Strengthening Design Limitation of Column PDF
Strengthening Design Limitation of Column PDF
Strengthening Design Limitation of Column PDF
5, pp 405{413
c
The aim of this paper is to study the in
uence of the column-to-beam strength ratio on the
seismic strengthening of a column with a Fiber-Reinforced Plastic (FRP) wrapping system. FRP
wrapped Reinforced Concrete (RC) columns are analyzed to obtain moment-curvature curves
using FRP conned concrete characteristics. A pushover analysis of a 2D model was performed
on one and three-story moment-resisting frames, with dierent column-to-beam strength ratios.
The results indicate that FRP strengthening is more ecient in frames with a low ratio of
column-to-beam strength, due to the type of lateral failure mechanism of the frame. Also, high
values of the column-to-beam strength ratio can be beneted by low values of the conning
pressure. In case of a column strength greater than a beam strength, beyond a certain conning
pressure ratio, further enhancement in performance will not be achieved. Therefore, the level
of eective wrapping on frame performance enhancement is controlled by the column-to-beam
strength ratio.
INTRODUCTION
Earthquakes in populated regions throughout the world
create extensive damage to built-up environments that
results in catastrophic human and economical losses. In
particular, some Reinforced Concrete (RC) momentresisting frame systems do not satisfy the desired
performance objectives under earthquake excitations.
This unacceptable performance can be attributed, in
part, to the following. Inadequate design for lateral
loading, according to the seismicity of the region, or,
from smaller ground motion intensities in previous
codes; lack of anticipated member ductility that was
either inherent or enforced in the design process;
soft soil amplications and liquefaction in sandy soils
and design and construction errors. Moment-resisting
frame systems are often desirable in building applications because they allow for maximum
oor space
utilization and access between bays, especially on the
rst story of the building, for automobile parking and
pedestrian walkways. So, architects prefer this lateral
*. Corresponding Author, Department of Civil Engineering,
Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, I.R. Iran.
1. Department of Civil Engineering, Sharif University of
Technology, Tehran, I.R. Iran.
406
This method does not enhance column moment capacity and stiness signicantly. Therefore, additional
earthquake forces in the column will not develop,
as compared to steel and concrete jacketing, which
provides considerable additional stiness. The FRP
wrapping is best used when enhancement in ductility
is desired [4].
OBJECTIVE
In strengthening the design of a column with FRP
wrapping, adequate attention should be given to the
strength ratio of column-to-beam, due to the lesser
ductility demand in columns at high values of the
column-to-beam strength ratio. Therefore, there has to
be a limit in utilizing the FRP strengthening approach,
especially when this ratio is relatively high. The objective of this paper is to study the seismic performance
of RC frames strengthened with the FRP wrapping
of columns, using dierent column-to-beam strength
ratios. Based on the analysis, the in
uence of this
ratio on the eective strengthening will be determined.
Moreover, evaluation of the level of improvement in
ductility for high column-to-beam strength ratios will
be investigated.
METHODOLOGY
The behavior of cylindrical and cubic FRP wrapped
concrete specimens was mainly investigated in the
1980s [5]. The purpose of these experiments was
to study the eects of FRP conning pressure on
the strength and ultimate strain capacity of concrete.
On the other hand, some full-scale FRP wrapped
columns were tested by studying their ductility capacity. The results indicated that an increase in conning
pressure considerably improves the ductility of the
member [4].
Moment-Curvature Analysis
In the present study, a stress-strain model, developed
previously and based on extensive test results, was
selected for Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Plastic (CFRP)
conned concrete. Then, a computer code was written to perform moment-curvature analyses, which
considers variables such as axial force, longitudinal
reinforcement ratio and ratio of conning pressure
to unconned concrete strength. The results of the
analysis (ultimate and yielding strength and relevant
curvatures) are normalized and arranged in tables to
extend their use for general cases. In order to control
their generalization ability, all of the analyses were
performed on two dierent section sizes. The results
show that normalized parameters are reliable.
Frame Analyses
Following an element behavior investigation, two basic 2D RC moment resisting frames were studied to
evaluate the eect of FRP strengthening of a column
on the seismic performance of frames. The rst frame
is a one-story structure, which simulates bridge piers.
The second frame is a three-story building, which
represents the usual multi-story building structures.
In each frame, an initial design was performed to
estimate the beam size, using earthquake forces that
would be representative of those in a hazardous seismic
zone. Next, the
exural strength of the column in the
building was varied, based upon the desired columnto-beam strength ratio at the frame joints and the
computed beam strength. These considered strength
ratios were those that have direct relevance to building
in the built-up environment (0.45 to 1.5). For both
frames, the beam dimensions and reinforcement were
held constant for all column-to-beam strength ratios,
which will be introduced later.
The column-to-beam strength ratio was varied
by varying the column strength in one of two ways:
1) Holding the gross column diameter constant and
changing the steel (that is, constant column stiness
and varied reinforcement ratio) and 2) Varying the column's overall size while maintaining the reinforcement
ratio (that is, varied column stiness and constant
reinforcement ratio). Note that, holding the column
stiness constant was the same as holding the columnto-beam stiness constant for all strength ratios, when
reinforcement was neglected in stiness calculations.
Both methods were investigated, so as to isolate the
eect of increasing only the column-to-beam strength
ratio versus a variation of both strength and stiness
ratios simultaneously.
This yielded four sets of results; 1) A one-story
frame (bridge pier), with constant column-to-beam
stiness ratio; 2) A one-story frame (bridge pier) with
varied column-to-beam stiness ratio; 3) A three-story
frame, with constant column-to-beam stiness ratio
and 4) A three-story frame, with varied column-tobeam stiness ratio. Each set of results includes six
dierent models, where each model presents a dierent
column-to-beam strength ratio. Then, each frame was
analyzed in the four levels of column strengthening,
using a pushover method. Results of the analysis were
obtained as lateral strength and ultimate drift enhancement for each frame, with respect to the reference frame
with no strengthening.
(1)
(2)
fa = 2Efrpdnt"rup ;
(3)
407
For the rst parabolic portion (0 "c "t ):
2
fc = Eco "c (Eco4f E2 ) "2c :
co
(4)
fc = fco + E2 "c :
(5)
"t = (E 2fcoE ) :
0
co
(6)
(7)
cc
Figure 2 displays the schematic Lam & Teng stressstrain model for FRP-conned concrete [6]. CFRPconned concrete stress-strain curves for dierent values of fl =fco are drawn in Figure 3 for fco = 24:5 MPa
and "co = 0:002, which are the assumed unconned
concrete strength and relevant strain in the analysis.
0
MOMENT-CURVATURE ANALYSIS
Material behavior was extended to predict member behavior, using a moment-curvature analysis for a typical
circular column cross section, as shown in Figure 4 with
d = 400 mm and 600 mm. A ber section model
is used for the moment-curvature analysis. Section
mesh is optimized using sensitivity analysis on dierent
meshing forms. The outer ber size is reduced, due
to its signicant eect on the accuracy of the results,
408
G12C6
G12C12
G12C18
G21C6
G21C12
G21C18
G30C6
G30C12
G30C18
G39C30
162
324
486
270
540
810
378
756
1134
2430
10.42
6.50
5.44
6.80
3.02
2.11
5.44
1.81
0.76
-
0.86
0.73
0.67
0.51
0.34
0.26
0.33
0.18
0.09
-
SELECTED FRAMES
Figure 5. (a) Common polar mesh; (b) rened mesh.
409
60
120
60
120
3015.6
4944.2
3289.3
6722.8
12
25
25
50
12
25
25
50
191.3
388.5
388.5
758.3
194
397.3
397.3
788
interaction curves.
410
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
120.0
120.0
120.0
120.0
120.0
120.0
102.5
120.0
132.5
142.5
152.5
160.0
3034
4571
6013
7427
8788
10134
2992
4571
5977
7299
8808
10071
0.46
0.69
0.91
1.13
1.34
1.54
0.45
0.69
0.91
1.11
1.34
1.53
411
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
45.0
45.0
45.0
45.0
45.0
45.0
36.2
41.5
45.0
48.1
51.3
53.9
180.7
257.1
330.4
401.9
472.7
542.0
180.8
263.9
440.4
398.0
476.1
546.5
0.45
0.65
0.83
1.01
1.19
1.36
0.46
0.66
0.83
1.00
1.20
1.38
412
frame.
one-story frame.
frame.
three-story frame.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors appreciate the support provided by the
Research Committee of Sharif University of Technology
in conducting this research study.
413
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