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HTML With CSS Programming

HTML tutorial contains hundreds of HTML examples. With our online editor, you can edit the HTML, and click on a button to view the result. HTML References At W3Schools you will find complete references about tags, attributes, events, color names, entities, character-sets, URL encoding, language codes, HTTP messages, and more.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)

572 views

HTML With CSS Programming

Uploaded by

jupiterdiana

Available Formats

Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

You are on page 1/ 177

This HTML tutorial contains hundreds of HTML examples.

With our online HTML editor, you can edit the HTML, and click on a button to view the result.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Page Title</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>This is a Heading</h1>
<p>This is a paragraph.</p>
</body>
</html>

HTML Examples
At the end of the HTML tutorial, you can find more than 200 examples.
With our online editor, you can edit and test each example yourself.

HTML References
At W3Schools you will find complete references about tags, attributes, events, color names, entities, character-sets, URL encoding,
language codes, HTTP messages, and more.
HTML Tag Reference
The HTML Certificate documents your knowledge of HTML.
The HTML5 Certificate documents your knowledge of advanced HTML5.
The CSS Certificate documents your knowledge of advanced CSS.
The JavaScript Certificate documents your knowledge of JavaScript and HTML DOM.
The jQuery Certificate documents your knowledge of jQuery.
The PHP Certificate documents your knowledge of PHP and SQL (MySQL).
The XML Certificate documents your knowledge of XML, XML DOM and XSLT.

HTML Introduction
What is HTML?
HTML is a markup language for describing web documents (web pages).

HTML stands for Hyper Text Markup Language

A markup language is a set of markup tags

HTML documents are described by HTML tags

</html>

Example Explained

The DOCTYPE declaration defines the document type to be HTML

The text between <html> and </html> describes an HTML document

The text between <head> and </head> provides information about the document

The text between <title> and </title> provides a title for the document

The text between <body> and </body> describes the visible page content

The text between <h1> and </h1> describes a heading

The text between <p> and </p> describes paragraph

Using this description, a web browser can display a document with a heading and a paragraph.

HTML Tags
HTML tags are keywords (tag names) surrounded by angle brackets:

<tagname>content</tagname>

HTML tags normally come in pairs like <p> and </p>

The first tag in a pair is the start tag, the second tag is the end tag

The end tag is written like the start tag, but with a slash before the tag name

Web Browsers
The purpose of a web browser (Chrome, IE, Firefox, Safari) is to read HTML documents and display them.
The browser does not display the HTML tags, but uses them to determine how to display the document:

HTML Page Structure

Below is a visualization of an HTML page structure:
<html>

<head>
<title>Page title</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>This is a heading</h1>
<p>This is a paragraph.</p>
<p>This is another paragraph.</p>
</body>
</html>

The <!DOCTYPE> Declaration

The <!DOCTYPE> declaration helps the browser to display a web page correctly.
There are different document types on the web.
To display a document correctly, the browser must know both type and version.
The doctype declaration is not case sensitive. All cases are acceptable:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<!DOCTYPE HTML>
<!doctype html>
<!Doctype Html>

Common Declarations
HTML5
<!DOCTYPE html>

HTML 4.01
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN"
"http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd">

XHTML 1.0
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">

HTML Versions
Since the early days of the web, there have been many versions of HTML:

Version

Year

HTML

1991

HTML 2.0

1995

HTML 3.2

1997

HTML 4.01

1999

XHTML

2000

HTML5

2012

HTML Editors
Write HTML Using Notepad or TextEdit
HTML can be edited by using a professional HTML editor like:

Adobe Dreamweaver

Microsoft Expression Web

CoffeeCup HTML Editor

However, for learning HTML we recommend a text editor like Notepad (PC) or TextEdit (Mac).
We believe using a simple text editor is a good way to learn HTML.
Follow the 4 steps below to create your first web page with Notepad.

Step 1: Open Notepad

To open Notepad in Windows 7 or earlier:
Click Start (bottom left on your screen). Click All Programs. Click Accessories. Click Notepad.
To open Notepad in Windows 8 or later:
Open the Start Screen (the window symbol at the bottom left on your screen). Type Notepad.

Step 2: Write Some HTML

Write or copy some HTML into Notepad.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
<h1>My First Heading</h1>
<p>My first paragraph.</p>
</body>
</html>

Step 3: Save the HTML Page

Save the file on your computer.
Select File > Save as in the Notepad menu.

You can use either .htm or .html as file extension. There is no difference, it is up to you.

Step 4: View HTML Page in Your Browser

Double-click your saved HTML file, and the result will look much like this:

HTML Basic Examples

HTML Documents
All HTML documents must start with a type declaration: <!DOCTYPE html>.
The HTML document itself begins with <html> and ends with </html>.
The visible part of the HTML document is between <body> and </body>.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
<h1>My First Heading</h1>
<p>My first paragraph.</p>
</body>
</html>

HTML Headings
HTML headings are defined with the <h1> to <h6> tags:

Example
<h1>This is a heading</h1>
<h2>This is a heading</h2>
<h3>This is a heading</h3>

HTML Paragraphs
HTML paragraphs are defined with the <p> tag:

Example

<p>This is a paragraph.</p>
<p>This is another paragraph.</p>

HTML Links
HTML links are defined with the <a> tag:

Example
<a href="http://www.w3schools.com">This is a link</a>
The link address is specified in the href attribute.
Attributes are used to provide additional information about HTML elements.

HTML Images
HTML images are defined with the <img> tag.
The source file (src), alternative text (alt), and size (width and height) are provided as attributes:

Example
<img src="w3schools.jpg" alt="W3Schools.com" width="104" height="142">

HTML Elements
HTML documents are made up by HTML elements.

HTML Elements
HTML elements are written with a start tag, with an end tag, with the content in between:

<tagname>content</tagname>
The HTML element is everything from the start tag to the end tag:

<p>My first HTML paragraph.</p>

Start tag

Element content

End tag

<h1>

My First Heading

</h1>

<p>

My first paragraph.

</p>

<br>

Nested HTML Elements

HTML elements can be nested (elements can contain elements).
All HTML documents consist of nested HTML elements.
This example contains 4 HTML elements:

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
<h1>My First Heading</h1>

<p>My first paragraph.</p>

</body>
</html>

HTML Example Explained

The <html> element defines the whole document.
It has a start tag <html> and an end tag </html>.
The element content is another HTML element (the <body> element).

<html>
<body>
<h1>My First Heading</h1>
<p>My first paragraph.</p>
</body>
</html>
The <body> element defines the document body.
It has a start tag <body> and an end tag </body>.
The element content is two other HTML elements (<h1> and <p>).

<body>
<h1>My First Heading</h1>
<p>My first paragraph.</p>
</body>
The <h1> element defines a heading.
It has a start tag <h1> and an end tag </h1>.
The element content is: My First Heading.

<h1>My First Heading</h1>

The <p> element defines a paragraph.
It has a start tag <p> and an end tag </p>.
The element content is: My first paragraph.

<p>My first paragraph.</p>

Don't Forget the End Tag

Some HTML elements will display correctly, even if you forget the end tag:

Example
<html>
<body>
<p>This is a paragraph
<p>This is a paragraph
</body>
</html>
The example above works in all browsers, because the closing tag is considered optional.
Never rely on this. It might produce unexpected results and/or errors if you forget the end tag.

Empty HTML Elements

HTML elements with no content are called empty elements.
<br> is an empty element without a closing tag (the <br> tag defines a line break).
Empty element can be "closed" in the opening tag like this: <br />.
HTML5 does not require empty elements to be closed. But if you need stricter validation, and make your document readable by XML
parsers, please close all HTML elements.

HTML Tip: Use Lowercase Tags

HTML tags are not case sensitive: <P> means the same as <p>.
The HTML5 standard does not require lowercase tags, but W3C recommends lowercase in HTML4, anddemands lowercase for
stricter document types like XHTML.

HTML Attributes
Attributes provide additional information about HTML elements.

HTML Attributes

HTML elements can have attributes

Attributes provide additional information about an element

Attributes are always specified in the start tag

Attributes come in name/value pairs like: name="value"

The lang Attribute

The document language can be declared in the <html> tag.
The language is declared in the lang attribute.
Declaring a language is important for accessibility applications (screen readers) and search engines:

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en-US">
<body>
<h1>My First Heading</h1>
<p>My first paragraph.</p>
</body>
</html>
The first two letters specify the language (en). If there is a dialect, use two more letters (US).

The title Attribute

HTML paragraphs are defined with the <p> tag.
In this example, the <p> element has a title attribute. The value of the attribute is "About W3Schools":

Example

<p title="About W3Schools">

W3Schools is a web developer's site.
It provides tutorials and references covering
many aspects of web programming,
including HTML, CSS, JavaScript, XML, SQL, PHP, ASP, etc.

</p>

The href Attribute

HTML links are defined with the <a> tag. The link address is specified in the href attribute:

Example
<a href="http://www.w3schools.com">This is a link</a>

Size Attributes
HTML images are defined with the <img> tag.
The filename of the source (src), and the size of the image (width and height) are all provided as attributes:

Example
<img src="w3schools.jpg" width="104" height="142">
The image size is specified in pixels: width="104" means 104 screen pixels wide.
You will learn more about images and the <img> tag later in this tutorial.

The alt Attribute

The alt attribute specifies an alternative text to be used, when an HTML element cannot be displayed.
The value of the attribute can be read by "screen readers". This way, someone "listening" to the webpage, i.e. a blind person, can
"hear" the element.

Example
<img src="w3schools.jpg" alt="W3Schools.com" width="104" height="142">

We Suggest: Always Use Lowercase Attributes

The HTML5 standard does not require lower case attribute names.
The title attribute can be written with upper or lower case like Title and/or TITLE.
W3C recommends lowercase in HTML4, and demands lowercase for stricter document types like XHTML.

We Suggest: Always Quote Attribute Values

The HTML5 standard does not require quotes around attribute values.
The href attribute, demonstrated above, can be written as:

Example
<a href=http://www.w3schools.com>
W3C recommends quotes in HTML4, and demands quotes for stricter document types like XHTML.
Sometimes it is necessary to use quotes. This will not display correctly, because it contains a space:

Example

<p title=About W3Schools>

Single or Double Quotes?

Double style quotes are the most common in HTML, but single style can also be used.
In some situations, when the attribute value itself contains double quotes, it is necessary to use single quotes:

Example
<p title='John "ShotGun" Nelson'>
Or vice versa:

Example
<p title="John 'ShotGun' Nelson">

Chapter Summary

All HTML elements can have attributes

The HTML title attribute provides additional "tool-tip" information

The HTML href attribute provides address information for links

The HTML width and height attributes provide size information for images

The HTML alt attribute provides text for screen readers

At W3Schools we always use lowercase HTML attribute names

At W3Schools we always quote attributes with double quotes

HTML Attributes
Below is an alphabetical list of some attributes often used in HTML:

Attribute

Description

alt

Specifies an alternative text for an image

disabled

Specifies that an input element should be disabled

href

Specifies the URL (web address) for a link

Specifies a unique id for an element

src

Specifies the URL (web address) for an image

style

Specifies an inline CSS style for an element

title

Specifies extra information about an element (displayed as a tool tip)

value

Specifies the value (text content) for an input element.

A complete list, of all legal attributes for each HTML element, is listed in our: HTML Tag Reference.

HTML Headings
Headings are important in HTML documents.

HTML Headings
Headings are defined with the <h1> to <h6> tags.
<h1> defines the most important heading. <h6> defines the least important heading.

Example
<h1>This is a heading</h1>
<h2>This is a heading</h2>
<h3>This is a heading</h3>
Note: Browsers automatically add some empty space (a margin) before and after each heading.

Headings Are Important

Use HTML headings for headings only. Don't use headings to make text BIG or bold.
Search engines use your headings to index the structure and content of your web pages.
Users skim your pages by its headings. It is important to use headings to show the document structure.
h1 headings should be main headings, followed by h2 headings, then the less important h3, and so on.

HTML Horizontal Rules

The <hr> tag creates a horizontal line in an HTML page.
The hr element can be used to separate content:

Example

<p>This is a paragraph.</p>
<hr>
<p>This is a paragraph.</p>
<hr>
<p>This is a paragraph.</p>

The HTML <head> Element

The HTML <head> element has nothing to do with HTML headings.
The HTML <head> element contains meta data. Meta data are not displayed.
The HTML <head> element is placed between the <html> tag and the <body> tag:

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>My First HTML</title>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
</head>
<body>
.
.
.

The HTML <title> Element

The HTML <title> element is meta data. It defines the HTML document's title.
The title will not be displayed in the document, but might be displayed in the browser tab.

The HTML <meta> Element

The HTML <meta> element is also meta data.
It can be used to define the character set, and other information about the HTML document.

More Meta Elements

In the chapter about HTML styles you discover more meta elements:
The HTML <style> element is used to define internal CSS style sheets.
The HTML <link> element is used to define external CSS style sheets.

HTML Tip - How to View HTML Source

Have you ever seen a Web page and wondered "Hey! How did they do that?"
To find out, right-click in the page and select "View Page Source" (in Chrome) or "View Source" (in IE), or similar in another browser.
This will open a window containing the HTML code of the page.

HTML Tag Reference

W3Schools' tag reference contains additional information about these tags and their attributes.

You will learn more about HTML tags and attributes in the next chapters of this tutorial.

Tag

Description

<html>

Defines an HTML document

<body>

Defines the document's body

<head>

Defines the document's head element

Defines HTML headings

<hr>

Defines a horizontal line

HTML Paragraphs
HTML documents are divided into paragraphs.

HTML Paragraphs
The HTML <p> element defines a paragraph.

Example
<p>This is a paragraph</p>
<p>This is another paragraph</p>

HTML Display
You cannot be sure how HTML will be displayed.
Large or small screens, and resized windows will create different results.
With HTML, you cannot change the output by adding extra spaces or extra lines in your HTML code.
The browser will remove extra spaces and extra lines when the page is displayed.
Any number of spaces, and any number of new lines, count as only one space.

Example
<p>
This paragraph
contains a lot of lines
in the source code,
but the browser
ignores it.

</p>
<p>
This paragraph
contains
a lot of spaces
in the source
code,
but the
browser
ignores it.

</p>

Don't Forget the End Tag

Most browsers will display HTML correctly even if you forget the end tag:

Example
<p>This is a paragraph
<p>This is another paragraph

The example above will work in most browsers, but don't rely on it.
Forgetting the end tag can produce unexpected results or errors.

HTML Line Breaks

The HTML <br> element defines a line break.
Use <br> if you want a line break (a new line) without starting a new paragraph:

Example
<p>This is<br>a para<br>graph with line breaks</p>
The <br> element is an empty HTML element. It has no end tag.

The Poem Problem

Example
<p>This poem will display as one line:</p>
<p>
My Bonnie lies over the ocean.
My Bonnie lies over the sea.
My Bonnie lies over the ocean.
Oh, bring back my Bonnie to me.

</p>

The HTML <pre> Element

The HTML <pre> element defines a block of pre-formatted text, with structured spaces and lines.
To display anything, with right spacing and line-breaks, you must wrap the text in a <pre> element:

Example
<p>This will display as a poem:</p>
<pre>
My Bonnie lies over the ocean.
My Bonnie lies over the sea.
My Bonnie lies over the ocean.
Oh, bring back my Bonnie to me.

</pre>

HTML Tag Reference

W3Schools' tag reference contains additional information about HTML elements and their attributes.

Tag

Description

<p>

Defines a paragraph

<br>

Inserts a single line break

<pre>

Defines pre-formatted text

HTML Styles
I am Red
I am Blue
HTML Styling
Every HTML element has a default style (background color is white, text color is black, text-size is 12px ...)
Changing the default style of an HTML element, can be done with the style attribute.
This example changes the default background color from white to lightgrey:

Example
<body style="background-color:lightgrey">
<h1>This is a heading</h1>
<p>This is a paragraph.</p>
</body>

The HTML Style Attribute

The HTML style attribute has the following syntax:
style="property:value"
The property is a CSS property. The value is a CSS value.

HTML Text Color

The color property defines the text color to be used for an HTML element:

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
<h1 style="color:blue">This is a heading</h1>
<p style="color:red">This is a paragraph.</p>
</body>
</html>

HTML Text Fonts

The font-family property defines the font to be used for an HTML element:

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
<h1 style="font-family:verdana">This is a heading</h1>
<p style="font-family:courier">This is a paragraph.</p>
</body>

</html>

HTML Text Size

The font-size property defines the text size to be used for an HTML element:

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
<h1 style="font-size:300%">This is a heading</h1>
<p style="font-size:160%">This is a paragraph.</p>
</body>
</html>

HTML Text Alignment

The text-align property defines the horizontal text alignment for an HTML element:

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
<h1 style="text-align:center">Centered Heading</h1>
<p>This is a paragraph.</p>
</body>
</html>

Chapter Summary

Use the style attribute for styling HTML elements

Use background-color for background color

Use color for text colors

Use font-family for text fonts

Use font-size for text sizes

Use text-align for text alignment

HTML Text Formatting Elements

Text Formatting
This text is bold
This text is italic
This is

superscript

HTML Formatting Elements

In the previous chapter, you learned about HTML styling, using the HTML style attribute.
HTML also defines special elements, for defining text with a special meaning.
HTML uses elements like <b> and <i> for formatting output, like bold or italic text.
Formatting elements were designed to display special types of text:

Bold text

Important text

Italic text

Emphasized text

Marked text

Small text

Deleted text

Inserted text

Subscripts

Superscripts

HTML Bold and Strong Formatting

The HTML <b> element defines bold text, without any extra importance.

Example
<p>This text is normal.</p>
<p><b>This text is bold</b>.</p>
The HTML <strong> element defines strong text, with added semantic "strong" importance.

Example
<p>This text is normal.</p>
<p><strong>This text is strong</strong>.</p>

HTML Italic and Emphasized Formatting

The HTML <i> element defines italic text, without any extra importance.

Example

<p>This text is normal.</p>

<p><i>This text is italic</i>.</p>
The HTML <em> element defines emphasized text, with added semantic importance.

Example
<p>This text is normal.</p>
<p><em>This text is emphasized</em>.</p>

HTML Small Formatting

The HTML <small> element defines small text:

Example
<h2>HTML <small>Small</small> Formatting</h2>

HTML Marked Formatting

The HTML <mark> element defines marked or highlighted text:

Example
<h2>HTML <mark>Marked</mark> Formatting</h2>

HTML Deleted Formatting

The HTML <del> element defines deleted (removed) of text.

Example
<p>My favorite color is <del>blue</del> red.</p>

HTML Inserted Formatting

The HTML <ins> element defines inserted (added) text.

Example
<p>My favorite <ins>color</ins> is red.</p>

HTML Subscript Formatting

The HTML <sub> element defines subscripted text.

Example
<p>This is <sub>subscripted</sub> text.</p>

HTML Superscript Formatting

The HTML <sup> element defines superscripted text.

Example
<p>This is <sup>superscripted</sup> text.</p>

HTML Text Formatting Elements

Tag

Description

<b>

Defines bold text

<em>

Defines emphasized text

<i>

Defines italic text

<small>

Defines smaller text

Defines important text

<sub>

Defines subscripted text

<sup>

Defines superscripted text

<ins>

Defines inserted text

<del>

Defines deleted text

<mark>

Defines marked/highlighted text

HTML Quotation and Citation Elements

Quotation
Here is a quote from WWF's website:
For 50 years, WWF has been protecting the future of nature. The world's leading conservation organization, WWF works in 100
countries and is supported by 1.2 million members in the United States and close to 5 million globally.

HTML <q> for Short Quotations

The HTML <q> element defines a short quotation.
Browsers usually insert quotation marks around the <q> element.

Example
<p>WWF's goal is to: <q>Build a future where people live in harmony with nature.</q></p>

HTML <blockquote> for Long Quotations

The HTML <blockquote> element defines a quoted section.
Browsers usually indent <blockquote> elements.

Example
<p>Here is a quote from WWF's website:</p>
<blockquote cite="http://www.worldwildlife.org/who/index.html">
For 50 years, WWF has been protecting the future of nature.
The world's leading conservation organization,
WWF works in 100 countries and is supported by
1.2 million members in the United States and
close to 5 million globally.
</blockquote>

HTML <abbr> for Abbreviations

The HTML <abbr> element defines an abbreviation or an acronym.

Marking abbreviations can give useful information to browsers, translation systems and search-engines.

Example
<p>The <abbr title="World Health Organization">WHO</abbr> was founded in 1948.</p>

HTML <dfn> for Definitions

The HTML <dfn> element defines the definition of a term or an abbreviation.
The usage of <dfn>, as described in the HTML5 standard, is complicated:
1. If the title attribute of the <dfn> element is present, it defines the term:

Example
<p>The <dfn title="World Health Organization">WHO</dfn> was founded in 1948.</p>
2. If the <dfn> element contains an <abbr> element with a title, then that title defines the term:

Example
<p>The <dfn><abbr title="World Health Organization">WHO</abbr></dfn> was founded in 1948.</p>
3. Otherwise, the <dfn> text content is the term, and the parent element contains the definition.

Example
<p>The <dfn>WHO</dfn> World Health Organization was founded in 1948.</p>

HTML <address> for Contact Information

The HTML <address> element defines contact information (author/owner) of a document or article.
The element is usually displayed in italic. Most browsers will add a line break before and after the element.

Example
<address>
Written by Jon Doe.<br>
Visit us at:<br>
Example.com<br>
Box 564, Disneyland<br>
USA
</address>

HTML <cite> for Work Title

The HTML <cite> element defines the title of a work.
Browsers usually displays <cite> elements in italic.

Example
<p><cite>The Scream</cite> by Edward Munch. Painted in 1893.</p>

HTML <bdo> for Bi-Directional Override

The HTML <bdo> element defines bi-directional override.
If your browser supports bdo, this text will be written from right to left:

Example
<bdo dir="rtl">This text will be written from right to left</bdo>

HTML Quotations, Citations, and Definition Elements

Tag

Description

<abbr>

Defines an abbreviation or acronym

Defines contact information for the author/owner of a document

<bdo>

Defines the text direction

Defines a section that is quoted from another source

<dfn>

Defines the definition of a term or an abbreviation.

<q>

Defines a short inline quotation

<cite>

Defines the title of a work

HTML Computer Code Elements

Computer Code
var person = {
firstName:"John",
lastName:"Doe",
age:50,
eyeColor:"blue"
}

HTML Computer Code Formatting

Normally, HTML uses

variable letter size, and variable letter spacing.

This is not wanted when displaying examples of

The

computer code.

<kbd>, <samp>, and <code> elements all support fixed letter size and spacing.

HTML Keyboard Formatting

The HTML

<kbd> element defines keyboard input:

Example
<p>To open a file, select:</p>
<p><kbd>File | Open...</kbd></p>

HTML Sample Formatting

The HTML

<samp> element defines a computer output:

Example
<samp>
demo.example.com login: Apr 12 09:10:17
Linux 2.6.10-grsec+gg3+e+fhs6b+nfs+gr0501+++p3+c4a+gr2b-reslog-v6.189
</samp>

HTML Code Formatting

The HTML

<code> element defines programming code:

Example
<code>
var person = { firstName:"John", lastName:"Doe", age:50, eyeColor:"blue" }
</code>

The <code> element does

not preserve extra whitespace and line-breaks:

Example
<p>Coding Example:</p>
<code>
var person = {
firstName:"John",
lastName:"Doe",
age:50,
eyeColor:"blue"
}
</code>
To fix this, you must wrap the code in a <pre> element:

Example
<p>Coding Example:</p>
<code>
<pre>
var person = {
firstName:"John",
lastName:"Doe",
age:50,
eyeColor:"blue"
}
</pre>
</code>

HTML Variable Formatting

The HTML

<var> element defines a mathematical variable:

Example
<p>Einstein wrote:</p>
<p><var>E = m c<sup>2</sup></var></p>

HTML Computer Code Elements

Tag

Description

<code>

Defines programming code

<kbd>

Defines keyboard input

<samp>

Defines computer output

<var>

Defines a mathematical variable

<pre>

Defines preformatted text

HTML Comments
Comment tags  are used to insert comments in HTML.

HTML Comment Tags

You can add comments to your HTML source by using the following syntax:

Example

Comments are not displayed by the browser, but they can help document your HTML.
With comments you can place notifications and reminders in your HTML:

Example

<p>This is a paragraph.</p>

Comments are also great for debugging HTML, because you can comment out HTML lines of code, one at a time, to search for errors:

Example

Conditional Comments
You might stumble upon conditional comments in HTML:

Conditional comments defines HTML tags to be executed by Internet Explorer only.

Software Program Tags

HTML comments tags can also be generated by various HTML software programs.
For example  tags wrapped inside HTML comments by FrontPage and Expression Web.
As a rule, let these tags stay, to help support the software that created them.

HTML Styles - CSS

CSS = Styles and Colors
M a n i p u l a t e
C o l o r s ,

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<style>

T e x t

B o x e s

body {background-color:lightgray}
h1 {color:blue}
p {color:green}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<h1>This is a heading</h1>
<p>This is a paragraph.</p>
</body>
</html>

Styling HTML with CSS

CSS stands for Cascading Style Sheets
Styling can be added to HTML elements in 3 ways:

Inline - using a style attribute in HTML elements

Internal - using a <style> element in the HTML <head> section

External - using one or more external CSS files

The most common way to add styling, is to keep CSS syntax in separate CSS files. But, in this tutorial, we use internal styling,
because it is easier to demonstrate, and easier for you to try it yourself.

CSS Syntax
CSS styling has the following syntax:
element { property:value ; property:value }
The element is an HTML element name. The property is a CSS property. The value is a CSS value.
Multiple styles are separated with semicolon.

Inline Styling (Inline CSS)

Inline styling is useful for applying a unique style to a single HTML element:
Inline styling uses the style attribute.
This inline styling changes the text color of a single heading:

Example
<h1 style="color:blue">This is a Blue Heading</h1>

Internal Styling (Internal CSS)

An internal style sheet can be used to define a common style for all HTML elements on a page.
Internal styling is defined in the <head> section of an HTML page, using a <style> element:

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<style>
body {background-color:lightgrey}
h1 {color:blue}
p {color:green}
</style>

</head>
<body>
<h1>This is a heading</h1>
<p>This is a paragraph.</p>
</body>
</html>

External Styling (External CSS)

External style sheet are ideal when the style is applied to many pages.
With external style sheets, you can change the look of an entire site by changing one file.
External styles are defined in the <head> section of an HTML page, in the <link> element:

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="styles.css">
</head>
<body>
<h1>This is a heading</h1>
<p>This is a paragraph.</p>
</body>
</html>

CSS Fonts
The CSS property color defines the text color to be used for an HTML element.
The CSS property font-family defines the font to be used for an HTML element.
The CSS property font-size defines the text size to be used for an HTML element.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<style>
h1 {
color:blue;
font-family:verdana;
font-size:300%;
}
p {
color:red;
font-family:courier;
font-size:160%;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<h1>This is a heading</h1>
<p>This is a paragraph.</p>
</body>
</html>

The CSS Box Model

Every visible HTML element has a box around it, even if you cannot see it.
The CSS border property defines a visible border around an HTML element:

Example
p{
border:1px solid black;
}
The CSS padding property defines a padding (space) inside the border:

Example
p{
border:1px solid black;
padding:10px;
}
The CSS margin property defines a margin (space) outside the border:

Example
p{
border:1px solid black;
padding:10px;
margin:30px;
}

The id Attribute
All the examples above use CSS to style HTML elements in a general way.
The CSS styles define an equal style for all equal elements.
To define a special style for a special element, first add an id attribute to the element:

Example
<p id="p01">I am different</p>
then define a different style for the (identified) element:

Example
p#p01 {
color:blue;
}

The class Attribute

To define a style for a special type (class) of elements, add a class attribute to the element:

Example
<p class="error">I am different</p>
Now you can define a different style for this type (class) of element:

Example
p.error {
color:red;
}

Deprecated Tags and Attributes in HTML5

In older HTML versions, several tags and attributes were used to style documents.

These tags are not supported in HTML5.

Avoid using the elements: <font>, <center> and <strike>.
Avoid using the attributes: color and bgcolor.

Chapter Summary

Use the HTML style attribute for inline styling

Use the HTML <style> element to define internal CSS

Use the HTML <link> element to define external CSS

Use the HTML <head> element to store <style> and <link> elements

Use the CSS color property for text colors

Use the CSS font-family property for text fonts

Use the CSS font-size property for text sizes

Use the CSS border property for visible element borders

Use the CSS padding property for space inside the border

Use the CSS margin property for space outside the border

HTML Style Tags

Tag

Description

<style>

Defines style information for a document

<link>

Defines a link between a document and an external resource

HTML Links
Links are found in nearly all web pages. Links allow users to click their way from page to page.

HTML Links - Hyperlinks

HTML links are hyperlinks.
A hyperlink is an element, a text, or an image that you can click on, and jump to another document.

HTML Links - Syntax

In HTML, links are defined with the <a> tag:

Link Syntax:
<a href="url">link text</a>
Example:
<a href="http://www.w3schools.com/html/">Visit our HTML tutorial</a>
The href attribute specifies the destination address (http://www.w3schools.com/html/)
The link text is the visible part (Visit our HTML tutorial).
Clicking on the link text, will send you to the specified address.

Local Links
The example above used an absolute URL (A full web address).
A local link (link to the same web site) is specified with a relative URL (without http://www....).

Example:
<a href="html_images.asp">HTML Images</a>

HTML Links - Colors and Icons

When you move the mouse cursor over a link, two things will normally happen:

The mouse arrow will turn into a little hand

The color of the link element will change

By default, links will appear as this in all browsers:

An unvisited link is underlined and blue

A visited link is underlined and purple

An active link is underlined and red

You can change the defaults, using styles:

Example
<style>
a:link {color:#000000; background-color:transparent; text-decoration:none}
a:visited {color:#000000; background-color:transparent; text-decoration:none}
a:hover {color:#ff0000; background-color:transparent; text-decoration:underline}
a:active {color:#ff0000; background-color:transparent; text-decoration:underline}
</style>

HTML Links - The target Attribute

The target attribute specifies where to open the linked document.
This example will open the linked document in a new browser window or in a new tab:

Example
<a href="http://www.w3schools.com/" target="_blank">Visit W3Schools!</a>
Target Value

Description

_blank

Opens the linked document in a new window or tab

_self

Opens the linked document in the same frame as it was clicked (this is default)

_parent

Opens the linked document in the parent frame

_top

Opens the linked document in the full body of the window

framename

Opens the linked document in a named frame

If your webpage is locked in a frame, you can use target="_top" to break out of the frame:

Example
<a href="http://www.w3schools.com/html/" target="_top">HTML5 tutorial!</a>

HTML Links - Image as Link

It is common to use images as links:

Example
<a href="default.asp">
<img src="smiley.gif" alt="HTML tutorial" style="width:42px;height:42px;border:0">
</a>

HTML Links - The id Attribute

The id attribute can be used to create bookmarks inside HTML documents.
Bookmarks are not displayed in any special way. They are invisible to the reader.

Example
Add an id attribute to any <a> element:

<a id="tips">Useful Tips Section</a>

Then create a link to the <a> element (Useful Tips Section):

<a href="#tips">Visit the Useful Tips Section</a>

Or, create a link to the <a> element (Useful Tips Section) from another page:

<a href="http://www.w3schools.com/html_links.htm#tips">Visit the Useful Tips Section</a>

Chapter Summary

Use the HTML <a> element to define a link

Use the HTML href attribute to define the link address

Use the HTML target attribute to define where to open the linked document

Use the HTML <img> element (inside <a>) to use an image as a link

Use the HTML id attribute (id=value) to define bookmarks in a page

Use the HTML href attribute (href="#value") to address the bookmark

HTML Images
Example

GIF Images

JPG Images

PNG Images

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
<h2>Spectacular Mountains</h2>
<img src="pic_mountain.jpg" alt="Mountain View" style="width:304px;height:228px">
</body>
</html>

HTML Images Syntax

In HTML, images are defined with the <img> tag.
The <img> tag is empty, it contains attributes only, and does not have a closing tag.
The src attribute defines the url (web address) of the image:
<img src="url" alt="some_text">

The alt Attribute

The alt attribute specifies an alternate text for the image, if it cannot be displayed.
The value of the alt attribute should describe the image in words:

Example
<img src="html5.gif" alt="The official HTML5 Icon">
The alt attribute is required. A web page will not validate correctly without it.

HTML Screen Readers

Screen readers are software programs that can read what is displayed on a screen.
Used on the web, screen readers can "reproduce" HTML as text-to-speech, sound icons, or braille output.
Screen readers are used by people who are blind, visually impaired, or learning disabled.

Image Size - Width and Height

You can use the style attribute to specify the width and height of an image.
The values are specified in pixels (use px after the value):

Example
<img src="html5.gif" alt="HTML5 Icon" style="width:128px;height:128px">
Alternatively, you can use width and height attributes.
The values are specified in pixels (without px after the value):

Example
<img src="html5.gif" alt="HTML5 Icon" width="128" height="128">

Width and Height or Style?

Both the width, the height, and the style attributes, are valid in the latest HTML5 standard.
We suggest you use the style attribute. It prevents styles sheets from changing the default size of images:

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<style>
img { width:100%; }
</style>
</head>
<body>
<img src="html5.gif" alt="HTML5 Icon" style="width:128px;height:128px">
<img src="html5.gif" alt="HTML5 Icon" width="128" height="128">
</body>
</html>

Images in Another Folder

If not specified, the browser expects to find the image in the same folder as the web page.
However, it is common on the web, to store images in a sub-folder, and refer to the folder in the image name:

Example
<img src="/images/html5.gif" alt="HTML5 Icon" style="width:128px;height:128px">
If a browser cannot find an image, it will display a broken link icon:

Example
<img src="wrongname.gif" alt="HTML5 Icon" style="width:128px;height:128px">

Images on Another Server

Some web sites store their images on image servers.
Actually, you can access images from any web address in the world:

Example
<img src="http://www.w3schools.com/images/w3schools_green.jpg" >

Animated Images
The GIF standard allows animated images:

Example
<img src="programming.gif" alt="Computer Man" style="width:48px;height:48px">
Note that the syntax of inserting animated images is no different from non-animated images.

Using an Image as a Link

It is common to use images as links:

Example
<a href="default.asp">
<img src="smiley.gif" alt="HTML tutorial" style="width:42px;height:42px;border:0">
</a>

Image Maps
For an image, you can create an image map, with clickable areas:

Example
<img src="planets.gif" alt="Planets" usemap="#planetmap" style="width:145px;height:126px">
<map name="planetmap">
<area shape="rect" coords="0,0,82,126" alt="Sun" href="sun.htm">
<area shape="circle" coords="90,58,3" alt="Mercury" href="mercur.htm">
<area shape="circle" coords="124,58,8" alt="Venus" href="venus.htm">
</map>

Image Floating
You can let an image float to the left or right of a paragraph:

Example
<p>
<img src="smiley.gif" alt="Smiley face" style="float:left;width:42px;height:42px">
A paragraph with an image. The image floats to the left of the text.
</p>

Chapter Summary

Use the HTML <img> element to define images

Use the HTML src attribute to define the image file name

Use the HTML alt attribute to define an alternative text

Use the HTML width and height attributes to define the image size

Use the CSS width and height properties to define the image size (alternatively)

Use the CSS float property to define image floating

Use the HTML usemap attribute to point to an image map

Use the HTML <map> element to define an image map

Use the HTML <area> element to define image map areas

HTML Image Tags

Tag

Description

<img>

Defines an image

<map>

Defines an image-map

<area>

Defines a clickable area inside an image-map

HTML Tables
HTML Table Example
Number

First Name

Last Name

Points

Eve

Jackson

John

Doe

Adam

Johnson

Jill

Smith

Defining HTML Tables

Example
<table style="width:100%">
<tr>
<td>Jill</td>
<td>Smith</td>
<td>50</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Eve</td>
<td>Jackson</td>
<td>94</td>
</tr>
</table>
Example explained:
Tables are defined with the <table> tag.
Tables are divided into table rows with the <tr> tag.
Table rows are divided into table data with the <td> tag.

A table row can also be divided into table headings with the <th> tag.

An HTML Table with a Border Attribute

If you do not specify a border for the table, it will be displayed without borders.
A border can be added using the border attribute:

Example
<table border="1" style="width:100%">
<tr>
<td>Jill</td>
<td>Smith</td>
<td>50</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Eve</td>
<td>Jackson</td>
<td>94</td>
</tr>
</table>

The border attribute is on its way out of the HTML standard! It is better to use CSS.

To add borders, use the CSS border property:

Example
table, th, td {
border:
}

1px solid black;

Remember to define borders for both the table and the table cells.

An HTML Table with Collapsed Borders

If you want the borders to collapse into one border, add CSS border-collapse:

Example
table, th, td {

1px solid black;

border-collapse: collapse;
border:

An HTML Table with Cell Padding

Cell padding specifies the space between the cell content and its borders.
If you do not specify a padding, the table cells will be displayed without padding.
To set the padding, use the CSS padding property:

Example
table, th, td {
border:

1px solid black;

collapse;

border-collapse:
}
th,td {

padding:

15px;

HTML Table Headings

Table headings are defined with the <th> tag.
By default, all major browsers display table headings as bold and centered:

Example
<table style="width:100%">
<tr>
<th>Firstname</th>
<th>Lastname</th>
<th>Points</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Eve</td>
<td>Jackson</td>
<td>94</td>
</tr>
</table>
To left-align the table headings, use the CSS text-align property:

Example
th {
text-align:

left;

An HTML Table with Border Spacing

Border spacing specifies the space between the cells.
To set the border spacing for a table, use the CSS border-spacing property:

Example
table {
border-spacing:
}

5px;

If the table has collapsed borders, border-spacing has no effect.

Table Cells that Span Many Columns

To make a cell span more than one column, use the colspan attribute:

Example
<table style="width:100%">
<tr>
<th>Name</th>
<th colspan="2">Telephone</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Bill Gates</td>
<td>555 77 854</td>
<td>555 77 855</td>
</tr>
</table>

Table Cells that Span Many Rows

To make a cell span more than one row, use the rowspan attribute:

Example
<table style="width:100%">
<tr>
<th>Name:</th>
<td>Bill Gates</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th rowspan="2">Telephone:</th>
<td>555 77 854</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>555 77 855</td>
</tr>
</table>

An HTML Table With a Caption

To add a caption to a table, use the <caption> tag:

Example
<table style="width:100%">
<caption>Monthly savings</caption>
<tr>
<th>Month</th>
<th>Savings</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>January</td>
<td>$100</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>February</td>
<td>$50</td>
</tr>
</table>

The <caption> tag must be inserted immediately after the <table> tag.

Different Styles for Different Tables

Most of the examples above use a style attribute (width="100%") to define the width of each table.
This makes it easy to define different widths for different tables.
The styles in the <head> section, however, define a style for all tables in a page.
To define a special style for a special table, add an id attribute to the table:

Example
<table id="t01">
<tr>
<th>Firstname</th>
<th>Lastname</th>
<th>Points</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Eve</td>
<td>Jackson</td>
<td>94</td>

</tr>
</table>

Now you can define a different style for this table:

table#t01 {

100%;

width:

background-color:
}

#f1f1c1;

And add more styles:

table#t01 tr:nth-child(even) {
background-color: #eee;
}
table#t01 tr:nth-child(odd) {
background-color:
}
table#t01 th {
color:

#fff;

white;

background-color:
}

black;

Chapter Summary

Use the HTML <table> element to define a table

Use the HTML <tr> element to define a table row

Use the HTML <td> element to define a table data

Use the HTML <th> element to define a table heading

Use the HTML <caption> element to define a table caption

Use the CSS border property to define a border

Use the CSS border-collapse property to collapse cell borders

Use the CSS padding property to add padding to cells

Use the CSS text-align property to align cell text

Use the CSS border-spacing property to set the spacing between cells

Use the colspan attribute to make a cell span many columns

Use the rowspan attribute to make a cell span many rows

Use the id attribute to uniquely define one table

HTML Table Tags

Tag

Description

<table>

Defines a table

<th>

Defines a header cell in a table

<tr>

Defines a row in a table

<td>

Defines a cell in a table

Defines a table caption

Specifies a group of one or more columns in a table for formatting

<col>

Specifies column properties for each column within a <colgroup> element

<thead>

Groups the header content in a table

<tbody>

Groups the body content in a table

<tfoot>

Groups the footer content in a table

HTML Lists
HTML can have Unordered Lists, Ordered Lists, or Description Lists:

Unordered HTML List Ordered HTML List

The first item

1. The first item

The second item

2. The second item

The third item

3. The third item

The fourth item

4. The fourth item

HTML Description List

The first item
Description of
item
The second item
Description of
item

Unordered HTML Lists

An unordered list starts with the <ul> tag. Each list item starts with the <li> tag.
The list items will be marked with bullets (small black circles).

Unordered List:
<ul>
<li>Coffee</li>
<li>Tea</li>
<li>Milk</li>
</ul>

Unordered HTML Lists - The Style Attribute

A style attribute can be added to an unordered list, to define the style of the marker:

Style

Description

list-style-type:disc

The list items will be marked with bullets (default)

list-style-type:circle

The list items will be marked with circles

list-style-type:square

The list items will be marked with squares

list-style-type:none

The list items will not be marked

Disc:

<ul style="list-style-type:disc">
<li>Coffee</li>
<li>Tea</li>
<li>Milk</li>
</ul>
Circle:
<ul style="list-style-type:circle">
<li>Coffee</li>
<li>Tea</li>
<li>Milk</li>
</ul>
Square:
<ul style="list-style-type:square">
<li>Coffee</li>
<li>Tea</li>
<li>Milk</li>
</ul>
None:
<ul style="list-style-type:none">
<li>Coffee</li>
<li>Tea</li>
<li>Milk</li>
</ul>
Using a type attribute <ul type="disc">, instead of <ul style="list-style-type:disc">, also works.
But in HTML5, the type attribute is not valid in unordered lists, only in ordered list.

Ordered HTML Lists

An ordered list starts with the <ol> tag. Each list item starts with the <li> tag.
The list items will be marked with numbers.

Ordered List:
<ol>
<li>Coffee</li>
<li>Milk</li>
</ol>

Ordered HTML Lists - The Type Attribute

A type attribute can be added to an ordered list, to define the type of the marker:

Type

Description

type="1"

The list items will be numbered with numbers (default)

type="A"

The list items will be numbered with uppercase letters

type="a"

The list items will be numbered with lowercase letters

type="I"

The list items will be numbered with uppercase roman numbers

type="i"

The list items will be numbered with lowercase roman numbers

Numbers:
<ol type="1">
<li>Coffee</li>
<li>Tea</li>
<li>Milk</li>
</ol>
Upper Case:
<ol type="A">
<li>Coffee</li>
<li>Tea</li>
<li>Milk</li>
</ol>
Lower Case:
<ol type="a">
<li>Coffee</li>
<li>Tea</li>
<li>Milk</li>
</ol>
Roman Upper Case:
<ol type="I">
<li>Coffee</li>
<li>Tea</li>
<li>Milk</li>
</ol>
Roman Lower Case:
<ol type="i">
<li>Coffee</li>
<li>Tea</li>
<li>Milk</li>
</ol>

HTML Description Lists

A description list, is a list of terms, with a description of each term.
The <dl> tag defines a description list.
The <dt> tag defines the term (name), and the <dd> tag defines the data (description).

Description List:
<dl>
<dt>Coffee</dt>
<dd>- black hot drink</dd>
<dt>Milk</dt>
<dd>- white cold drink</dd>
</dl>

Nested HTML Lists

List can be nested (lists inside lists).

Nested Lists:
<ul>
<li>Coffee</li>
<li>Tea
<ul>
<li>Black tea</li>
<li>Green tea</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Milk</li>
</ul>

List items can contain new list, and other HTML elements, like images and links, etc.

Horizontal Lists
HTML lists can be styled in many different ways with CSS.
One popular way, is to style a list to display horizontally:

Horizontal List:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<style>
ul#menu li {
display:inline;
}

</style>
</head>
<body>
<h2>Horizontal List</h2>
<ul id="menu">
<li>Apples</li>
<li>Bananas</li>
<li>Lemons</li>
<li>Oranges</li>
</ul>
</body>
</html>
With a little extra style, you can make it look like a menu:

Tables

Lists

Blocks

Classes

New Style:
ul#menu {
padding: 0;
}
ul#menu li {
display: inline;
}
ul#menu li a {
background-color: black;
color: white;
padding: 10px 20px;
text-decoration: none;
border-radius: 4px 4px 0 0;
}
ul#menu li a:hover {
background-color: orange;
}

Chapter Summary

Use the HTML <ul> element to define an unordered list

Use the HTML style attribute to define the bullet style

Use the HTML <ol> element to define an ordered list

Use the HTML type attribute to define the numbering type

Use the HTML <li> element to define a list item

Use the HTML <dl> element to define a description list

Use the HTML <dt> element to define the description term

Use the HTML <dd> element to define the description data

Lists can be nested inside lists

List items can contain other HTML elements

Use the CSS property display:inline to display a list horizontally

HTML List Tags

Tag

Description

<ul>

Defines an unordered list

<ol>

Defines an ordered list

<li>

Defines a list item

<dl>

Defines a description list

<dt>

Defines the term in a description list

<dd>

Defines the description in a description list

HTML Block Elements

London
London is the capital city of England. It is the most populous city in the United Kingdom, with a metropolitan area of over 13 million
inhabitants.
Standing on the River Thames, London has been a major settlement for two millennia, its history going back to its founding by the
Romans, who named it Londinium.

Example
<div

style="background-color:black; color:white; margin:20px; padding:20px;">

<h2>London</h2>
<p>
London is the capital city of England. It is the most populous city in the United Kingdom, with a metropolitan area of over 13 million
inhabitants.
</p>
</div>

HTML Block Elements and Inline Elements

Most HTML elements are defined as block level elements or inline elements.
Block level elements normally start (and end) with a new line, when displayed in a browser.
Examples: <h1>, <p>, <ul>, <table>
Inline elements are normally displayed without line breaks.
Examples: <b>, <td>, <a>, <img>

The HTML <div> Element

The HTML <div> element is a block level element that can be used as a container for other HTML elements.
The <div> element has no special meaning. It has no required attributes, but style and class are common.
Because it is a block level element, the browser will display line breaks before and after it.
When used together with CSS, the <div> element can be used to style blocks of content.

The HTML <span> Element

The HTML <span> element is an inline element that can be used as a container for text.
The <span> element has no special meaning. It has no required attributes, but style and class are common.
Unlike <div>, which is formatted with line breaks, the <span> element does not have any automatic formatting.
When used together with CSS, the <span> element can be used to style parts of the text:

Example
<h1>My <span

style="color:red">Important</span>Heading</h1>

HTML Grouping Tags

Tag

Description

<div>

Defines a section in a document (block-level)

<span>

Defines a section in a document (inline)

HTML Classes
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Classing HTML elements, makes it possible to define CSS styles for classes of elements.
Equal styles for equal classes, or different styles for different classes.

Try it Yourself

Classing Block Elements

The HTML <div> element is a block level element. It can be used as a container for other HTML elements.
Classing <div> elements, makes it possible to define equal styles for equal <div> elements:

London

London is the capital city of England. It is the most populous city in the United Kingdom, with a metropolitan area of over 13 million
inhabitants.
Standing on the River Thames, London has been a major settlement for two millennia, its history going back to its founding by the
Romans, who named it Londinium.

Paris
Paris is the capital and most populous city of France.
Situated on the Seine River, it is at the heart of the le-de-France region, also known as the rgion parisienne.
Within its metropolitan area is one of the largest population centers in Europe, with over 12 million inhabitants.

Tokyo
Tokyo is the capital of Japan, the center of the Greater Tokyo Area, and the most populous metropolitan area in the world.
It is the seat of the Japanese government and the Imperial Palace, and the home of the Japanese Imperial Family.
The Tokyo prefecture is part of the world's most populous metropolitan area with 38 million people and the world's largest urban
economy.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<style>
.cities {
background-color:black;
color:white;
margin:20px;
padding:20px;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<div class="cities">
<h2>London</h2>
<p>London is the capital city of England. It is the most populous city in the United Kingdom, with a metropolitan area of over 13
million inhabitants.</p>
</div>
<div class="cities">
<h2>Paris</h2>
<p>Paris is the capital and most populous city of France.</p>
</div>
<div class="cities">
<h2>Tokyo</h2>
<p>Tokyo is the capital of Japan, the center of the Greater Tokyo Area,
and the most populous metropolitan area in the world.</p>
</div>
</body>
</html>

Try it Yourself

Classing Inline Elements

The HTML <span> element is an inline element that can be used as a container for text.
Classing <span> elements makes it possible to design equal styles for equal <span> elements.

Example

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<style>
span.red {color:red;}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<h1>My <span

class="red">Important</span> Heading</h1>

</body>
</html>

HTML Layouts
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Websites often display content in multiple columns (like a magazine or newspaper).

City Gallery
London
Paris
Tokyo

HTML Layout Using <div> Elements

The <div> element is often used as a layout tool, because it can easily be positioned with CSS.

This example uses 4 <div> elements to create a multiple column layout:

Example
<body>
<div id="header">
<h1>City Gallery</h1>
</div>
<div id="nav">
London<br>
Paris<br>
Tokyo<br>
</div>
<div id="section">
<h1>London</h1>
<p >
London is the capital city of England. It is the most populous city in the United Kingdom,
with a metropolitan area of over 13 million inhabitants.

</p>
<p >
Standing on the River Thames, London has been a major settlement for two millennia,
its history going back to its founding by the Romans, who named it Londinium.
</p>
</div>
<div id="footer">
Copyright W3Schools.com
</div>
</body>

Try it yourself

The CSS:
<style>
#header {
background-color:black;
color:white;
text-align:center;
padding:5px;
}

#nav {

line-height:30px;
background-color:#eeeeee;
height:300px;
width:100px;
float:left;
padding:5px;

#section {

width:350px;
float:left;
padding:10px;

#footer {

background-color:black;
color:white;
clear:both;
text-align:center;
padding:5px;

</style>

Website Layout Using HTML5

HTML5 offers new semantic elements that define different parts of a web page:

header

Defines a header for a document or a section

nav

Defines a container for navigation links

section

Defines a section in a document

article

Defines an independent self-contained article

aside

Defines content aside from the content (like a

sidebar)

footer

Defines a footer for a document or a section

details

Defines additional details

summar Defines a heading for the details element

y
This example uses <header>, <nav>, <section>, and <footer> to create a multiple column layout:

Example
<body>
<header>
<h1>City Gallery</h1>
</header>
<nav>
London<br>
Paris<br>
Tokyo<br>
</nav>
<section>
<h1>London</h1>
<p >
London is the capital city of England. It is the most populous city in the United Kingdom,
with a metropolitan area of over 13 million inhabitants.
</p>
<p >
Standing on the River Thames, London has been a major settlement for two millennia,
its history going back to its founding by the Romans, who named it Londinium.
</p>
</section>
<footer>
Copyright W3Schools.com
</footer>
</body>

Try it yourself

The CSS
<style>
header {

background-color:black;
color:white;
text-align:center;
padding:5px;

nav {
line-height:30px;
background-color:#eeeeee;
height:300px;
width:100px;
float:left;
padding:5px;
}

section {

width:350px;
float:left;
padding:10px;

footer {

background-color:black;
color:white;
clear:both;
text-align:center;
padding:5px;

HTML Layout Using Tables

The <table> element was not designed to be a layout tool.

The purpose of the <table> element is to display tabular data.

Layout can be achieved using the <table> element, because table elements can be styled with CSS:

Example
<body>
<table class="lamp">
<tr>
<th>
<img src="/images/lamp.jpg" alt="Note" style="height:32px;width:32px">
</th>
<td>
The table element was not designed to be a layout tool.
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</body>

Try it yourself

The CSS
<style>
table.lamp {
}

width:100%;
border:1px solid #d4d4d4;

table.lamp th, td {
}

padding:10px;

table.lamp td {
}

width:40px;

</style>

HTML Responsive Web Design

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What is Responsive Web Design?

RWD stands for Responsive Web Design

RWD can deliver web pages in variable sizes

RWD is a must for tablets and mobile devices

Creating Your Own Responsive Design

One way to create a responsive design, is to create it yourself:
<!DOCTYPE

html>

.city {
float: left;
margin: 5px;
padding: 15px;
width: 300px;
height: 300px;
border: 1px solid black;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<h1>W3Schools Demo</h1>
<h2>Resize this responsive page!</h2>
<br>
<div class="city">
<h2>London</h2>
<p>London is the capital city of England.</p>
<p>It is the most populous city in the United Kingdom,
with a metropolitan area of over 13 million inhabitants.</p>
</div>
<div class="city">
<h2>Paris</h2>
<p>Paris is the capital and most populous city of France.</p>
</div>
<div class="city">
<h2>Tokyo</h2>
<p>Tokyo is the capital of Japan, the center of the Greater Tokyo Area,
and the most populous metropolitan area in the world.</p>
</div>
</body>
</html>

Try it yourself

Using Bootstrap
Another way to create a responsive design, is to use an already existing CSS framework.
Bootstrap is the most popular HTML, CSS, and JS framework for developing responsive webs.
Bootstrap helps you to develop sites that look nice at any size; screen, laptop, tablet, or phone:
<!DOCTYPE
<html>
<head>

html>

charset="utf-8">
name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
<link rel="stylesheet"href="http://maxcdn.bootstrapcdn.com/bootstrap/3.2.0/css/bootstrap.min.css">
<meta
<meta

</head>
<body>
<div

class="container">

<div class="jumbotron">
<h1>W3Schools Demo</h1>
<p>Resize this responsive page!</p>
</div>
<div

class="row">

<div class="col-md-4">
<h2>London</h2>
<p>London is the capital city of England.</p>
<p>It is the most populous city in the United Kingdom,
with a metropolitan area of over 13 million inhabitants.</p>
</div>
<div class="col-md-4">
<h2>Paris</h2>
<p>Paris is the capital and most populous city of France.</p>
</div>
<div class="col-md-4">
<h2>Tokyo</h2>
<p>Tokyo is the capital of Japan, the center of the Greater Tokyo Area,

and the most populous metropolitan area in the world.</p>

</div>
</div>
</div>
</body>
</html>

HTML Iframes
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An iframe is used to display a web page within a web page.

Iframe Syntax
The syntax for adding an iframe is:
<iframe src="URL"></iframe>
The src attribute specifies the URL (web address) of the iframe page.

Iframe - Set Height and Width

Use the height and width attributes to specify the size.
The attribute values are specified in pixels by default, but they can also be in percent (like "80%").

Example
<iframe src="demo_iframe.htm" width="200" height="200"></iframe>

Try it Yourself

Iframe - Remove the Border

The frameborder attribute specifies whether or not to display a border around the iframe.
Set the attribute value to "0" to remove the border:

Example
<iframe src="demo_iframe.htm" frameborder="0"></iframe>

Try it Yourself

Use iframe as a Target for a Link

An iframe can be used as the target frame for a link.
The target attribute of the link must refer to the name attribute of the iframe:

Example
<iframe src="demo_iframe.htm" name="iframe_a"></iframe>
<p><a href="http://www.w3schools.com" target="iframe_a">W3Schools.com</a></p>

Try it Yourself

HTML iframe Tag

Tag

Description

Defines an inline frame

HTML Color Names

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Colors are displayed combining RED, GREEN, and BLUE light.

140 Color Names are Supported by All Browsers

140 color names are defined in the HTML5 and CSS3 color specifications.
17 colors are from the HTML specification, 123 colors are from the CSS specification.
The table below lists them all, along with their hexadecimal values.

The 17 colors from the HTML specification are: aqua, black, blue, fuchsia, gray, green, lime,
maroon, navy, olive, orange, purple, red, silver, teal, white, and yellow.

Sorted by Color Name

Colors sorted by HEX values
Click on a color name (or a hex value) to view the color as the background-color along with different text colors:

Color Name

HEX

Color

Shade Mi
s
x

AliceBlue

#F0F8FF

Shades Mi
x

AntiqueWhite

#FAEBD7

Shades Mi
x

Aqua

#00FFFF

Shades Mi
x

Aquamarine

#7FFFD4

Shades Mi
x

Azure

#F0FFFF

Shades Mi
x

Beige

#F5F5DC

Shades Mi
x

Bisque

#FFE4C4

Shades Mi
x

Black

#000000

Shades Mi
x

BlanchedAlmond

#FFEBCD

Shades Mi
x

Blue

#0000FF

Shades Mi
x

BlueViolet

#8A2BE2

Shades Mi
x

Brown

#A52A2A

Shades Mi
x

BurlyWood

#DEB887

Shades Mi
x

CadetBlue

#5F9EA0

Shades Mi
x

Chartreuse

#7FFF00

Shades Mi
x

Chocolate

#D2691E

Shades Mi
x

Coral

#FF7F50

Shades Mi
x

CornflowerBlue

#6495ED

Shades Mi
x

Cornsilk

#FFF8DC

Shades Mi
x

Crimson

#DC143C

Shades Mi
x

Cyan

#00FFFF

Shades Mi
x

DarkBlue

#00008B

Shades Mi
x

DarkCyan

#008B8B

Shades Mi
x

DarkGoldenRod

#B8860B

Shades Mi
x

DarkGray

#A9A9A9

Shades Mi

x
DarkGreen

#006400

Shades Mi
x

DarkKhaki

#BDB76B

Shades Mi
x

DarkMagenta

#8B008B

Shades Mi
x

DarkOliveGreen

#556B2F

Shades Mi
x

DarkOrange

#FF8C00

Shades Mi
x

DarkOrchid

#9932CC

Shades Mi
x

DarkRed

#8B0000

Shades Mi
x

DarkSalmon

#E9967A

Shades Mi
x

DarkSeaGreen

#8FBC8F

Shades Mi
x

DarkSlateBlue

#483D8B

Shades Mi
x

DarkSlateGray

#2F4F4F

Shades Mi
x

DarkTurquoise

#00CED1

Shades Mi
x

DarkViolet

#9400D3

Shades Mi
x

DeepPink

#FF1493

Shades Mi
x

DeepSkyBlue

#00BFFF

Shades Mi
x

DimGray

#696969

Shades Mi
x

DodgerBlue

#1E90FF

Shades Mi
x

FireBrick

#B22222

Shades Mi
x

FloralWhite

#FFFAF0

Shades Mi
x

ForestGreen

#228B22

Shades Mi
x

Fuchsia

#FF00FF

Shades Mi
x

Gainsboro

#DCDCDC

Shades Mi
x

GhostWhite

#F8F8FF

Shades Mi
x

Gold

#FFD700

Shades Mi
x

GoldenRod

#DAA520

Shades Mi
x

Gray

#808080

Shades Mi
x

Green

#008000

Shades Mi
x

GreenYellow

#ADFF2F

Shades Mi
x

HoneyDew

#F0FFF0

Shades Mi
x

HotPink

#FF69B4

Shades Mi
x

IndianRed

#CD5C5C

Shades Mi
x

Indigo

#4B0082

Shades Mi
x

Ivory

#FFFFF0

Shades Mi
x

Khaki

#F0E68C

Shades Mi
x

Lavender

#E6E6FA

Shades Mi
x

LavenderBlush

#FFF0F5

Shades Mi
x

LawnGreen

#7CFC00

Shades Mi
x

LemonChiffon

#FFFACD

Shades Mi
x

LightBlue

#ADD8E6

Shades Mi
x

LightCoral

#F08080

Shades Mi
x

LightCyan

#E0FFFF

Shades Mi

x
LightGoldenRodYel #FAFAD2
low

Shades Mi
x

LightGray

#D3D3D3

Shades Mi
x

LightGreen

#90EE90

Shades Mi
x

LightPink

#FFB6C1

Shades Mi
x

LightSalmon

#FFA07A

Shades Mi
x

LightSeaGreen

#20B2AA

Shades Mi
x

LightSkyBlue

#87CEFA

Shades Mi
x

LightSlateGray

#778899

Shades Mi
x

LightSteelBlue

#B0C4DE

Shades Mi
x

LightYellow

#FFFFE0

Shades Mi
x

Lime

#00FF00

Shades Mi
x

LimeGreen

#32CD32

Shades Mi
x

Linen

#FAF0E6

Shades Mi
x

Magenta

#FF00FF

Shades Mi
x

Maroon

#800000

Shades Mi
x

MediumAquaMarin #66CDAA
e

Shades Mi
x

MediumBlue

#0000CD

Shades Mi
x

MediumOrchid

#BA55D3

Shades Mi
x

MediumPurple

#9370DB

Shades Mi
x

MediumSeaGreen

#3CB371

Shades Mi
x

MediumSlateBlue

#7B68EE

Shades Mi
x

MediumSpringGre
en

#00FA9A

Shades Mi
x

MediumTurquoise

#48D1CC

Shades Mi
x

MediumVioletRed

#C71585

Shades Mi
x

MidnightBlue

#191970

Shades Mi
x

MintCream

#F5FFFA

Shades Mi
x

MistyRose

#FFE4E1

Shades Mi
x

Moccasin

#FFE4B5

Shades Mi
x

NavajoWhite

#FFDEAD

Shades Mi
x

Navy

#000080

Shades Mi
x

OldLace

#FDF5E6

Shades Mi
x

Olive

#808000

Shades Mi
x

OliveDrab

#6B8E23

Shades Mi
x

Orange

#FFA500

Shades Mi
x

OrangeRed

#FF4500

Shades Mi
x

Orchid

#DA70D6

Shades Mi
x

PaleGoldenRod

#EEE8AA

Shades Mi
x

PaleGreen

#98FB98

Shades Mi
x

PaleTurquoise

#AFEEEE

Shades Mi
x

PaleVioletRed

#DB7093

Shades Mi
x

PapayaWhip

#FFEFD5

Shades Mi

x
PeachPuff

#FFDAB9

Shades Mi
x

Peru

#CD853F

Shades Mi
x

Pink

#FFC0CB

Shades Mi
x

Plum

#DDA0DD

Shades Mi
x

PowderBlue

#B0E0E6

Shades Mi
x

Purple

#800080

Shades Mi
x

RebeccaPurple

#663399

Shades Mi
x

Red

#FF0000

Shades Mi
x

RosyBrown

#BC8F8F

Shades Mi
x

RoyalBlue

#4169E1

Shades Mi
x

SaddleBrown

#8B4513

Shades Mi
x

Salmon

#FA8072

Shades Mi
x

SandyBrown

#F4A460

Shades Mi
x

SeaGreen

#2E8B57

Shades Mi
x

SeaShell

#FFF5EE

Shades Mi
x

Sienna

#A0522D

Shades Mi
x

Silver

#C0C0C0

Shades Mi
x

SkyBlue

#87CEEB

Shades Mi
x

SlateBlue

#6A5ACD

Shades Mi
x

SlateGray

#708090

Shades Mi
x

Snow

#FFFAFA

Shades Mi
x

SpringGreen

#00FF7F

Shades Mi
x

SteelBlue

#4682B4

Shades Mi
x

Tan

#D2B48C

Shades Mi
x

Teal

#008080

Shades Mi
x

Thistle

#D8BFD8

Shades Mi
x

Tomato

#FF6347

Shades Mi
x

Turquoise

#40E0D0

Shades Mi
x

Violet

#EE82EE

Shades Mi
x

Wheat

#F5DEB3

Shades Mi
x

White

#FFFFFF

Shades Mi
x

WhiteSmoke

#F5F5F5

Shades Mi
x

Yellow

#FFFF00

Shades Mi
x

YellowGreen

#9ACD32

Shades Mi
x

HTML Color Values

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Colors are displayed combining RED, GREEN, and BLUE light.

Color Values
Colors are defined using a hexadecimal (hex) notation for the Red, Green, and Blue values (RGB).
The lowest value for each light source is 0 (hex 00). The highest value is 255 (hex FF).
Hex values are written as # followed by either three or six hex characters.
Three-digit notations (#rgb) are automatically converted to six digits (#rrggbb):

Color

Color 3 digit
HEX

Color 6 digit
HEX

Color RGB

#F00

#FF0000

rgb(255,0,0)

#0F0

#00FF00

rgb(0,255,0)

#00F

#0000FF

rgb(0,0,255)

Try it Yourself

Shades of grey (from black to white) are defined using equal values for all the 3 light sourses:

Color

Color 3 digit
HEX

Color 6 digit
HEX

Color RGB

#000

#000000

rgb(0,0,0)

#888

#888888

rgb(136,136,136)

#FFF

#FFFFFF

rgb(255,255,255)

Try it Yourself

Colors Sorted by HEX Value

Colors sorted by color name

Color Name

HEX

Color

Shade Mix
s

Black

#000000

Shade
s

Mix

Navy

#000080

Shade
s

Mix

DarkBlue

#00008B

Shade
s

Mix

MediumBlue

#0000CD

Shade
s

Mix

Blue

#0000FF

Shade
s

Mix

DarkGreen

#006400

Shade
s

Mix

Green

#008000

Shade
s

Mix

Teal

#008080

Shade
s

Mix

DarkCyan

#008B8B

Shade
s

Mix

DeepSkyBlue

#00BFFF

Shade
s

Mix

DarkTurquoise

#00CED1

Shade
s

Mix

MediumSpringGre
en

#00FA9A

Shade
s

Mix

Lime

#00FF00

Shade
s

Mix

SpringGreen

#00FF7F

Shade
s

Mix

Aqua

#00FFFF

Shade
s

Mix

Cyan

#00FFFF

Shade
s

Mix

MidnightBlue

#191970

Shade
s

Mix

DodgerBlue

#1E90FF

Shade
s

Mix

LightSeaGreen

#20B2AA

Shade
s

Mix

ForestGreen

#228B22

Shade
s

Mix

SeaGreen

#2E8B57

Shade
s

Mix

DarkSlateGray

#2F4F4F

Shade
s

Mix

LimeGreen

#32CD32

Shade
s

Mix

MediumSeaGreen

#3CB371

Shade
s

Mix

Turquoise

#40E0D0

Shade
s

Mix

RoyalBlue

#4169E1

Shade
s

Mix

SteelBlue

#4682B4

Shade
s

Mix

DarkSlateBlue

#483D8B

Shade

Mix

s
MediumTurquoise

#48D1CC

Shade
s

Mix

Indigo

#4B0082

Shade
s

Mix

DarkOliveGreen

#556B2F

Shade
s

Mix

CadetBlue

#5F9EA0

Shade
s

Mix

CornflowerBlue

#6495ED

Shade
s

Mix

RebeccaPurple

#663399

Shade
s

Mix

MediumAquaMari
ne

#66CDAA

Shade
s

Mix

DimGray

#696969

Shade
s

Mix

SlateBlue

#6A5ACD

Shade
s

Mix

OliveDrab

#6B8E23

Shade
s

Mix

SlateGray

#708090

Shade
s

Mix

LightSlateGray

#778899

Shade
s

Mix

MediumSlateBlue

#7B68EE

Shade
s

Mix

LawnGreen

#7CFC00

Shade
s

Mix

Chartreuse

#7FFF00

Shade
s

Mix

Aquamarine

#7FFFD4

Shade
s

Mix

Maroon

#800000

Shade
s

Mix

Purple

#800080

Shade
s

Mix

Olive

#808000

Shade
s

Mix

Gray

#808080

Shade
s

Mix

SkyBlue

#87CEEB

Shade
s

Mix

LightSkyBlue

#87CEFA

Shade
s

Mix

BlueViolet

#8A2BE2

Shade
s

Mix

DarkRed

#8B0000

Shade
s

Mix

DarkMagenta

#8B008B

Shade
s

Mix

SaddleBrown

#8B4513

Shade
s

Mix

DarkSeaGreen

#8FBC8F

Shade
s

Mix

LightGreen

#90EE90

Shade
s

Mix

MediumPurple

#9370DB

Shade
s

Mix

DarkViolet

#9400D3

Shade
s

Mix

PaleGreen

#98FB98

Shade
s

Mix

DarkOrchid

#9932CC

Shade
s

Mix

YellowGreen

#9ACD32

Shade
s

Mix

Sienna

#A0522D

Shade
s

Mix

Brown

#A52A2A

Shade
s

Mix

DarkGray

#A9A9A9

Shade
s

Mix

LightBlue

#ADD8E6

Shade
s

Mix

GreenYellow

#ADFF2F

Shade
s

Mix

PaleTurquoise

#AFEEEE

Shade

Mix

s
LightSteelBlue

#B0C4DE

Shade
s

Mix

PowderBlue

#B0E0E6

Shade
s

Mix

FireBrick

#B22222

Shade
s

Mix

DarkGoldenRod

#B8860B

Shade
s

Mix

MediumOrchid

#BA55D3

Shade
s

Mix

RosyBrown

#BC8F8F

Shade
s

Mix

DarkKhaki

#BDB76B

Shade
s

Mix

Silver

#C0C0C0

Shade
s

Mix

MediumVioletRed

#C71585

Shade
s

Mix

IndianRed

#CD5C5C

Shade
s

Mix

Peru

#CD853F

Shade
s

Mix

Chocolate

#D2691E

Shade
s

Mix

Tan

#D2B48C

Shade
s

Mix

LightGray

#D3D3D3

Shade
s

Mix

Thistle

#D8BFD8

Shade
s

Mix

Orchid

#DA70D6

Shade
s

Mix

GoldenRod

#DAA520

Shade
s

Mix

PaleVioletRed

#DB7093

Shade
s

Mix

Crimson

#DC143C

Shade
s

Mix

Gainsboro

#DCDCD
C

Shade
s

Mix

Plum

#DDA0D
D

Shade
s

Mix

BurlyWood

#DEB887

Shade
s

Mix

LightCyan

#E0FFFF

Shade
s

Mix

Lavender

#E6E6FA

Shade
s

Mix

DarkSalmon

#E9967A

Shade
s

Mix

Violet

#EE82EE

Shade
s

Mix

PaleGoldenRod

#EEE8AA

Shade
s

Mix

LightCoral

#F08080

Shade
s

Mix

Khaki

#F0E68C

Shade
s

Mix

AliceBlue

#F0F8FF

Shade
s

Mix

HoneyDew

#F0FFF0

Shade
s

Mix

Azure

#F0FFFF

Shade
s

Mix

SandyBrown

#F4A460

Shade
s

Mix

Wheat

#F5DEB3

Shade
s

Mix

Beige

#F5F5DC

Shade
s

Mix

WhiteSmoke

#F5F5F5

Shade
s

Mix

MintCream

#F5FFFA

Shade
s

Mix

GhostWhite

#F8F8FF

Shade
s

Mix

Salmon

#FA8072

Shade

Mix

s
AntiqueWhite

#FAEBD7

Shade
s

Mix

Linen

#FAF0E6

Shade
s

Mix

LightGoldenRodYe
llow

#FAFAD2

Shade
s

Mix

OldLace

#FDF5E6

Shade
s

Mix

Red

#FF0000

Shade
s

Mix

Fuchsia

#FF00FF

Shade
s

Mix

Magenta

#FF00FF

Shade
s

Mix

DeepPink

#FF1493

Shade
s

Mix

OrangeRed

#FF4500

Shade
s

Mix

Tomato

#FF6347

Shade
s

Mix

HotPink

#FF69B4

Shade
s

Mix

Coral

#FF7F50

Shade
s

Mix

DarkOrange

#FF8C00

Shade
s

Mix

LightSalmon

#FFA07A

Shade
s

Mix

Orange

#FFA500

Shade
s

Mix

LightPink

#FFB6C1

Shade
s

Mix

Pink

#FFC0CB

Shade
s

Mix

Gold

#FFD700

Shade
s

Mix

PeachPuff

#FFDAB9

Shade
s

Mix

NavajoWhite

#FFDEAD

Shade
s

Mix

Moccasin

#FFE4B5

Shade
s

Mix

Bisque

#FFE4C4

Shade
s

Mix

MistyRose

#FFE4E1

Shade
s

Mix

BlanchedAlmond

#FFEBCD

Shade
s

Mix

PapayaWhip

#FFEFD5

Shade
s

Mix

LavenderBlush

#FFF0F5

Shade
s

Mix

SeaShell

#FFF5EE

Shade
s

Mix

Cornsilk

#FFF8DC

Shade
s

Mix

LemonChiffon

#FFFACD

Shade
s

Mix

FloralWhite

#FFFAF0

Shade
s

Mix

Snow

#FFFAFA

Shade
s

Mix

Yellow

#FFFF00

Shade
s

Mix

LightYellow

#FFFFE0

Shade
s

Mix

Ivory

#FFFFF0

Shade
s

Mix

White

#FFFFFF

Shade
s

Mix

HTML Color Shades

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Colors are displayed combining RED, GREEN, and BLUE light.

Shades of Gray
Gray colors are displayed using an equal amount of power to all of the light sources.
To make it easy for you to select a gray color we have compiled a table of gray shades for
you:
Gray Shades

HEX

RGB

#000000

rgb(0,0,0)

#080808

rgb(8,8,8)

#101010

rgb(16,16,16)

#181818

rgb(24,24,24)

#202020

rgb(32,32,32)

#282828

rgb(40,40,40)

#303030

rgb(48,48,48)

#383838

rgb(56,56,56)

#404040

rgb(64,64,64)

#484848

rgb(72,72,72)

#505050

rgb(80,80,80)

#585858

rgb(88,88,88)

#606060

rgb(96,96,96)

#686868

rgb(104,104,104)

#707070

rgb(112,112,112)

#787878

rgb(120,120,120)

#808080

rgb(128,128,128)

#888888

rgb(136,136,136)

#909090

rgb(144,144,144)

#989898

rgb(152,152,152)

#A0A0A0

rgb(160,160,160)

#A8A8A8

rgb(168,168,168)

#B0B0B0

rgb(176,176,176)

#B8B8B8

rgb(184,184,184)

#C0C0C0

rgb(192,192,192)

#C8C8C8

rgb(200,200,200)

#D0D0D0

rgb(208,208,208)

#D8D8D8

rgb(216,216,216)

#E0E0E0

rgb(224,224,224)

#E8E8E8

rgb(232,232,232)

#F0F0F0

rgb(240,240,240)

#F8F8F8

rgb(248,248,248)

#FFFFFF

rgb(255,255,255)

16 Million Different Colors

The combination of Red, Green and Blue values from 0 to 255 gives a total of more than 16
million different colors to play with (256 x 256 x 256).
Most modern monitors are capable of displaying at least 16384 different colors.
If you look at the color table below, you will see the result of varying the red light from 0 to
255, while keeping the green and blue light at zero.
To see a full list of color mixes when the red light varies from 0 to 255, click on one of the
hex or rgb values below.
Red Light

HEX

RGB

#000000

rgb(0,0,0)

#080000

rgb(8,0,0)

#100000

rgb(16,0,0)

#180000

rgb(24,0,0)

#200000

rgb(32,0,0)

#280000

rgb(40,0,0)

#300000

rgb(48,0,0)

#380000

rgb(56,0,0)

#400000

rgb(64,0,0)

#480000

rgb(72,0,0)

#500000

rgb(80,0,0)

#580000

rgb(88,0,0)

#600000

rgb(96,0,0)

#680000

rgb(104,0,0)

#700000

rgb(112,0,0)

#780000

rgb(120,0,0)

#800000

rgb(128,0,0)

#880000

rgb(136,0,0)

#900000

rgb(144,0,0)

#980000

rgb(152,0,0)

#A00000

rgb(160,0,0)

#A80000

rgb(168,0,0)

#B00000

rgb(176,0,0)

#B80000

rgb(184,0,0)

#C00000

rgb(192,0,0)

#C80000

rgb(200,0,0)

#D00000

rgb(208,0,0)

#D80000

rgb(216,0,0)

#E00000

rgb(224,0,0)

#E80000

rgb(232,0,0)

#F00000

rgb(240,0,0)

#F80000

rgb(248,0,0)

#FF0000

rgb(255,0,0)

In the Stone Age

In the stone age, when computers only supported 256 different colors, a list of 216 "Web
Safe Colors" was suggested as a Web standard, reserving 40 fixed system colors.
This 216 cross-browser color palette was created to ensure that all computers would display
colors correctly:
000000

000033

000066

000099

0000CC

0000

003300

003333

003366

003399

0033CC

0033

006600

006633

006666

006699

0066CC

0066

009900

009933

009966

009999

0099CC

0099

00CC00

00CC33

00CC66

00CC99

00CCCC

00CC

00FF00

00FF33

00FF66

00FF99

00FFCC

00FF

330000

330033

330066

330099

3300CC

3300

333300

333333

333366

333399

3333CC

3333

336600

336633

336666

336699

3366CC

3366

339900

339933

339966

339999

3399CC

3399

33CC00

33CC33

33CC66

33CC99

33CCCC

33CC

33FF00

33FF33

33FF66

33FF99

33FFCC

33FF

660000

660033

660066

660099

6600CC

6600

663300

663333

663366

663399

6633CC

6633

666600

666633

666666

666699

6666CC

6666

669900

669933

669966

669999

6699CC

6699

66CC00

66CC33

66CC66

66CC99

66CCCC

66CC

66FF00

66FF33

66FF66

66FF99

66FFCC

66FF

990000

990033

990066

990099

9900CC

9900

993300

993333

993366

993399

9933CC

9933

996600

996633

996666

996699

9966CC

9966

999900

999933

999966

999999

9999CC

9999

99CC00

99CC33

99CC66

99CC99

99CCCC

99CC

99FF00

99FF33

99FF66

99FF99

99FFCC

99FF

CC0000

CC0033

CC0066

CC0099

CC00CC

CC00

CC3300

CC3333

CC3366

CC3399

CC33CC

CC33

CC6600

CC6633

CC6666

CC6699

CC66CC

CC66

CC9900

CC9933

CC9966

CC9999

CC99CC

CC99

CCCC00

CCCC33

CCCC66

CCCC99

CCCCCC

CCCC

CCFF00

CCFF33

CCFF66

CCFF99

CCFFCC

CCFF

FF0000

FF0033

FF0066

FF0099

FF00CC

FF00

FF3300

FF3333

FF3366

FF3399

FF33CC

FF33

FF6600

FF6633

FF6666

FF6699

FF66CC

FF66

FF9900

FF9933

FF9966

FF9999

FF99CC

FF99

FFCC00

FFCC33

FFCC66

FFCC99

FFCCCC

FFCC

FFFF00

FFFF33

FFFF66

FFFF99

FFFFCC

FFFF

HTML Scripts
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JavaScripts make HTML pages more dynamic and interactive.

Try it Yourself - Examples

Insert a script
How to insert a script into an HTML document.
Use of the <noscript> tag
How to handle browsers that do not support scripting, or have scripting disabled.

The HTML <script> Tag

The <script> tag is used to define a client-side script, such as a JavaScript.
The <script> element either contains scripting statements or it points to an external script file through the src attribute.
Common uses for JavaScript are image manipulation, form validation, and dynamic changes of content.
The script below writes Hello JavaScript! into an HTML element with id="demo":

Example
<script>
document.getElementById("demo").innerHTML = "Hello JavaScript!";
</script>

Try it Yourself

To learn all about JavaScript, visit our JavaScript Tutorial!

The HTML <noscript> Tag

The <noscript> tag is used to provide an alternate content for users that have disabled scripts in their browser or have a browser
that doesn't support client-side scripting.
The <noscript> element can contain all the elements that you can find inside the <body> element of a normal HTML page.
The content inside the <noscript> element will only be displayed if scripts are not supported, or are disabled in the user's browser:

Example
<script>
document.getElementById("demo").innerHTML = "Hello JavaScript!";
</script>
<noscript>Sorry, your browser does not support JavaScript!</noscript>

Try it Yourself

A Taste of JavaScript (From Our JavaScript Tutorial)

Here are some examples of what JavaScript can do:

JavaScript can change HTML content:

document.getElementById("demo").innerHTML = "Hello JavaScript!";

Try it Yourself

JavaScript can change HTML styles:

document.getElementById("demo").style.fontSize = "25px";

Try it Yourself

JavaScript can change HTML attributes:

document.getElementById("image").src = "picture.gif";

Try it Yourself

HTML Script Tags

Tag

Description

Defines a client-side script

Defines an alternate content for users that do not support client-side scripts

HTML Head
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The HTML <head> Element

The <head> element is a container for meta data (data about data).
HTML meta data is data about the HTML document. Metadata is not displayed.
Meta data typically define document title, styles, links, scripts, and other meta information.
The following tags describes meta data: <title>, <style>, <meta>, <link>, <script>, and <base>.

Omitting <html> and <body>

In the HTML5 standard, the <html> tag, the <body> tag, and the <head> tag can be omitted.
The following code will validate as HTML5:

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<head>
<title>Page Title</title>
</head>
<h1>This is a heading</h1>
<p>This is a paragraph.</p>

Try it Yourself

W3Schools does not recommend omitting the <html> and <body> tags:

The <html> element is the document root. It is the recommended place for specifying the page language:

html>
lang="en-US">

<!DOCTYPE
<html

Declaring a language is important for accessibility applications (screen readers) and search engines.
Omitting <html> and <body> can crash badly written DOM and XML software.
Finally, omitting <body> can produce errors in older browsers (IE9).

Omitting <head>
In the HTML5 standard, the <head> tag can also be omitted.
By default, browsers will add all elements before <body>, to a default <head> element.
You can reduce the complexity of HTML, by omitting the <head> tag:

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<title>Page Title</title>
<body>
<h1>This is a heading</h1>
<p>This is a paragraph.</p>
</body>
</html>

Try it Yourself

Omitting tags is unfamiliar to web developers. It needs time to be established as a guideline.

The HTML <title> Element

The <title> element defines the title of the document.

The <title> element is required in all HTML/XHTML documents.
The <title> element:

defines a title in the browser toolbar

provides a title for the page when it is added to favorites

displays a title for the page in search engine results

A simplified HTML document:

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<title>Page Title</title>
<body>
The content of the document......
</body>
</html>

Try it Yourself

The HTML <style> Element

The <style> element is used to define style information for an HTML document.
Inside the <style> element you specify how HTML elements should render in a browser:

Example
<style>
body {background-color:yellow;}
p {color:blue;}
</style>

Try it Yourself

The HTML <link> Element

The <link> element defines the page relationship to an external resource.
The <link> element is most often used to link to style sheets:

Example
<link

rel="stylesheet" href="mystyle.css">

Try it Yourself

The HTML <meta> Element

The <meta> element is used to specify page description, keywords, author, and other metadata.
Meta data is used by browsers (how to display content), by search engines (keywords), and other web services.

Define keywords for search engines:

Example
<meta

name="keywords" content="HTML, CSS, XML, XHTML, JavaScript">

Define a description of your web page:

Example
<meta

name="description" content="Free Web tutorials on HTML and CSS">

Define the character set used:

Example
<meta

charset="UTF-8">

Define the author of a page:

Example
<meta

name="author" content="Hege Refsnes">

Try it Yourself

Refresh document every 30 seconds:

Example
<meta

http-equiv="refresh" content="30">

The HTML <script> Element

The <script> element is used to define client-side JavaScripts.
The script below writes Hello JavaScript! into an HTML element with id="demo":

Example
<script>
function myFunction {
document.getElementById("demo").innerHTML = "Hello JavaScript!";
}
</script>

Try it Yourself

To learn all about JavaScript, visit our JavaScript Tutorial!

The HTML <base> Element

The <base> element specifies the base URL and base target for all relative URLs in a page:

Example
<base

href="http://www.w3schools.com/images/" target="_blank">

Try it Yourself

HTML head Elements

Tag

Description

<head>

Defines information about the document

<title>

Defines the title of a document

<base>

Defines a default address or a default target for all links on a page

<link>

Defines the relationship between a document and an external resource

<meta>

Defines metadata about an HTML document

Defines a client-side script

<style>

Defines style information for a document

HTML Entities
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Reserved characters in HTML must be replaced with character entities.

Characters, not present on your keyboard, can also be replaced by entities.

HTML Entities
Some characters are reserved in HTML.
If you use the less than (<) or greater than (>) signs in your text, the browser might mix them with tags.
Character entities are used to display reserved characters in HTML.
A character entity looks like this:
&entity_name;
OR
&#entity_number;
To display a less than sign we must write: < or <

The advantage of using an entity name, instead of a number, is that the name is easier to
remember.
The disadvantage is that browsers may not support all entity names, but the support for numbers is
good.

Non Breaking Space

A common character entity used in HTML is the non breaking space ( ).
Remember that browsers will always truncate spaces in HTML pages. If you write 10 spaces in your text, the browser will remove 9
of them. To add real spaces to your text, you can use the   character entity.

Some Other Useful HTML Character Entities

Result

Description

Entity Name

Entity Number

non-breaking space

less than

greater than

ampersand

cent

pound

yen

euro

€

registered trademark

Entity names are case sensitive.

Combining Diacritical Marks

A diacritical mark is a "glyph" added to a letter.
Some diacritical marks, like grave ( ) and acute ( ) are called accents.
Diacritical marks can appear both above and below a letter, inside a letter, and between two letters.
Diacritical marks can be used in combination with alphanumeric characters, to produce a character that is not present in the
character set (encoding) used in the page.
Here are some examples:

Mark

Character

Construct

Result

à

á

â

ã

Ò

Ó

Ô

Õ

You will see more HTML symbols in the next chapter of this tutorial.

HTML Symbols
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HTML Symbol Entities

HTML entities were described in the previous chapter.
Many mathematical, technical, and currency symbols, are not present on a normal keyboard.
To add these symbols to an HTML page, you can use an HTML entity name.
If no entity name exists, you can use an entity number; a decimal (or hexadecimal) reference.

If you use an HTML entity name or a hexadecimal number, the character will always display
correctly.
This is independent of what character set (encoding) your page uses!

Example
<p>I will display €</p>
<p>I will display €</p>
<p>I will display €</p>

Will display as:

I will display
I will display
I will display

Try it Yourself

Some Mathematical Symbols Supported by HTML

Char

Number

Entity

Description

∀

FOR ALL

∂

PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL

∃

THERE EXISTS

∅

EMPTY SETS

∇

NABLA

∈

ELEMENT OF

∉

NOT AN ELEMENT OF

∋

&ni;

CONTAINS AS MEMBER

∏

N-ARY PRODUCT

∑

N-ARY SUMMATION

Full Math Reference

Some Greek Letters Supported by HTML

Char

Numbe
r

Entity

Description

GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA

GREEK CAPITAL LETTER BETA

GREEK CAPITAL LETTER GAMMA

GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA

GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON

GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ZETA

Full Greek Reference

Some Other Entities Supported by HTML

Char

Number

Entity

Description

REGISTERED SIGN

€

EURO SIGN

™

TRADEMARK

←

LEFTWARDS ARROW

↑

UPWARDS ARROW

→

RIGHTWARDS ARROW

↓

DOWNWARDS ARROW

♠

&spades;

BLACK SPADE SUIT

♣

&clubs;

BLACK CLUB SUIT

♥

&hearts;

BLACK HEART SUIT

♦

&diams;

BLACK DIAMOND SUIT

Full Currency Reference

Full Arrows Reference

Full Symbols Reference

HTML Encoding (Character Sets)

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To display an HTML page correctly, a web browser must know the character set (character encoding) to use.

What is Character Encoding?

ASCII was the first character encoding standard (also called character set). It defines 127 different alphanumeric characters that
could be used on the internet.
ASCII supported numbers (0-9), English letters (A-Z), and some special characters like ! $ + - ( ) @ < > .
ANSI (Windows-1252) was the original Windows character set. It supported 256 different character codes.
ISO-8859-1 was the default character set for HTML 4. It also supported 256 different character codes.
Because ANSI and ISO was limited, the default character encoding was changed to UTF-8 in HTML5.
UTF-8 (Unicode) covers almost all of the characters and symbols in the world.

All HTML 4 processors also support UTF-8.

The HTML charset Attribute

To display an HTML page correctly, a web browser must know the character set used in the page.
This is specified in the <meta> tag:

For HTML4:
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=ISO-8859-1">

For HTML5:
<meta charset="UTF-8">

If a browser detects ISO-8859-1 in a web page, it defaults to ANSI, because ANSI is identical to
ISO-8859-1 except that ANSI has 32 extra characters.

Differences Between Character Sets

The following table displays the differences between the character sets described above:

Num
b

ASCII

ANSI

8859

UTF8

Description

space

exclamation mark

quotation mark

number sign

dollar sign

percent sign

ampersand

apostrophe

left parenthesis

right parenthesis

asterisk

plus sign

comma

hyphen-minus

full stop

solidus

digit zero

digit one

digit two

digit three

digit four

digit five

digit six

digit seven

digit eight

digit nine

colon

semicolon

less-than sign

equals sign

greater-than sign

question mark

commercial at

Latin capital letter A

Latin capital letter B

Latin capital letter C

Latin capital letter D

Latin capital letter E

Latin capital letter F

Latin capital letter G

Latin capital letter H

Latin capital letter I

Latin capital letter J

Latin capital letter K

Latin capital letter L

Latin capital letter M

Latin capital letter N

Latin capital letter O

Latin capital letter P

Latin capital letter Q

Latin capital letter R

Latin capital letter S

Latin capital letter T

Latin capital letter U

Latin capital letter V

Latin capital letter W

Latin capital letter X

Latin capital letter Y

Latin capital letter Z

left square bracket

reverse solidus

right square bracket

circumflex accent

low line

grave accent

Latin small letter a

Latin small letter b

Latin small letter c

100

Latin small letter d

101

Latin small letter e

102

Latin small letter f

103

Latin small letter g

104

Latin small letter h

105

Latin small letter i

106

Latin small letter j

107

Latin small letter k

108

Latin small letter l

109

Latin small letter m

110

Latin small letter n

111

Latin small letter o

112

Latin small letter p

113

Latin small letter q

114

Latin small letter r

115

Latin small letter s

116

Latin small letter t

117

Latin small letter u

118

Latin small letter v

119

Latin small letter w

120

Latin small letter x

121

Latin small letter y

122

Latin small letter z

123

left curly bracket

124

vertical line

125

right curly bracket

126

tilde

127

DEL

128

euro sign

129

130

single low-9 quotation mark

131

Latin small letter f with hook

NOT USED

132

double low-9 quotation mark

133

horizontal ellipsis

134

dagger

135

double dagger

136

modifier letter circumflex accent

137

per mille sign

138

Latin capital letter S with caron

139

single left-pointing angle quotation mark

140

Latin capital ligature OE

141

142

143

NOT USED

144

NOT USED

145

left single quotation mark

146

right single quotation mark

147

left double quotation mark

148

right double quotation mark

149

bullet

150

en dash

151

em dash

152

small tilde

153

trade mark sign

154

Latin small letter s with caron

155

single right-pointing angle quotation mark

156

Latin small ligature oe

157

158

Latin small letter z with caron

159

Latin capital letter Y with diaeresis

NOT USED
Latin capital letter Z with caron

160

NOT USED

no-break space

161

inverted exclamation mark

162

cent sign

163

pound sign

164

currency sign

165

yen sign

166

broken bar

167

section sign

168

diaeresis

169

170

feminine ordinal indicator

171

left-pointing double angle quotation mark

172

not sign

173

soft hyphen

174

registered sign

175

macron

176

degree sign

177

plus-minus sign

178

superscript two

179

superscript three

180

acute accent

181

micro sign

182

pilcrow sign

183

middle dot

184

cedilla

185

superscript one

186

masculine ordinal indicator

187

right-pointing double angle quotation mark

188

vulgar fraction one quarter

189

vulgar fraction one half

190

vulgar fraction three quarters

191

inverted question mark

192

Latin capital letter A with grave

193

Latin capital letter A with acute

194

Latin capital letter A with circumflex

195

Latin capital letter A with tilde

196

Latin capital letter A with diaeresis

197

Latin capital letter A with ring above

198

Latin capital letter AE

199

Latin capital letter C with cedilla

200

Latin capital letter E with grave

201

Latin capital letter E with acute

202

Latin capital letter E with circumflex

203

Latin capital letter E with diaeresis

204

Latin capital letter I with grave

205

Latin capital letter I with acute

206

Latin capital letter I with circumflex

207

Latin capital letter I with diaeresis

208

Latin capital letter Eth

209

Latin capital letter N with tilde

210

Latin capital letter O with grave

211

Latin capital letter O with acute

212

Latin capital letter O with circumflex

213

Latin capital letter O with tilde

214

Latin capital letter O with diaeresis

215

multiplication sign

216

Latin capital letter O with stroke

217

Latin capital letter U with grave

218

Latin capital letter U with acute

219

Latin capital letter U with circumflex

220

Latin capital letter U with diaeresis

221

Latin capital letter Y with acute

222

Latin capital letter Thorn

223

Latin small letter sharp s

224

Latin small letter a with grave

225

Latin small letter a with acute

226

Latin small letter a with circumflex

227

Latin small letter a with tilde

228

Latin small letter a with diaeresis

229

Latin small letter a with ring above

230

Latin small letter ae

231

Latin small letter c with cedilla

232

Latin small letter e with grave

233

Latin small letter e with acute

234

Latin small letter e with circumflex

235

Latin small letter e with diaeresis

236

Latin small letter i with grave

237

Latin small letter i with acute

238

Latin small letter i with circumflex

239

Latin small letter i with diaeresis

240

Latin small letter eth

241

Latin small letter n with tilde

242

Latin small letter o with grave

243

Latin small letter o with acute

244

Latin small letter o with circumflex

245

Latin small letter o with tilde

246

Latin small letter o with diaeresis

247

division sign

248

Latin small letter o with stroke

249

Latin small letter u with grave

250

Latin small letter u with acute

251

Latin small letter with circumflex

252

Latin small letter u with diaeresis

253

Latin small letter y with acute

254

Latin small letter thorn

255

Latin small letter y with diaeresis

The ASCII Character Set

ASCII uses the values from 0 to 31 (and 127) for control characters.
ASCII uses the values from 32 to 126 for letters, digits, and symbols.
ASCII does not use the values from 128 to 255.

The ANSI Character Set (Windows-1252)

ANSI is identical to ASCII for the values from 0 to 127.
ANSI has a proprietary set of characters for the values from 128 to 159.
ANSI is identical to UTF-8 for the values from 160 to 255.

The ISO-8859-1 Character Set

8859-1 is identical to ASCII for the values from 0 to 127.
8859-1 does not use the values from 128 to 159.
8859-1 is identical to UTF-8 for the values from 160 to 255.

The UTF-8 Character Set

UTF-8 is identical to ASCII for the values from 0 to 127.
UTF-8 does not use the values from 128 to 159.
UTF-8 is identical to both ANSI and 8859-1 for the values from 160 to 255.
UTF-8 continues from the value 256 with more than 10.000 different characters.
For a closer look, study our Complete HTML Character Set Reference.

HTML Uniform Resource Locators

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A URL is another word for a web address.

A URL can be composed of words (w3schools.com), or an Internet Protocol (IP) address (192.68.20.50).
Most people enter the name when surfing, because names are easier to remember than numbers.

URL - Uniform Resource Locator

Web browsers request pages from web servers by using a URL.
When you click on a link in an HTML page, an underlying <a> tag points to an address on the web.
A Uniform Resource Locator (URL) is used to address a document (or other data) on the web.
A web address, like http://www.w3schools.com/html/default.asp follows these syntax rules:

Example
scheme://host.domain:port/path/filename
Explanation:

scheme - defines the type of Internet service (most common is http)

host - defines the domain host (default host for http is www)

domain - defines the Internet domain name (w3schools.com)

port - defines the port number at the host (default for http is 80)

path - defines a path at the server (If omitted: the root directory of the site)

filename - defines the name of a document or resource

Common URL Schemes

The table below lists some common schemes:

Scheme

Short for

Used for

http

HyperText Transfer Protocol

Common web pages. Not encrypted

https

Secure HyperText Transfer Protocol

Secure web pages. Encrypted

ftp

File Transfer Protocol

Downloading or uploading files

file

A file on your computer

URL Encoding
URLs can only be sent over the Internet using the ASCII character-set.
Since URLs often contain characters outside the ASCII set, the URL has to be converted into ASCII.
URL encoding converts characters into a format that can be transmitted over the Internet.
URL encoding replaces non ASCII characters with a "%" followed by hexadecimal digits.
URLs cannot contain spaces. URL encoding normally replaces a space with a plus (+) sign, or %20.

Try It Yourself
Hello Gnter

Submit

If you click "Submit", the browser will URL encode the input before it is sent to the server.
A page at the server will display the received input.
Try some other input and click Submit again.

ASCII Encoding Examples

Your browser will encode input, according to the character-set used in your page.
The default character-set in HTML5 is UTF-8.

Character

From Windows-1252

From UTF-8

%80

%E2%82%AC

%A3

%C2%A3

%A9

%C2%A9

%AE

%C2%AE

%C0

%C3%80

%C1

%C3%81

%C2

%C3%82

%C3

%C3%83

%C4

%C3%84

%C5

%C3%85

For a complete reference of all URL encodings, visit our URL Encoding Reference.

HTML and XHTML

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XHTML is HTML written as XML.

What Is XHTML?

XHTML stands for EXtensible HyperText Markup Language

XHTML is almost identical to HTML

XHTML is stricter than HTML

XHTML is HTML defined as an XML application

XHTML is supported by all major browsers

Why XHTML?
Many pages on the internet contain "bad" HTML.
This HTML code works fine in most browsers (even if it does not follow the HTML rules):

<html>
<head>
<title>This is bad HTML</title>
<body>
<h1>Bad HTML
<p>This is a paragraph
</body>
Today's market consists of different browser technologies. Some browsers run on computers, and some browsers run on mobile
phones or other small devices. Smaller devices often lack the resources or power to interpret "bad" markup.
XML is a markup language where documents must be marked up correctly (be "well-formed").
If you want to study XML, please read our XML tutorial.
By combining the strengths of HTML and XML, XHTML was developed.

XHTML is HTML redesigned as XML.

The Most Important Differences from HTML:

Document Structure

XHTML DOCTYPE is mandatory

The xmlns attribute in <html> is mandatory

<html>, <head>, <title>, and <body> are mandatory

XHTML Elements

XHTML elements must be properly nested

XHTML elements must always be closed

XHTML elements must be in lowercase

XHTML documents must have one root element

XHTML Attributes

Attribute names must be in lower case

Attribute values must be quoted

Attribute minimization is forbidden

<!DOCTYPE ....> Is Mandatory

An XHTML document must have an XHTML DOCTYPE declaration.
A complete list of all the XHTML Doctypes is found in our HTML Tags Reference.
The <html>, <head>, <title>, and <body> elements must also be present, and the xmlns attribute in <html> must specify the xml
namespace for the document.
This example shows an XHTML document with a minimum of required tags:

<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"

"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">

<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
<head>
<title>Title of document</title>
</head>
<body>

some content

</body>
</html>

XHTML Elements Must Be Properly Nested

In HTML, some elements can be improperly nested within each other, like this:

<b><i>This text is bold and italic</b></i>

In XHTML, all elements must be properly nested within each other, like this:

<b><i>This text is bold and italic</i></b>

XHTML Elements Must Always Be Closed

This is wrong:

<p>This is a paragraph
<p>This is another paragraph
This is correct:

<p>This is a paragraph</p>
<p>This is another paragraph</p>

Empty Elements Must Also Be Closed

This is wrong:
A break:

<br>

A horizontal rule:
An image:

<hr>

<img src="happy.gif" alt="Happy face">

This is correct:
A break:

A horizontal rule:
An image:

XHTML Elements Must Be In Lower Case

This is wrong:

<BODY>
<P>This is a paragraph</P>
</BODY>
This is correct:

<body>
<p>This is a paragraph</p>
</body>

XHTML Attribute Names Must Be In Lower Case

This is wrong:

<table WIDTH="100%">
This is correct:

Attribute Values Must Be Quoted

This is wrong:

<table width=100%>
This is correct:

Attribute Minimization Is Forbidden

Wrong:

<input type="checkbox" name="vehicle" value="car" checked />

Correct:

<input type="checkbox" name="vehicle" value="car" checked="checked" />

Wrong:

<input type="text" name="lastname" disabled />

Correct:

<input type="text" name="lastname" disabled="disabled" />

How to Convert from HTML to XHTML

Add an XHTML <!DOCTYPE> to the first line of every page

Add an xmlns attribute to the html element of every page

Change all element names to lowercase

Close all empty elements

Change all attribute names to lowercase

Quote all attribute values

Validate XHTML With The W3C Validator

Put your web address in the box below:

http://w w w .w 3schools.com/html/demo_xhtml.asp

Validate the page

HTML Forms
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The <form> Element

HTML forms are used to collect user input.
The <form> element defines an HTML form:

Example
<form>
.
form elements
.
</form>
HTML forms contain form elements.
Form elements are different types of input elements, checkboxes, radio buttons, submit buttons, and more.

The <input> Element

The <input> element is the most important form element.
The <input> element has many variations, depending on the type attribute.
Here are the types used in this chapter:

Type

Description

text

Defines normal text input

radio

Defines radio button input (for selecting one of many choices)

submit

Defines a submit button (for submitting the form)

You will learn a lot more about input types later in this tutorial.

Text Input
<input type="text"> defines a one-line input field for text input:

Example
<form>
First name:<br>
<input type="text" name="firstname">
<br>
Last name:<br>
<input type="text" name="lastname">
</form>

Try it Yourself

This is how it will look like in a browser:

First name:

Last name:

Note: The form itself is not visible. Also note that the default width of a text field is 20 characters.

Radio Button Input

<input type="radio"> defines a radio button.
Radio buttons let a user select ONE of a limited number of choices:

Example
<form>
<input type="radio" name="sex" value="male" checked>Male
<br>
<input type="radio" name="sex" value="female">Female
</form>

Try it Yourself

This is how the HTML code above will be displayed in a browser:

Male

Female

The Submit Button

<input type="submit"> defines a button for submitting a form to a form-handler.
The form-handler is typically a server page with a script for processing input data.
The form-handler is specified in the form's action attribute:

Example
<form action="action_page.php">
First name:<br>
<input type="text" name="firstname" value="Mickey">
<br>
Last name:<br>
<input type="text" name="lastname" value="Mouse">
<br><br>
<input type="submit" value="Submit">
</form>

Try it Yourself

This is how the HTML code above will be displayed in a browser:

First name:

Mickey
Last name:

Mouse

Submit

The Action Attribute

The action attribute defines the action to be performed when the form is submitted.
The common way to submit a form to a server, is by using a submit button.
Normally, the form is submitted to a web page on a web server.
In the example above, a server-side script is specified to handle the submitted form:
<form action="action_page.php">
If the action attribute is omitted, the action is set to the current page.

The Method Attribute

The method attribute specifies the HTTP method (GET or POST) to be used when submitting the forms:
<form action="action_page.php" method="GET">
or:
<form action="action_page.php" method="POST">

When to Use GET?

You can use GET (the default method):
If the form submission is passive (like a search engine query), and without sensitive information.
When you use GET, the form data will be visible in the page address:
action_page.php?firstname=Mickey&lastname=Mouse

GET is best suited to short amounts of data. Size limitations are set in your browser.

When to Use POST?

You should use POST:
If the form is updating data, or includes sensitive information (password).
POST offers better security because the submitted data is not visible in the page address.

The Name Attribute

To be submitted correctly, each input field must have a name attribute.
This example will only submit the "Last name" input field:

Example
<form action="action_page.php">
First name:<br>
<input type="text" value="Mickey">
<br>
Last name:<br>
<input type="text" name="lastname" value="Mouse">
<br><br>
<input type="submit" value="Submit">
</form>

Try it Yourself

Grouping Form Data with <fieldset>

The <fieldset> element groups related data in a form.
The <legend> element defines a caption for the <fieldset> element.

Example
<form action="action_page.php">
<fieldset>
<legend>Personal information:</legend>
First name:<br>
<input type="text" name="firstname" value="Mickey">
<br>
Last name:<br>
<input type="text" name="lastname" value="Mouse">
<br><br>
<input type="submit" value="Submit"></fieldset>
</form>

Try it Yourself

This is how the HTML code above will be displayed in a browser:

Personal information:First name:

Mickey
Last name:

Mouse

Submit

HTML Form Attributes

An HTML <form> element, with all possible attributes set, will look like this:

Example
<form action="action_page.php" method="GET" target="_blank" accept-charset="UTF-8"
enctype="application/x-www-form-urlencoded" autocomplete="off" novalidate>
.
form elements
.
</form>
Here is the list of <form> attributes:

Attribute

Description

accept-charset

Specifies the charset used in the submitted form (default: the page charset).

action

Specifies an address (url) where to submit the form (default: the submitting page).

autocomplete

Specifies if the browser should autocomplete the form (default: on).

enctype

Specifies the encoding of the submitted data (default: is url-encoded).

method

Specifies the HTTP method used when submitting the form (default: GET).

name

Specifies a name used to identify the form (for DOM usage: document.forms.name).

novalidate

Specifies that the browser should not validate the form.

target

Specifies the target of the address in the action attribute (default: _self).

You will learn more about attributes in the next chapters.

HTML Form Elements

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This chapter describes all HTML form elements.

The <input> Element

The most important form element is the <input> element.
The <input> element can vary in many ways, depending on the type attribute.

All HTML input types are covered in the next chapter.

The <select> Element (Drop-Down List)

The <select> element defines a drop-down list:

Example

<select name="cars">
<option value="volvo">Volvo</option>
<option value="saab">Saab</option>
<option value="fiat">Fiat</option>
<option value="audi">Audi</option>
</select>
Try it Yourself

The <option> elements defines the options to select.

The list will normally show the first item as selected.
You can add a selected attribute to define a predefined option.

Example
<option value="fiat" selected>Fiat</option>
Try it Yourself

The <textarea> Element

The <textarea> element defines a multi-line input field (a text area):

Example
<textarea name="message" rows="10" cols="30">
The cat was playing in the garden.

</textarea>
Try it Yourself

This is how the HTML code above will be displayed in a browser:

The <button> Element

The <button> element defines a a clickable button:

Example
<button type="button" onclick="alert('Hello World!')">Click Me!</button>
Try it Yourself

This is how the HTML code above will be displayed in a browser:

Click Me!

HTML5 Form Elements

HTML5 added the following form elements:

By default, browsers do not display unknown elements. New elements will not destroy your page.

HTML5 <datalist> Element

The <datalist> element specifies a list of pre-defined options for an <input> element.
Users will see a drop-down list of pre-defined options as they input data.
The list attribute of the <input> element, must refer to the id attribute of the <datalist> element.

Example
An <input> element with pre-defined values in a <datalist>:

<form action="action_page.php">
<input list="browsers">
<datalist id="browsers">
<option value="Internet Explorer">
<option value="Firefox">
<option value="Chrome">
<option value="Opera">
<option value="Safari">
</datalist>
</form>
Try it Yourself

HTML5 <keygen> Element

The purpose of the <keygen> element is to provide a secure way to authenticate users.
The <keygen> element specifies a key-pair generator field in a form.
When the form is submitted, two keys are generated, one private and one public.
The private key is stored locally, and the public key is sent to the server.
The public key could be used to generate a client certificate to authenticate the user in the future.

Example
A form with a keygen field:

<form action="action_page.php">
Username: <input type="text" name="user">
Encryption: <keygen name="security">
<input type="submit">
</form>
Try it Yourself

HTML5 <output> Element

The <output> element represents the result of a calculation (like one performed by a script).

Example
Perform a calculation and show the result in an <output> element:

<form action="action_page.asp"

oninput="x.value=parseInt(a.value)+parseInt(b.value)">
0

<input type="range"

id="a" name="a" value="50">

100 +

<input type="number" id="b" name="b" value="50">

<output name="x" for="a b"></output>

<br><br>
<input type="submit">
</form>
Try it Yourself

HTML Form Elements

= new in HTML5.

Tag

Description

<form>

Defines an HTML form for user input

<input>

Defines an input control

Defines a multiline input control (text area)

<label>

Defines a label for an <input> element

Groups related elements in a form

Defines a caption for a <fieldset> element

Defines a drop-down list

Defines a group of related options in a drop-down list

Defines an option in a drop-down list

Defines a clickable button

Specifies a list of pre-defined options for input controls

Defines a key-pair generator field (for forms)

Defines the result of a calculation

HTML Input Types

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Input Types
This chapter describes the input types of the <input> element.

Input Type: text

<input type="text"> defines a one-line input field for text input:

Example
<form>
First name:<br>
<input type="text" name="firstname">
<br>
Last name:<br>
<input type="text" name="lastname">
</form>

Try it Yourself

This is how the HTML code above will be displayed in a browser:

First name:

Last Name:

Input Type: password

<input type="password"> defines a password field:

Example
<form>
User name:<br>
<input type="text" name="username">
<br>
User password:<br>
<input type="password" name="psw">
</form>

Try it Yourself

This is how the HTML code above will be displayed in a browser:

First name:

Password:

The characters in a password field are masked (shown as asterisks or circles).

Input Type: submit

<input type="submit"> defines a button for submitting form input to a form-handler.
The form-handler is typically a server page with a script for processing input data.
The form-handler is specified in the form's action attribute:

Try it Yourself

This is how the HTML code above will be displayed in a browser:

First name:

Mickey
Last name:

Mouse

Submit

If you omit the submit button's value attribute, the button will get a default text:

Example
<form action="action_page.php">
First name:<br>
<input type="text" name="firstname" value="Mickey">
<br>
Last name:<br>
<input type="text" name="lastname" value="Mouse">
<br><br>

Try it Yourself

Input Type: radio

<input type="radio"> defines a radio button.
Radio buttons let a user select ONLY ONE of a limited number of choices:

Example
<form>
<input type="radio" name="sex" value="male" checked>Male
<br>
<input type="radio" name="sex" value="female">Female
</form>

Try it Yourself

This is how the HTML code above will be displayed in a browser:

Male

Female

Input Type: checkbox

<input type="checkbox"> defines a checkbox.
Checkboxes let a user select ZERO or MORE options of a limited number of choices.

Example
<form>
<input type="checkbox" name="vehicle" value="Bike">I have a bike
<br>
<input type="checkbox" name="vehicle" value="Car">I have a car
</form>

Try it Yourself

This is how the HTML code above will be displayed in a browser:

I have a bike

I have a car

Input Type: button

<input type="button> defines a button:

Example
<input type="button" onclick="alert('Hello World!')" value="Click Me!">

Try it Yourself

This is how the HTML code above will be displayed in a browser:

HTML5 Input Types

HTML5 added several new input types:

color

date

datetime

datetime-local

month

number

range

tel

time

url

week

Input types, not supported by old web browsers, will behave as input type text.

Input Type: number

The <input type="number"> is used for input fields that should contain a numeric value.
You can set restrictions on the numbers.
Depending on browser support, the restrictions can apply to the input field.

Example
<form>
Quantity (between 1 and 5):

<input type="number" name="quantity" min="1" max="5">

</form>

Try it Yourself

Input Restrictions
Here is a list of some common input restrictions (some are new in HTML5):

Attribute

Description

disabled

Specifies that an input field should be disabled

max

Specifies the maximum value for an input field

maxlength

Specifies the maximum number of character for an input field

min

Specifies the minimum value for an input field

pattern

Specifies a regular expression to check the input value against

readonly

Specifies that an input field is read only (cannot be changed)

required

Specifies that an input field is required (must be filled out)

size

Specifies the width (in characters) of an input field

step

Specifies the legal number intervals for an input field

value

Specifies the default value for an input field

You will learn more about input restrictions in the next chapter.

Example
<form>
Quantity:
<input type="number" name="points" min="0" max="100" step="10" value="30">
</form>

Try it Yourself

Input Type: date

The <input type="date"> is used for input fields that should contain a date.
Depending on browser support, a date picker can show up in the input field.

Example
<form>
Birthday:
<input type="date" name="bday">
</form>

Try it Yourself

You can add restrictions to the input:

Example
<form>
Enter a date before 1980-01-01:
<input type="date" name="bday" max="1979-12-31"><br>
Enter a date after 2000-01-01:
<input type="date" name="bday" min="2000-01-02"><br>
</form>

Try it Yourself

Input Type: color

The <input type="color"> is used for input fields that should contain a color.
Depending on browser support, a color picker can show up in the input field.

Example
<form>
Select your favorite color:
<input type="color" name="favcolor">
</form>

Try it Yourself

Input Type: range

The <input type="range"> is used for input fields that should contain a value within a range.
Depending on browser support, the input field can be displayed as a slider control.

Example
<form>
<input type="range" name="points" min="0" max="10">
</form>

Try it Yourself

You can use the following attributes to specify restrictions: min, max, step, value.

Input Type: month

The <input type="month"> allows the user to select a month and year.

Depending on browser support, a date picker can show up in the input field.

Example
<form>
Birthday (month and year):
<input type="month" name="bdaymonth">
</form>

Try it Yourself

Input Type: week

The <input type="week"> allows the user to select a week and year.
Depending on browser support, a date picker can show up in the input field.

Example
<form>
Select a week:
<input type="week" name="week_year">
</form>

Try it Yourself

Input Type: time

The <input type="time"> allows the user to select a time (no time zone).
Depending on browser support, a time picker can show up in the input field.

Example
<form>
Select a time:
<input type="time" name="usr_time">
</form>

Try it Yourself

Input Type: datetime

The <input type="datetime"> allows the user to select a date and time (with time zone).
Depending on browser support, a date picker can show up in the input field.

Example

<form>
Birthday (date and time):
<input type="datetime" name="bdaytime">
</form>

Try it Yourself

Input Type: datetime-local

The <input type="datetime-local"> allows the user to select a date and time (no time zone).
Depending on browser support, a date picker can show up in the input field.

Example
<form>
Birthday (date and time):
<input type="datetime-local" name="bdaytime">
</form>

Try it Yourself

Input Type: email

The <input type="email"> is used for input fields that should contain an e-mail address.
Depending on browser support, the e-mail address can be automatically validated when submitted.
Some smartphones recognize the email type, and adds ".com" to the keyboard to match email input.

Example
<form>
E-mail:
<input type="email" name="email">
</form>

Try it Yourself

Input Type: search

The <input type="search"> is used for search fields (a search field behaves like a regular text field).

Example
<form>
Search Google:
<input type="search" name="googlesearch">
</form>

Try it Yourself

Input Type: tel

The <input type="tel"> is used for input fields that should contain a telephone number.
The tel type is currently supported only in Safari 8.

Example
<form>
Telephone:
<input type="tel" name="usrtel">
</form>

Try it Yourself

Input Type: url

The <input type="url"> is used for input fields that should contain a URL address.
Depending on browser support, the url field can be automatically validated when submitted
Some smartphones recognize the url type, and adds ".com" to the keyboard to match url input.

Example
<form>
Add your homepage:
<input type="url" name="homepage">
</form>

HTML Input Attributes

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The value Attribute

The value attribute specifies the initial value for an input field:

Example
<form action="">
First name:<br>
<input type="text" name="firstname" value="John">
<br>
Last name:<br>
<input type="text" name="lastname">
</form>

Try it Yourself

The readonly Attribute

The readonly attribute specifies that the input field is read only (cannot be changed):

Example
<form action="">
First name:<br>
<input type="text" name="firstname" value="John" readonly>
<br>
Last name:<br>
<input type="text" name="lastname">
</form>

Try it Yourself

The readonly attribute does not need a value. It is the same as writing readonly="readonly".

The disabled Attribute

The disabled attribute specifies that the input field is disabled.
A disabled element is un-usable and un-clickable.
Disabled elements will not be submitted.

Example
<form action="">
First name:<br>
<input type="text" name="firstname" value="John" disabled>
<br>
Last name:<br>
<input type="text" name="lastname">
</form>

Try it Yourself

The disabled attribute does not need a value. It is the same as writing disabled="disabled".

The size Attribute

The size attribute specifies the size (in characters) for the input field:

Example
<form action="">
First name:<br>
<input type="text" name="firstname" value="John" size="40">
<br>
Last name:<br>
<input type="text" name="lastname">
</form>

Try it Yourself

The maxlength Attribute

The maxlength attribute specifies the maximum allowed length for the input field:

Example
<form action="">
First name:<br>
<input type="text" name="firstname" maxlength="10">
<br>
Last name:<br>
<input type="text" name="lastname">
</form>

Try it Yourself

With a maxlength attribute, the input control will not accept more than the allowed number of characters.
The attribute does not provide any feedback. If you want to alert the user, you must write JavaScript code.

Input restrictions are not foolproof. JavaScript provides many ways to add illegal input.
To safely restrict input, restrictions must be checked by the receiver (the server) as well.

HTML5 Attributes
HTML5 added the following attributes for <input>:

autocomplete

autofocus

form

formaction

formenctype

formmethod

formnovalidate

formtarget

height and width

list

min and max

multiple

pattern (regexp)

placeholder

required

step

and the following attributes for <form>:

autocomplete

novalidate

The autocomplete Attribute

The autocomplete attribute specifies whether a form or input field should have autocomplete on or off.
When autocomplete is on, the browser automatically complete values based on values that the user has entered before.
Tip: It is possible to have autocomplete "on" for the form, and "off" for specific input fields, or vice versa.
The autocomplete attribute works with <form> and the following <input> types: text, search, url, tel, email, password, datepickers,
range, and color.

Example
An HTML form with autocomplete on (and off for one input field):
<form action="action_page.php" autocomplete="on">
First name:<input type="text" name="fname"><br>
Last name: <input type="text" name="lname"><br>
E-mail: <input type="email" name="email" autocomplete="off"><br>
<input type="submit">
</form>

Try it Yourself

Tip: In some browsers you may need to activate the autocomplete function for this to work.

The novalidate Attribute

The novalidate attribute is a <form> attribute
When present, novalidate specifies that form data should not be validated when submitted.

Example
Indicates that the form is not to be validated on submit:
<form action="action_page.php" novalidate>
E-mail: <input type="email" name="user_email">
<input type="submit">
</form>

Try it Yourself

The autofocus Attribute

The autofocus attribute is a boolean attribute.

When present, it specifies that an <input> element should automatically get focus when the page loads.

Example
Let the "First name" input field automatically get focus when the page loads:
First name:<input type="text" name="fname" autofocus>

Try it Yourself

The form Attribute

The form attribute specifies one or more forms an <input> element belongs to.
Tip: To refer to more than one form, use a space-separated list of form ids.

Example
An input field located outside the HTML form (but still a part of the form):
<form action="action_page.php" id="form1">
First name: <input type="text" name="fname"><br>
<input type="submit" value="Submit">
</form>
Last name: <input type="text" name="lname" form="form1">

Try it Yourself

The formaction Attribute

The formaction attribute specifies the URL of a file that will process the input control when the form is submitted.
The formaction attribute overrides the action attribute of the <form> element.
The formaction attribute is used with type="submit" and type="image".

Example
An HTML form with two submit buttons, with different actions:
<form action="action_page.php">
First name: <input type="text" name="fname"><br>
Last name: <input type="text" name="lname"><br>
<input type="submit" value="Submit"><br>
<input type="submit" formaction="demo_admin.asp"
value="Submit as admin">
</form>

Try it Yourself

The formenctype Attribute

The formenctype attribute specifies how the form-data should be encoded when submitting it to the server (only for forms with
method="post")
The formenctype attribute overrides the enctype attribute of the <form> element.
The formenctype attribute is used with type="submit" and type="image".

Example
Send form-data that is default encoded (the first submit button), and encoded as "multipart/form-data" (the second submit button):
<form action="demo_post_enctype.asp" method="post">
First name: <input type="text" name="fname"><br>
<input type="submit" value="Submit">
<input type="submit" formenctype="multipart/form-data"
value="Submit as Multipart/form-data">
</form>

Try it Yourself

The formmethod Attribute

The formmethod attribute defines the HTTP method for sending form-data to the action URL.
The formmethod attribute overrides the method attribute of the <form> element.
The formmethod attribute can be used with type="submit" and type="image".

Example
The second submit button overrides the HTTP method of the form:
<form action="action_page.php" method="get">
First name: <input type="text" name="fname"><br>
Last name: <input type="text" name="lname"><br>
<input type="submit" value="Submit">
<input type="submit" formmethod="post" formaction="demo_post.asp"
value="Submit using POST">
</form>

Try it Yourself

The formnovalidate Attribute

The novalidate attribute is a boolean attribute.
When present, it specifies that the <input> element should not be validated when submitted.
The formnovalidate attribute overrides the novalidate attribute of the <form> element.
The formnovalidate attribute can be used with type="submit".

Example
A form with two submit buttons (with and without validation):
<form action="action_page.php">
E-mail: <input type="email" name="userid"><br>
<input type="submit" value="Submit"><br>
<input type="submit" formnovalidate value="Submit without validation">
</form>

Try it Yourself

The formtarget Attribute

The formtarget attribute specifies a name or a keyword that indicates where to display the response that is received after submitting
the form.
The formtarget attribute overrides the target attribute of the <form> element.
The formtarget attribute can be used with type="submit" and type="image".

Example
A form with two submit buttons, with different target windows:
<form action="action_page.php">
First name: <input type="text" name="fname"><br>
Last name: <input type="text" name="lname"><br>
<input type="submit" value="Submit as normal">
<input type="submit" formtarget="_blank"
value="Submit to a new window">
</form>

Try it Yourself

The height and width Attributes

The height and width attributes specify the height and width of an <input> element.
The height and width attributes are only used with <input type="image">.

Always specify the size of images. If the browser does not know the size, the page will flicker while
images load.

Example
Define an image as the submit button, with height and width attributes:
<input type="image" src="img_submit.gif" alt="Submit" width="48" height="48">

Try it Yourself

The list Attribute

The list attribute refers to a <datalist> element that contains pre-defined options for an <input> element.

Example
An <input> element with pre-defined values in a <datalist>:
<input list="browsers">
<datalist id="browsers">
<option value="Internet Explorer">
<option value="Firefox">
<option value="Chrome">
<option value="Opera">
<option value="Safari">
</datalist>

Try it Yourself

The min and max Attributes

The min and max attributes specify the minimum and maximum value for an <input> element.
The min and max attributes work with the following input types: number, range, date, datetime, datetime-local, month, time and
week.

Example
<input> elements with min and max values:
Enter a date before 1980-01-01:
<input type="date" name="bday" max="1979-12-31">
Enter a date after 2000-01-01:
<input type="date" name="bday" min="2000-01-02">
Quantity (between 1 and 5):
<input type="number" name="quantity" min="1" max="5">

Try it Yourself

The multiple Attribute

The multiple attribute is a boolean attribute.
When present, it specifies that the user is allowed to enter more than one value in the <input> element.
The multiple attribute works with the following input types: email, and file.

Example
A file upload field that accepts multiple values:

Select images: <input type="file" name="img" multiple>

Try it Yourself

The pattern Attribute

The pattern attribute specifies a regular expression that the <input> element's value is checked against.
The pattern attribute works with the following input types: text, search, url, tel, email, and password.
Tip: Use the global title attribute to describe the pattern to help the user.
Tip: Learn more about regular expressions in our JavaScript tutorial.

Example
An input field that can contain only three letters (no numbers or special characters):
Country code: <input type="text" name="country_code" pattern="[A-Za-z]{3}" title="Three letter country code">

Try it Yourself

The placeholder Attribute

The placeholder attribute specifies a hint that describes the expected value of an input field (a sample value or a short description of
the format).
The hint is displayed in the input field before the user enters a value.
The placeholder attribute works with the following input types: text, search, url, tel, email, and password.

Example
An input field with a placeholder text:
<input type="text" name="fname" placeholder="First name">

Try it Yourself

The required Attribute

The required attribute is a boolean attribute.
When present, it specifies that an input field must be filled out before submitting the form.
The required attribute works with the following input types: text, search, url, tel, email, password, date pickers, number, checkbox,
radio, and file.

Example

A required input field:

Username: <input type="text" name="usrname" required>

Try it Yourself

The step Attribute

The step attribute specifies the legal number intervals for an <input> element.
Example: if step="3", legal numbers could be -3, 0, 3, 6, etc.
Tip: The step attribute can be used together with the max and min attributes to create a range of legal values.
The step attribute works with the following input types: number, range, date, datetime, datetime-local, month, time and week.

Example
An input field with a specified legal number intervals:
<input type="number" name="points" step="3">

Try it Yourself

HTML5 Introduction
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What is New in HTML5?

The DOCTYPE declaration for HTML5 is very simple:
<!DOCTYPE

html>

The character encoding (charset) declaration is also very simple:

<meta

charset="UTF-8">

HTML5 Example:
<!DOCTYPE
<html>
<head>

html>

The default character encoding in HTML5 is UTF-8.

New HTML5 Elements

The most interesting new elements are:
New semantic elements like <header>, <footer>, <article>, and <section>.
New form controls like number, date, time, calendar, and range.
New graphic elements: <svg> and <canvas>.
New multimedia elements: <audio> and <video>.

In the chapter HTML5 Support, you will learn how to "teach" old browsers to handle HTML5
semantic.

New HTML5 API's (Application Programming Interfaces)

The most interesting new API's are:

HTML Geolocation

HTML Drag and Drop

HTML Local Storage

HTML Application Cache

HTML Web Workers

HTML SSE

Local storage is a powerful replacement for cookies.

Elements Removed in HTML5

The following HTML4 elements have been removed from HTML5:

Element

Use instead

<abbr>

CSS

<big>

CSS

CSS

<dir>

<ul>

<font>

CSS

CSS

<tt>

CSS

In the chapter HTML5 Migration, you will learn how to easily migrate from HTML4 to HTML5.

HTML History
Since the early days of the web, there have been many versions of HTML:

Version

Year

Tim Berners-Lee invented www

1989

Tim Berners-Lee invented HTML

1991

Dave Raggett drafted HTML+

1993

HTML Working Group defined HTML 2.0

1995

W3C Recommended HTML 3.2

1997

W3C Recommended HTML 4.01

1999

W3C Recommended XHTML 1.0

2000

HTML5 WHATWG First Public Draft

2008

HTML5 WHATWG Living Standard

2012

HTML5 W3C Final Recommendation

2014

Tim Berners-Lee invented the "World Wide Web" in 1989, and the Internet took off in the 1990s.
From 1991 to 1998, HTML developed from version 1 to version 4.
In 2000, the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) recommended XHTML 1.0.
The XHTML syntax was strict, and the developers were forced to write valid and "well-formed" code.
In 2004, WHATWG (Web Hypertext Application Technology Working Group) was formed in response to slow W3C development, and
W3C's decision to close down the development of HTML, in favor of XHTML.
WHATWG wanted to develop HTML, consistent with how the web was used, while being backward compatible with older versions of
HTML.
In the period 2004-2006, the WHATWG initiative gained support by the major browser vendors.
In 2006, W3C announced that they would support WHATWG.
In 2008, the first HTML5 public draft was released
In 2012, WHATWG and W3C decided on a separation:
WHATWG will develop HTML as a "Living Standard".
A living standard is never fully complete, but always updated and improved. New features can be added, but old functionality can not
be removed.
The WHATWG Living Standard was published in 2012, and is continuously updated.

W3C will develop a definitive HTML5 and XHTML5 standard, as a "snapshot" of WHATWG.
The W3C HTML5 recommendation was released 28. October 2014.

HTML5 Browser Support

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You can teach old browsers to handle HTML5

HTML5 Browser Support

HTML5 is supported in all modern browsers.
In addition, all browsers, old and new, automatically handle unrecognized elements as inline elements.
Because of this, you can "teach" old browsers to handle "unknown" HTML elements.

You can even teach stone age IE6 (Windows XP 2001) how to handle unknown HTML elements.

Define HTML5 Elements as Block Elements

HTML5 defines 8 new semantic HTML elements. All these are block level elements.
To secure correct behavior in older browsers, you can set the CSS display property to block:

Example
header, section, footer, aside, nav, main, article, figure {
display: block;

Adding New Elements to HTML

You can add any new element to HTML with a browser trick:
This example adds a new element called <myHero> to HTML, and defines a display style for it:

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Creating an HTML Element</title>
<script>document.createElement("myHero")</script>
<style>
myHero {
display: block;
background-color: #ddd;
padding: 50px;
font-size: 30px;
}
</style>
</head>

<body>
<h1>My First Heading</h1>
<p>My first paragraph.</p>
<myHero>My First Hero</myHero>
</body>
</html>

Try it Yourself

The JavaScript statement document.createElement("myHero") is added, only to satisfy IE.

Problem With Internet Explorer

You could use the solution described above, for all new HTML5 elements, but:

Internet Explorer 8 and earlier, does not allow styling of unknown elements.

Thankfully, Sjoerd Visscher created the "HTML5 Enabling JavaScript", "the shiv":

The code above is a comment, but versions previous to IE9 will read it (and understand it).

The Complete Shiv Solution

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Styling HTML5</title>

</head>
<body>
<h1>My First Article</h1>
<article>
London is the capital city of England. It is the most populous city in the United Kingdom, with a metropolitan area of over 13 million
inhabitants.
</article>
</body>
</html>

Try it Yourself

The link to the shiv code must be placed in the <head> element, because Internet Explorer needs to know about all new elements
before reading them.

An HTML5 Skeleton
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<title>HTML5 Skeleton</title>
<meta charset="utf-8">

<style>
body {font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size:0.8em;}
header,nav, section,article,footer
{border:1px solid grey; margin:5px; padding:8px;}
nav ul {margin:0; padding:0;}
nav ul li {display:inline; margin:5px;}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<header>
<h1>HTML5 SKeleton</h1>
</header>
<nav>
<ul>
<li><a href="html5_semantic_elements.asp">HTML5 Semantic</a></li>
<li><a href="html5_geolocation.asp">HTML5 Geolocation</a></li>
<li><a href="html5_canvas.asp">HTML5 Graphics</a></li>
</ul>
</nav>
<section>
<h1>Famous Cities</h1>
<article>
<h2>London</h2>
<p>London is the capital city of England. It is the most populous city in the United Kingdom,
with a metropolitan area of over 13 million inhabitants.</p>
</article>
<article>
<h2>Paris</h2>
<p>Paris is the capital and most populous city of France.</p>
</article>
<article>
<h2>Tokyo</h2>
<p>Tokyo is the capital of Japan, the center of the Greater Tokyo Area,
and the most populous metropolitan area in the world.</p>
</article>
</section>
<footer>
<p>© 2014 W3Schools. All rights reserved.</p>
</footer>
</body>
</html>

Try it Yourself

HTML5 New Elements

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New Elements in HTML5

Below is a list of the new HTML5 elements, and a description of what they are used for.

New Semantic/Structural Elements

HTML5 offers new elements for better document structure:

Tag

Description

Defines an article in the document

<aside>

Defines content aside from the page content

<bdi>

Defines a part of text that might be formatted in a different direction from other text

Defines additional details that the user can view or hide

Defines a dialog box or window

Defines a caption for a <figure> element

Defines self-contained content, like illustrations, diagrams, photos, code listings, etc.

Defines a footer for the document or a section

Defines a header for the document or a section

<main>

Defines the main content of a document

<mark>

Defines marked or highlighted text

Defines a command/menu item that the user can invoke from a popup menu

<meter>

Defines a scalar measurement within a known range (a gauge)

<nav>

Defines navigation links in the document

Defines the progress of a task

<rp>

Defines what to show in browsers that do not support ruby annotations

<rt>

Defines an explanation/pronunciation of characters (for East Asian typography)

<ruby>

Defines a ruby annotation (for East Asian typography)

Defines a section in the document

Defines a visible heading for a <details> element

<time>

Defines a date/time

<wbr>

Defines a possible line-break

New Form Elements

Tag

Description

Defines pre-defined options for input controls

Defines a key-pair generator field (for forms)

Defines the result of a calculation

Read all about old and new form elements in HTML Form Elements.

New Input Types

New Input Attributes

color

autocomplete

date

autofocus

datetime

form

datetime-local

formaction

formenctype

month

formmethod

number

formnovalidate

range

formtarget

height and width

tel

list

time

min and max

url

multiple

week

pattern (regexp)

placeholder

required

step

Learn all about old and new input types in HTML Input Types.
Learn all about input attributes in HTML Input Attributes.

HTML5 - New Attribute Syntax

HTML5 allows 4 different syntaxes for attributes.

This example demonstrates the different syntaxes used in an <input> tag:

Type

Example

Empty

<input type="text" value="John Doe" disabled>

Unquoted

<input type="text" value=John>

Doublequoted

<input type="text" value="John Doe">

Single-quoted

<input type="text" value='John Doe'>

In HTML5, all 4 syntaxes may be used, depending on what is needed for the attribute.

HTML5 Graphics
Tag

Description

Defines graphic drawing using JavaScript

<svg>

Defines graphic drawing using SVG

New Media Elements

Tag

Description

<audio>

Defines sound or music content

<embed>

Defines containers for external applications (like plug-ins)

Defines sources for <video> and <audio>

<track>

Defines tracks for <video> and <audio>

<video>

Defines video or movie content

HTML5 Semantic Elements

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Semantics means (from Ancient Greek), is the study of meaning.

Semantic elements are elements with a meaning.

What are Semantic Elements?

A semantic element clearly describes its meaning to both the browser and the developer.
Examples of non-semantic elements: <div> and <span> - Tells nothing about its content.
Examples of semantic elements: <form>, <table>, and <img> - Clearly defines its content.

Browser Support

HTML5 semantic elements are supported in all modern browsers.

In addition, you can "teach" older browsers how to handle "unknown elements".
Read about it in HTML5 Browser Support.

New Semantic Elements in HTML5

Many web sites contain HTML code like: <div id="nav"> <div class="header"> <div id="footer">
to indicate navigation, header, and footer.
HTML5 offers new semantic elements to define different parts of a web page:

<aside>

<main>

<mark>

<nav>

<time>

HTML5 <section> Element

The <section> element defines a section in a document.
According to W3C's HTML5 documentation: "A section is a thematic grouping of content, typically with a heading."
A Web site's home page could be split into sections for introduction, content, and contact information.

Example
<section>
<h1>WWF</h1>
<p>The World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) is....</p>
</section>
Try it Yourself

HTML5 <article> Element

The <article> element specifies independent, self-contained content.
An article should make sense on its own, and it should be possible to read it independently from the rest of the web site.
Examples of where an <article> element can be used:

Forum post

Blog post

Newspaper article

Example
<article>
<h1>What Does WWF Do?</h1>
<p>WWF's mission is to stop the degradation of our planet's natural environment,
and build a future in which humans live in harmony with nature. </p>
</article>
Try it Yourself

Nesting Semantic Elements

In the HTML5 standard, the <article> element defines a complete, self-contained block of related elements.
The <section> element is defined as a block of related elements.
Can we use the definitions to decide how to nest elements? No, we cannot!
On the Internet, you will find HTML pages with <section> elements containing <article> elements, and <article> elements
containing <sections> elements.
You will also find pages with <section> elements containing <section> elements, and <article> elements containing <article>
elements.

Newspaper: The sports articles in the sports section, have a technical section in each article.

HTML5 <header> Element

The <header> element specifies a header for a document or section.
The <header> element should be used as a container for introductory content.
You can have several <header> elements in one document.
The following example defines a header for an article:

Example
<article>
<header>
<h1>What Does WWF Do?</h1>
<p>WWF's mission:</p>
</header>
<p>WWF's mission is to stop the degradation of our planet's natural environment,
and build a future in which humans live in harmony with nature. </p>
</article>
Try it Yourself

HTML5 <footer> Element

The <footer> element specifies a footer for a document or section.
A <footer> element should contain information about its containing element.
A footer typically contains the author of the document, copyright information, links to terms of use, contact information, etc.
You can have several <footer> elements in one document.

Example
<footer>
<p>Posted by: Hege Refsnes</p>
<p>Contact information: <a href="mailto:someone@example.com">
someone@example.com</a>.</p>
</footer>
Try it Yourself

HTML5 <nav> Element

The <nav> element defines a set of navigation links.
The <nav> element is intended for large blocks of navigation links. However, not all links in a document should be inside a <nav>
element!

Example
<nav>
<a href="/html/">HTML</a> |
<a href="/css/">CSS</a> |
<a href="/js/">JavaScript</a> |
<a href="/jquery/">jQuery</a>
</nav>
Try it Yourself

HTML5 <aside> Element

The <aside> element defines some content aside from the content it is placed in (like a sidebar).
The aside content should be related to the surrounding content.

Example
<p>My family and I visited The Epcot center this summer.</p>
<aside>
<h4>Epcot Center</h4>
<p>The Epcot Center is a theme park in Disney World, Florida.</p>
</aside>
Try it Yourself

HTML5 <figure> and <figcaption> Elements

In books and newspapers, it is common to have captions with images.
The purpose of a caption is to add a visual explanation to an image.
With HTML5, images and captions can be grouped together in <figure> elements:

Example
<figure>
<img src="pic_mountain.jpg" alt="The Pulpit Rock" width="304" height="228">
<figcaption>Fig1. - The Pulpit Rock, Norway.</figcaption>
</figure>
Try it Yourself

The <img> element defines the image, the <figcaption> element defines the caption.

Why Semantic HTML5 Elements?

With HTML4, developers used their own favorite attribute names to style page elements:
header, top, bottom, footer, menu, navigation, main, container, content, article, sidebar, topnav, ...
This made it impossible for search engines to identify the correct web page content.
With HTML5 elements like: <header> <footer> <nav> <section> <article>, this will become easier.
According to the W3C, a Semantic Web:

"Allows data to be shared and reused across applications, enterprises, and communities."

Semantic Elements in HTML5

Below is an alphabetical list of the new semantic elements in HTML5.
The links goes to our complete HTML5 Reference.

Tag

Description

Defines an article

<aside>

Defines content aside from the page content

Defines additional details that the user can view or hide

Defines a caption for a <figure> element

Specifies self-contained content, like illustrations, diagrams, photos, code listings, etc.

Defines a footer for a document or section

Specifies a header for a document or section

<main>

Specifies the main content of a document

<mark>

Defines marked/highlighted text

<nav>

Defines navigation links

Defines a section in a document

Defines a visible heading for a <details> element

<time>

Defines a date/time

HTML5 Migration
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Next Chapter

Migration from HTML4 to HTML5

This chapter is entirely about how to migrate from a typical HTML4 page to a typical HTML5 page.
This chapter demonstrates how to convert an existing HTML4 page into an HTML5 page, without destroying anything of the original
content or structure.

You can migrate to HTML5 from HTML4, and XHTML, using the same recipe.

Typical HTML4

Typical HTML5

<nav>

A Typical HTML4 Page

Example
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd">
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=utf-8">
<title>HTML4</title>
<style>
body {font-family:Verdana,sans-serif;font-size:0.8em;}
div#header,div#footer,div#content,div#post
{border:1px solid grey;margin:5px;margin-bottom:15px;padding:8px;background-color:white;}
div#header,div#footer {color:white;background-color:#444;margin-bottom:5px;}
div#content {background-color:#ddd;}
div#menu ul {margin:0;padding:0;}
div#menu ul li {display:inline; margin:5px;}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<div id="header">
<h1>Monday Times</h1>
</div>
<div id="menu">
<ul>
<li>News</li>
<li>Sports</li>
<li>Weather</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div id="content">
<h2>News Section</h2>
<div id="post">
<h2>News Article</h2>
<p>Ipsum lurum hurum turum ipsum lurum hurum turum ipsum lurum hurum turum ipsum
lurum hurum turum.</p>
<p>Ipsum lurum hurum turum ipsum lurum hurum turum ipsum lurum hurum turum ipsum
lurum hurum turum.</p>
</div>
<div id="post">
<h2>News Article</h2>
<p>Ipsum lurum hurum turum ipsum lurum hurum turum ipsum lurum hurum turum ipsum
lurum hurum turum.</p>
<p>Ipsum lurum hurum turum ipsum lurum hurum turum ipsum lurum hurum turum ipsum

lurum hurum turum.</p>

Try it Yourself

Change to HTML5 Doctype

Change the doctype, from the HTML4 doctype:
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd">
to the HTML5 doctype:
<!DOCTYPE html>

Try it Yourself

Change to HTML5 Encoding

Change the encoding information, from HTML4:
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=utf-8">
to HTML5:
<meta charset="utf-8">

Try it Yourself

Add The Shiv

HTML5 semantic elements are supported in all modern browsers.
In addition, you can "teach" older browsers how to handle "unknown elements".
Add the shiv for Internet Explorer support:

Try it Yourself

Read about the shiv in HTML5 Browser Support.

Add CSS for HTML5 Semantic Elements

Look at your existing CSS styles:

div#header,div#footer,div#content,div#post {

border:1px solid grey;margin:5px;margin-bottom:15px;padding:8px;background-color:white;

div#header,div#footer {

color:white;background-color:#444;margin-bottom:5px;

div#content {

background-color:#ddd;

div#menu ul {

margin:0;padding:0;

div#menu ul li {

display:inline; margin:5px;

}
Duplicate with equal CSS styles for HTML5 semantic elements:

header,footer,section,article {

border:1px solid grey;margin:5px;margin-bottom:15px;padding:8px;background-color:white;

header,footer {

color:white;background-color:#444;margin-bottom:5px;

section {

background-color:#ddd;

nav ul

{
margin:0;padding:0;

nav ul li {

display:inline; margin:5px;

Try it Yourself

Change to HTML5 <header> and <footer>

Change the <div> elements with id="header" and id="footer":
<div id="header">
<h1>Monday Times</h1>
</div>
.
.
.
<div id="footer">
<p>&copy; 2014 W3Schools. All rights reserved.</p>
</div>
to HTML5 semantic <header> and <footer> elements:
<header>
<h1>Monday Times</h1>
</header>
.
.
.
<footer>
<p>© 2014 W3Schools. All rights reserved.</p>
</footer>

Try it Yourself

Change to HTML5 <nav>

Change the <div> element with id="menu":
<div id="menu">
<ul>
<li>News</li>
<li>Sports</a></li>
<li>Weather</li>
</ul>
</div>
to an HTML5 semantic <nav> element:
<nav>
<ul>
<li>News</li>
<li>Sports</a></li>
<li>Weather</li>
</ul>
</nav>

Try it Yourself

Change to HTML5 <section>

Change the <div> element with id="content":
<div id="content">
.
.
.
</div>
to an HTML5 semantic <section> element:
<section>
.
.
.
</section>

Try it Yourself

Change to HTML5 <article>

Change all <div> element with class="post":
<div class="post">
<h2>News Article</h2>
<p>Ipsum lurum hurum turum ipsum lurum hurum turum ipsum lurum hurum turum ipsum
lurum hurum turum.</p>
</div>
to HTML5 semantic <article> elements:
<article>
<h2>News Article</h2>
<p>Ipsum lurum hurum turum ipsum lurum hurum turum ipsum lurum hurum turum ipsum
lurum hurum turum.</p>
</article>

Try it Yourself

Remove these "no longer needed" <style> elements:

div#header,div#footer,div#content,div#post {

border:1px solid grey;margin:5px;margin-bottom:15px;padding:8px;background-color:white;

div#header,div#footer {

color:white;background-color:#444;margin-bottom:5px;

div#content {

background-color:#ddd;

div#menu ul {

margin:0;padding:0;

div#menu ul li {

display:inline; margin:5px;

Try it Yourself

A Typical HTML5 Page

Finally you can remove the <head> tags. They are not needed in HTML5:

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<title>HTML5</title>
<meta charset="utf-8">

<style>
body {
font-family:Verdana,sans-serif;font-size:0.8em;
}
header,footer,section,article {
border:1px solid grey;
margin:5px;margin-bottom:15px;padding:8px;
background-color:white;
}
header,footer {
color:white;background-color:#444;margin-bottom:5px;
}
section {
background-color:#ddd;
}
nav ul {
margin:0;padding:0;
}
nav ul li {
display:inline; margin:5px;
}
</style>
<body>
<header>
<h1>Monday Times</h1>
</header>
<nav>
<ul>
<li>News</li>
<li>Sports</li>
<li>Weather</li>
</ul>
</nav>

<section>
<h2>News Section</h2>
<article>
<h2>News Article</h2>
<p>Ipsum lurum hurum turum ipsum lurum hurum turum ipsum lurum hurum turum ipsum
lurum hurum turum.</p>
<p>Ipsum lurum hurum turum ipsum lurum hurum turum ipsum lurum hurum turum ipsum
lurum hurum turum.</p>
<p>Ipsum lurum hurum turum ipsum lurum hurum turum ipsum lurum hurum turum ipsum
lurum hurum turum.</p>
</article>
<article>
<h2>News Article</h2>
<p>Ipsum lurum hurum turum ipsum lurum hurum turum ipsum lurum hurum turum ipsum
lurum hurum turum.</p>
<p>Ipsum lurum hurum turum ipsum lurum hurum turum ipsum lurum hurum turum ipsum
lurum hurum turum.</p>
<p>Ipsum lurum hurum turum ipsum lurum hurum turum ipsum lurum hurum turum ipsum
lurum hurum turum.</p>
</article>
</section>
<footer>
<p>&copy; 2014 Monday Times. All rights reserved.</p>
</footer>
</body>
</html>

Try it Yourself

The Difference Between <article> <section> and <div>

There is a confusing (lack of) difference in the HTML5 standard, between <article> <section> and <div>.
In the HTML5 standard, the <section> element is defined as a block of related elements.
The <article> element is defined as a complete, self-contained block of related elements.
The <div> element is defined as a block of children elements.
How to interpret that?
In the example above, we have used <section> as a container for related <articles>.
But, we could have used <article> as a container for articles as well.
Here are some different examples:

<article> in <article>:
<article>
<h2>Famous Cities</h2>
<article>
<h2>London</h2>
<p>London is the capital city of England. It is the most populous city in the United Kingdom,
with a metropolitan area of over 13 million inhabitants.</p>
</article>
<article>

<h2>Paris</h2>
<p>Paris is the capital and most populous city of France.</p>
</article>
<article>
<h2>Tokyo</h2>
<p>Tokyo is the capital of Japan, the center of the Greater Tokyo Area,
and the most populous metropolitan area in the world.</p>
</article>
</article>

Try it Yourself

<div> in <article>:
<article>
<h2>Famous Cities</h2>
<div class="city">
<h2>London</h2>
<p>London is the capital city of England. It is the most populous city in the United Kingdom,
with a metropolitan area of over 13 million inhabitants.</p>
</div>
<div class="city">
<h2>Paris</h2>
<p>Paris is the capital and most populous city of France.</p>
</div>
<div class="city">
<h2>Tokyo</h2>
<p>Tokyo is the capital of Japan, the center of the Greater Tokyo Area,
and the most populous metropolitan area in the world.</p>
</div>
</article>

Try it Yourself

<div> in <section> in <article>:

<article>
<section>
<h2>Famous Cities</h2>
<div class="city">
<h2>London</h2>
<p>London is the capital city of England. It is the most populous city in the United Kingdom,
with a metropolitan area of over 13 million inhabitants.</p>
</div>
<div class="city">
<h2>Paris</h2>
<p>Paris is the capital and most populous city of France.</p>
</div>
<div class="city">
<h2>Tokyo</h2>
<p>Tokyo is the capital of Japan, the center of the Greater Tokyo Area,
and the most populous metropolitan area in the world.</p>
</div>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Famous Countries</h2>

<div class="country">
<h2>England</h2>
<p>London is the capital city of England. It is the most populous city in the United Kingdom,
with a metropolitan area of over 13 million inhabitants.</p>
</div>
<div class="country">
<h2>France</h2>
<p>Paris is the capital and most populous city of France.</p>
</div>
<div class="country">
<h2>Japan</h2>
<p>Tokyo is the capital of Japan, the center of the Greater Tokyo Area,
and the most populous metropolitan area in the world.</p>
</div>
</section>
</article>

Try it Yourself

HTML(5) Style Guide and Coding Conventions

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HTML Coding Conventions

Web developers are often uncertain about the coding style and syntax to use in HTML.
Between 2000 and 2010, many web developers converted from HTML to XHTML.
With XHTML, developers were forced to write valid and "well-formed" code.
HTML5 is a bit more sloppy when it comes to code validation.
With HTML5, you must create your own Best Practice, Style Guide and Coding Conventions.

Be Smart and Future Proof

A consequent use of style, makes it easier for others to understand and use your HTML.
In the future, programs like XML readers, may want to read your HTML.
Using a well-formed "close to XHTML" syntax, can be smart.

Always keep your style smart, tidy, clean, and well-formed.

Use Correct Document Type

Always declare the document type as the first line in your document:
<!DOCTYPE html>

If you want consistently with lower case tags, you can use:
<!doctype html>

Use Lower Case Element Names

HTML5 allows mixing uppercase and lowercase letters in element names.
We recommend using lowercase element names:

Mixing uppercase and lowercase names is bad

Developers are used to use lowercase names (as in XHTML)

Lowercase look cleaner

Lowercase are easier to write

Bad:
<SECTION>
<p>This is a paragraph.</p>
</SECTION>

Very Bad:
<Section>
<p>This is a paragraph.</p>
</SECTION>

Good:
<section>
<p>This is a paragraph.</p>
</section>

Close All HTML Elements

In HTML5, you don't have to close all elements (for example the <p> element).
We recommend closing all HTML elements:
Looking bad:
<section>
<p>This is a paragraph.
<p>This is a paragraph.
</section>
Looking good:
<section>
<p>This is a paragraph.</p>
<p>This is a paragraph.</p>
</section>

Close Empty HTML Elements

In HTML5, it is optional to close empty elements.

This is allowed:
<meta charset="utf-8">
This is also allowed:
<meta charset="utf-8" />
The slash (/) is required in XHTML and XML.
If you expect XML software to access your page, it might be a good idea to keep it.

Use Lower Case Attribute Names

HTML5 allows mixing uppercase and lowercase letters in attribute names.
We recommend using lowercase attribute names:

Mixing uppercase and lowercase names is bad

Developers are used to use lowercase names (as in XHTML)

Lowercase look cleaner

Lowercase are easier to write

Looking bad:
<div CLASS="menu">
Looking good:
<div class="menu">

Quote Attribute Values

HTML5 allows attribute values without quotes.
We recommend quoting attribute values:

You have to use quotes if the value contains spaces

Mixing styles is never good

Quoted values are easier to read

This will not work, because the value contains spaces:

Image Attributes
Always use the alt attribute with images. It is important when the image cannot be viewed.
<img src="html5.gif" alt="HTML5" style="width:128px;height:128px">

Always define image size. It reduces flickering because the browser can reserve space for images before they are loaded.
<img src="html5.gif" alt="HTML5" style="width:128px;height:128px">

Spaces and Equal Signs

Spaces around equal signs is legal:
<link rel = "stylesheet" href = "styles.css">
But space-less is easier to read, and groups entities better together:
<link rel="stylesheet" href="styles.css">

Avoid Long Code Lines

When using an HTML editor, it is inconvenient to scroll right and left to read the HTML code.
Try to avoid code lines longer than 80 characters.

Blank Lines and Indentation

Do not add blank lines without a reason.
For readability, add blank lines to separate large or logical code blocks.
For readability, add 2 spaces of indentation. Do not use TAB.
Do not use unnecessary blank lines and indentation. It is not necessary to use blank lines between short and related items. It is not
necessary to indent every element:

Unnecessary:
<body>
<h1>Famous Cities</h1>
<h2>Tokyo</h2>
<p >
Tokyo is the capital of Japan, the center of the Greater Tokyo Area,
and the most populous metropolitan area in the world.
It is the seat of the Japanese government and the Imperial Palace,
and the home of the Japanese Imperial Family.
</p>
</body>

Better:
<body>
<h1>Famous Cities</h1>
<h2>Tokyo</h2>
<p >
Tokyo is the capital of Japan, the center of the Greater Tokyo Area,
and the most populous metropolitan area in the world.
It is the seat of the Japanese government and the Imperial Palace,
and the home of the Japanese Imperial Family.
</p>
</body>

Table Example:
<table>
<tr>
<th>Name</th>
<th>Description</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>A</td>
<td>Description of A</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>B</td>
<td>Description of B</td>
</tr>
</table>

List Example:
<ol>
<li>LondonA</li>
<li>Paris</li>
<li>Tokyo</li>
</ol>

Omitting <html> and <body>?

In the HTML5 standard, the <html> tag and the <body> tag can be omitted.
The following code will validate as HTML5:

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<head>
<title>Page Title</title>
</head>
<h1>This is a heading</h1>
<p>This is a paragraph.</p>

Try it Yourself

We do not recommend omitting the <html> and <body> tags.

The <html> element is the document root. It is the recommended place for specifying the page language:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en-US">
Declaring a language is important for accessibility applications (screen readers) and search engines.
Omitting <html> or <body> can crash DOM and XML software.
Omitting <body> can produce errors in older browsers (IE9).

Omitting <head>?
In the HTML5 standard, the <head> tag can also be omitted.
By default, browsers will add all elements before <body>, to a default <head> element.

You can reduce the complexity of HTML, by omitting the <head> tag:

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<title>Page Title</title>
<body>
<h1>This is a heading</h1>
<p>This is a paragraph.</p>
</body>
</html>

Try it Yourself

Omitting tags is unfamiliar to web developers. It needs time to be established as a guideline.

Meta Data
The <title> element is required in HTML5. Make the title as meaningful as possible:
<title>HTML5 Syntax and Coding Style</title>
To ensure proper interpretation, and correct search engine indexing, both the language and the character encoding should be defined
as early as possible in a document:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en-US">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<title>HTML5 Syntax and Coding Style</title>
</head>

HTML Comments
Short comments should be written on one line, with a space after :

Long comments, spanning many lines, should be written with  on separate lines:
<!-This is a long comment example. This is a long comment example. This is a long comment example.
This is a long comment example. This is a long comment example. This is a long comment example.
-->
Long comments are easier to observe, if they are indented 2 spaces.

Style Sheets
Use simple syntax for linking style sheets (the type attribute is not necessary):
<link rel="stylesheet" href="styles.css">
Short rules can be written compressed, on one line, like this:

p.into {font-family:"Verdana"; font-size:16em;}

Long rules should be written over multiple lines:

body {
background-color: lightgrey;
font-family: "Arial Black", Helvetica, sans-serif;
font-size: 16em;
color: black;
}

Place the opening bracket on the same line as the selector.

Use one space before the opening bracket.

Use 2 spaces of indentation.

Use colon plus one space between each property and its value.

Use space after each comma or semicolon.

Use semicolon after each property-value pair, including the last.

Only use quotes around values if the value contains spaces.

Place the closing bracket on a new line, without leading spaces.

Avoid lines over 80 characters.

Adding a space after a comma, or a semicolon, is a general rule in all types of writing.

Loading JavaScript in HTML

Use simple syntax for loading external scripts (the type attribute is not necessary):
<script src="myscript.js">

Accessing HTML Elements with JavaScript

A consequence of using "untidy" HTML styles, might result in JavaScript errors.
These two JavaScript statements will produce different results:

var obj = getElementById("Demo")

var obj = getElementById("demo")
Try it Yourself

If possible, use the same naming convention (as JavaScript) in HTML.

Visit the JavaScript Style Guide.

Use Lower Case File Names

Most web servers (Apache, Unix) are case sensitive about file names:
london.jpg cannot be accessed as London.jpg.

Other web servers (Microsoft, IIS) are not case sensitive:

london.jpg can be accessed as London.jpg or london.jpg.
If you use a mix of upper and lower case, you have to be extremely consistent.
If you move from a case insensitive, to a case sensitive server, even small errors will break your web.
To avoid these problems, always use lower case file names (if possible).

File Extensions
HTML files should have a .html extension (not .htm).
CSS files should have a .css extension.
JavaScript files should have a .js extension.

HTML5 Canvas
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What is Canvas?
Canvas is a medium for oil painting. One of the earliest oils on canvas is a French Madonna from 1410. Canvas is typically
stretched across a wooden frame.
On the HTML canvas, you can draw all kinds of graphics, from simple lines, to complex graphic objects.

The HTML <canvas> Element

The HTML <canvas> element (introduced in HTML5) is a container for canvas graphics.
An HTML canvas is a rectangular area on an HTML page.
Canvas has several methods for drawing paths, boxes, circles, text, and graphic images.

Canvas Examples
Basic Canvas Example
<canvas id="myCanvas" width="200" height="100"
style="border:1px solid #000000;">

</canvas>
Try it Yourself

Drawing with JavaScript

var c = document.getElementById("myCanvas");
var ctx = c.getContext("2d");
ctx.fillStyle = "#FF0000";
ctx.fillRect(0,0,150,75);

</script>
Try it Yourself

Draw a Line
var c = document.getElementById("myCanvas");
var ctx = c.getContext("2d");
ctx.moveTo(0,0);
ctx.lineTo(200,100);
ctx.stroke();

Try it Yourself

Draw a Circle
var c = document.getElementById("myCanvas");
var ctx = c.getContext("2d");
ctx.beginPath();
ctx.arc(95,50,40,0,2*Math.PI);
ctx.stroke();

Try it Yourself

Draw a Text
var c = document.getElementById("myCanvas");
var ctx = c.getContext("2d");
ctx.font = "30px Arial";
ctx.fillText("Hello World",10,50);

Try it Yourself

Stroke Text
var c = document.getElementById("myCanvas");
var ctx = c.getContext("2d");
ctx.font = "30px Arial";
ctx.strokeText("Hello World",10,50);

Try it Yourself

Draw Gradient
var c = document.getElementById("myCanvas");
var ctx = c.getContext("2d");
// Create gradient
var grd = ctx.createLinearGradient(0,0,200,0);
grd.addColorStop(0,"red");
grd.addColorStop(1,"white");

// Fill with gradient

ctx.fillStyle = grd;
ctx.fillRect(10,10,150,80);

Try it Yourself

Draw Circular Gradient

var c = document.getElementById("myCanvas");
var ctx = c.getContext("2d");
// Create gradient
var grd = ctx.createRadialGradient(75,50,5,90,60,100);
grd.addColorStop(0,"red");
grd.addColorStop(1,"white");
// Fill with gradient
ctx.arc(50, 50, 50, 0, 2*Math.PI);
ctx.fillStyle = grd;
ctx.fill();

Try it Yourself

Draw Image
var c = document.getElementById("myCanvas");
var ctx = c.getContext("2d");
var img = document.getElementById("scream");
ctx.drawImage(img,10,10);

Try it Yourself

HTML Canvas Tutorial

To learn all about HTML <canvas>, Visit our full Canvas Tutorial.

HTML5 SVG
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What is SVG?

SVG stands for Scalable Vector Graphics

SVG is used to define graphics for the Web

SVG is a W3C recommendation

The HTML <svg> Element

The HTML <svg> element (introduced in HTML5) is a container for SVG graphics.
SVG has several methods for drawing paths, boxes, circles, text, and graphic images.

SVG Circle

<!DOCTYPE
<html>
<body>
<svg

html>

width="100" height="100">
cx="50" cy="50" r="40" stroke="green" stroke-width="4" fill="yellow" />

</body>
</html>

Try it Yourself

SVG Rectangle

width="400" height="100">
<rect width="400" height="100" style="fill:rgb(0,0,255);stroke-width:10;stroke:rgb(0,0,0)" />

<svg

</svg>

Try it Yourself

SVG Rounded Rectangle

width="400" height="180">
x="50" y="20" rx="20" ry="20" width="150" height="150"
style="fill:red;stroke:black;stroke-width:5;opacity:0.5" />

<svg

<rect

</svg>

Try it Yourself

SVG Star
width="300" height="200">
points="100,10 40,198 190,78 10,78 160,198"
style="fill:lime;stroke:purple;stroke-width:5;fill-rule:evenodd;" />

<svg

Try it Yourself

SVG Logo
SVG
<svg height="130"
<defs>

width="500">

id="grad1" x1="0%" y1="0%" x2="100%" y2="0%">

offset="0%" style="stop-color:rgb(255,255,0);stop-opacity:1" />
<stop offset="100%" style="stop-color:rgb(255,0,0);stop-opacity:1" />

<linearGradient
<stop

</linearGradient>
</defs>
<ellipse

cx="100" cy="70" rx="85" ry="55" fill="url(#grad1)" />

x="50" y="86">SVG</text>

<text fill="#ffffff" font-size="45" font-family="Verdana"

Sorry, your browser does not support inline SVG.
</svg>

Try it Yourself

Differences Between SVG and Canvas

SVG is a language for describing 2D graphics in XML.
Canvas draws 2D graphics, on the fly (with a JavaScript).
SVG is XML based, which means that every element is available within the SVG DOM. You can attach JavaScript event handlers for an
element.
In SVG, each drawn shape is remembered as an object. If attributes of an SVG object are changed, the browser can automatically
re-render the shape.
Canvas is rendered pixel by pixel. In canvas, once the graphic is drawn, it is forgotten by the browser. If its position should be
changed, the entire scene needs to be redrawn, including any objects that might have been covered by the graphic.

Comparison of Canvas and SVG

The table below shows some important differences between Canvas and SVG:

Canvas

SVG

Resolution dependent

Resolution independent

No support for event handlers

Support for event handlers

Poor text rendering capabilities

Best suited for applications with large rendering

areas (Google Maps)

You can save the resulting image

as .png or .jpg

Slow rendering if complex (anything that uses the

DOM a lot will be slow)

Well suited for graphic-intensive

games

Not suited for game applications

To learn more about SVG, please read our SVG Tutorial.

HTML Multimedia
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Multimedia on the web, is sound, music, videos, movies, and animations.

What is Multimedia?
Multimedia comes in many different formats. It can be almost anything you can hear or see.

Examples: Pictures, music, sound, videos, records, films, animations, and more.
Web pages often contains multimedia elements of different types and formats.
In this chapter you will learn about the different multimedia formats.

Browser Support
The first web browsers had support for text only, limited to a single font in a single color.
Later came browsers with support for colors and fonts, and even support for pictures!
The support for sounds, animations, and videos is handled differently by various browsers. Different types and formats are
supported, and some formats requires extra helper programs (plug-ins) to work.
Hopefully this will become history. HTML5 multimedia promises an easier future for multimedia.

Multimedia Formats
Multimedia elements (like sounds or videos) are stored in media files.
The most common way to discover the type of a file, is to look at the file extension. When a browser sees the file extension .htm
or .html, it will treat the file as an HTML file. The .xml extension indicates an XML file, and the .css extension indicates a style sheet
file. Pictures are recognized by extensions like .gif, .png and .jpg.
Multimedia files also have their own formats and different extensions like: .swf, .wav, .mp3, .mp4, .mpg, .wmv, and .avi.

Common Video Formats

MP4 is the new and upcoming format for internet video.
MP4 is recommended by YouTube.
MP4 is supported by Flash Players
MP4 is supported by HTML5.

Format

File

Description

MPEG

.mpg
.mpeg

MPEG. Developed by the Moving Pictures Expert Group. The first popular video format
on the web. Used to be supported by all browsers, but it is not supported in HTML5
(See MP4).

AVI

.avi

AVI (Audio Video Interleave). Developed by Microsoft. Commonly used in video

cameras and TV hardware. Plays well on Windows computers, but not in web
browsers.

WMV

.wmv

WMV (Windows Media Video). Developed by Microsoft. Commonly used in video

cameras and TV hardware. Plays well on Windows computers, but not in web
browsers.

QuickTim
e

.mov

QuickTime. Developed by Apple. Commonly used in video cameras and TV hardware.

Plays well on Apple computers, but not in web browsers. (See MP4)

RealVideo

.rm
.ram

RealVideo. Developed by Real Media to allow video streaming with low bandwidths. It
is still used for online video and Internet TV, but does not play in web browsers.

Flash

.swf
.flv

Flash. Developed by Macromedia. Often requires an extra component (plug-in) to play

in web browsers.

Ogg

.ogg

Theora Ogg. Developed by the Xiph.Org Foundation. Supported by HTML5.

WebM

.
webm

WebM. Developed by the web giants, Mozilla, Opera, Adobe, and Google. Supported
by HTML5.

MPEG-4
or MP4

.mp4

MP4. Developed by the Moving Pictures Expert Group. Based on QuickTime. Commonly
used in newer video cameras and TV hardware. Supported by all HTML5 browsers.
Recommended by YouTube.

Only MP4, WebM, and Ogg video is supported by the newest HTML5 standard.

Sound Formats
MP3 is the newest format for compressed recorded music. The term MP3 has become synonymous with digital music.
If your website is about recorded music, MP3 is the choice.

Format

File

Description

MIDI

.mid
.midi

MIDI (Musical Instrument Digital Interface). Main format for all electronic music devices
like synthesizers and PC sound cards. MIDI files do not contain sound, but digital notes
that can be played by electronics. Plays well on all computers and music hardware, but
not in web browsers.

RealAudio

.rm
.ram

RealAudio. Developed by Real Media to allow streaming of audio with low bandwidths.
Does not play in web browsers.

WMA

.wma

WMA (Windows Media Audio). Developed by Microsoft. Commonly used in music

players. Plays well on Windows computers, but not in web browsers.

AAC

.aac

AAC (Advanced Audio Coding). Developed by Apple as the default format for iTunes.
Plays well on Apple computers, but not in web browsers.

WAV

.wav

WAV. Developed by IBM and Microsoft. Plays well on Windows, Macintosh, and Linux
operating systems. Supported by HTML5.

Ogg

.ogg

Ogg. Developed by the Xiph.Org Foundation. Supported by HTML5.

MP3

.mp3

MP3 files are actually the sound part of MPEG files. MP3 is the most popular format for
music players. Combines good compression (small files) with high quality. Supported by
all browsers.

MP4

.mp4

MP4 is a video format, but can also be used for audio. MP4 video is the upcoming video
format on the internet. This leads to automatic support for MP4 audio by all browsers.

Only MP3, WAV, and Ogg audio is supported by the newest HTML5 standard.

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HTML5 Video
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HTML Video Example. Courtesy of Big Buck Bunny.

Try it yourself

Playing Videos in HTML

Before HTML5, there was no standard for showing videos on a web page.
Before HTML5, videos could only be played with a plug-in (like flash).
The HTML5 <video> element specifies a standard way to embed a video in a web page.

Browser Support

Internet Explorer 9+, Firefox, Opera, Chrome, and Safari support the <video> element.
Note: Internet Explorer 8 and earlier versions, do not support the <video> element.

The HTML <video> Element

To show a video in HTML, use the <video> element:

Example
<video width="320" height="240" controls>
<source src="movie.mp4" type="video/mp4">
<source src="movie.ogg" type="video/ogg">
Your browser does not support the video tag.
</video>

Try it yourself

How it Works
The controls attribute adds video controls, like play, pause, and volume.
It is a good idea to always include width and height attributes.
If height and width are not set, the browser does not know the size of the video. The effect will be that the page will change (or
flicker) while the video loads.
Text between the <video> and </video> tags will only display in browsers that do not support the <video> element.
Multiple <source> elements can link to different video files. The browser will use the first recognized format.

HTML <video> Autoplay

To start a video automatically use the autoplay attribute:

Example

<video width="320" height="240" autoplay>

<source src="movie.mp4" type="video/mp4">
<source src="movie.ogg" type="video/ogg">
Your browser does not support the video tag.
</video>

Try it yourself

HTML Video - Browser Support

Currently, there are 3 supported video formats for the <video> element: MP4, WebM, and Ogg:

Browser

MP4

WebM

Ogg

Internet Explorer

YES

Chrome

YES

Firefox

YES

Safari

YES

Opera

YES (from Opera 25)

YES

HTML Video - Media Types

File Format

Media Type

MP4

video/mp4

WebM

video/webm

Ogg

video/ogg

HTML Video - Methods, Properties, and Events

HTML5 defines DOM methods, properties, and events for the <video> element.
This allows you to load, play, and pause videos, as well as setting duration and volume.
There are also DOM events that can notify you when a video begins to play, is paused, etc.

Example: Using JavaScript

Play/Pause Big Small Normal

Video courtesy of Big Buck Bunny.

Try it yourself

For a full DOM reference, go to our HTML5 Audio/Video DOM Reference.

HTML5 Video Tags

Tag

Description

<video>

Defines a video or movie

Defines multiple media resources for media elements, such as <video> and <audio>

<track>

Defines text tracks in media players

HTML5 Audio
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HTML5 provides a standard for playing audio files.

Audio on the Web

Before HTML5, there was no standard for playing audio files on a web page.
Before HTML5, audio files could only be played with a plug-in (like flash).
The HTML5 <audio> element specifies a standard way to embed audio in a web page.

Browser Support

Internet Explorer 9+, Firefox, Opera, Chrome, and Safari support the <audio> element.
Note: Internet Explorer 8 and earlier versions, do not support the <audio> element.

The HTML <audio> Element

To play an audio file in HTML, use the <audio> element:

Example
<audio controls>
<source src="horse.ogg" type="audio/ogg">
<source src="horse.mp3" type="audio/mpeg">
Your browser does not support the audio element.

</audio>
Try it yourself

HTML Audio - How It Works

The controls attribute adds audio controls, like play, pause, and volume.
Text between the <audio> and </audio> tags will display in browsers that do not support the <audio> element.
Multiple <source> elements can link to different audio files. The browser will use the first recognized format.

HTML Audio - Browser Support

Currently, there are 3 supported file formats for the <audio> element: MP3, Wav, and Ogg:

Browser

MP3

Wav

Ogg

Internet Explorer

YES

Chrome

YES

Firefox

YES

Safari

YES

Opera

YES

HTML Audio - Media Types

File Format

Media Type

MP3

audio/mpeg

Ogg

audio/ogg

Wav

audio/wav

HTML Audio - Methods, Properties, and Events

HTML5 defines DOM methods, properties, and events for the <audio> element.
This allows you to load, play, and pause audios, as well as setting duration and volume.
There are also DOM events that can notify you when an audio begins to play, is paused, etc.
For a full DOM reference, go to our HTML5 Audio/Video DOM Reference.

HTML5 Audio Tags

Tag

Description

<audio>

Defines sound content

Defines multiple media resources for media elements, such as <video> and <audio>

HTML Plug-ins
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The purpose of a plug-in, is to extend the functionality of the HTML browser.

HTML Helpers (Plug-ins)

Helper applications are computer programs that extend the standard functionality of a web browser.
Helper applications are also called plug-ins.
Examples of well-known plug-ins are Java applets.
Plug-ins can be added to web pages with the <object> tag or the <embed> tag.
Plug-ins can be used for many purposes: display maps, scan for viruses, verify your bank id, etc.

To display video and audio: Use the <video> and <audio> tags.

The <object> Element

The <object> element is supported by all browsers.
The <object> element defines an embedded object within an HTML document.
It is used to embed plug-ins (like Java applets, PDF readers, Flash Players) in web pages.

Example
<object width="400" height="50" data="bookmark.swf"></object>

Try it Yourself

The <object> element can also be used to include HTML in HTML:

Example
<object width="100%" height="500px" data="snippet.html"></object>

Try it Yourself

Or images if you like:

Example
<object data="audi.jpeg"></object>

Try it Yourself

The <embed> Element

The <embed> element is supported in all major browsers.

The <embed> element also defines an embedded object within an HTML document.
Web browsers have supported the <embed> element for a long time. However, it has not been a part of the HTML specification
before HTML5. The element will validate in an HTML5 page, but not in an HTML 4 page.

Example
<embed width="400" height="50" src="bookmark.swf">

Try it Yourself

Note that the <embed> element does not have a closing tag. It can not contain alternative text.

The <embed> element can also be used to include HTML in HTML:

Example
<embed width="100%" height="500px" src="snippet.html">

Try it Yourself

Or images if you like:

Example
<embed src="audi.jpeg">

Try it Yourself

HTML YouTube Videos

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The easiest way to play videos in HTML, is to use YouTube.

Struggling with Video Formats?

Different versions of different browsers support different video formats.
Earlier in this tutorial, you have seen that you might have to convert your videos to different video formats, to make sure they play
in all browsers.
Converting videos to different format can be difficult and time consuming.
An easier solution might be to let YouTube play the videos in your web pages.

Playing a YouTube Video in HTML

To play your video on a web page, you can upload it to YouTube, and then insert the proper HTML code in your web page to display
iit:

Example - Using iFrame (this is the recommended method)

Try it Yourself

Example - Using <object>

Try it Yourself

Example - Using <embed>

Try it Yourself

YouTube will display the code to use (like:XGSy3_Czz8k), when you click "Share" under the video.

HTML5 Geolocation
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HTML Geolocation is used to locate a user's position Try It

Locate the User's Position

The HTML Geolocation API is used to get the geographical position of a user.
Since this can compromise user privacy, the position is not available unless the user approves it.

Browser Support

Internet Explorer 9+, Firefox, Chrome, Safari and Opera support Geolocation.
Note: Geolocation is much more accurate for devices with GPS, like iPhone.

Using HTML Geolocation

Use the getCurrentPosition() method to get the user's position.

The example below is a simple Geolocation example returning the latitude and longitude of the user's position:

Example
<script>
var x = document.getElementById("demo");
function getLocation() {
if (navigator.geolocation) {
navigator.geolocation.getCurrentPosition(showPosition);
} else {
x.innerHTML = "Geolocation is not supported by this browser.";
}
}
function showPosition(position) {
x.innerHTML = "Latitude: " + position.coords.latitude +
"<br>Longitude: " + position.coords.longitude;
}
</script>

Try it yourself

Example explained:

Check if Geolocation is supported

If supported, run the getCurrentPosition() method. If not, display a message to the user

If the getCurrentPosition() method is successful, it returns a coordinates object to the function specified in the parameter
( showPosition )

The showPosition() function gets the displays the Latitude and Longitude

The example above is a very basic Geolocation script, with no error handling.

Handling Errors and Rejections

The second parameter of the getCurrentPosition() method is used to handle errors. It specifies a function to run if it fails to get the
user's location:

Example
function showError(error) {
switch(error.code) {
case error.PERMISSION_DENIED:
x.innerHTML = "User denied the request for Geolocation."
break;
case error.POSITION_UNAVAILABLE:
x.innerHTML = "Location information is unavailable."
break;
case error.TIMEOUT:
x.innerHTML = "The request to get user location timed out."
break;
case error.UNKNOWN_ERROR:
x.innerHTML = "An unknown error occurred."
break;
}
}

Try it yourself

Error Codes:

Permission denied - The user did not allow Geolocation

Position unavailable - It is not possible to get the current location

Timeout - The operation timed out

Displaying the Result in a Map

To display the result in a map, you need access to a map service that can use latitude and longitude, like Google Maps:

Example
function showPosition(position) {
var latlon = position.coords.latitude + "," + position.coords.longitude;
var img_url = "http://maps.googleapis.com/maps/api/staticmap?center=
"+latlon+"&zoom=14&size=400x300&sensor=false";

document.getElementById("mapholder").innerHTML = "<img src='"+img_url+"'>";

Try it yourself

In the example above we use the returned latitude and longitude data to show the location in a Google map (using a static image).
Google Map Script
How to use a script to show an interactive map with a marker, zoom and drag options.

Location-specific Information
This page demonstrated how to show a user's position on a map. However, Geolocation is also very useful for location-specific
information.
Examples:

Up-to-date local information

Showing Points-of-interest near the user

Turn-by-turn navigation (GPS)

The getCurrentPosition() Method - Return Data

The getCurrentPosition() method returns an object if it is successful. The latitude, longitude and accuracy properties are always
returned. The other properties below are returned if available.

Property

Description

coords.latitude

The latitude as a decimal number

coords.longitude

The longitude as a decimal number

coords.accuracy

The accuracy of position

coords.altitude

The altitude in meters above the mean sea level

coords.altitudeAccuracy

The altitude accuracy of position

coords.heading

The heading as degrees clockwise from North

coords.speed

The speed in meters per second

timestamp

The date/time of the response

Geolocation object - Other interesting Methods

watchPosition() - Returns the current position of the user and continues to return updated position as the user moves (like the GPS
in a car).
clearWatch() - Stops the watchPosition() method.
The example below shows the watchPosition() method. You need an accurate GPS device to test this (like iPhone):

Example
<script>
var x = document.getElementById("demo");
function getLocation() {
if (navigator.geolocation) {
navigator.geolocation.watchPosition(showPosition);
} else {
x.innerHTML = "Geolocation is not supported by this browser.";
}
}
function showPosition(position) {
x.innerHTML = "Latitude: " + position.coords.latitude +
"<br>Longitude: " + position.coords.longitude;
}
</script>

Try it yourself

HTML5 Drag and Drop

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Drag and drop is a part of the HTML5 standard.

Drag the W3Schools image into the rectangle.

Drag and Drop

Drag and drop is a very common feature. It is when you "grab" an object and drag it to a different location.
In HTML5, drag and drop is part of the standard, and any element can be draggable.

Browser Support

Internet Explorer 9+, Firefox, Opera, Chrome, and Safari support drag and drop.
Note: Drag and drop does not work in Safari 5.1.7 and earlier versions.

HTML Drag and Drop Example

The example below is a simple drag and drop example:

Example
<!DOCTYPE HTML>
<html>
<head>
<script>
function allowDrop(ev) {
ev.preventDefault();
}
function drag(ev) {
ev.dataTransfer.setData("text", ev.target.id);
}
function drop(ev) {
ev.preventDefault();
var data = ev.dataTransfer.getData("text");
ev.target.appendChild(document.getElementById(data));
}
</script>
</head>
<body>
<div id="div1" ondrop="drop(event)" ondragover="allowDrop(event)"></div>
<img id="drag1" src="img_logo.gif" draggable="true"
ondragstart="drag(event)" width="336" height="69">
</body>
</html>

Try it yourself

It might seem complicated, but lets go through all the different parts of a drag and drop event.

Make an Element Draggable

First of all: To make an element draggable, set the draggable attribute to true:
<img draggable="true">

What to Drag - ondragstart and setData()

Then, specify what should happen when the element is dragged.
In the example above, the ondragstart attribute calls a function, drag(event), that specifies what data to be dragged.
The dataTransfer.setData() method sets the data type and the value of the dragged data:
function drag(ev) {
ev.dataTransfer.setData("text", ev.target.id);
}

In this case, the data type is "text" and the value is the id of the draggable element ("drag1").

Where to Drop - ondragover

The ondragover event specifies where the dragged data can be dropped.
By default, data/elements cannot be dropped in other elements. To allow a drop, we must prevent the default handling of the
element.
This is done by calling the event.preventDefault() method for the ondragover event:

event.preventDefault()

Do the Drop - ondrop

When the dragged data is dropped, a drop event occurs.
In the example above, the ondrop attribute calls a function, drop(event):
function drop(ev) {
ev.preventDefault();
var data = ev.dataTransfer.getData("text");
ev.target.appendChild(document.getElementById(data));
}

Code explained:

Call preventDefault() to prevent the browser default handling of the data (default is open as link on drop)

Get the dragged data with the dataTransfer.getData() method. This method will return any data that was set to the same
type in the setData() method

The dragged data is the id of the dragged element ("drag1")

Append the dragged element into the drop element

More Examples
Drag image back and forth
How to drag (and drop) an image back and forth between two <div> elements.

HTML5 Local Storage

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HTML local storage, better than cookies.

What is HTML Local Storage?

With local storage, web applications can store data locally within the user's browser.
Before HTML5, application data had to be stored in cookies, included in every server request. Local storage is more secure, and large
amounts of data can be stored locally, without affecting website performance.
Unlike cookies, the storage limit is far larger (at least 5MB) and information is never transferred to the server.
Local storage is per domain. All pages, from one domain, can store and access the same data.

Browser Support

Local storage is supported in Internet Explorer 8+, Firefox, Opera, Chrome, and Safari.
Note: Internet Explorer 7 and earlier versions, do not support Web Storage.

HTML Local Storage Objects

HTML local storage provides two objects for storing data on the client:

window.localStorage - stores data with no expiration date

window.sessionStorage - stores data for one session (data is lost when the tab is closed)

Before using local storage, check browser support for localStorage and sessionStorage:
if(typeof(Storage) !== "undefined") {
// Code for localStorage/sessionStorage.
} else {
// Sorry! No Web Storage support..
}

The localStorage Object

The localStorage object stores the data with no expiration date. The data will not be deleted when the browser is closed, and will be
available the next day, week, or year.

Example
// Store
localStorage.setItem("lastname", "Smith");
// Retrieve
document.getElementById("result").innerHTML = localStorage.getItem("lastname");

Try it Yourself

Example explained:

Create a localStorage name/value pair with name="lastname" and value="Smith"

Retrieve the value of "lastname" and insert it into the element with id="result"

The example above could also be written like this:

// Store
localStorage.lastname = "Smith";
// Retrieve
document.getElementById("result").innerHTML = localStorage.lastname;

The syntax for removing the "lastname" localStorage item is as follows:

localStorage.removeItem("lastname");

Note: Name/value pairs are always stored as strings. Remember to convert them to another format when needed!
The following example counts the number of times a user has clicked a button. In this code the value string is converted to a number
to be able to increase the counter:

Example
if (localStorage.clickcount) {
localStorage.clickcount = Number(localStorage.clickcount) + 1;
} else {
localStorage.clickcount = 1;
}

document.getElementById("result").innerHTML = "You have clicked the button " +

localStorage.clickcount + " time(s).";

Try it Yourself

The sessionStorage Object

The sessionStorage object is equal to the localStorage object, except that it stores the data for only one session. The data is deleted
when the user closes the browser window.
The following example counts the number of times a user has clicked a button, in the current session:

Example
if (sessionStorage.clickcount) {
sessionStorage.clickcount = Number(sessionStorage.clickcount) + 1;
} else {
sessionStorage.clickcount = 1;
}
document.getElementById("result").innerHTML = "You have clicked the button " +
sessionStorage.clickcount + " time(s) in this session.";

Try it Yourself

HTML5 Application Cache

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With application cache it is easy to make an offline version of a web application, by creating a cache manifest file.

What is Application Cache?

HTML5 introduces application cache, which means that a web application is cached, and accessible without an internet connection.
Application cache gives an application three advantages:
1.

Offline browsing - users can use the application when they're offline

Speed - cached resources load faster

Reduced server load - the browser will only download updated/changed resources from the server

Browser Support

Internet Explorer 10, Firefox, Chrome, Safari and Opera support Application cache.

HTML Cache Manifest Example

The example below shows an HTML document with a cache manifest (for offline browsing):

Example
<!DOCTYPE HTML>
<html manifest="demo.appcache">
<body>
The content of the document......
</body>
</html>

Try it Yourself

Cache Manifest Basics

To enable application cache, include the manifest attribute in the document's <html> tag:
<!DOCTYPE HTML>
<html manifest="demo.appcache">
...
</html>

Every page with the manifest attribute specified will be cached when the user visits it. If the manifest attribute is not specified, the
page will not be cached (unless the page is specified directly in the manifest file).
The recommended file extension for manifest files is: ".appcache"

A manifest file needs to be served with the correct media type, which is "text/cache-manifest".
Must be configured on the web server.

The Manifest File

The manifest file is a simple text file, which tells the browser what to cache (and what to never cache).
The manifest file has three sections:

CACHE MANIFEST - Files listed under this header will be cached after they are downloaded for the first time

NETWORK - Files listed under this header require a connection to the server, and will never be cached

FALLBACK - Files listed under this header specifies fallback pages if a page is inaccessible

CACHE MANIFEST
The first line, CACHE MANIFEST, is required:
CACHE MANIFEST
/theme.css
/logo.gif
/main.js

The manifest file above lists three resources: a CSS file, a GIF image, and a JavaScript file. When the manifest file is loaded, the
browser will download the three files from the root directory of the web site. Then, whenever the user is not connected to the
internet, the resources will still be available.

NETWORK
The NETWORK section below specifies that the file "login.asp" should never be cached, and will not be available offline:
NETWORK:
login.asp

An asterisk can be used to indicate that all other resources/files require an internet connection:

NETWORK:
*

FALLBACK
The FALLBACK section below specifies that "offline.html" will be served in place of all files in the /html/ catalog, in case an internet
connection cannot be established:
FALLBACK:
/html/ /offline.html

Note: The first URI is the resource, the second is the fallback.

Updating the Cache

Once an application is cached, it remains cached until one of the following happens:

The user clears the browser's cache

The manifest file is modified (see tip below)

The application cache is programmatically updated

Example - Complete Cache Manifest File

CACHE MANIFEST
# 2012-02-21 v1.0.0
/theme.css
/logo.gif
/main.js
NETWORK:
login.asp
FALLBACK:
/html/ /offline.html

Tip: Lines starting with a "#" are comment lines, but can also serve another purpose. An
application's cache is only updated when its manifest file changes. If you edit an image or change a
JavaScript function, those changes will not be re-cached. Updating the date and version in a
comment line is one way to make the browser re-cache your files.

Notes on Application Cache

Be careful with what you cache.
Once a file is cached, the browser will continue to show the cached version, even if you change the file on the server. To ensure the
browser updates the cache, you need to change the manifest file.
Note: Browsers may have different size limits for cached data (some browsers have a 5MB limit per site).

HTML5 Web Workers

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A web worker is a JavaScript running in the background, without affecting the performance of the page.

What is a Web Worker?

When executing scripts in an HTML page, the page becomes unresponsive until the script is finished.
A web worker is a JavaScript that runs in the background, independently of other scripts, without affecting the performance of the
page. You can continue to do whatever you want: clicking, selecting things, etc., while the web worker runs in the background.

Browser Support

Internet Explorer 10, Firefox, Chrome, Safari and Opera support Web workers.

HTML Web Workers Example

The example below creates a simple web worker that count numbers in the background:

Example
Count numbers:
Start Worker Stop Worker

Try it yourself

Check Web Worker Support

Before creating a web worker, check whether the user's browser supports it:
if(typeof(Worker) !== "undefined") {
// Yes! Web worker support!
// Some code.....
} else {
// Sorry! No Web Worker support..
}

Create a Web Worker File

Now, let's create our web worker in an external JavaScript.
Here, we create a script that counts. The script is stored in the "demo_workers.js" file:
var i = 0;
function timedCount() {
i = i + 1;
postMessage(i);
setTimeout("timedCount()",500);
}
timedCount();

The important part of the code above is the postMessage() method - which is used to post a message back to the HTML page.
Note: Normally web workers are not used for such simple scripts, but for more CPU intensive tasks.

Create a Web Worker Object

Now that we have the web worker file, we need to call it from an HTML page.
The following lines checks if the worker already exists, if not - it creates a new web worker object and runs the code in
"demo_workers.js":
if(typeof(w) == "undefined") {
w = new Worker("demo_workers.js");
}

Then we can send and receive messages from the web worker.
Add an "onmessage" event listener to the web worker.
w.onmessage = function(event){
document.getElementById("result").innerHTML = event.data;
};

When the web worker posts a message, the code within the event listener is executed. The data from the web worker is stored in
event.data.

Terminate a Web Worker

When a web worker object is created, it will continue to listen for messages (even after the external script is finished) until it is
terminated.
To terminate a web worker, and free browser/computer resources, use the terminate() method:
w.terminate();

Reuse the Web Worker

If you set the worker variable to undefined, after it has been terminated, you can reuse the code:
w = undefined;

Full Web Worker Example Code

We have already seen the Worker code in the .js file. Below is the code for the HTML page:

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
<p>Count numbers: <output id="result"></output></p>
<button onclick="startWorker()">Start Worker</button>
<button onclick="stopWorker()">Stop Worker</button>
<br><br>
<script>
var w;
function startWorker() {
if(typeof(Worker) !== "undefined") {
if(typeof(w) == "undefined") {
w = new Worker("demo_workers.js");
}
w.onmessage = function(event) {
document.getElementById("result").innerHTML = event.data;
};
} else {
document.getElementById("result").innerHTML = "Sorry! No Web Worker support.";

function stopWorker() {
w.terminate();
w = undefined;
}
</script>
</body>
</html>

Try it yourself

Web Workers and the DOM

Since web workers are in external files, they do not have access to the following JavaScript objects:

The window object

The document object

The parent object

HTML5 Server-Sent Events

Previous
Next Chapter

Server-Sent Events allow a web page to get updates from a server.

Server-Sent Events - One Way Messaging

A server-sent event is when a web page automatically gets updates from a server.
This was also possible before, but the web page would have to ask if any updates were available. With server-sent events, the
updates come automatically.
Examples: Facebook/Twitter updates, stock price updates, news feeds, sport results, etc.

Browser Support

Server-Sent Events are supported in all major browsers, except Internet Explorer.

Receive Server-Sent Event Notifications

The EventSource object is used to receive server-sent event notifications:

Example
var source = new EventSource("demo_sse.php");
source.onmessage = function(event) {

document.getElementById("result").innerHTML += event.data + "<br>";

};

Try it yourself

Example explained:

Create a new EventSource object, and specify the URL of the page sending the updates (in this example "demo_sse.php")

Each time an update is received, the onmessage event occurs

When an onmessage event occurs, put the received data into the element with id="result"

Check Server-Sent Events Support

In the tryit example above there were some extra lines of code to check browser support for server-sent events:
if(typeof(EventSource) !== "undefined") {
// Yes! Server-sent events support!
// Some code.....
} else {
// Sorry! No server-sent events support..
}

Server-Side Code Example

For the example above to work, you need a server capable of sending data updates (like PHP or ASP).
The server-side event stream syntax is simple. Set the "Content-Type" header to "text/event-stream". Now you can start sending
event streams.
Code in PHP (demo_sse.php):
<?php
header('Content-Type: text/event-stream');
header('Cache-Control: no-cache');
$time = date('r');
echo "data: The server time is: {$time}\n\n";
flush();
?>

Code in ASP (VB) (demo_sse.asp):

<%
Response.ContentType = "text/event-stream"
Response.Expires = -1
Response.Write("data: The server time is: " & now())
Response.Flush()
%>

Code explained:

Set the "Content-Type" header to "text/event-stream"

Specify that the page should not cache

Output the data to send (Always start with "data: ")

Flush the output data back to the web page

The EventSource Object

In the examples above we used the onmessage event to get messages. But other events are also available:

Events

Description

onopen

When a connection to the server is opened

onmessage

When a message is received

onerror

When an error occurs

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