Publisher.
Example:
Great Britain. Housing Act 1996 (c.52). London: HMSO.

10

In-text citation: The statute (Great Britain. Housing Act 1996) laid down
5.5.4

Bill
Format:
Great Britain. Parliament. House of Commons or Lords (Year of publication)
Title of bill. Place of publication: Publisher (Bills number).
Example:
Great Britain. Parliament. House of Commons (2002) Planning and
Compulsory Purchase Bill: explanatory notes: these notes refer to the
Planning and Compulsory Purchase Bill as introduced to the House of
Commons on 4th December 2002. London: The Stationery Office (Bills
2001-2002 12).
NOTE: House of Lords bill number should appear between round brackets to
distinguish them from House of Commons bill numbers
Example:
Great Britain. Parliament. House of Lords (2009) Consumer emissions
(climate change) Bill. London: The Stationery Office (Bills 2009-2010 (13)).

5.5.5

Departmental report
Format:
Country. Name of government department (year of publication) Title of
report. Place of publication: Publisher.
Example:
Great Britain. Department of Health (2004) Choosing health: making healthy
choices easier. London: The Stationery Office.
In text citation: (Great Britain. Department of Health, 2004).

5.5.6

House of Commons and House of Lords papers

Major papers are known by the name of the chair of the committee which
produced them, for example, The Hutton Report. However, they must be
referenced from the exact information on the title page, even if lengthy.
Format:
Great Britain. Parliament. House of Commons or Lords. Name of Committee
if relevant (Year of publication) Title of paper. Place of publication: Publisher
(HC or HL years of sessions and paper number).
Example:
Great Britain. Parliament. House of Commons (2004) Return to an address
of the Honourable the House of Commons dated 28th January 2004 for the
report of the inquiry into the circumstances surrounding the death of Dr
David Kelly C.M.G. by Lord Hutton. London: The Stationery Office (HC 20032004 247).
Your in-text citation would be: (Great Britain. Parliament. House of
Commons, 2004).
NOTE: House of Lords paper numbers should appear in round brackets to
distinguish them from House of Commons paper numbers:
11

Example:
Great Britain. Parliament. House of Lords (2010) The Lisbon Treaty:
procedural implications; standing order 19; private notice questions;
guidance on motions and questions. London: The Stationery Office (HL
2009-2010 (51)).
5.5.7

Online government documents

Use the formatting conventions in 5.5.1 to 5.5.6 above and at the end of the
reference add:
[Online]. Available from: URL [Accessed date].
Example:
Great Britain. Parliament. House of Lords (2010) The Lisbon Treaty:
procedural implications; standing order 19; private notice questions;
guidance on motions and questions. London: The Stationery Office (HL
2009-2010 (51)). [Online]. Available from:
http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld200910/ldselect/ldprohse/51/51.p
df [Accessed 14 May 2012].

5.6

Reports (including market research reports)

5.6.1

Print report
Print Format:
Authors surname, Initials. or name of organisation (Year of publication) Title
of report. Edition if available. Place of Publication: Publisher.
Example:
Arts Council England (2010) Arts Council England grant-in-aid and lottery
annual report and accounts 2009/10. London: The Stationery Office.

5.6.2

Online report from an LSBU subscription database

The library subscribes to a number of online market reports and financial
databases such as Mintel and Keynote. Below is an example of how to
reference these online reports.
Format:
Authors surname, Initials. or Name of Organisation (Year of publication)
Title of report. Edition if available. [Online]. Available from: Name of
database. Core URL [Accessed date].
Example:
Key Note (2009) The aerospace industry. 30th ed. [Online]. Available from:
Key Note. http://0-www.keynote.co.uk.lispac.lsbu.ac.uk/ [Accessed 10
November 2011].

5.6.3

Online report from the free web

Format:
Authors surname, Initials. or name of organisation (Year of publication) Title
of report. Edition if available. Place of Publication: Publisher. [Online].
Available from: URL [Accessed dated].

12

Example:
Arts Council England (2010) Arts Council England grant-in-aid and lottery
annual report and accounts 2009/10. London: The Stationery Office.
[Online]. Available from:
http://www.artscouncil.org.uk/media/uploads/AC_annual_review_a4_online_f
inal.pdf [Accessed 14 August 2012].

5.7

Conference proceedings

5.7.1

Print conference paper

Format:
Authors surname, Initials. (Year of publication) Title of conference paper, in:
Title of Conference, Location, date of conference. Place of publication:
Publisher, page range of paper.
Example:
Joo-Ming, L. and Liang-Heng, W. (2008) Developing eco-towns for
Singapores public housing development, in: Proceedings of the IStructE
centenary conference, Hong Kong, 24-26 January. London: IStructE, pp. 3953.

5.7.2

Online conference paper from an LSBU subscription database

Format:
Surname, Initials. (Year of publication) Title of conference paper, in: Title of
Conference, Location, date of conference, page range of paper. [Online].
Available from: Name of database. Core URL [Accessed date].
Example:
Nickerson, R. (2009) Pioneering the personal robotics industry, in: IEEE
International Conference on Technologies for Practical Robot Applications,
TePRA, Massachusetts, USA, 9-10 November, pp. 179-185. [Online].
Available from: IEEE Xplore. http://0-ieeexplore.ieee.org.lispac.lsbu.ac.uk
[Accessed 25 June 2012].

5.7.3

Online conference paper from the free web

Format:
Authors surname, Initials. (Year of publication) Title of conference paper, in:
Title of Conference, Location, date of conference, page range of paper if
available. [Online]. Available from: full URL [Accessed date].
Example from the free web:
Lahti, V. (2010) On the process of translation, in: The 2nd International
Conference on Creativity and Writing, Orivesi, Finland, 19-22 November,
[Online]. Available from: http://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:jyu-2011042910703
[Accessed 21 January 2012].

5.8

Dissertations and theses

5.8.1

Print thesis/dissertation
Format:
Authors surname, Initials. (Year submitted) Title of dissertation/thesis. Level
of award, Location of awarding institution if not clear from name: Name of
awarding institution.
13

Example:
Smith, M. (2003) The quantity surveyors' contribution to sustainable
construction. MSc dissertation, London South Bank University.
5.8.2

Online thesis/dissertation
Format:
Authors surname, Initials. (Year submitted) Title of dissertation/thesis. Level
of award, Location of awarding institution if not clear from name: Name of
awarding institution. [Online]. Available from: URL [Accessed date]
Example:
Rardo Roques, R. (2011) ICT in teaching and learning: to what extent is a
managed learning environment useful? MA dissertation, London South Bank
University. [Online]. Available from: http://0finders.lsbu.ac.uk.lispac.lsbu.ac.uk/theses/2011PardoRoques.pdf [Accessed
8 May 2012].

5.9

Standards

5.9.1

Print standards
Format:
Name of organisation (Year of publication) Standard number: Title of
standard. Place of publication: Publisher.
Example:
British Standards Institution (2005) BS 7000-6: 2005: Guide to managing
inclusive design. London: BSI.

5.9.2

Online standards
Format:
Name of organisation (Year of publication) Standard number: Title of
standard. [Online]. Available from: Name of database. Core URL or just full
URL if from the free web [Accessed date].
Example:
British Standards Institution (2005) BS 7000-6: 2005: Guide to managing
inclusive design. [Online]. Available from: British Standards Online.
http://bsol.bsigroup.com/ [Accessed 18 June 2012].

5.10

Films and TV

5.10.1 Films/DVDs
Format:
Title of film/DVD (Year of release) [Film/DVD]. Directed by Directors name.
Place of distribution: Distribution company.
Example:
The artist (2012) [DVD]. Directed by Michel Hazanavicius. France: Warner
Home Video.

14

5.10.2 TV or radio broadcasts

Format:
Title of broadcast (Year of release) [Type of broadcast]. Channel, date of
broadcast.
Example:
Treasures of the Anglo Saxons (2012) [TV programme]. BBC4, 25 June.
If the broadcast is an episode in a series the format would be:
Title of episode (Year of release) Title of programme, series and episode
numbers. [Type of broadcast]. Channel, date of broadcast.
Example:
This is England (2012) Simon Schamas Shakespeare, Series 1, episode 1.
[TV programme]. BBC2, 22 June.
5.10.3 TV or radio broadcasts on Box of Broadcasts
Format:
Title of broadcast (Year of release) [Type of broadcast]. Channel, episode,
date of broadcast. [Online]. Available from: Box of Broadcasts.
http://bobnational.net [Accessed date].
Example:
Treasures of the Anglo Saxons (2012) [TV programme]. BBC4, episode 1,
25 June. [Online]. Available from: Box of Broadcasts. http://bobnational.net
[Accessed 23 May 2012].
5.10.4 Online video
Format:
Title of video (Year uploaded) [Online video]. Available from: URL [Accessed
date].
Example:
The art of living R Lanier Anderson (2011) [Online video]. Available from:
http://youtube/-YnLyBRvAwA [Accessed 18 May 2012].

5.11

Live performances (theatre, ballet, etc.)

Author/Composer/Choreographer Surname, Initials. (Year created) Title of
performance. [Performance viewed date, name of venue, place].
Example:
Miller, A. (1955) A view from the bridge. [Performance viewed 12 February
2011, National Theatre, London].

5.12

Illustrations/artworks/diagrams/figures
If you want to refer to a visual resource found in a book, for example,
reference the book and put the page number and figure number (if available)
where you found the visual resource in the in-text citation.
Example of an in-text citation to an illustration found in a book:

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 Barkers illustration (Whittle, 1998, p. 176, fig. 10.5) shows a young girl
leaving the village
NOTE: for the above example, youd only include a reference to Whittle in
the Reference list.
If you viewed an illustration/artwork on location e.g. at a gallery, you
reference the artist.
Format for an artwork viewed on location:
Artists name, Initials. (Year of the artwork) Title of the artwork. [Type of
artwork]. Place, Location.
Example:
Fragonard, J-H. (1766) The swing. [Oil on canvas]. The Wallace Collection,
London.
An in-text citation for the above would be (Fragonard, 1766).

5.13

Interviews
NOTE: Keep notes and transcripts ready to produce on demand, or list them
as appendices.
Format:
Interviewee Surname, Initials. (Year of interview) Personal interview
(description of interview), Day Month.
Example:
Patterson, I. (2011) Personal Interview (memories of Southwark during the
Second World War), 14 May.

5.14

Lecture notes/handouts
NOTE: Some lecturers do not wish to have their notes referenced back to
them ask first.
Format:
Authors surname, Initials. (Year produced) Title of handout/lecture.
[description and name of course, module code]. Name of teaching
establishment, Date of lecture.
Example:
Smith, J. (2012) Academic misconduct: plagiarism. [Handout to Referencing
Workshop, LLR-001]. London South Bank University, 20 March.

5.15

Blackboard materials
Make it clear what you are referencing, e.g. lecturers notes or course
documents and check with your lecturers before referencing their notes.
Format:
Follow guidelines in 5.14 above and include the following at the end:
[Online]. Available from: http://blackboard.lsbu.ac.uk [Accessed date]
Example:

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Smith, J. (2012) Academic misconduct: plagiarism. [Handout to Referencing

Workshop, LLR-001]. London South Bank University, 20 March. [Online].
Available from: http://blackboard.lsbu.ac.uk [Accessed 23 March 2012].

5.16

Web pages
Its best to start your research by using LSBU databases before moving onto
search the free web. Remember that anyone can publish anything on the
web, so you will need to evaluate the quality and reliability of a web page or
web document before you refer to it in your assignments.
Rather than using Google, try searching academic search engines such as
Google Scholar http://scholar.google.co.uk or Scirus (for scientific materials)
http://www.scirus.com

5.16.1 Web page with author

Format:
Authors surname, Initials. or name of organisation (year published or last
update) Title of web page/document. Edition if relevant. Place of publication
if available: Publisher if available. [Online]. Available from: full URL
[Accessed dated].
Example:
Burke, L. (1997) Carbohydrates? They arent that simple. [Online]. Available
from: http://www.sportsci.org/news/compeat/carbo.html [Accessed 14
February 2001].
5.16.2 Web page with no author
If there is no author, start the reference with the title of the web page or
document.
Format:
Title of web page or web document (Year published or last update) [Online].
Available from: full URL [Accessed date].
Example:
Occupational performance measurement issues and methodologies (2002)
[Online]. Available from: http://www.otdirect.co.uk/measure.html [Accessed
08 February 2011].
5.16.3 Web page with no date
If there is no publication date or last update information, put [no date].
Example:
National Down Syndrome Society [no date] Associated medical conditions.
[Online]. Available from: http://www.ndss.org [Accessed 4 May 2010].
5.16.4 Web blogs
NOTE: blogs are often anonymous and many authors just use their first
names or pseudonyms.
Format:

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Authors surname, Initials. or pseudonym (Year of posting or last update)

Title of blog entry. [Blog entry]. Available from: full URL [Accessed date].
Example:
Julia (2005) Take back the craft. [Blog entry]. Available from:
http://knittinghistory.typepad.com/knitting_history/ [Accessed 2 December
2011].
5.16.5 Social media sites e.g. Facebook, Twitter
Format:
Authors surname, Initials. or pseudonym (Year published) Title of message,
Title of site, day and month of post. [Online]. Available from: [Accessed date]
Example
Smith, T. (2012) Referencing, Twitter, 14 June. [Online]. Available from:
http://twitter.com/tomsmith/informationliteracy [Accessed 15 July 2012].
5.16.6 Discussion list messages
Authors surname, Initials. (Year posted) Title of message, Message list
name, day and month of post. [Online]. Available from: URL [Accessed
date].
Example:
Thomas, P. H. (2007) Antibiotic assays on Olympus Analysers, Clinical
Biochemistry discussion list, 21 June. [Online]. Available from:
http://www.jiscmail.ac.uk/lists/ACB-CLIN-CHEM-GEN.html [Accessed 10
June 2010].
5.16.7 Emails
Format:
Senders surname, Initials. (Year sent) Message subject. Personal email to:
name of recipient, day and month of message.
Example:
Beam, J. (2005) RE: New passwords for off-campus access. Personal e-mail
to: J. Daniels, 12 June.

6.

Format of bibliography

You may be asked to compile a bibliography as well as a reference list. A

bibliography lists all the sources youve used in your research even if you did not
cite to them in your work. If necessary, clarify what youre being asked to provide
with your lecturers, before you submit your work.
Typically, the bibliography comes after and follows the same format as the
reference list.

7.

Referencing tools

There are a number of referencing tools, such as RefWorks and Mendeley, which
will generate references for you. However, you will need to spend time learning how
to use them and you will have to check that the references generated are accurate

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and adhere to the LSBU Harvard style. Therefore, they may be more suitable for
students undertaking a long piece of research such as a dissertation or thesis.

8.

Further help

For referencing examples of other resources, please consult the following book:
Pears, R. and Shields, G. (2010) Cite them right: the essential referencing guide. 8th
ed. Basingstoke: Palgrave MacMillan. [Available in the LSBU library system, please
check the catalogue for availability]
Alternatively, contact your Information Adviser:
Arts and Human Sciences - [email protected]
Business - [email protected]
Engineering, Science and the Built Environment - [email protected]
Health and Social Care - [email protected]
Updated by LLR: Aug 2013

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