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    Glycolysis Index Card

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    Kate Alyssa Caton
    Glycolysis is the pathway that breaks down glucose to generate energy. It occurs in two phases: 1) The energy investment phase where two ATP molecules are used to phosphorylate glucose to fructose 1,6-bisphosphate. 2) The energy generation phase where two ATP, four hydrogen ions, and two pyruvate molecules are generated from each glucose molecule. Glycolysis takes place in the cytoplasm and can be aerobic, producing pyruvate, or anaerobic, producing lactate. The first step is phosphorylation of glucose to glucose-6-phosphate by hexokinase, committing it to the glycolysis pathway.

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    Glycolysis Index Card

    Uploaded by

    Kate Alyssa Caton
    191 views2 pages
    Glycolysis is the pathway that breaks down glucose to generate energy. It occurs in two phases: 1) The energy investment phase where two ATP molecules are used to phosphorylate glucose to fructose 1,6-bisphosphate. 2) The energy generation phase where two ATP, four hydrogen ions, and two pyruvate molecules are generated from each glucose molecule. Glycolysis takes place in the cytoplasm and can be aerobic, producing pyruvate, or anaerobic, producing lactate. The first step is phosphorylation of glucose to glucose-6-phosphate by hexokinase, committing it to the glycolysis pathway.

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    Brief process of Glycolysis

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    Glycolysis is the pathway that breaks down glucose to generate energy. It occurs in two phases: 1) The energy investment phase where two ATP molecules are used to phosphorylate glucose to fructose 1,6-bisphosphate. 2) The energy generation phase where two ATP, four hydrogen ions, and two pyruvate molecules are generated from each glucose molecule. Glycolysis takes place in the cytoplasm and can be aerobic, producing pyruvate, or anaerobic, producing lactate. The first step is phosphorylation of glucose to glucose-6-phosphate by hexokinase, committing it to the glycolysis pathway.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    191 views2 pages

    Glycolysis Index Card

    Uploaded by

    Kate Alyssa Caton
    Glycolysis is the pathway that breaks down glucose to generate energy. It occurs in two phases: 1) The energy investment phase where two ATP molecules are used to phosphorylate glucose to fructose 1,6-bisphosphate. 2) The energy generation phase where two ATP, four hydrogen ions, and two pyruvate molecules are generated from each glucose molecule. Glycolysis takes place in the cytoplasm and can be aerobic, producing pyruvate, or anaerobic, producing lactate. The first step is phosphorylation of glucose to glucose-6-phosphate by hexokinase, committing it to the glycolysis pathway.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 2

    Glycolysis (Greek: glycos=sugar; lysis=

    breaking or splitting or loosening)


    Also called the Embden-Meyerhof Pathway.
    Function: The major pathway for glucose
    (and other hexoses such as fructose,
    galactose, and mannose) utilization to provide
    energy (ATP).
    Glucose is the preferred energy source
    Site: Cytoplasm of all cells/ Cytosol
    Types:
    o Aerobic: uses O2; pyruvate is the end
    product.
    o Anaerobic: uses no O2; lactate is the end
    product.
    Phases of Glycolysis
    A. FIRST PHASE- First 5 reactions
    Energy investment phase
    o ATP (2 moles of ATP) is utilized in the
    synthesis of phosphorylated forms of glucose
    and fructose.
    Priming phase or Preparatory or collection
    phase
    because glucose and a number of hexoses
    after phosphorylation by ATP undergo
    catabolism and then cleaved to form
    glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate.
    B. SECOND PHASE- Last 5 reactions
    Energy generation phase or payoff phase
    o Net of two (2) molecules of ATP formed per
    molecule of glucose oxidized to pyruvate or
    lactate.

    III. Reactions of Glycolysis


    Phase 1: ENERGY INVESTMENT
    Stage 1: Priming Stage - -Involves input of 2
    molecules of ATP to convert glucose into
    fructose 1,6 bisphospate.
    -ATP is invested rather than lost in this
    stage.
    D-Glucose + 2 ATPD-fructose 1,6
    bisphospate + 2 ADP + 2 H+
    Glucose, coming from the blood, enters the
    cell membrane via specific transport proteins
    (facilitated transport system for extrahepatic
    cells in the presence of insulin; in liver cells,
    entry of glucose is via an insulin
    independent facilitated transport system)
    Enzyme: Transferases Hexokinase
    (Hexokinase I, II, III)
    -Present in all extrahepatic
    cells -low Km (<0.1Mm), high affinity
    for glucose (assures efficient
    phosphorylation and
    subsequent glucose
    metabolism).
    -requires ATP complexed with Mg2+
    (True substrate of the enzyme is not ATP,
    but the Mg-ATP complex.
    All kinases require Mg2+).
    Glucokinase (Hexokinase IV, an isoenzyme of
    hexokinase)
    Present only in liver and pancreatic B cells.
    High Km, low affinity for glucose. This enzyme
    is not allosterically regulated by high glucose6- phosphate concentrations. The high Km

    means that glucokinase only becomes


    metabolically important when glucose levels
    are high (after a CHO-rich meal, with a
    temporary high concentration of blood
    glucose, glucokinase becomes active).
    Produces glucose-6-phospate which is then
    stored in the liver in the form of glycogen.
    Indirectly regulated by fructose- 6-phosphate
    (binds glucose to glucokinase inhibitory
    protein, GK-RP, which translocates to nucleus;
    reversed by glucose, fru c to s e-1phosphate) Biomedical importance: sensor for
    blood glucose
    This initial glucose phosphorylation is a very
    important step in glycolysis.
    In the cytoplasm, hexokinase or glucokinase
    catalyzes the transfer of -phosphate group of
    ATP (the terminal phosphate group) to the O2
    atom of C-6 of glucose to form a phosphate
    ester glucose 6- phosphate and ADP with
    Mg2+ as a cofactor.
    The reaction is highly exergonic because the
    G is -4.0 kcal/mole, hence a
    thermodynamically favorable, irreversible
    reaction under cellular conditions.
    Reaction catalyzes the 1st molecule of ATP
    1st irreversible reaction of glycolysis
    This step commits glucose to metabolism.
    The C-6 hydroxyl O2 of glucose
    nucleophilically attacks - phosphorus of
    MgATP2 Phosphorylation prevents leakage out of the
    cell because there are no transporters for
    glucose 6-PO4

    The conversion of glucose to glucose-6phosphate makes it stay inside the cell.

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