Ur

Date

Popular Name

Country

City/Cities and urban areas hit

January 26, 2001

August 11, 2002

Gujarat Earthquake
Dresden Floods

India
Germany

Bhuj, Ahmedabad
Dresden

December 26, 2003

Bam Earthquake

June-August 2003

2003 European Heat

Wave

Iran
Bam
Spain, France, Portugal,
Auxerre, Paris, Amareleja, Arcen,
Netherlands, Italy,
Catenanuova, Grono, Roth bei Nrnberg,
Germany, United Kingdom Faversham , Greycrook, Belderrig, Sevilla,
and Ireland
Jerez and Girona

December 24,2004

South Asian Tsunami

Indonesia, Sri Lanka,

India, Thailand, Malaysia,
Maldives and Myanmar
Banda Aceh, Chennai

July 26, 2005

Mumbai Floods

India

Mumbai

August 29, 2005

Hurricana Katrina

United States

New Orleans

October 8, 2005

Kashmir Earthquake

Pakistan

Muzaffarabad

May 27, 2006

Java Earthquake

Indonesia

July 3 - August 15,2007

South Asian Floods

Yohkarta
Gujarat,Jamnagar; Assam, Bihar, Uttar
Prades; Districts in Central, Far West, Mid
India, Nepal, Pakistan and West and West Region; Sindh, Kohistan
Bangladesh
District

October 31,2007

Hurricane Noel

Dominican Republic, Haiti Santo Domingo, Cayes, Cantaloupe, Camp

and Cuba
Perrin, Chantal, Baracoa, Camagey, Bayamo

May 2, 2008

Cyclone Nargis

Myanmar

Yogyakarta

May 12, 2008

Sichuan Earthquake

China

January 12, 2010

Haiti Earthquake

Haiti

October 22 October 31,

2012
Hurricane Sandy

United States, Haiti and

Cuba

Beichuan, Dujiangyan, Shifang, Mianzhu,

Qionglai, Deyang, Juyuan, Jiangyou,
Mianyang and Chengdu
Port-au-Prince, Logne
New York City and counties: Rockland,
Nassau, Suffolk; New Jersey Counties:
Middlesex,Union,Essex,Bergen ; Santiago de
Cuba , Port-au-Prince and Port- Salut

Novermber 8, 2013

Typhoon Haiyan; Typhoon

Yolanda
Philippines

September 11, 2001

9/11 Attacks

United States

December 11, 2005

The Buncefield fire

Untied Kingdom

Surigao City, Guiuan, Tacloban City

New York City , Arlington County and
Shanksville
Hemel Hempstead, Hertfordshire (and 92
neighbouring firms)

March 15, 2011

Present

*Syrian Civil War

Syria

Damascus, Homs,Yarmouk and Aleppo (Nubul

and Zahra )

September 11, 2012

Pakistan Facotry Fires

Pakistan

Karachi and Lahore

December 10,2012 Present

The CAR Crisis

Central African Republic

Bangui , Bossangoa, Ombella-Mpoko, Kemo,

Ouaka and Ouham districts

April 24,2013

Rana Plaza Collapse

Bangladesh

December 15,2013Present
*South Sudanese Conflict Sudan
*This conflict takes
place in multiple uban
areas

Savar
Bentiu, Bor, Malakal, Juba ,Awerial County,
Central and Eastern Equatoria, Jonglei,
Unity, Upper Nile

Source: World
Disasters Report 2010
: Focus on Urban Risk
& Other

Urban Disasters (Events that occurred from 2000-2013-worldwide)

Type of disaster cause(s)

Cluster

Speed

Death Toll

Earthquake
Flood

Natural
Natural

Rapid-onset
Rapid-onset

20,005
27

Earthquake

Natural

Rapid-onset

26,796

Heatwave

Natural

Slow-onset

70,000

Earthquake and Tsnumai

Natural

Rapid-onset

226,408

Flood

Natural

Rapid-onset

1,200

Hurricane

Natural

Rapid-onset

1,833

Earthquake

Natural

Rapid-onset

73,338

Earthquake

Natural

Rapid-onset

5,778

Floods

Natural

Rapid-onset

2,400

Hurricane

Natural

Rapid-onset

219

Tropical Cyclone

Natural

Rapid-onset

138,366

Earthquake

Natural

Rapid-onset

87,476

Earthquake

Natural

Rapid-onset

316,000

Hurricane

Natural

Rapid-onset

>200

Typhoon, Tropical Cyclone

Natural

Rapid-onset

5,924 (and 1,779

missing)

Terrorist attacks

Man-Made

Rapid-onset

2,996

Massive fire by oil storage failure

Man-Made

Slow-onset

Civil War ; Chemical attacks

Man-Made

Slow-onset

>120,000

Fire

Man-Made

Slow-onset

>300

Military Rebellion; Coup d'tat;

Genocide

Man-Made

Slow-onset

>1000

Building Collapse

Man-Made

Slow-onset

1,129

Political Conflict

Man-Made

Slow-onset

>1000

dwide)
People Affected

Damage (USD estimate)

6,321,812
330,108

2.6 billion
11.6 billion

267,628

500 million

N/A

13 billion (Euros)

2,321,500

9.2 billion

20,000,055

3.3 billion

500,000

125 billion

5,128,00

5.2 billion

3,177,923

3.1 billion

20,000,000

12 million

215,752

580 million

2,420,00

4 billion

45,976,596

85 billion

3,400,000

8-14 billion

>1,000,000

>50 billion

14, 000,000

8.5 - 15 billion (early estimates)

N/A

55 billion (Approximate)

2,000

117 million

240,000

60 billion

>600

1,025,000

N/A

2515

N/A
40 million (including cost of
indemnification)

865,000

1.27 billion

Humanitarian efforts (focus)

Assistance from international agencies; NGOs; Individuals ; Rescue,
relief and recovery programmes; UN on-site operation, i.e. the UN
Joint Cell at the Collectorate Office in Bhuj
Emergency assistance in flood defense; E.U. donations
Reconstruction and recovery programme; Financial support;Irans
Country Programme for 2005-2009

Heatwave warning systems; Reinforcement of primary care; Supplies

of water and medicine packets by the EU

Emergency assistance and hospitals; Food and non-food relief packets;

Refugee programmes; Donations
Disaster Risk Management Plan (DRM); Calamity Relief Fund (CRF);
International donations; interagency teams to work on logistics and
coordination
Federal Relief Commission (FRC); Residential camps; ERRA-UN Early
Recovery Plan; UNICEF Country Programme Plan of Action
Allocation funds; Field hospital; Relief supplies; Transitional homes;
Logistics support; Education programme

NGO contributions; Supplies of food and medicine packets; Cash

transfers

Relief aid; Donations; Loans (IDB)

The Hyogo Framework for Action; Relief supplies; Health kits;
Specialized teams for disaster assessment

Post-earthquake recovery and reconstruction; Donations; China Appeal

for Recovery Support ; Field hospitals; Camp facilities
Emergency assistance and hospitals ;Relief camps; Loan Waivers from
various nations ; International Donations
The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) ; Allocations from
UN Central Emergency Response Fund (CERF); Cuba Plan of Action;
tons of food; Camp facilities; Field hospitals
Typhoon Haiyan Action Plan ; Emergency shelter materials;
International donations; Construction materials; Tons of food and water
Security Council Resolution 1373; Uniting Against Terrorism ; The
ANZUS Treaty ; International donations; Condolences
The Buncefield Multi-Agency Recovery Plan
UN Disengagement Observer Force (UNDOF) ; Refugee camps; Food
and medicine convoys; Field hospitals; International Donations; Bans
on oil import; Syrian Regional Response Plan 5 & 6 ; UN Security
Council Resolution 2118
International condolescenes and donations; Discusions on workplace
safety and regulation
Allocations from Disaster Relief Emergency Fund (DREF) ; Deployment
of troops ; Tons of food and water; Emergency shelters; Refugee camps
Fashion industry compensations; Governent aid fund; DNA
kits;Discussions on corporate responsibility of workers
Emergency operations for food aid; South Sudan Crisis Response Plan;
Refugee camps; International Donations

Literature Review
Urban Disasters: Humanitarian Response (2000-2013)

Categories

Title

Year
Published

Source

Publisher

Geographic
coverage

Focus of the paper/ theme

Cities, disasters and livelihoods

2000

Journal Article

David Sanderson;
Environment and
Urbanization ; CARE
International UK

"The impacts of recent disasters in urban areas

and their contribution to poverty, and highlights
how little attention urban development planning
and disaster relief organizations give to disaster
mitigation "

55/2. United Nations Millennium

Declaration

2000

Resolution

United Nations ; The

General Assembly

The "collective responsibility to uphold the

World ; Emphasis on
principles of human dignity, equality and equity
developing countries and
at the global level"; Reaffirming the "foundations
Africa
of a more peaceful, prosperous and just world."

Environmental Problems in an Urbanizing

World: Finding Solutions for Cities in
2001
Africa, Asia, and
Latin America

Book

Jorge Enrique Hardoy,

Diana Mitlin and David
Satterthwaite ; Earthscan
Publications LTD

"Comprehensive account of the health- and lifeCities in Africa, Asia, and

threatening environmental conditions in which a
Latin America
growing proportion of the world's people live"

Megacities and small towns: different

perspectives on hazard vulnerability

2001

Journal Article

John A. Cross ;
Environmental Hazards

The hazard vulnerability of communities ranging

from small towns to megacities

The citizens at risk: from urban

sanitation to sustainable cities

2001

Book

Gordon McGranahan, Pedro

Jacobi, Marianne Kjellen,
Jacob Songsor and Charles
Surjadi ; Earthscan
Publications

"The changing nature of urban environmental

risks, the rules governing the distribution of such Cities in Africa, Asia and
risks and their differential impact, how the risks
Latin America
arise and who is responsible"

Cities in A Globalizing World Global

Report on Human Settlements 2001

2001

Report

UN Habitat

World

Small Towns and

Megacities in the world

Disaster Risk

Impact of
Urban
Disasters

General
Recommendation
(i.e.
cooperation &
partnerships)

Disaster
Mitigation

An analysis of the worlds cities and "the positive

World ; Urban areas in
and negative impacts on human of global trends
developing countries
towards social and economic integration"

2002

Book

The Vulnerability of Cities: Natural

Disasters and Social Resilience

2003

Book

Mark Pelling ; Earthscan

Publications LTD

The exploration of social attributes in at- risk

cities and communities and the examination of
human vulnerability to disasters in these areas.

Urban areas in developing

countries

From Everyday Hazards to Disasters, the

2003
Accumulation of Risk in Urban Areas

Journal Article

Liseli Bull-Kamanga ;
International Institute for
Environment and
Development

"The links between disasters and urban

development in Africa, highlighting the
underestimation of the number and scale of
urban disasters, and the lack of
attention to the role of urban governance"

Africa

Building Safer Cities : The Future of

Disaster Risk

Journal

Alcira Kreimer, Margaret

Arnold, Anne Carlin; The
World Bank

The priorities for development and disaster

prevention activities to ensure safer cities in the
future

World; Case studies from

Argentina, Turkey and
nations in Africa

Disaster Risk Reduction in

Megacitities :Making the most of Human 2003
and Social Capital

Paper

Ben Wisner; Building Safer

"The gap between municipality and civil society Mexico City, Los
Cities : The Future of
concerning the understanding of and approach to Angeles,Manila, Tokyo,
Disaster Risk ; The World
urban social vulnerability"
Mumbai and Johannesburg
Bank

At Risk: natural hazards, people's

vulnerability and disaster

2004

Book

Ben Wisner, Piers Blaikie ,

Terry Cannon and Ian
Davis; Routledge

"The connections between the risks people face

and the reasons for their vulnerability to hazards" World ; Least Developed
; An understanding of the different types of
Countries (LDC)
disasters

2004

Book

United Nations
International Strategy for
Disaster Reduction
(UNISDR)

"A reference for lessons on how to reduce risk

and vulnerability to hazards and to meet the
challenges of tomorrow"

(See Table A1 on page 95)

Livable Cities: Urban Struggles for

Livelihood and Sustainability

Living with risk: a global review of

disaster reduction initiatives

Americas, Europe, Asia,

Oceania

Urbanization and
Humanitarian
Response (i.e.
urbanization as a
threat to
humanitarian aid)

Third World Cities; Case

studies from Budapest,
Peter Evans ; The Regents
Hanoi, Seoul,Tapei, Mexico
How cities can and must be made more livable in
of the University of
City, Bangkok and Sao
the developing world
California
Paulo
(eight urban areas in three
regions of the world)

2003

Post Disaster
Recovery Phase

Mapping vulnerability: disasters,

development, and people

2004

Book

The analysis of " 'vulnerability' as a concept

Greg Bankoff, Georg Frerks, central to the way we understand disasters and
Dorothea Hilhorst ;
their magnitude and impact" ; "vulnerability in
Earthscan Publications
terms of its relationship to development and its
impact on policy and people's lives"

Reducing Disaster Risk, A Challenge for

Development

2004

Report

United Nations
Development Programme

How countries that face similar patterns of

natural hazards from floods to droughts
often experience widely differing impacts when
disasters occur

World

World ; Data of 3,943 cities

with population in excess
of 100,000 is summarized
into a global sample of
120 cities

Case Studies from Africa,

Asia and Latin America

The Dynamics of Global Urban Expansion 2005

Report

The World Bank

The global urban expansion of 90 cities; How

developing-country cities should designate
adequate areas for new urban development
expansion

Mainstreaming risk reduction in urban

planning and housing: a challenge for
international aid
organizations

2006

Paper

Christine Wamsler

An examination of "the current perceptions and

practices within international aid organisations
Urban communities in the
regarding the existing and potential roles of urban developing world
planning as a tool for reducing disaster risk "

Enhancing Urban Safety and Security

2007

Report

United Nations Human

Settlements Programme ;
UN- Habitat

Analyzes world-wide trends and conditions of

urban crime and violence; insecurity in tenure
and forced evictions; and natural and
technological (man-made) disasters

World

Rethinking Emergencies

2007

Synopsis from
World Urban
UN-Habitat
Forum II and III

The importance for governments of joining forces

with both humanitarian and development bodies
World
to bring forward sound and sustainable post-crisis
recovery

Urbanization and Disaster Risk

2007

Paper

An "assessment of the ways in which the

population interacts with urban disaster risk
through demographic trends and urban
settlement hierarchies"

Developing urban areas,

growing cities and
megacities

2008

Frauke Kraas ;Urban

Ecology: An International
Perspectiveon the
Journal Article
Interaction Between
Humans and Nature ;
Springer

Concentration of major natural and man-made

risks ; A summary of deficits in research and
future tasks concerning "strategies for risk
minimisation and
prevention"

World megacities with over

5 million inhabitants

Megacities as Global Risk Areas

State of The World Cities 2008/2009 :

Harmonious Cities

2008

State of The World Cities 2010/2011 :

Bridging The Urban Divide

2008

Mark Pelling

Report

UN- Habitat; United

Nations Human
Settlements Programme

How policymakers can harmonize the diversity

and contradictions within cities ; Ingredients
needed to create harmony between the physical, Developing world ; Focus
social,
on "slum cities"
environmental and cultural aspects of a city and
its inhabitants

Report

UN-Habitat ; United
Nations Human
Settlements Programme

The unprecedented challenges of urbanization;

How to bridge the urban divide causing poverty,
exclusion and socio-economic inequalities

Developing world

Life on the Edge: Urban Social

Vulnerability and Decentralized, Citizen2009
Based Disaster Risk Reduction
in Four Large Cities of the Pacific Rim

Ben Wisner and Juha Uitto ;

Hexagon Series on Human An explanation for the social variability in
Tokyo, Los Angeles, Mexico
Journal Article and Environmental
planning for urban disaster risk management and
City and Manila
Security and Peace ;
to draw out implications for policy and practice.
Springer

The Livelihood Assessment Tool-Kit

2009

Book

Food and Agriculture

Organization of the United
Nations (FAO) ;
International Labor
Organization (ILO)

"Analyzing and responding to the impact of

disasters on the livelihoods of people" ; The
"capacity and opportunities for recovery and
increased resilience to future
events"

World

Global Assessment Report on Disaster

Risk Reduction:

2009

Report

United Nations
International Strategy for
Disaster Reduction
(UNISDR) ; United Nations

The identification and causes of disaster risk ;

Addressing causes through decisive actions

World

The risk context in an urbanizing world ; Urban

poverty and intensive and extensive risk; focus
on small urban centres

Asia; Africa; Europe;

Oceania; Latin America,
Australia and New
Zealand; North America
and Small Island states;
World ( Focus on Low
Elevation Coastal Zone
(LECZ))

Urban Development and Intensive and

Extensive Risk,Contribution to the Global
2009
Assessment Report on
Disaster Risk Reduction

Report

Urbanization An Emerging
Humanitarian Disaster

2009

Ronak B. Patel and Thomas

The threat of urbanization becoming a
Journal Article F. Burke ; The New England
humanitarian disaster
Journal of Medicine

2010

Roger Zetter and George

Deikun ; Inter-Agency
Journal Article Standing Committee
Standing (IASC) ; UNHabitat

Meeting humanitarian challenges in

urban areas

International Institute for

Environment and
Development (IIED) and
IIED-America Latina

World

The changing context and characteristics of the

challenges in addressing growing levels of urban Developing world
displacement

Africa; Asia; North

America; Latin America
and The Carribean;
Oceania; Low, middle and
high-income nations; Data
per nation

World Disasters Report : Focus on Urban

2010
Risk

Report

International Federation of Why more disaster risks are in urban areas ;

Red Cross and Red
Trends ; Post-disaster recovery Helping
Crescent Societies
communities start over ; Urbanization risks

Violance and humanitarian action in

urban areas : new challenges, new
approaches

2010

Journal Article

Marion Harroff-Tavel and

the Internationa;
Committee Of The Red
Cross

The vulnerability of the poorest and of migrants in

urban areas ; The difficulties humanitarian
World
organizations have to contend

Cities and Climate Change : An Urban

Agenda

2011

Report

The World Bank

The link between climate change and cities; How

cities contribute to and are affected by climate
World; Data on ations with
change; How cities should use climate change as
highest urban populations
an opportunity
to reinforce policies

Global Assessment Report on Disaster

Risk Reduction: revealing risk, redefining 2011
development

Report

United Nations Office for

Disaster Risk Reduction
(UNISDR)

"Understanding and analyzing global disaster risk

World
today and in the future"

Book

Jorge Enrique Hardoy,

Diana Mitlin and David
Satterthwaite ; Routledge

The scale of urban change with environmental

problems

Responding to Urban Disasters: Learning

from previous relief and recovery
2012
operations

Paper

David Sanderson, Paul

Knox-Clarke and Leah
Campbell; ALNAP

"The response and early recovery phases of an

urban emergency, and on natural disasters such
as earthquakes and flooding; [P]lanning and
World
implementing relief and early recovery operations
in urban areas: those who have to decide if, when
and how to intervene."

Urban Risk Assessments: Understanding

2012
Disaster and Climate Risk in Cities (URA)

Report

Environmental Problems in Third World

Cities

2011

The World Bank

Third World cities

"An overview of current thinking and emerging

good practice related to humanitarian action in an
urban environment. It considers how the nature
of urban space and of urban populations
influences disasters in cities; it outlines how the World
humanitarian community is adapting to address
the challenges posed by urban areas; and it
proposes some next steps for the humanitarian
community."

2012

Paper

Climate Change, Disaster Risk and the

Urban Poor

2012

Report

Displacement in urban areas: new

challenges, new partnerships

2012

Journal Article

Jeff Crisp, Tim Morris and

Hilde Refstie ; Disasters

A summary of emerging evidence of the scale of

the movement of displaced people to cities

2005-2015

Report

United Nations
International Strategy for
Disaster Reduction
(UNISDR)

The explanation and description of the work that

is required from governments, international
World
agencies, disaster experts, etc., to reduce
disaster losses

2013

Report

The United Nations ; The

United Nations Office for
Disaster Risk Reduction

The understanding and analysis of global

disaster risk today and in the future; The growing
World
problem the economic and business community
face with increasing disaster risks

The Hyogo Framework For Action (HFA)

2005-2015: Building the resilience of
Nations and Communities to Disasters
(See Section 4, paragraph
19(iii), page 12)

Global Assessment Report on Disaster

Risk Reduction (GAR)

The World Bank

A hazard impact assessment, an institutional

World; Case studies from
assessment, and a socioeconomic assessment to Mexico City, Sao Paolo and
the understanding of urban disasters
Barcelona

Meeting the Urban Challenge

ALNAP

An examination of how poor people living in urban World; Case studies from
areas are at higher risk from the impacts of
Dar es Salaam, Mexico
climate change and natural hazards
City, Jakarta and Sao Paolo

World ; focus on internally

displaced people (IDP) in
urban areas

0-2013)

Recommendations (offered)

Rephrased Recommendation

"Risk reduction must become an indispensable component of urban

development programmes. Livelihoods approaches to urban poverty
problems provide a way of seeing vulnerability to shocks and stresses There is a need for risk reduction in urban development programes and to adopt
as an integral part of the development picture. [It] places the
livelihoods approaches.
vulnerable at the center and, in so doing, aim to make city dwelling by
the poor sustainable."
"To strengthen international cooperation, including burden sharing ,
and the coordination of humanitarian assistance to countries hosting
refugees and to help all refugees and displaced persons to return
voluntarily to their homes, in safety and dignity and to be smoothly
reintegrated into their societies"

International cooperation needs to be strengthened in order to assist countries

hosting refuggees and to help all refugees return to their homes.

"Cities can meet sustainable development goals. There are practical,

affordable solutions to their environmental problems, but most of these More competent and accountable city governments are in need to applysustainable
depend on more competent and accountable city governments and on solutions for low-income households and their organizations.
more support for low-income households and their organizations."
" Study of a continuum of urban centers, ranging from towns and small
cities through mid-sized cities to megacities, is necessary to enhance A study of urban centers is needed to enhance our understanding of the hazard
our understanding of the hazard vulnerability of both urban and rural
vulnerability urban and rural face.
residents and how these vulnerabilities may be related to each other."
"Current debates on sustainable development fail to come to terms
with these challenges, and call for a more politically and ethically
explicit approach."

Sustainable development debates need a more politically and ethically explicit

approach.

"Cities need to improve governance, to plan and act strategically in

order to reduce urban poverty and social exclusion and to improve the
economic and social status of all citizens and protect the environment Policies need to be developed that support cities' governance and their role as agents
in a sustainable way. The challenge is to develop and implement
of social change.
policies that support not only the function of cities as engines of
economic growth, but also their role as agents of social change."
"Livelihood needs must be met in ways that do not degrade or destroy
the environment of the city. [C]ities must have a sustainable
relationship with their hinterlands." Ecological sustainability involves "
meeting current needs without compromising the ability of future
generations to also meet their
needs for livelihood in a sustainable way."

Livelihood needs must be met without destroying the environment of cities. Cities
must have a relationship of sustainability with their hinterlands that involves meeting
current needs without jeopardizing future generation's ability to meet their needs for
livelihood.

"We need to identify the sources and uses of power that direct the
There is a need to identify the sources and uses of power that conduct the distribution
distribution of resources in the city. ,and to be aware of the
of resources in the city and to be aware of the ideological positions that dominant
ideological positions of dominant actors in the city that justify decisionactors embrace to justify decision-making for resource distribution in the city.
making for resource distribution."
There is a "need for an understanding of risk that encompasses events
We must understand that risk comprises events ranging from disasters to everyday
ranging from disasters to everyday hazards and which understands
hazards. By identifying and acting on risks from small disasters we can reduce risks of
the linkages between them in particular how identifying and acting on
larger disasters.
risks from small disasters can reduce risks from larger ones."
"[In] the various research papers and discussions two main issues
emerge: the urgency of addressing increasing disaster vulnerability;
and the interdependence of systems at the global, regional, and local
levels."

To learn from the different approaches that enrich the debate on disaster
management in order to adress the increasing issue of disaster vulnerability and the
interdependence of global, regional and local-leveled systems.

Removing the obstacles to an indeal cooperation "and providing

Obtacles to an ideal cooperation between municipalities and civil society need to be
additional incentives for collaboration between municipalities and civil
removed in order to address the vulnerability to disasters a growing number of the
society should be a priority if the vulnerability to disasters of a growing
population is facing,
number of people in cities is to be addressed."
"Disasters can be perceived within the broader patterns of society and
indeed analyzing them in this way may provide a much more fruitful We must analyze disasters within the broader patterns of society in order to provide a
way of building policies, that can help to reduce disasters and mitigate more fruitful way to build policies, to reduce disasters, to mitigate hazards and to
hazards, while at the same time improving living standards and
improve living standards and opportunities.
opportunities more generally".
"Disaster risk reduction therefore concerns everyone from villagers to
heads of states, from bankers and lawyers to farmers and foresters,
Disaster risk reduction is of importance and concern to everyone. We must raise
from meteorologists to media chiefs. [We] need to bring to light the
awareness of the action to be taken and the people who are doing so by building
urgent need for action to be taken and the people who are doing so
sustainable societies in a disaster-prone world.
towards building sustainable societies in an increasingly disaster-prone
world."

To emphasize "the importance of social processes and humanWe must emphasize that social processes and human-environmental interactions are
environmental interactions as causal agents in the making of disasters"
casual agents in the development of disasters. We must perform critical policy reviews
; "There is a need for critical policy reviews [and] to resource and
and empower communities to administrate and respond to disasters.
empower communities to manage and respond to disasters."
"While humanitarian action to mitigate the impact of disasters will
always be vitally important, the global community is facing a critical
Humanitarian action is vital to mitigate the impact of disasters, but the global
challenge: How to better anticipate and then manage and reduce community must better anticipate, manage and reduce disaster risk through the
disaster risk by integrating the potential threat into its planning and
integration of potential threat into its planning and policies.
policies."
"Developing countries' cities should be making realistic yet plans for
urban expansion, designating adequate areas, investing wisely in
basic trunk infrastructure..."

Cities in developing countries should make realistic plans for urban expansion,
designate adequate areas and invest wisely in basic trunk infrastructure.

" Mainstreaming risk reduction in urban planning... is a necessary step

towards reducing urban vulnerabilities, hence increasing the living
standards of urban communities at risk and reducing post-disaster
destruction and forced evictions [We must raise] awareness of the
existing situation and underlying reasons, enhancing understanding of
the potential of proactive and preventive urban planning, and
increasing knowledge of related measures and their application among
international aid organisations to develop their capacity to utilise
them."

We must mainstream risk reduction in urban planning in order to reduce urban

vulnerabilities, increase living standards of risk-prone urban communities and reduce
destruction and forced evictions that take place after disasters. There is a need to
raise awareness of the existing situation by increasing knowledge of related
measures (i.e. the potential of proactive and preventive urban planning) and their
application amoung international aid organizations.

"Building resilience into urban development is a challenge

that requires the application of participatory and inclusive
strategies. The task of participatory and inclusive strategies
is to identify what every actor and asset in the city can
contribute to shape and implement sound disaster risk
management... Inclusive and participatory strategies and policies can
offer scope for building empowerment, self-reliance and accountability
among those who make decisions, strengthening the resilience of
communities and cities. Participation is not a panacea and it is as
vulnerable to capture from vested interests as other approaches to
development."

We must build resilience through participatory and inclusive strategies that can
identify what every actor and asset in the city can contribute to disaster risk
management. Such strategies and policies can offer self-reliance, accountability and
building empowerment to decision-makers, while strengthening the resilience of
communities and cities.

"Resilient communities may bend but do not break when crisis strikes
provided, that is, policies are there to make livelihoods more secure,
vulnerability reduction has become part of everyday life, institutions
are more responsive, public-private partnerships more effective,
communities more sustainable and poverty less prevalent, all of which
dramatically enhances the resiliency of human settlements. Beyond
the physical aspects of rehabilitation, the recovery period also offers an
opportunity for society at large to strengthen local organizational
capacities and to promote networks, awareness and any political
mechanisms that will facilitate economic, social and physical
development long after a disaster that is, for society to build its own
sustainability."

Embrace the emerging changes of the humanitarian reform in dealing with disaster
risk management. We must reduce vulnerability, enact policies to make livelihoods
more secure, instuttions more response, public-private partnerships more efective,
communities more sustainable and poweverty less prevalent in the recovery period.
Society needs to build its own sustainability.

"The huge variety in the economic base, cultural norms and sociopolitical institutions of neighbourhoods and the ways in which this
interacts with the natural environment within and outside of city
boundaries has barely been scratched by research to date. There is a
central role here for population studies and for demography"

Research needs to focus on the economic base, cultural norms and socio-political
institutions of neighbourhoods and the interactions that follow with the natural
environment within and outside of city boundaries. Population studies and
demography can play a central role in doing so.

"It is essential to extend the administration's analytical and planning

competence as well as their direction capacity and scope for action.
Prevention plans and action programs in the case of crises, conflicts
and catastrophes should be developed."

There is an essential need to extend the analytical and planning competence , the
direction and scope for action of administrations. Prevention plans and action
programs should be developed to deal with cases of crises, conficts and catastrophes.

"Harmony is both a journey and a destinationHarmonious Cities as a

We must embrace harmonious cities as a theoretical framework and operational tool
theoretical framework in order to understand todays urban world, and
to understand our current urban world and to manage the challenges urban areas
also as an operational tool to confront the challenges facing urban
face.
areas."
Part II : "The current state of urban inequality may represent only a
transient phase in a broader, economics-driven dynamic; still, the
ongoing waste of human capital and the attendant risks of social and
political instability should act as incentives to make that transition as
short as possible through redistributive change."
Part II argues how the impact and failings of the urban divide on economic, social and
Part III:"Whether or not a opportunity areas must be used as incentives that can begin change. Part III expands
munici- pality formally endorses the concept of the right to the city, a on the steps to enabling inclusive cities and the role policy makers must play.
rights-based approach has two related benefits: it can put policymakers
in a better position to identify the specific dynamics of integration at
work locally, and to activate the vari- ous types of leverage that can
bring about an inclusive city."

"The social basis for disaster-resilient cities is continued generalized

capacity building across the whole of these heterogeneous population.
Revitalized democratic participation in the governance of cities, better
education systems, employment generation, broader inclusion of
women, minorities, and youth all contribute."

There is a need to have a continued and generalized capacity that builds across
heterogeneous populations in order to ensure the social basis for disaster-resilient
cities. Better education systems, broader inclusions, employment and democratic
participation in governments contribute.

I) Livelihood Baseline (LB): "Compiled at national level before the

disaster, targeting areas prone to natural hazards: provides
quantitative and qualitative data on key aspects of livelihood systems
(populations, wealth and poverty indicators, occupations)."
II) Initial Livelihood Impact Appraisal (ILIA): within first three
months, initial assessment of impact of disaster on livelihoods at local
level."
III) Detailed Livelihood Assessment (DLA): "Assessment of the
impact of the disaster on livelihoods and opportunities and capacities
for recovery at household, community, and local economy level [in
order to] create the response options containing concrete project and
programme profiles and strategy outlines".

We must complie national level quantative and qualitative data on livelihood systems
before the disaster targets vulnerable hazard areas. A local assessment of the impact
of the disaster on lives and capacities to recover must be performed within the initial
three months. There is a need to create response options that contain conrete
projects, programe profiles and strategy outlines.

"Reducing disaster risk can also help in reducing poverty, safeguarding We must remove disaster risk to reduce poverty, safeguard development and adapt to
development and adapting to climate change, with beneficial effects on climate change in order to obtain beneficial effects on broader global security, stability
broader global security, stability and sustainability".
and sustainability.

"To think through the financial systems and mechanisms that will allow
We must think in terms of the financial systems and mechanism that will permit local
support for a multiplicity of city or municipal innovations by local
government and grassroot organizations support a multiplicity of city or municipal
governments and by grassroots organizations and that reinforces and
innovations and that works with good local development and governance.
works with good local development and good local governance."

"Governments, nongovernmental organizations, and private providers

must commit themselves to implementing new policies and programs
Government, nongovernmental organizations and private providers must enforce new
Governments need to determine the structure of health care provision,
policies and programs that can determine administration, regulation, the promotion of
administration, and regulation, and nongovernmental organizations
good governance and increased capacity.
should aid in promoting good governance, increasing capacity, and
ensuring access to care."
"There is a clear need for training and more systematic, mainstreamed
urban-based interventions Different types of disasters, humanitarian
crisis and early recovery situations in urban locations call for different
modes of humanitarian actionInter-agency cooperation is the key to
There is a need of training and sytematic urban-based interventions and to cooperate
successful humanitarian operations in urban areas but the range of
with inter-agency entitites in humanitarion operations to deal with the impacts of the
interlocutors is substantial and includes local governments, servicedisaster
providing agencies, line departments of national and provincial
governments, urban councils and technical departments, faith-based
groups and community-based organizations, police forces and
academia."

"Post-disaster responses have to strengthen and support the survivors Survivors' organizations need to be strengthened by post-disaster responses. We
own organizations. To better understand how urban areas are at risk increase our understanding of how urban areas are at risk and how risk patterns differ
and how these patterns of risk differ from rural areas" .
from those in rural areas.

"The rapid and anarchic urbanization of our planet, the widening chasm
between rich areas and slums, widespread violence and lawlessness in
areas neglected by public services, inflows of refugees, displaced
people, and migrants into the cities, and the pull of cities for armed
Humanitarian organizations and development agencies must warrant equal attention
groups all warrant attention from humanitarian organizations and
to the rapid urbanization of our world and its impacts. The widening chasm between
development agencies alike. These problems need not only long term rich areas and slums, widespread violence and lawlessness in areas neglected by
responses but also preventive initiatives involving a cross-section of
public services, inflows of displaced populations need long term responses and
professionals. It is time to move the focus of the debate
preventive initiatives. There is a need to move away from law-enforcement strategies
away from law-enforcement strategies and give more thought to the
and focus debates on the underlying causes to such problems, poverty,
underlying causes of the problems we observe: poverty,
unemployment, lack of education , family breakdowns and lack of mobility of the
unemployment, the inability of the poorest members of society to
poorest members in society.
move in search of better fortunes, lack of access to education and
failure at school, and the breakdown of family life and the erosion of
parental authority."
"The skills and partnerships neededto respond to climate change in the
urban sector are, however, the same skills needed to provide an
Better city management, basic service delivery, equity, and good local governance
improved quality of life for many of the worlds poor: better city
with robust ties across all levels of government and private sector partners can
management, basic service delivery, equity, and good local
improve the life quality of the world's poor.
governance with robust ties across all levels of government."
"The evaluation of risks in public investments, and of the costs and
benefits of reducing risks, require detailed comprehensive probabilistic
risk assessments. New mechanisms for planning and budgeting at
the local level ,are essential if public investment is to be effective,
sustainable and relevant to local needs".

We must apply detailed comprehensive probabilistic risk assessments while

evaluating risks in public investments and the costs and benefits of reducing risk and
new mechanisms in planning and budgeting at the local level to ensure public
investments are relevant to local needs.

We must remedy the failure of governance, and its reasons, in the Third World's cities
"It is remedying this failure of governance within Third World cities and
and districts in order to create any new environmental agenda. These cities need the
city-districts , and addressing the reasons that underlie it , which
environmental revolution that European and North American cities underwent in the
should be central to any new environmental agenda."
19th and 20th centuries.

Lesson 1: Agencies and their programmes should have be clear about thire scope of
intervention. The responses need to be designed around the diversity and complexity of the
city.
Lesson 2: Government agencies, local authorities and international organizations need to
work in partnership to develop an effective response that meets the variety of needs created
by the disaster.
Lesson 1: "Urban programmes should have clear boundaries, but
Lesson 3: There is not a single approach that is collectively
remain flexible on how to work within these boundaries."
agreeded upon in urban assessment. However, coordination among agencies is vital;
Lesson 2: "Always work with communities can provide information that helps identify priority areas and assesments should
have an appropriate understanding of the local markets and use emergency minimumlocal authorities and communities, and coordinate effectively."
standards guidelines.
Lesson 3: "Use
Lesson 4: Cash transfer programmes can meet immediate and recovery needs of the
assessment and targeting approaches that suit urban complexity."
Lesson urban populations affected and help recipients to avoid negative coping strategies (i.e.
prostitution and crime). Cash aid is not diverted.
4: "Cash-based programmes work well in urban areas."
Lesson 5: Agencies should work and support the existing social and economic infrastructure;
Lesson 5:"Work with
reestablish foundations by buying goods and services in local markets .
local markets and private-sector initiatives."
Lesson 6: Humanitarian and
Lesson 6: "Adopt urban approaches to governmental agencies should avoid camps at the edge of cities; reduce the use of
camps, shelter and housing."
transitional shelters ; develop the longer-term interests that best benefit the population and
Lesson 7: "Urbanise sectoral interventions."
avoid permanat relocation unless it is a last resort.
Lesson 8: "Use new and existing media for better
Lesson 7: Reduce and remove the
rubble, debris and solid waste that create danger in local areas at risk. Agencies should be
communication, information gathering and accountability."
Lesson 9: "Relief and recovery actions need to build prepared to address health epidemics and food insecurities caused by the disaster and make
safety in camps a vital concern.
future urban resilience to avoid wasted investments."
Lesson 8: Radio broadcasts and mobile devices can provide a great means of
communication and pinpoint needs to be addressed. Crowdsourcing can also provide
information on location trace missing family members.
Lesson 9: Relief and recovery spending should be in
accordance with government plans, and build long-term resilience; international actors should
advocate for recovery plans where these still do not exist.

There is a need to "better understand risks related to natural hazards

and climate change in cities; of an integrated approach to practitioners
for identifying areas, populations, and assets most at risk from the
effects of disasters and climate change; and ... for risk reduction by
quantifying risk and implementing preventative programs."

We need to understand the risks caysed by natural hazards and climate change in
cities, to integrate a practitioners' approach to identify areas, populations, and assets
most ar risk and to quantify risk and implement preventive programs in order to risk
reduction.

"Responding effectively to disasters in cities requires greater

investments in preparedness and capacity building; massively
There is a need of greater investments in order to respond effectively in preparedness
increased engagement with civil society; a recalibration, in many
and capacity building; to strengthen the relationship between international actors and
contexts, of the defacto relationships between international actors and the sovereign states in order to improve coordination.
sovereign states; and radically improved coordination"

"The urban poor are on the front line.... City governments are the
drivers for addressing risks through ensuring basic services. City
officials build resilience by mainstreaming risk reduction into urban
management. Significant financial support is needed. "

City governments must address risks by ensuring basic services and building
resilience into urban management.

"Humanitarian actors can no longer liaise only with national

governments; they must also develop urgently closer working
relationships with mayors and municipal authorities, service providers,
urban police forces, and, most importantly, the representatives of both
displaced and resident communities.
This requires linking up with those development actors that have
established such partnerships already ."

Humanitarian actors must link with development actors that have partnered with
municipal authorities, service providers and the representatives of displaced and
resident communities in order develop closer relationships and not only liaise with
national governments.

"The implementation of and follow-up to the strategic goals and

priorities for action set out in this Framework for Action should be
addressed by different stakeholders in a multi-sectoral approach,
including the development sector. States and regional and international
organizations, including the United Nations and international financial
institutions, are called upon to integrate disaster risk reduction
considerations into their sustainable development policy, planning and
programming at all levels. Civil society, including volunteers and
community-based organizations, the scientific community and the
private sector are vital stakeholders in supporting the implementation
of disaster risk reduction at all levels. While each State has primary
responsibility for its own economic and social development, an
enabling international environment is vital to stimulate and contribute
to developing the knowledge, capacities and motivation needed to
build disaster resilient nations and communities."

States and regional international organizations must integrate disaster risk reduction
into all levels of their sustainable development policy, planning and programming.
Civil society, volunteers and community-based organizations are necessary to implent
disaster risk reduction at all levels. States and the international environment amust
contribute to build a vital resilience to disasters in order to reduce the loss of lives
and social, economic, and environmental assets when hazards strike.

"The factoring of disaster risk considerations into business investment

decisions is critical to achieve more resilient, competitive and
There is a need to incentive and involve business leaders, private investors, local and
sustainable economies and societies. And creating shared value
national regulators in disaster risk management to fund humanitarian organizations
through investing in disaster risk reduction can itself be a huge
and responses.
business opportunity... The future of disaster risk hinges on the extent
to which business embraces disaster risk reduction."