Science Reviewr

Joan Marie C.
Manlunas
Grade 6 - Gold
Camera - A camera is an optical instrument that records images that can be stored directly, transmitted
to another location, or both. These images may be still photographs or moving images such
as videos or movies. The term camera comes from the word camera obscura (Latin for "dark
chamber"), an early mechanism for projecting images. The modern camera evolved from the
camera obscura. The functioning of the camera is very similar to the functioning of the human
eye.
A digital camera (or digicam) is a camera that encodes digital images and videos digitally and stores
them for later reproduction.[52] Most cameras sold today are digital,[53] and digital cameras are
incorporated into many devices ranging from PDAs and mobile phones (called camera phones) to
vehicles.
Digital and film cameras share an optical system, typically using a lens with a
variable diaphragm to focus light onto an image pickup device.[54] The diaphragm and shutter
admit the correct amount of light to the imager, just as with film but the image pickup device is
electronic rather than chemical. However, unlike film cameras, digital cameras can display
images on a screen immediately after being recorded, and store and delete images
from memory. Many digital cameras can also record moving videos with sound. Some digital
cameras can crop and stitch pictures and perform other elementary image editing.
Spectrometer - A spectrometer (spectrophotometer, spectrograph or spectroscope) is an
instrument used to measure properties of light over a specific portion of the electromagnetic
spectrum, typically used in spectroscopic analysis to identify materials.[1] The variable measured is
most often the light's intensity but could also, for instance, be the polarization state. The
independent variable is usually the wavelength of the light or a unit directly proportional to
the photon energy, such as wavenumber orelectron volts, which has a reciprocal relationship to
wavelength. A spectrometer is used in spectroscopy for producing spectral lines and measuring
their wavelengths and intensities. Spectrometer is a term that is applied to instruments that
operate over a very wide range of wavelengths, from gamma rays and X-rays into the far infrared.
If the instrument is designed to measure the spectrum in absolute units rather than relative units,
then it is typically called a spectrophotometer. The majority of spectrophotometers are used in
spectral regions near the visible spectrum.
The Hubble Space Telescope (HST) is a space telescope that was launched into low Earth orbit in
1990, and remains in operation. With a 2.4-meter (7.9 ft) mirror, Hubble's four main instruments
observe in the near ultraviolet, visible, and near infrared spectra. The telescope is named after
the astronomer Edwin Hubble.
Hubble's orbit outside the distortion of Earth's atmosphere allows it to take extremely highresolution images with almost nobackground light. Hubble has recorded some of the most
detailed visible-light images ever, allowing a deep view into space and time. Many Hubble
observations have led to breakthroughs in astrophysics, such as accurately determining the rate
of expansion of the universe.
Although not the first space telescope, Hubble is one of the largest and most versatile, and is
well known as both a vital research tool and a public relations boon for astronomy. The HST was
Joan Marie C. Manlunas

Grade 6 - Gold
built by the United States space agency NASA, with contributions from the European Space
Agency, and is operated by the Space Telescope Science Institute. The HST is one of
NASA's Great Observatories, along with the Compton Gamma Ray Observatory, the Chandra Xray Observatory, and theSpitzer Space Telescope.[5]
A radio telescope is a form of directional radio antenna used in radio astronomy. The same types of
antennas are also used in tracking and collecting data from satellites and space probes. In
their astronomical role they differ from optical telescopes in that they operate in the radio
frequency portion of the electromagnetic spectrum where they can detect and collect data
on radio sources. Radio telescopes are typically large parabolic ("dish") antennas used singly or
in an array. Radio observatories are preferentially located far from major centers of population to
avoid electromagnetic interference (EMI) from radio, TV, radar, and other EMI emitting devices.
This is similar to the locating of optical telescopes to avoid light pollution, with the difference being
that radio observatories are often placed in valleys to further shield them from EMI as opposed
to clear air mountain tops for optical observatories.
The W. M. Keck Observatory is a two-telescope astronomical observatory at an elevation of 4,145
meters (13,600 ft) near the summit of Mauna Kea in the U.S. state of Hawaii. Both telescopes
feature 10 m (33 ft) primary mirrors, currently among the largest astronomical telescopes in use.
The combination of an excellent site, large optics and innovative instruments has created the
two most scientifically productive telescopes on Earth.
A refracting or refractor telescope is a type of optical telescope that uses a lens as its objective to form
an image (also referred to adioptric telescope). The refracting telescope design was originally
used in spy glasses and astronomical telescopes but is also used for long focus camera lenses.
Although large refracting telescopes were very popular in the second half of the 19th century, for
most research purposes the refracting telescope has been superseded by the reflecting
telescope which allows larger apertures. A refractor's magnification is calculated by dividing the
focal length of the optical tube by the focal length of the eyepiece.[1]
A reflecting telescope (also called a reflector) is an optical telescope which uses a single or
combination of curved mirrors that reflect light and form an image. The reflecting telescope was
invented in the 17th century as an alternative to the refracting telescope which, at that time, was
a design that suffered from severe chromatic aberration. Although reflecting telescopes produce
other types of optical aberrations, it is a design that allows for very large diameter objectives.
Almost all of the major telescopes used in astronomy research are reflectors. Reflecting
telescopes come in many design variations and may employ extra optical elements to improve
image quality or place the image in a mechanically advantageous position. Since reflecting
telescopes use mirrors, the design is sometimes referred to as a "catoptric" telescope.

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