Glycolysis is the pathway that breaks down glucose to generate energy. It occurs in two phases:
1) The energy investment phase where two ATP molecules are used to phosphorylate glucose to fructose 1,6-bisphosphate.
2) The energy generation phase where two ATP, four hydrogen ions, and two pyruvate molecules are generated from each glucose molecule.
Glycolysis takes place in the cytoplasm and can be aerobic, producing pyruvate, or anaerobic, producing lactate. The first step is phosphorylation of glucose to glucose-6-phosphate by hexokinase, committing it to the glycolysis pathway.
Glycolysis is the pathway that breaks down glucose to generate energy. It occurs in two phases:
1) The energy investment phase where two ATP molecules are used to phosphorylate glucose to fructose 1,6-bisphosphate.
2) The energy generation phase where two ATP, four hydrogen ions, and two pyruvate molecules are generated from each glucose molecule.
Glycolysis takes place in the cytoplasm and can be aerobic, producing pyruvate, or anaerobic, producing lactate. The first step is phosphorylation of glucose to glucose-6-phosphate by hexokinase, committing it to the glycolysis pathway.
Glycolysis is the pathway that breaks down glucose to generate energy. It occurs in two phases:
1) The energy investment phase where two ATP molecules are used to phosphorylate glucose to fructose 1,6-bisphosphate.
2) The energy generation phase where two ATP, four hydrogen ions, and two pyruvate molecules are generated from each glucose molecule.
Glycolysis takes place in the cytoplasm and can be aerobic, producing pyruvate, or anaerobic, producing lactate. The first step is phosphorylation of glucose to glucose-6-phosphate by hexokinase, committing it to the glycolysis pathway.
Glycolysis is the pathway that breaks down glucose to generate energy. It occurs in two phases:
1) The energy investment phase where two ATP molecules are used to phosphorylate glucose to fructose 1,6-bisphosphate.
2) The energy generation phase where two ATP, four hydrogen ions, and two pyruvate molecules are generated from each glucose molecule.
Glycolysis takes place in the cytoplasm and can be aerobic, producing pyruvate, or anaerobic, producing lactate. The first step is phosphorylation of glucose to glucose-6-phosphate by hexokinase, committing it to the glycolysis pathway.
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Glycolysis (Greek: glycos=sugar; lysis=
breaking or splitting or loosening)
Also called the Embden-Meyerhof Pathway. Function: The major pathway for glucose (and other hexoses such as fructose, galactose, and mannose) utilization to provide energy (ATP). Glucose is the preferred energy source Site: Cytoplasm of all cells/ Cytosol Types: o Aerobic: uses O2; pyruvate is the end product. o Anaerobic: uses no O2; lactate is the end product. Phases of Glycolysis A. FIRST PHASE- First 5 reactions Energy investment phase o ATP (2 moles of ATP) is utilized in the synthesis of phosphorylated forms of glucose and fructose. Priming phase or Preparatory or collection phase because glucose and a number of hexoses after phosphorylation by ATP undergo catabolism and then cleaved to form glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate. B. SECOND PHASE- Last 5 reactions Energy generation phase or payoff phase o Net of two (2) molecules of ATP formed per molecule of glucose oxidized to pyruvate or lactate.
III. Reactions of Glycolysis
Phase 1: ENERGY INVESTMENT Stage 1: Priming Stage - -Involves input of 2 molecules of ATP to convert glucose into fructose 1,6 bisphospate. -ATP is invested rather than lost in this stage. D-Glucose + 2 ATPD-fructose 1,6 bisphospate + 2 ADP + 2 H+ Glucose, coming from the blood, enters the cell membrane via specific transport proteins (facilitated transport system for extrahepatic cells in the presence of insulin; in liver cells, entry of glucose is via an insulin independent facilitated transport system) Enzyme: Transferases Hexokinase (Hexokinase I, II, III) -Present in all extrahepatic cells -low Km (<0.1Mm), high affinity for glucose (assures efficient phosphorylation and subsequent glucose metabolism). -requires ATP complexed with Mg2+ (True substrate of the enzyme is not ATP, but the Mg-ATP complex. All kinases require Mg2+). Glucokinase (Hexokinase IV, an isoenzyme of hexokinase) Present only in liver and pancreatic B cells. High Km, low affinity for glucose. This enzyme is not allosterically regulated by high glucose6- phosphate concentrations. The high Km
means that glucokinase only becomes
metabolically important when glucose levels are high (after a CHO-rich meal, with a temporary high concentration of blood glucose, glucokinase becomes active). Produces glucose-6-phospate which is then stored in the liver in the form of glycogen. Indirectly regulated by fructose- 6-phosphate (binds glucose to glucokinase inhibitory protein, GK-RP, which translocates to nucleus; reversed by glucose, fru c to s e-1phosphate) Biomedical importance: sensor for blood glucose This initial glucose phosphorylation is a very important step in glycolysis. In the cytoplasm, hexokinase or glucokinase catalyzes the transfer of -phosphate group of ATP (the terminal phosphate group) to the O2 atom of C-6 of glucose to form a phosphate ester glucose 6- phosphate and ADP with Mg2+ as a cofactor. The reaction is highly exergonic because the G is -4.0 kcal/mole, hence a thermodynamically favorable, irreversible reaction under cellular conditions. Reaction catalyzes the 1st molecule of ATP 1st irreversible reaction of glycolysis This step commits glucose to metabolism. The C-6 hydroxyl O2 of glucose nucleophilically attacks - phosphorus of MgATP2 Phosphorylation prevents leakage out of the cell because there are no transporters for glucose 6-PO4
The conversion of glucose to glucose-6phosphate makes it stay inside the cell.