Peridynamics - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

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Peridynamics
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Peridynamics is a formulation of
continuum mechanics that is oriented
toward deformations with
discontinuities, especially fractures.

Contents
1 Purpose of peridynamics
2 Definition and basic
terminology
3 Pairwise force functions
4 Damage
5 Peridynamic states
6 See also
7 Further reading
8 External links

Purpose of peridynamics
The peridynamic theory is based on
integral equations, in contrast with the
classical theory of continuum
mechanics, which is based on partial
differential equations. Since partial
A ductile fracture of an Al-Mg-Si alloy. A fracture is a mathematical
derivatives do not exist on crack
singularity to which the classical equations of continuum mechanics
surfaces and other singularities, the
cannot be applied directly - Peridynamics offers a numerical
classical equations of continuum
method.
mechanics cannot be applied directly
when such features are present in a
deformation. The integral equations of the peridynamic theory can be applied directly, because they do not
require partial derivatives.
The ability to apply the same equations directly at all points in a mathematical model of a deforming
structure helps the peridynamic approach avoid the need for the special techniques of fracture mechanics.
For example, in peridynamics, there is no need for a separate crack growth law based on a stress intensity
factor.

Definition and basic terminology

The basic equation of peridynamics is the following equation of motion:

where is a point in a body , is time, is the displacement vector field, and

the undeformed body. is a dummy variable of integration.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peridynamics

is the mass density in

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The vector valued function is the force density that exerts on . This force density depends on the
relative displacement and relative position vectors between and . The dimensions of are force per
volume squared. The function is called the "pairwise force function" and contains all the constitutive
(material-dependent) properties. It describes how the internal forces depend on the deformation.
The interaction between any and is called a "bond." The physical mechanism in this interaction need
not be specified. It is usually assumed that vanishes whenever is outside a neighborhood of (in the
undeformed configuration) called the horizon.

The term "peridynamic," an adjective, was proposed in the year 2000 and comes from the prefix peri,
which means all around, near, or surrounding; and the root dyna, which means force or power. The term
"peridynamics," a noun, is a shortened form of the phrase peridynamic model of solid mechanics.

Pairwise force functions

Using the abbreviated notation
restriction on :

and

Newton's third law places the following

for any
. This equation states that the force density vector that exerts on equals minus the
force density vector that exerts on . Balance of angular momentum requires that be parallel to the
vector connecting the deformed position of to the deformed position of :

A pairwise force function is specified by a graph of

versus bond elongation , defined by

A schematic of a pairwise force function for the bond connecting two typical points is shown in the
following figure:

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Damage
Damage is incorporated in the pairwise force function by allowing bonds to break when their elongation
exceeds some prescribed value. After a bond breaks, it no longer sustains any force, and the endpoints are
effectively disconnected from each other. When a bond breaks, the force it was carrying is redistributed to
other bonds that have not yet broken. This increased load makes it more likely that these other bonds will
break. The process of bond breakage and load redistribution, leading to further breakage, is how cracks
grow in the peridynamic model.

Peridynamic states
The theory described above assumes that each peridynamic bond responds independently of all the others.
This is an oversimplification for most materials and leads to restrictions on the types of materials that can
be modeled. In particular, this assumption implies that any isotropic linear elastic solid is restricted to a
Poisson ratio of 1/4.
To address this lack of generality, the idea of "peridynamic states" was introduced. This allows the force
density in each bond to depend on the stretches in all the bonds connected to its endpoints, in addition to its
own stretch. For example, the force in a bond could depend on the net volume changes at the endpoints.
The effect of this volume change, relative to the effect of the bond stretch, determines the Poisson ratio.
With peridynamic states, any material that can be modeled within the standard theory of continuum
mechanics can be modeled as a peridynamic material, while retaining the advantages of the peridynamic
theory for fracture.
One can find extended discussion of the integral form of equations of solid body mechanics and restrictions
on the form of kernel in I.A.Kunin Theory of elastic media with microstructure. Nonlocal theory of
elasticity. 1975 (In Russian); I. A. Kunin, Elastic Media with Microstructure I. One-Dimensional Models
(Springer, Berlin, 1982); I. A. Kunin, Elastic Media with Microstructure II. Three-Dimensional Models
(Springer, Berlin, 1983)(In English).

See also
Fracture mechanics
Continuum mechanics
Movable cellular automaton

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Further reading
Silling, S. A. (2000). "Reformulation of Elasticity Theory
for Discontinuities and Long-Range

Computer model of the necking of an

aluminum rod under tension. Colors
indicate temperature increase due to
plastic heating. Calculation performed
with the Emu computer code using
peridynamic states.

Forces" (http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/els/00225096/2000/00000048/00000001/art00029).
Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids 48: 175209. doi:10.1016/S0022-5096(99)00029-0
(https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS0022-5096%2899%2900029-0).
S. A. Silling, M. Zimmermann, and R. Abeyaratne, "Deformation of a Peridynamic Bar," Journal of
Elasticity, Vol. 73 (2003) 173-190. doi:10.1023/B:ELAS.0000029931.03844.4f
(https://dx.doi.org/10.1023%2FB%3AELAS.0000029931.03844.4f)
S. A. Silling and F. Bobaru, "Peridynamic Modeling of Membranes and Fibers," International
Journal of Non-Linear Mechanics, Vol. 40 (2005) 395-409. doi:10.1016/j.ijnonlinmec.2004.08.004
(https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ijnonlinmec.2004.08.004)
O. Weckner and R. Abeyaratne, "The Effect of Long-Range Forces on the Dynamics of a Bar,"
Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids, Vol. 53 (2005) 705-728.
doi:10.1016/j.jmps.2004.08.006 (https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jmps.2004.08.006)
S. A. Silling and E. Askari, "A Meshfree Method Based on the Peridynamic Model of Solid
Mechanics," Computers and Structures, Vol. 83 (2005) 1526-1535.
doi:10.1016/j.compstruc.2004.11.026 (https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.compstruc.2004.11.026)
K. Dayal and K. Bhattacharya, "Kinetics of Phase Transformations in the Peridynamic Formulation
of Continuum Mechanics," Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids, Vol. 54 (2006) 18111842. doi:10.1016/j.jmps.2006.04.001 (https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jmps.2006.04.001)

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W. Gerstle, N. Sau, and S. Silling, "Peridynamic Modeling of Concrete Structures," Nuclear

Engineering and Design, Vol. 237 (2007) 1250-1258. doi:10.1016/j.nucengdes.2006.10.002
(https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.nucengdes.2006.10.002)
E. Emmrich and O. Weckner, "On the well-posedness of the linear peridynamic model and its
convergence towards the Navier equation of linear elasticity," Communications in Mathematical
Sciences, Vol. 5 (2007), pp. 851864. http://www.intlpress.com/CMS/p/2007/issue5-4/CMS-5-4-A6Emmrich.pdf
S. A. Silling, M. Epton, O. Weckner, J. Xu and E. Askari, "Peridynamic States and Constitutive
Modeling," Journal of Elasticity, Vol. 88 (2007) 151-184. doi:10.1007/s10659-007-9125-1
(https://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10659-007-9125-1)
F. Bobaru, "Influence of van der Waals forces on increasing the strength and toughness in dynamic
fracture of nanofibre networks: a peridynamic approach," Modelling and Simulation in Materials
Science and Engineering, Vol. 15 (2007) 397-417. doi:10.1088/0965-0393/15/5/002
(https://dx.doi.org/10.1088%2F0965-0393%2F15%2F5%2F002)
R. W. Macek and S. A. Silling, "Peridynamics via finite element analysis," Finite Elements in
Analysis and Design, Vol. 43, Issue 15, (2007) 1169-1178. doi:10.1016/j.finel.2007.08.012
(https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.finel.2007.08.012)
S. A. Silling and R. B. Lehoucq, "Convergence of Peridynamics to Classical Elasticity Theory,"
Journal of Elasticity, Vol. 93 (2008) 13-37. doi:10.1007/s10659-008-9163-3
(https://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10659-008-9163-3)
M. L. Parks, R. B. Lehoucq, S. Plimpton, and S. Silling, "Implementing peridynamics within a
molecular dynamics code," Computer Physics Communications, Vol. 179 (2008), pp. 777783.
doi:10.1016/j.cpc.2008.06.011 (https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cpc.2008.06.011)
F. Bobaru, M. Yang, L. F. Alves, S. A. Silling, E. Askari, and J. Xu, "Convergence, adaptive
refinement, and scaling in 1D peridynamics," International Journal for Numerical Methods in
Engineering, Vol. 77, Issue 6 (2009) 852-877. doi:10.1002/nme.2439 (https://dx.doi.org/10.1002%
2Fnme.2439)
E. Askari, F. Bobaru, R. B. Lehoucq, M. L. Parks, S. A. Silling, and O. Weckner, "Peridynamics for
multiscale materials modeling," Scidac 2008. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, Vol. 125 (2008)
012078 (11pp). doi:10.1088/1742-6596/125/1/012078 (https://dx.doi.org/10.1088%2F1742-6596%
2F125%2F1%2F012078)
P. Seleson, M.L. Parks, M. Gunzburger, and R. B. Lehoucq, "Peridynamics as an upscaling of
molecular dynamics," Multiscale Modeling & Simulation, Vol. 8, Issue 1 (2009) 204-227.
doi:10.1137/09074807X (https://dx.doi.org/10.1137%2F09074807X)
S. A. Silling, O. Weckner, E. Askari, and F. Bobaru, "Crack nucleation in a peridynamic solid,"
International Journal of Fracture, Vol. 162(1-2), (2010) 219-227. doi:10.1007/s10704-010-9447-z
(https://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10704-010-9447-z)
YD. Ha and F. Bobaru, "Studies of dynamic crack propagation and crack branching with
peridynamics," International Journal of Fracture, Vol. 162(1-2), (2010) 229-244.
doi:10.1007/s10704-010-9442-4 (https://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10704-010-9442-4)
F. Bobaru and M. Duangpanya, "The peridynamic formulation for transient heat conduction,"
International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, Vol. 53(19-20), (2010) 4047-4059.
doi:10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2010.05.024 (https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%
2Fj.ijheatmasstransfer.2010.05.024)

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S.A. Silling and R.B. Lehoucq,"Peridynamic Theory of Solid Mechanics," Advances in Applied
Mechanics, Vol. 44, (2010) 73-168. doi:10.1016/S0065-2156(10)44002-8
(https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS0065-2156%2810%2944002-8)
YD. Ha and F. Bobaru, "Characteristics of dynamic brittle fracture captured with peridynamics,"
Engineering Fracture Mechanics, Vol. 78, (2011) 11561168.
doi:10.1016/j.engfracmech.2010.11.020 (https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.engfracmech.2010.11.020)
A. Agwai, I. Guven, and E. Madenci, "Predicting crack propagation with peridynamics: a
comparative study," International Journal of Fracture, Vol. 171(1), (2011) 65-78.
doi:10.1007/s10704-011-9628-4 (https://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10704-011-9628-4)
S.A. Silling, "Coarsening method for linear peridynamics," International Journal for Multiscale
Computational Engineering, Vol. 9(6), (2011) 609-622. doi:10.1615/IntJMultCompEng.2011002674
(https://dx.doi.org/10.1615%2FIntJMultCompEng.2011002674)
O. Weckner and S.A. Silling, "Determination of nonlocal constitutive equations from phonon
dispersion relations," International Journal for Multiscale Computational Engineering, Vol. 9(6),
(2011) 623-634. doi:10.1615/IntJMultCompEng.2011002688 (https://dx.doi.org/10.1615%
2FIntJMultCompEng.2011002688)
F. Bobaru and YD. Ha, "Adaptive refinement and multiscale modeling in 2D peridynamics,"
International Journal for Multiscale Computational Engineering, Vol. 9(6), (2011) 635-660.
doi:10.1615/IntJMultCompEng.2011002793 (https://dx.doi.org/10.1615%
2FIntJMultCompEng.2011002793)
N. Burch and R. Lehoucq, "Classical, nonlocal, and fractional diffusion equations in bounded
domains," International Journal for Multiscale Computational Engineering, Vol. 9(6), (2011) 661674. doi:10.1615/IntJMultCompEng.2011002402 (https://dx.doi.org/10.1615%
2FIntJMultCompEng.2011002402)
J. Foster, S.A. Silling, and W. Chen, "An energy based failure criterion for use with peridynamic
states," International Journal for Multiscale Computational Engineering, Vol. 9(6), (2011) 675-688.
doi:10.1615/IntJMultCompEng.2011002407 (https://dx.doi.org/10.1615%
2FIntJMultCompEng.2011002407)
P. Seleson, M. Parks, "On the role of the influence function in the peridynamics theory,"
International Journal for Multiscale Computational Engineering, Vol. 9(6), (2011) 689-706.
doi:10.1615/IntJMultCompEng.2011002527 (https://dx.doi.org/10.1615%
2FIntJMultCompEng.2011002527)
W. Hu, YD. Ha, and F. Bobaru, "Modeling dynamic fracture and damage in a fiber-reinforced
composite lamina with peridynamics," International Journal for Multiscale Computational
Engineering, Vol. 9(6), (2011) 707-726. doi:10.1615/IntJMultCompEng.2011002651
(https://dx.doi.org/10.1615%2FIntJMultCompEng.2011002651)
F. Bobaru and W. Hu, "The meaning, selection, and use of the Peridynamic horizon and its relation
to crack branching in brittle materials," International Journal of Fracture, Vol. 176, (2012) 215222.
doi:10.1007/s10704-012-9725-z (https://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10704-012-9725-z)
W. Hu, YD. Ha, F. Bobaru, and S.A. Silling, "The formulation and computation of the nonlocal
J-integral in bond-based Peridynamics," International Journal of Fracture, Vol. 176, (2012) 195206.
doi:10.1007/s10704-012-9745-8 (https://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10704-012-9745-8)
W. Hu, YD. Ha, and F. Bobaru, "Peridynamic model for dynamic fracture in unidirectional fiberreinforced composites," Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering, Vol. 217220,
(2012) 247261. doi:10.1016/j.cma.2012.01.016 (https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cma.2012.01.016)

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F. Bobaru and M. Duangpanya, "A Peridynamic Formulation for Transient Heat Conduction in
Bodies with Evolving Discontinuities," Journal of Computational Physics, Vol. 231(7), (2012) 27642785. doi:10.1016/j.jcp.2011.12.017 (https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jcp.2011.12.017)

External links
Peridigm, an open-source computational peridynamics code (http://peridigm.sandia.gov)
Emu software information (http://www.sandia.gov/emu/emu.htm)
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Categories: Continuum mechanics

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