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    Particle Physics Elementary Particles

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    JonatanVignatti
    In particle physics, elementary particles and forces give rise to the world around us. Nowadays, physicists explain the behaviour of these particles and how they interact using the Standard Model—a widely accepted and "remarkably" accurate[21] framework based on gauge invariance and symmetries, believed to explain almost everything in the world we see, other than gravity.[22] But by around 1960 all attempts to create a gauge invariant theory for two of the four fundamental forces had consistently failed at one crucial point: although gauge invariance seemed extremely important, it seemed to make any theory of electromagnetism and the weak force go haywire, by demanding that either many particles with mass were massless or that non-existent forces and massless particles had to exist. Scientists had no idea how to get past this point. In 1962 physicist Philip Anderson wrote a paper that built upon work by Yoichiro Nambu concerning "broken symmetries" in superconductivity and particle physics. He suggested that "broken symmetries" might also be the missing piece needed to solve the problems of gauge invariance. In 1964 a theory was created almost simultaneously by 3 different groups of researchers, that showed Anderson's suggestion was possible - the gauge theory and "mass problems" could indeed be resolved if an unusual kind of field existed throughout the universe; if this kind of field did exist, it would apparently cause existing particles to acquire mass instead of new massless particles being formed. Although these ideas did not gain much initial support or attention, by 1972 it had been developed into a comprehensive theory and proved capable of giving "sensible" results that were extremely accurate, including very accurate predictions of several other particles discovered during the following years.[Note 7] During the 1970s these theories rapidly became the "standard model" favoured by physicists and used to describe particle physics and particle interactions in nature. There was not yet any direct evidence that this field actually existed, but even without proof of the field, the accuracy of its predictions led scientists to believe the theory might be true. By the 1980s the question whether or not such a field existed and whether this was the correct explanation, was considered to be one of the most important unanswered questions in particle physics, and by the 1990s two of the largest experimental installations ever created were being designed and constructed to find the answer. If this new kind of field did exist in nature, it would be a monumental discovery for science and human knowledge, and would open doorways to new knowledge in many disciplines. If not, then other more complicated theories would need to be explored. The simplest solution to whether the field existed was by searching for a new kind of particle it would have to give off, known as "Higgs bosons" or the "Higgs particle". These would be extremely difficult to find, so it was only many years later that experimental technology became sophisticated enough to answer the question. While several symmetries in nature are spontaneously broken through a form of the Higgs mechanism, in the context of the Standard Model the term "Higgs mechanism" almost always means symmetry breaking of the electroweak field. It is considered confirmed, but revealing the exact cause has been difficult. Various analogies have also been invented to describe the Higgs field and boson, including analogies with well-known symmetry breaking effects such as the rainbow and prism, electric fields, ripples, and resistance of macro objects moving through media, like people moving through crowds or some objects moving through syrup or molasses. However, analogies based on simple resistance to motion are inaccurate as the Higgs field does not work by resisting motion.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Particle Physics Elementary Particles

    Uploaded by

    JonatanVignatti
    41 views5 pages
    In particle physics, elementary particles and forces give rise to the world around us. Nowadays, physicists explain the behaviour of these particles and how they interact using the Standard Model—a widely accepted and "remarkably" accurate[21] framework based on gauge invariance and symmetries, believed to explain almost everything in the world we see, other than gravity.[22] But by around 1960 all attempts to create a gauge invariant theory for two of the four fundamental forces had consistently failed at one crucial point: although gauge invariance seemed extremely important, it seemed to make any theory of electromagnetism and the weak force go haywire, by demanding that either many particles with mass were massless or that non-existent forces and massless particles had to exist. Scientists had no idea how to get past this point. In 1962 physicist Philip Anderson wrote a paper that built upon work by Yoichiro Nambu concerning "broken symmetries" in superconductivity and particle physics. He suggested that "broken symmetries" might also be the missing piece needed to solve the problems of gauge invariance. In 1964 a theory was created almost simultaneously by 3 different groups of researchers, that showed Anderson's suggestion was possible - the gauge theory and "mass problems" could indeed be resolved if an unusual kind of field existed throughout the universe; if this kind of field did exist, it would apparently cause existing particles to acquire mass instead of new massless particles being formed. Although these ideas did not gain much initial support or attention, by 1972 it had been developed into a comprehensive theory and proved capable of giving "sensible" results that were extremely accurate, including very accurate predictions of several other particles discovered during the following years.[Note 7] During the 1970s these theories rapidly became the "standard model" favoured by physicists and used to describe particle physics and particle interactions in nature. There was not yet any direct evidence that this field actually existed, but even without proof of the field, the accuracy of its predictions led scientists to believe the theory might be true. By the 1980s the question whether or not such a field existed and whether this was the correct explanation, was considered to be one of the most important unanswered questions in particle physics, and by the 1990s two of the largest experimental installations ever created were being designed and constructed to find the answer. If this new kind of field did exist in nature, it would be a monumental discovery for science and human knowledge, and would open doorways to new knowledge in many disciplines. If not, then other more complicated theories would need to be explored. The simplest solution to whether the field existed was by searching for a new kind of particle it would have to give off, known as "Higgs bosons" or the "Higgs particle". These would be extremely difficult to find, so it was only many years later that experimental technology became sophisticated enough to answer the question. While several symmetries in nature are spontaneously broken through a form of the Higgs mechanism, in the context of the Standard Model the term "Higgs mechanism" almost always means symmetry breaking of the electroweak field. It is considered confirmed, but revealing the exact cause has been difficult. Various analogies have also been invented to describe the Higgs field and boson, including analogies with well-known symmetry breaking effects such as the rainbow and prism, electric fields, ripples, and resistance of macro objects moving through media, like people moving through crowds or some objects moving through syrup or molasses. However, analogies based on simple resistance to motion are inaccurate as the Higgs field does not work by resisting motion.

    Original Title

    ParticlesIn particle physics, elementary particles and forces give rise to the world around us. Nowadays, physicists explain the behaviour of these particles and how they interact using the Standard Model—a widely accepted and "remarkably" accurate[21] framework based on gauge invariance and symmetries, believed to explain almost everything in the world we see, other than gravity.[22] But by around 1960 all attempts to create a gauge invariant theory for two of the four fundamental forces had consistently failed at one crucial point: although gauge invariance seemed extremely important, it seemed to make any theory of electromagnetism and the weak force go haywire, by demanding that either many particles with mass were massless or that non-existent forces and massless particles had to exist. Scientists had no idea how to get past this point. In 1962 physicist Philip Anderson wrote a paper that built upon work by Yoichiro Nambu concerning "broken symmetries" in superconductivity and p

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    In particle physics, elementary particles and forces give rise to the world around us. Nowadays, physicists explain the behaviour of these particles and how they interact using the Standard Model—a widely accepted and "remarkably" accurate[21] framework based on gauge invariance and symmetries, believed to explain almost everything in the world we see, other than gravity.[22] But by around 1960 all attempts to create a gauge invariant theory for two of the four fundamental forces had consistently failed at one crucial point: although gauge invariance seemed extremely important, it seemed to make any theory of electromagnetism and the weak force go haywire, by demanding that either many particles with mass were massless or that non-existent forces and massless particles had to exist. Scientists had no idea how to get past this point. In 1962 physicist Philip Anderson wrote a paper that built upon work by Yoichiro Nambu concerning "broken symmetries" in superconductivity and particle physics. He suggested that "broken symmetries" might also be the missing piece needed to solve the problems of gauge invariance. In 1964 a theory was created almost simultaneously by 3 different groups of researchers, that showed Anderson's suggestion was possible - the gauge theory and "mass problems" could indeed be resolved if an unusual kind of field existed throughout the universe; if this kind of field did exist, it would apparently cause existing particles to acquire mass instead of new massless particles being formed. Although these ideas did not gain much initial support or attention, by 1972 it had been developed into a comprehensive theory and proved capable of giving "sensible" results that were extremely accurate, including very accurate predictions of several other particles discovered during the following years.[Note 7] During the 1970s these theories rapidly became the "standard model" favoured by physicists and used to describe particle physics and particle interactions in nature. There was not yet any direct evidence that this field actually existed, but even without proof of the field, the accuracy of its predictions led scientists to believe the theory might be true. By the 1980s the question whether or not such a field existed and whether this was the correct explanation, was considered to be one of the most important unanswered questions in particle physics, and by the 1990s two of the largest experimental installations ever created were being designed and constructed to find the answer. If this new kind of field did exist in nature, it would be a monumental discovery for science and human knowledge, and would open doorways to new knowledge in many disciplines. If not, then other more complicated theories would need to be explored. The simplest solution to whether the field existed was by searching for a new kind of particle it would have to give off, known as "Higgs bosons" or the "Higgs particle". These would be extremely difficult to find, so it was only many years later that experimental technology became sophisticated enough to answer the question. While several symmetries in nature are spontaneously broken through a form of the Higgs mechanism, in the context of the Standard Model the term "Higgs mechanism" almost always means symmetry breaking of the electroweak field. It is considered confirmed, but revealing the exact cause has been difficult. Various analogies have also been invented to describe the Higgs field and boson, including analogies with well-known symmetry breaking effects such as the rainbow and prism, electric fields, ripples, and resistance of macro objects moving through media, like people moving through crowds or some objects moving through syrup or molasses. However, analogies based on simple resistance to motion are inaccurate as the Higgs field does not work by resisting motion.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    41 views5 pages

    Particle Physics Elementary Particles

    Uploaded by

    JonatanVignatti
    In particle physics, elementary particles and forces give rise to the world around us. Nowadays, physicists explain the behaviour of these particles and how they interact using the Standard Model—a widely accepted and "remarkably" accurate[21] framework based on gauge invariance and symmetries, believed to explain almost everything in the world we see, other than gravity.[22] But by around 1960 all attempts to create a gauge invariant theory for two of the four fundamental forces had consistently failed at one crucial point: although gauge invariance seemed extremely important, it seemed to make any theory of electromagnetism and the weak force go haywire, by demanding that either many particles with mass were massless or that non-existent forces and massless particles had to exist. Scientists had no idea how to get past this point. In 1962 physicist Philip Anderson wrote a paper that built upon work by Yoichiro Nambu concerning "broken symmetries" in superconductivity and particle physics. He suggested that "broken symmetries" might also be the missing piece needed to solve the problems of gauge invariance. In 1964 a theory was created almost simultaneously by 3 different groups of researchers, that showed Anderson's suggestion was possible - the gauge theory and "mass problems" could indeed be resolved if an unusual kind of field existed throughout the universe; if this kind of field did exist, it would apparently cause existing particles to acquire mass instead of new massless particles being formed. Although these ideas did not gain much initial support or attention, by 1972 it had been developed into a comprehensive theory and proved capable of giving "sensible" results that were extremely accurate, including very accurate predictions of several other particles discovered during the following years.[Note 7] During the 1970s these theories rapidly became the "standard model" favoured by physicists and used to describe particle physics and particle interactions in nature. There was not yet any direct evidence that this field actually existed, but even without proof of the field, the accuracy of its predictions led scientists to believe the theory might be true. By the 1980s the question whether or not such a field existed and whether this was the correct explanation, was considered to be one of the most important unanswered questions in particle physics, and by the 1990s two of the largest experimental installations ever created were being designed and constructed to find the answer. If this new kind of field did exist in nature, it would be a monumental discovery for science and human knowledge, and would open doorways to new knowledge in many disciplines. If not, then other more complicated theories would need to be explored. The simplest solution to whether the field existed was by searching for a new kind of particle it would have to give off, known as "Higgs bosons" or the "Higgs particle". These would be extremely difficult to find, so it was only many years later that experimental technology became sophisticated enough to answer the question. While several symmetries in nature are spontaneously broken through a form of the Higgs mechanism, in the context of the Standard Model the term "Higgs mechanism" almost always means symmetry breaking of the electroweak field. It is considered confirmed, but revealing the exact cause has been difficult. Various analogies have also been invented to describe the Higgs field and boson, including analogies with well-known symmetry breaking effects such as the rainbow and prism, electric fields, ripples, and resistance of macro objects moving through media, like people moving through crowds or some objects moving through syrup or molasses. However, analogies based on simple resistance to motion are inaccurate as the Higgs field does not work by resisting motion.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    of 5

    In particle physics, elementary particles and forces

    give rise to the world around us. Nowadays,


    physicists explain the behaviour of these particles
    and how they interact using theStandard Modela
    widely accepted and "remarkably"
    accurate[21] framework based on gauge
    invariance and symmetries, believed to explain
    almost everything in the world we see, other
    than gravity.[22]
    But by around 1960 all attempts to create a gauge
    invariant theory for two of the four fundamental
    forces had consistently failed at one crucial point:
    although gauge invariance seemed extremely
    important, it seemed to make any theory
    of electromagnetism and the weak force go
    haywire, by demanding that either many particles
    with mass were massless or that non-existent
    forces and massless particles had to exist.
    Scientists had no idea how to get past this point.

    In 1962 physicist Philip Anderson wrote a paper


    that built upon work by Yoichiro
    Nambu concerning "broken
    symmetries" in superconductivity and particle
    physics. He suggested that "broken symmetries"
    might also be the missing piece needed to solve
    the problems of gauge invariance. In 1964 a theory
    was created almost simultaneously by 3 different
    groups of researchers, that showed Anderson's
    suggestion was possible - the gauge theory and
    "mass problems" could indeed be resolved if an
    unusual kind of field existed throughout the
    universe; if this kind of field did exist, it would
    apparently cause existing particles to acquire
    mass instead of new massless particles being
    formed. Although these ideas did not gain much
    initial support or attention, by 1972 it had been
    developed into a comprehensive theory and
    proved capable of giving "sensible" results that
    were extremely accurate, including very

    accurate predictions of several other particles


    discovered during the following years.[Note 7] During
    the 1970s these theories rapidly became the
    "standard model" favoured by physicists and used
    to describe particle physics and particle
    interactions in nature. There was not yet any direct
    evidence that this field actually existed, but even
    without proof of the field, the accuracy of its
    predictions led scientists to believe the theory
    might be true. By the 1980s the question whether
    or not such a field existed and whether this was
    the correct explanation, was considered to be one
    of the most important unanswered questions in
    particle physics, and by the 1990s two of the
    largest experimental installations ever created
    were being designed and constructed to find the
    answer.
    If this new kind of field did exist in nature, it would
    be a monumental discovery for science and human
    knowledge, and would open doorways to new

    knowledge in many disciplines. If not, then other


    more complicated theories would need to be
    explored. The simplest solution to whether the field
    existed was by searching for a new kind
    of particle it would have to give off, known as
    "Higgs bosons" or the "Higgs particle". These
    would be extremely difficult to find, so it was only
    many years later that experimental technology
    became sophisticated enough to answer the
    question.
    While several symmetries in nature are
    spontaneously broken through a form of the Higgs
    mechanism, in the context of the Standard Model
    the term "Higgs mechanism" almost always means
    symmetry breaking of the electroweak field. It is
    considered confirmed, but revealing the exact
    cause has been difficult.
    Various analogies have also been invented to
    describe the Higgs field and boson, including
    analogies with well-known symmetry breaking

    effects such as the rainbow and prism,electric


    fields, ripples, and resistance of macro objects
    moving through media, like people moving through
    crowds or some objects moving
    through syrup or molasses. However, analogies
    based on simple resistance to motion are
    inaccurate as the Higgs field does not work by
    resisting motion.

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